句子成分、种类分析讲义（无答案）2024年外研版英语九年级中考

句子成分及其句子种类
一、句子的基本成分
句子的基本成分有以下几种：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语、同位语。
1、主语：句子的主体，全句述说的对象。一般由名词、代词（it, they, he 等）、不定式（to do sth )、动名词(doing sth ) 或从句担当，位于句首。
The boy needs a pen. (the boy 名词做主语）
Smoking is bad for you. (动名词作主语）= To smoke is bad for you.(不定式做主语）
What you say is right. 你所说的是对的。 (名词性从句做主语）
谓语：说明主语的动作或状态。由动词或系动词或情态动词加动词原形担任，常置于主语后。The train leaves at 6 o’clock. She is reading.
3、宾语：表示动作的对象。一般由名词或代词担当，常置于谓语后。
He won the game. He likes playing computer.
表语：用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。一般由名词或形容词担任，置于系动词或be动词之后。
He is a student. We are tired.
注意：除了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，
1)表感官的动词: feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。
2)表转变变化的动词: become, get, grow, turn, go等。
3)表延续的动词: remain, keep, hold, stay, rest等。
5、定语：对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子。
The black bike is mine.（形容词）
The boy in blue is Jim.（介词短语）I have nothing to do today.（动词不定式）
注意：
1) 当定语修饰不定代词如：nothing , anything , everything , something等时，定语要放在其后作后置定语。
例如： I tell him something interesting.
2) 不定式、短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。
例如：The boys who are in the room are playing games.
6状语：是用于说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等的一种句法成分。一般是副词、介词词组、动词不定式、分词或者分词短语， 或句子
They were sitting on the floor.（介词短语做地点状语）
She spoke English very well.（副词做程度状语）
The teachers come here to listen to my lesson.（不定式做目的状语）
My English is good because I like English. (原因状语）
I study hard, so I get the best score. (结果状语）
If you are late(条件状语）, you will be punished.
Although it i sraining ,（让步状语）I decide to go outside. 尽管...但...
7补语：补充说明宾语的情况。由n./adj./介宾/分词/不定式等担任。常位于宾语后。
He made me sad.（形容词）She asks me to take an umbrella.（不定式）
The war made him a soldier.（名词）I find him at home.（介词短语）
I saw a cat running along the wall.（分词）
8）同位语：同位语是句子成分的一种, 它位于名词、代词后面, 说明它们的性质和情况, 它可以由名词、代词、名词性短语或从句充当。
Tom, our monitor, is a handsome boy. I myself will do the experiment.She is the oldest among them six.
二、5个基本句型
主谓结构：（谓语动词能表达完成的意思， 称为不及物动词， 后面可以跟副词介词短语、状语从句等。
Time files. / The moon rises. / The man laughs（loudly）.
主谓宾结构：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词（Vt）。
I buy a flower.
I read a book.
I like apples.
I want to stay at home.
主系表结构
此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。系动词：
be动词
感官动词:smell, feel, taste,sound,look 变化:become,get, turn,go, come, grow-remain, stay, keep
This The dinner He Everything The book The weather His face 主语 is smells fell looks is became turned 系动词 an English dictionary. good. happy. different. interesting. warmer. red. 表语
主谓宾宾补 : 此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语
还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。
We They They They What We He I 主语 keep painted call found makes saw asked saw 谓语 he table the door supper the house him him me them 宾语 clean. green. dinner. dirty. sad out. to come back soon. getting on the bus. 宾语补足语
主谓+间接宾语+直接宾语： 此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。give sb sth = give sth to sb 等 属于主谓+间宾+直宾
She She He 主语 gave sent shows 谓语 me me me 间接宾语 a book a message her pictures 直接宾语
判断以下句子属于哪种类型
1.They work hard.
2.The flower is dead.
3.Plants need water.
4.He gives me some seeds.
5.We should keep the plants in the shade.
6.Many animals live in trees.
7. He's getting angry.
8. He got through the window.
9. You'll get a surprise.
10.He got his shoes and socks wet.
11. He got himself into trouble.
12. He got her a splendid present.