Unit 1 Back to School Grammar and usage导学案（含答案）-2024-2025学年高中英语译林版（2020）必修第一册

高一英语语法讲义——句子成分和句子类型
一、句子成分
定义：构成句子的各个部分。
主要成分：主语、谓语
次要成分：宾语、表语、定语、补足语、同位语、状语、插入语
The trees on the mountain grow green in the spring.
(主语) (定语修饰主语) (系动词) (表语) (状语)
Who left the guest waiting in the meeting so long
(主语) (谓语) (宾语) (补语) (状语)
主语（subject）：
表示句子主要说明的人或事物。
The path before you leads to a world full of challenges.
You must make efforts to improve your communication and problem-solving skills.
Twenty years is a short time in history.
Learning English opens the door to a colorful world.
To see is to believe.
The rich should help the poor.
What we choose decides what we are.
It is important for you to make the most of our resources.
可以充当主语的有：
谓语（predicate）：
表明主语的动作、状态或特征。
简单谓语 She speaks French fluently.
复合谓语
情态动词+动词原形
She can speak French fluently.
助动词+动词原形、现在分词、过去分词
She has been learning French for two years.
系动词+表语(常见的系动词有be, become, get, grow, turn, look, seem等)
She is a Chinese student.
表语（predicative）
位于系动词be等之后，说明主语身份、特征、属性或状态。
Today is the start of the new term.
Is it yours
The weather has turned cold.
The possibilities are endless.
The sun is up.
His job is to teach English.
My hobby is reading English novels.
The picture is on the wall.
The truth is that he has never been abroad.
可以充当表语的有：
宾语（object）
表示动作的对象，位于及物动词和介词之后。
He is doing his homework.
The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.
How many dictionaries do you have I have five.
They help the old with their housework yesterday.
I enjoy listening to popular music.
He pretended not to see me.
Who knows what beautiful works of art you will create.
可以充当宾语的有：
宾语种类：
双宾语——间接宾语（指人）+直接宾语（指物）
He gave me（__宾） a pen（__宾）. = He gave a pen to me.
He bought Alice （__宾）a gift（__宾）. = He bought a gift for Alice.
可改成to sb.的动词：
write, bring, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, ……
可改成for sb.的动词：
leave, buy, choose, cook, get, find, order……
复合宾语——宾语+宾语补足语
They elected him their monitor.
complement 补语
宾语补足语：补充说明宾语，宾语和宾补有逻辑上的主谓关系。
John asked me to help him.
You’ll find yourself growing into a well-rounded individual.
He spoke loudly in order to make himself heard.
They made him captain of the ship.
We must keep the room clean.
主语补足语：补充说明主语，一般出现在被动语态的句子中。
Dew could always be found hanging on the tree leaves and grass blades.
The spy was ordered to be hanged.
attribute 定语
修饰或限制名词或代词的词、短语或从句。有前置定语和后置定语两种形式。
Today is the start of a promising future.
I have confidence in your ability.
We belong to the third world.
Shanghai is an international city.
The man over there is my old friend.
For those of you with a positive mind, opportunity lies in each challenge.
The trees planted last year are growing well now.
I have a lot of work to do.
Potential is your natural ability that can be developed when you try hard.
可以充当定语的有：
appositive 同位语
对前面的名词作进一步解释。同位语可以是单词、短语或从句。
同位语的形式：
逗号隔开：Tracy, our English teacher, is very kind.
不用逗号隔开：He told me that his brother John was a famous doctor.
表部分意义：We Chinese people are brave and hard-working.
adverbial 状语
说明动作或状态特征，用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。表示地点、时间、原因、方式、目的、条件、结果、让步、伴随、程度等。
Carefully plan your study.
The boy needs a pen now.
In the classroom, the boy needs a pen.
He sits there, asking for a pen.
You need to make a continuous effort to train your mind.
parenthesis 插入语
一些句中插入的 I think, I believe等。
The story, I think, has never come to the end.
练习：
一、标出下面句子的成分。
Many students often get up at 5:30 in the morning.
He took some change from his pocket to buy a newspaper.
John asked me to help him with his Chinese.
A barking dog seldom bites.
Our teacher told us an interesting story.
完成课本Page 7 Part B1练习。
三、请从Reading课文中选取两个句子并分析其句子成分。
句子类型
英语句子按用途可以分为陈述句、祈使句、感叹句和疑问句。疑问句包括一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和特殊疑问句。按结构可以分简单句、并列句和复合句。
1、简单句(simple sentence)：由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子，有五种基本句型。
1) S + vi.(SV) → Birds fly. Fears are growing.
2) S + vt. + O (SVO) → He donated money. I like eating rice.
3) S + v. + P (SVP) → Tree leaves turn yellow. The staple crop is rice.
4) S + vt. + InO + DiO (SVOO) → The headmaster gave us a speech.
I made her a rice pudding.
S + vt. + O + OC (SVOC) → The news made us excited. We consider rice a necessity.
并列句(compound sentence)：由并列连词（如：and, but, or., so等）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起而构成的句子。并列句中这些独立句子处于平等的、互不从属的并列地位。
1) I teach him Chinese and he teaches me Spanish. （_____）
2) We attended the assembly but our teacher did not go there. （_____）
3) Senior high school will help you learn and grow, yet you alone are responsible for realizing your potential. （_____）
4) We have to hurry up or we’ll miss the train. （_____）
5) I’d better hurry, for it is getting late. （_____）
6) Raise your hands, so I can see you well. （_____）
3、复合句(complex sentence)：由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子。
1) Simon has found a job where he can work five hours a day. 定语从句
2) He is such a good boy as everybody likes. 定语从句
3) That he agreed to attend the meeting made us very excited. 主语从句
4) It is necessary that teenagers communicate regularly with their parents. 主语从句
5) You may wonder what senior high school life is like. 宾语从句
6) Do you agree that AI will be a threat to humans 宾语从句
7) The problem is when the bridge will be built. 表语从句
8) The fact is that Jerry couldn’t find excuses for his absence from school that day. 表语从句
9) When you rise to the challenges, you will have the chance to acquire knowledge. 状语从句
10) Before you read the speech transcript, think about the following questions. 状语从句
判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句？
We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.
The boy who offered me his seat is called tom.
He is in class one and I am in class two.
The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.
Of equal importance are good study habits, useful skills and a positive attitude.
You will discover your potential while you develop as a student and as a person.
完成课本Page 7 Part B2练习。
完成课本Page58 Part C 练习。
判断画线句子的结构。
On a bright, warm July afternoon, ①Mac Hollan, a primary school teacher, was cycling from his home to Alaska with his friends. One of his friends had stopped to make a bicycle repair, but②they had encouraged Mac to carry on, and they would catch up with him soon. As Mac pedaled along alone, he thought fondly of his wife and two young daughters at home. ③He hoped to show them this beautiful place someday.
Then Mac heard quick and loud breathing behind him. “Man, ④that’s a big dog!” he thought. But when he looked to the side, he saw instantly that it wasn’t a dog at all, but a wolf, quickly catching up with him.
⑤Mac’s heart jumped. He found out his can of bear spray. With one hand on the bars, he fired the spray at the wolf. ⑥A bright red cloud enveloped the animal, and to Mac’s relief, it fell back, shaking its head. But a minute later, it was by his side again. Then it attacked the back of Mac’s bike, tearing open his tent bag. He fired at the wolf a second time, and again, ⑦it fell back only to quickly restart the chase.
Mac was pedaling hard now. He waved and yelled at passing cars but was careful not to slow down. ⑧He saw a steep uphill climb before him. He knew that once he hit the hill, he’d be easily caught up and the wolf’s teeth would be tearing into his flesh.
At this moment, Paul and Beeky were driving their car on their way to Alaska. They didn’t think much of it when⑨they saw two cyclists repairing their bike on the side of the road. A bit later, ⑩they spotted what they, too, assumed was a dog running alongside a man on a bike. As they got closer, they realized that the dog was a wolf. Mac heard a large vehicle behind him. He pulled in front of it as the wolf was catching up fast, just a dozen yards away now.
单句语法填空
1. If you receive it, you should send a present _______ money to the graduate.
2. Bzeek, 62, has spent the last 20 years as a foster father to many children. He knows they are going to die, _______ he takes them in anyway.
3. Every fall, a large number of grapes are shipped from Xinjiang to other parts of China, _______ the rest are made into raisins for easy storage.
4. She didn’t know anything about current TV shows _______ fashion trends.
5. In China, the question is not “What shall I have ” _______ “What shall we have ”. Food is ordered to share with others, not just for oneself.
6. What all of you really wanted was coffee, not the cup, _______ you went for the best cups and then began looking at each other’s cups.
7. He or she can also attend classes from wherever they are recovering – whether at home _______ from a hospital bed.
8. Tom is a rich businessman ______ he never thinks about helping those in need of help.
Keys
句子成分
可以充当主语的有：名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、从句等
可以充当表语的有：名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、从句等
可以充当宾语的有：名词、代词、动名词、不定式、介宾短语、从句等
可以充当定语的有：形容词、名词、形容词性物主代词、数词、介词短语、不定式、动过去分词、现在分词、从句等
Many students often get up at 5:30 in the morning.
S Ad V Ad
He took some change from his pocket to buy a newspaper.
S V O Ad Ad
John asked me to help him with his Chinese.
S V O OC
A barking dog seldom bites.
S Ad V
Our teacher told us an interesting story.
S V IO DO
句子类型
1.并列； 2. 转折；3. 转折 4. 选择 5. 因果 6. 因果
简单句 2. 复合句 3. 并列句 4. 复合句 5. 简单句 6. 复合句
三、判断画线句子的结构。
1. SVA 2. SVOC 3. SVOA 4. SVP 5. SV 6. SVO 7. SVA 8. SVOC 9. SVOC 10. SVO
1. or 2. but/ yet 3. and/ while 4. or 5. but 6. but 7. or 8. but