高考英语语法【动词的时态和语态】易错点30题精讲练解析版
专题七 动词的时态和语态易错点集锦
一．英语中16种时态与语态的构成
现在 过去 将来 过去将来
主动 被动 主动 被动 主动 被动 主动 被动
一般 do/does am/is/are done did was/were done shall/ will do shall/will be done should/ would do should/would be done
进行 am/is/ are doing am/is/are being done was/were doing was/were being done shall/will be doing shall/will be being done should/would be doing should/would be being done
完成 has/ have done has/have been done had done had been done shall/will have done shall/will have been done should/would have done should/would have been done
完成 进行 has/have been doing \ had been doing \ shall/will have been doing \ should/would have been doing \
二．动词过去式的变化规则
一般情况在动词后加 ed work→worked play→played
以 e结尾的动词后加 d hope→hoped like→liked
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的动词，变y为i再加 ed study→studied try→tried
以重读闭音节或/r/音节结尾，词尾只有一个辅 音字母时双写词尾的辅音字母再加 ed stop→stopped prefer→preferred admit→admitted permit→permitted
三．动词第三人称单数的变化规则
一般情况直接加 s work→works get→gets say→says read→reads
结尾为 s, x, sh, ch或 o，在词尾加 es discuss→discusses wash→washes fix→fixes go→goes teach→teaches
结尾为“辅音字母＋y”，变y为i再加 es carry→carries study→studies try→tries fly→flies cry→cries
四．动词现在分词的变化规则
一般情况在词尾直接加 ing work→working study→studying
以不发音的e结尾的动词，去e再加 ing write→writing take→taking face→facing
“辅音＋元音＋辅音”结尾的重读闭音节词， 且末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写词尾辅音字母， 再加 ing cut→cutting begin→beginning swim→swimming run→running put→putting plan→planning stop→stopping
以 ie结尾的动词，变 ie为y再加 ing lie→lying die→dying
五．各种时态的用法
一般现在时 1.表示现在的情况、状态或特征。 He is a professor of geology at the University of Georgia.
2.表示经常发生的、习惯性的、反复出现的动作或状态。常与表示习惯的副词(词组)always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, never, sometimes, usually, every day/night连用。 On Monday mornings it usually takes me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles. It's probably good for you to get some criticism now and then. Birds were chattering somewhere, and occasionally he could hear a vehicle pass by.
3.客观事实和普遍真理。 The earth moves around the sun.
4.表示按时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作，用一般现在时。只限于go, arrive, leave, start, stay, return, begin, come, close等动词。常见的用法是：飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式。 The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon. Our class meeting starts at three o’clock on Monday afternoon.
5.在时间、条件和让步状语从句中经常用一般现在（有时也用现在完成时）表示将的来事情。（即：主将从现原则） I will call you as soon as I arrive at the airport. When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours. The president hopes that the people will be better off when he quits than when he started.
一般过去时 1．表示过去一段时间内经常性或习惯性的动作。常与often, usually, seldom 等表示频度的副词连用。还可以表示在过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，与现在没有关系，常与yesterday, the other day, last week, the day before yesterday等表示过去的时间状语连用。 —Hi, I’m Peter. Are you new here I haven’t seen you around. —Hello, Peter. I’m Bob. I just started on Monday.
2．有些句子，虽然没有明确的表示过去的时间状语，但实际上指的是过去发生的动作或状态，也要用一般过去时。常见的此类动词：know, think, expect, want等。 Edward, you play so well. But I didn’t know you played the piano.
一 般 将 来 时 1．“shall/will＋动词原形”表示现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow, next year, in＋一段时间等连用。其中shall通常用于第一人称，will通常用于各种人称。“will＋动词原形”还可以表示说话时临时做出的决定。 The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will be rewarded with success in the end. —What time is it —I have no idea. But just a minute, I will check it for you.
2．“be going to＋动词原形”表示按计划、打算要做某事或根据某种迹象预示着要发生某事。 Dr. Smith, together with his wife and daughters, is going to visit Beijing this summer.
3．“be to＋动词原形”表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作；也可表示职责、义务、意图、禁止等。 You are to hand in your papers by 10 o’clock. A meeting is to be held at 3 o’clock this afternoon.
4．“be about to＋动词原形”表示正要或即将要做某事，该结构不与表示具体的将来时间状语连用，可与并列连词when(＝and at this/that time)引导的分句连用。 Tom was about to close the windows when his attention was caught by a bird.
现在进行时 1．表示说话时正在进行或表示现阶段正在进行的动作，虽然此时此刻该动作不一定正在进行。 We are facing today a strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it.
2．表示位置转移的动词(词组)，如：go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, work, sleep, stay, have, wear, run out等，可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的事。 Food supplies in the flood stricken area are running out. We must act immediately before there’s none left.
3. 延续性动词用于有将来的时间状语或有将来语境的句子中，也可以表示将来。 I am travelling next month.
4. 现在进行时与频度副词连用，表示说话者或褒义或贬义的感彩。 He is always helping others. 他总是帮助别人。（褒义）
过去进行时 1．表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作，常同表示过去的时间状语从句以及at that time, at that moment, at this time yesterday, at ten o’clock yesterday等连用。 Susan had quit her well－paid job and was working as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.
2．表示一个过去的动作正在进行时，另一个过去的动作发生了，常与when, while引导的时间状语从句连用。 Jack was working in the lab when the power cut occurred.
将来进行时 表示将来某一时刻或某一时段正在发生或进行的动作，常与一些标志性的时间状语连用，如at this time tomorrow, by then, from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow等。 Jane can’t attend the meeting at 3 o’clock this afternoon because she will be teaching a class at that time. 简不能参加今天下午三点的会议，因为那个时间段她正在教课。
现在完成时 1．表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束，而对现在仍有影响。常用的时间状语：already, just, yet, never, before, lately, recently, in the last(past) few days/years, up to now, till now, so far等。 China’s high－speed railways have grown from 9，000 to 25，000 kilometers in the past few years.
2．表示从过去某时开始而延续至今(可能还要延续下去)的动作或状态。常用的时间状语：since＋时间点；for＋时间段等。 —I remember you were a talented pianist at college. Can you play the piano for me —Sorry, I haven’t played the piano for years.
3.在条件和时间状语从句中，用现在完成时表示将来某时间前已完成的动作。 Will you come to my office when you have finished your work
过去完成时 1．表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态，即过去的过去。句中一般有明确的表示“过去的过去”的时间状语(从句)。但在语法填空题中很多时候需要通过上下文来判断。 When walking down the street, I came across David, whom I hadn’t seen for years. By the time Jack returned home from England, his son had graduated from college.
2．表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作或状态，常用的时间状语：before, by then, by that time, by the end of, by the time＋从句等。 It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they had done for me.
3．表示“愿望，打算”的动词(hope, want, expect, think, mean, suppose, plan, intend等)用于过去完成时表示过去本打算实现而未实现的希望或计划。 I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.
使用完成时的句型 1.This/It/That is the first/...time＋that sb. has/have done sth.； This/It/That was the first/...time＋that sb. had done sth.这是某人第几次做某事。 2.It/This is/was the＋最高级＋名词＋(that)定语从句，从句中的谓语用完成时。 3.It is/has been＋一段时间＋since sb. did； It was/had been＋一段时间＋since sb. had done sth.自从……以来多久了。 4.hardly/scarcely...when.../no sooner...than...(一……就……)主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。
现在完成进行时 1．表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或产生的状态一直延续到现在，并有可能继续下去，常用的时间状语：all this morning, this month, these few days, since和for引导的状语从句等。 The manager has been telling the workers how to improve the program since 9 a．m.
2．所表示的动作有时并不是一直在不停地进行，而是在断断续续地重复。 The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will be rewarded with success in the end.
六．被动语态的易错点
构成 被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。
被动语态基本用法 被动语态的使用场合：1.不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者；2.需要突出或强调动作的承受者。 A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who had been trapped in the mountains for two days. My washing machine is being repaired this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand. (1)有些及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：have有；cost花费；lack缺少；own拥有；belong to属于；take part in参加。 (2)不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：happen/take place/occur发生；remain剩下；break out爆发；last持续；come out出版；come up被提出；lose heart失去信心；date from/back to追溯到；run out用完。
主动形式表示被动意义 1．当系动词feel, sound, taste, look, smell, appear, seem, turn, stay, become, get, grow, keep等＋形容词/名词构成系表结构时，常常以主动形式表示被动意义。 This kind of wool shirt feels soft. 这种羊毛衫摸起来很软。 2．当sell, read, cut, wash, write, open, wear, run, burn等不及物动词后带状语(well/easily等)修饰，用来表示主语内在的品质或性能时，用主动形式表示被动含义。 This sweater doesn't wash very well. This pen bought by mum as a present writes well. Have you bought the book that sells well these days I think it is suitable for us teenagers.
七．准确确定动词时态的“四个依据”
依据一 时间状语 动词的时态，顾名思义就是指动作或状态在不同时间条件下的动词形式，因此时间状语是确定动词时态的最直接的决定因素。 [例1] Silk (become) one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 B.C. [分析] had become 句意：到大约公元前 100 年，丝绸已经成为丝绸之路上交易的主要商品之一。题干中有表示过去的时间状语“about 100 B．C.”，且当时间状语由介词by(不迟于，不晚于)引导时，表示动作发生在“过去的过去”，谓语动词应用过去完成时。 [例2] In the last few years, China (make)great achievements in environmental protection. [分析] has made 题干中的时间状语是“In the last few years”，表示动作“从过去一直到现在”，故所填词应用现在完成时。
依据二 参照动词 当题干中没有时间状语，或时间状语不能完全决定所填动词的动作发生的具体时间时，动词的时态由其参照动词来决定。 [例3] The real reason why prices (be), and still are, too high is complex, and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem. [分析] were 题干中没有时间状语，由参照动词“are”和“is”可以推断出所填动词陈述的是过去的事实，故应用一般过去时。 [例4] Albert Einstein was born in 1879. As a child, few people guessed that he (be) a famous scientist whose theories would change the world. [分析] was going to be 题干中虽然有时间状语“in 1879”，但这并非所填动词的动作发生的时间。由“As a child”可知，所填词的参照时间是过去，而他成为一位著名的科学家不是在他“是个小孩子”时，而是以后的事，即将来，所以所填词应用过去将来时。
依据三 句意或语境 当题干中无时间状语及参照动词，或时间状语和参照动词都不能确定所填动词的时态时，所填动词的时态由题干的具体意思或动作所发生的语境来决定。 [例5] —Is Peter coming —No, he (change) his mind after a phone call at the last minute. [分析] changed 题干虽有时间状语“at the last minute”和参照动词“is coming”，但它们都不能准确定位所填动词的动作发生的时间，因此所填词的时态由句意或语境来决定。句意：“彼得要来吗？”“不，当接到一个电话后，他在最后时刻改变了主意。”由此可知，所填词的动作发生在过去，陈述的是过去的事实，故应用一般过去时。 [例6] When walking down the street, I came across David, whom I (not see) for years. [分析] hadn’t seen 句意：走在街上的时候，我偶然遇到了戴维，我已经多年没见他了。分析句子结构可知，从句中缺少谓语动词；主语I与动词see之间是主动关系，故应使用主动语态，且“多年未见”这一动作发生在“偶然遇到”之前，即“过去的过去”，故使用过去完成时。
依据四 固定句式 英语有一些句式的时态常常很固定，如果题干中出现这类句式，考生应注意根据规则选用适当的时态。 1．It is the first/second/...time that sb. has/have done... 2．It was the first/second/...time that sb. had done... 3．Sb. was/were doing sth. when...did... 4．Hardly/Scarcely had sb. done sth. when...did... 5．Sb. be about to do sth. when...did... 6．It’s (high) time that sb. did sth./should do sth. [例7] It is the first time that I (be) to Beijing. [分析] have been 句意：这是我第一次去北京。提示词为be动词，考虑设空处在句中作谓语，并考虑时态和语态；再根据固定句式“It is the first time that sb. has/have done...”确定使用现在完成时。
高考英语语法【动词的时态和语态】易错点对点训练30题
I.高考真题诊断·单句语法填空
1.I （hope)to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage,but I couldn't manage it.
2.In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut （report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements,leading to a belief that populations are increasing.
3.On the first day of my first grade,I stood by the door with butterflies in my stomach.I （voice)my biggest concern to my mother."How will I make friends "She handed me advice."Be yourself."
4.One study in America found that students' grades （improve)a little after the school introduced uniforms.
5.When the children are walking or （cycle)to school on dark mornings,car drivers can easily see them.
【答案详解】
1.had hoped 解析：句意：我本希望送彼得一件礼物祝贺他结婚，但我没能做到。couldn't manage 用的是一般过去时可知，动词hope表示过去本打算做某事而没有做成，用过去完成时。
2.have reported 解析：根据句中的时间状语in recent years 可知，应用现在完成时。
3.voiced 解析：根据上文的“On the first day of my first grade, I stood”可知，此处用一般过去时。
4.improved 解析：主句谓语动词是 found,用一般过去时，此处时态应该与之保持一致。
5.cycling 解析：因为连词or前面用的是walking,空处应与之并列，故用 cycle的-ing形式。
II.精选典题动词的时态和语态专题对点训练·单句语法填空
6.At a young age, he (move) to Spain and now plays professionally for the FC Barcelona.
7.It (rain) at that time and the streets were full of holes which were full of water.
8.I just graduated from West Coast University. I (receive) job skill training just before that, but I had never worked.
9.The full railway, which includes 72 kilometer section through Beijing, (complete) in four and a half years.
10.We (reduce) emission of air pollutants in recent years, but cars are still major source of them.
11.It’s fun for amateurs to try, but to become good at it, not only years of practice but also natural talent (need)．
12.The beauty of the views couldn’t (imagine) and they left me with many great memories.
13.It was the fourth time she (shop) online for hours. I had already reminded her to think twice before buying anything, but my wife ignored what I had said.
14.Playing football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also (give) us a sense of fair play and team spirit.
15.The reason for this is that Britain’s supermarkets (experience) huge changes in the past decades.
【答案详解】
6.moved 解析：根据时间状语At a young age可知，此处表示过去发生的事情，故用一般过去时。
7.was raining 解析：根据时间状语at that time可知，当时正在下雨，即“下雨”这一动作在过去某段时间内正在进行。故用过去进行时。
8.had received 解析：此处根据just before that可知，我在之前受过职业技能的培训，根据上句中的一般过去时可知，此处应用过去完成时。
9.will be completed 解析：句意：这一整条铁路，其中有72千米经过北京，将在四年半内完工。设空处作主句的谓语，根据时间状语in four and a half years可知，应用一般将来时；且主语The full railway与complete之间为被动关系，应用被动语态。
10.have reduced/have been reducing 解析：由句中的时间状语in recent years可知，应用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。
11.is needed 解析：考查主谓一致和被动语态。“not only...but also...”作主语，谓语动词的单复数遵循就近原则，故此处谓语动词应用单数。natural talent与动词need之间是动宾关系，故用is needed。
12.be imagined 解析：句意：这些景色的美是无法想象的，它们给我留下了许多美好的回忆。imagine和The beauty of the views之间为动宾关系，且根据句意可知应用被动语态；含情态动词的被动语态的构成是：情态动词＋be done。
13.had shopped 解析：“It was＋第几次＋过去完成时”是固定句式。
14.gives 解析：考查时态。not only...but also...连接两个平行结构，因此所填动词应与makes时态一致，故填gives。
15.have experienced 解析：根据题干中的时间状语in the past decades可知，此处应该用现在完成时。
III.精选典题动词的时态和语态专题对点训练·单句改错
16.Once I went to the market with my mum for a big dinner on Saturday. When we were walking past the stalls, a loud noise was caught my attention.
17.What’s more, thousands of tourists from the world came here every year, which is really splendid.
18.Today I’ve got wonderful news to tell you.I had been offered a job at a company in England for my good performance.
19.To collect opinions from the public, an online survey has made these days.
20.It has been a long time since we meet in China last time.
【答案详解】
16.去掉was 解析：考查动词语态。主语a loud noise与catch之间构成主谓关系，表主动，故删除was。
17.came→come 解析：根据时间状语every year及从句为一般现在时可知，主句应用一般现在时，故将came改为come。
18.had→have 解析：根据句意可知，指过去的动作对现在造成的结果，应用现在完成时。
19.在has后加been 解析：an online survey与make之间是被动关系，故用现在完成时的被动语态。
20.meet→met 解析：It has been＋一段时间＋since...句式中时间状语用一般过去时。
IV.精选典题动词的时态和语态专题对点训练·短文语法填空
My best friend Kaiya is like me.She 21.________(remind) me of myself.In the past, I 22.________(be) never confident because of my appearance. People always laughed at my weight, my height, my hair style, etc.At that time, I was the shortest student in my class.I started getting depressed. However, Someone told me something that I will always remember，
It was in March. Surrounded by a group of girls who 23.________(point) at me and laughed at me，I couldn't help crying. The tears rolled down my face like a rushing river. To my surprise, someone lifted my head up and wiped the tears from my eyes.
I then knew it was our English teacher, Miss Li. She said, “you 24.________(be) perfect the way you are. You should never change or hate yourself. People 25.________(accept) you for who you 26.________(be).But if you can not accept yourself, then how will other people accept you.” I 27._______(inspire) by her words.
Over the past few months, I 28.________(learn) that no one is perfect and that we all have flaws. Now I have wonderful friends who 29.________(love) me for who I am.
Now, seeing Kaiya cry, I decide to tell her the same thing Miss Li 30.________(tell) me.
【语篇解读】本文为记叙文。作者通过自己的经历告诉自己的朋友Kaiya:做人要自信，要相信自己。
21.reminds 解析：根据第一句的时态可推知本空应该用一般现在时，又因为主语为第三人称单数，故答案为reminds.
22.was 解析：根据语境中的 In the past 可知设空处用一般过去时，故答案为was.
23.pointed 解析：根据后面的 laughed可知设空处为 pointed.
24.are 解析：本句为直接引语，故用一般现在时。
25.will accept 解析：结合下文的 then how will other people accept you 知答案为 will accept.
26.are 解析：由上下文语境可知应填are.
27.was inspired 解析：设空处表示过去的事情且主语与 inspire为被动关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态。
28.have learned/learnt根据前面的 Over the past few months 可知设空处用现在完成时。
29.love 解析：who(love)me for who I am 为定语从句，先行词为friends且设空处说的是现在的情况，应
用一般现在时，故答案为love.
30.told 解析：Miss Li (tell)me 为定语从句，设空处表示过去的事情，故用一般过去时。高考英语语法【动词的时态和语态】易错点30题精讲练原题版
专题七 动词的时态和语态易错点集锦
一．英语中16种时态与语态的构成
现在 过去 将来 过去将来
主动 被动 主动 被动 主动 被动 主动 被动
一般 do/does am/is/are done did was/were done shall/ will do shall/will be done should/ would do should/would be done
进行 am/is/ are doing am/is/are being done was/were doing was/were being done shall/will be doing shall/will be being done should/would be doing should/would be being done
完成 has/ have done has/have been done had done had been done shall/will have done shall/will have been done should/would have done should/would have been done
完成 进行 has/have been doing \ had been doing \ shall/will have been doing \ should/would have been doing \
二．动词过去式的变化规则
一般情况在动词后加 ed work→worked play→played
以 e结尾的动词后加 d hope→hoped like→liked
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的动词，变y为i再加 ed study→studied try→tried
以重读闭音节或/r/音节结尾，词尾只有一个辅 音字母时双写词尾的辅音字母再加 ed stop→stopped prefer→preferred admit→admitted permit→permitted
三．动词第三人称单数的变化规则
一般情况直接加 s work→works get→gets say→says read→reads
结尾为 s, x, sh, ch或 o，在词尾加 es discuss→discusses wash→washes fix→fixes go→goes teach→teaches
结尾为“辅音字母＋y”，变y为i再加 es carry→carries study→studies try→tries fly→flies cry→cries
四．动词现在分词的变化规则
一般情况在词尾直接加 ing work→working study→studying
以不发音的e结尾的动词，去e再加 ing write→writing take→taking face→facing
“辅音＋元音＋辅音”结尾的重读闭音节词， 且末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写词尾辅音字母， 再加 ing cut→cutting begin→beginning swim→swimming run→running put→putting plan→planning stop→stopping
以 ie结尾的动词，变 ie为y再加 ing lie→lying die→dying
五．各种时态的用法
一般现在时 1.表示现在的情况、状态或特征。 He is a professor of geology at the University of Georgia.
2.表示经常发生的、习惯性的、反复出现的动作或状态。常与表示习惯的副词(词组)always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, never, sometimes, usually, every day/night连用。 On Monday mornings it usually takes me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles. It's probably good for you to get some criticism now and then. Birds were chattering somewhere, and occasionally he could hear a vehicle pass by.
3.客观事实和普遍真理。 The earth moves around the sun.
4.表示按时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作，用一般现在时。只限于go, arrive, leave, start, stay, return, begin, come, close等动词。常见的用法是：飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式。 The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon. Our class meeting starts at three o’clock on Monday afternoon.
5.在时间、条件和让步状语从句中经常用一般现在（有时也用现在完成时）表示将的来事情。（即：主将从现原则） I will call you as soon as I arrive at the airport. When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours. The president hopes that the people will be better off when he quits than when he started.
一般过去时 1．表示过去一段时间内经常性或习惯性的动作。常与often, usually, seldom 等表示频度的副词连用。还可以表示在过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，与现在没有关系，常与yesterday, the other day, last week, the day before yesterday等表示过去的时间状语连用。 —Hi, I’m Peter. Are you new here I haven’t seen you around. —Hello, Peter. I’m Bob. I just started on Monday.
2．有些句子，虽然没有明确的表示过去的时间状语，但实际上指的是过去发生的动作或状态，也要用一般过去时。常见的此类动词：know, think, expect, want等。 Edward, you play so well. But I didn’t know you played the piano.
一 般 将 来 时 1．“shall/will＋动词原形”表示现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow, next year, in＋一段时间等连用。其中shall通常用于第一人称，will通常用于各种人称。“will＋动词原形”还可以表示说话时临时做出的决定。 The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will be rewarded with success in the end. —What time is it —I have no idea. But just a minute, I will check it for you.
2．“be going to＋动词原形”表示按计划、打算要做某事或根据某种迹象预示着要发生某事。 Dr. Smith, together with his wife and daughters, is going to visit Beijing this summer.
3．“be to＋动词原形”表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作；也可表示职责、义务、意图、禁止等。 You are to hand in your papers by 10 o’clock. A meeting is to be held at 3 o’clock this afternoon.
4．“be about to＋动词原形”表示正要或即将要做某事，该结构不与表示具体的将来时间状语连用，可与并列连词when(＝and at this/that time)引导的分句连用。 Tom was about to close the windows when his attention was caught by a bird.
现在进行时 1．表示说话时正在进行或表示现阶段正在进行的动作，虽然此时此刻该动作不一定正在进行。 We are facing today a strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it.
2．表示位置转移的动词(词组)，如：go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, work, sleep, stay, have, wear, run out等，可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的事。 Food supplies in the flood stricken area are running out. We must act immediately before there’s none left.
3. 延续性动词用于有将来的时间状语或有将来语境的句子中，也可以表示将来。 I am travelling next month.
4. 现在进行时与频度副词连用，表示说话者或褒义或贬义的感彩。 He is always helping others. 他总是帮助别人。（褒义）
过去进行时 1．表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作，常同表示过去的时间状语从句以及at that time, at that moment, at this time yesterday, at ten o’clock yesterday等连用。 Susan had quit her well－paid job and was working as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.
2．表示一个过去的动作正在进行时，另一个过去的动作发生了，常与when, while引导的时间状语从句连用。 Jack was working in the lab when the power cut occurred.
将来进行时 表示将来某一时刻或某一时段正在发生或进行的动作，常与一些标志性的时间状语连用，如at this time tomorrow, by then, from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow等。 Jane can’t attend the meeting at 3 o’clock this afternoon because she will be teaching a class at that time. 简不能参加今天下午三点的会议，因为那个时间段她正在教课。
现在完成时 1．表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束，而对现在仍有影响。常用的时间状语：already, just, yet, never, before, lately, recently, in the last(past) few days/years, up to now, till now, so far等。 China’s high－speed railways have grown from 9，000 to 25，000 kilometers in the past few years.
2．表示从过去某时开始而延续至今(可能还要延续下去)的动作或状态。常用的时间状语：since＋时间点；for＋时间段等。 —I remember you were a talented pianist at college. Can you play the piano for me —Sorry, I haven’t played the piano for years.
3.在条件和时间状语从句中，用现在完成时表示将来某时间前已完成的动作。 Will you come to my office when you have finished your work
过去完成时 1．表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态，即过去的过去。句中一般有明确的表示“过去的过去”的时间状语(从句)。但在语法填空题中很多时候需要通过上下文来判断。 When walking down the street, I came across David, whom I hadn’t seen for years. By the time Jack returned home from England, his son had graduated from college.
2．表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作或状态，常用的时间状语：before, by then, by that time, by the end of, by the time＋从句等。 It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they had done for me.
3．表示“愿望，打算”的动词(hope, want, expect, think, mean, suppose, plan, intend等)用于过去完成时表示过去本打算实现而未实现的希望或计划。 I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.
使用完成时的句型 1.This/It/That is the first/...time＋that sb. has/have done sth.； This/It/That was the first/...time＋that sb. had done sth.这是某人第几次做某事。 2.It/This is/was the＋最高级＋名词＋(that)定语从句，从句中的谓语用完成时。 3.It is/has been＋一段时间＋since sb. did； It was/had been＋一段时间＋since sb. had done sth.自从……以来多久了。 4.hardly/scarcely...when.../no sooner...than...(一……就……)主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。
现在完成进行时 1．表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或产生的状态一直延续到现在，并有可能继续下去，常用的时间状语：all this morning, this month, these few days, since和for引导的状语从句等。 The manager has been telling the workers how to improve the program since 9 a．m.
2．所表示的动作有时并不是一直在不停地进行，而是在断断续续地重复。 The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will be rewarded with success in the end.
六．被动语态的易错点
构成 被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。
被动语态基本用法 被动语态的使用场合：1.不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者；2.需要突出或强调动作的承受者。 A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who had been trapped in the mountains for two days. My washing machine is being repaired this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand. (1)有些及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：have有；cost花费；lack缺少；own拥有；belong to属于；take part in参加。 (2)不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：happen/take place/occur发生；remain剩下；break out爆发；last持续；come out出版；come up被提出；lose heart失去信心；date from/back to追溯到；run out用完。
主动形式表示被动意义 1．当系动词feel, sound, taste, look, smell, appear, seem, turn, stay, become, get, grow, keep等＋形容词/名词构成系表结构时，常常以主动形式表示被动意义。 This kind of wool shirt feels soft. 这种羊毛衫摸起来很软。 2．当sell, read, cut, wash, write, open, wear, run, burn等不及物动词后带状语(well/easily等)修饰，用来表示主语内在的品质或性能时，用主动形式表示被动含义。 This sweater doesn't wash very well. This pen bought by mum as a present writes well. Have you bought the book that sells well these days I think it is suitable for us teenagers.
七．准确确定动词时态的“四个依据”
依据一 时间状语 动词的时态，顾名思义就是指动作或状态在不同时间条件下的动词形式，因此时间状语是确定动词时态的最直接的决定因素。 [例1] Silk (become) one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 B.C. [分析] had become 句意：到大约公元前 100 年，丝绸已经成为丝绸之路上交易的主要商品之一。题干中有表示过去的时间状语“about 100 B．C.”，且当时间状语由介词by(不迟于，不晚于)引导时，表示动作发生在“过去的过去”，谓语动词应用过去完成时。 [例2] In the last few years, China (make)great achievements in environmental protection. [分析] has made 题干中的时间状语是“In the last few years”，表示动作“从过去一直到现在”，故所填词应用现在完成时。
依据二 参照动词 当题干中没有时间状语，或时间状语不能完全决定所填动词的动作发生的具体时间时，动词的时态由其参照动词来决定。 [例3] The real reason why prices (be), and still are, too high is complex, and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem. [分析] were 题干中没有时间状语，由参照动词“are”和“is”可以推断出所填动词陈述的是过去的事实，故应用一般过去时。 [例4] Albert Einstein was born in 1879. As a child, few people guessed that he (be) a famous scientist whose theories would change the world. [分析] was going to be 题干中虽然有时间状语“in 1879”，但这并非所填动词的动作发生的时间。由“As a child”可知，所填词的参照时间是过去，而他成为一位著名的科学家不是在他“是个小孩子”时，而是以后的事，即将来，所以所填词应用过去将来时。
依据三 句意或语境 当题干中无时间状语及参照动词，或时间状语和参照动词都不能确定所填动词的时态时，所填动词的时态由题干的具体意思或动作所发生的语境来决定。 [例5] —Is Peter coming —No, he (change) his mind after a phone call at the last minute. [分析] changed 题干虽有时间状语“at the last minute”和参照动词“is coming”，但它们都不能准确定位所填动词的动作发生的时间，因此所填词的时态由句意或语境来决定。句意：“彼得要来吗？”“不，当接到一个电话后，他在最后时刻改变了主意。”由此可知，所填词的动作发生在过去，陈述的是过去的事实，故应用一般过去时。 [例6] When walking down the street, I came across David, whom I (not see) for years. [分析] hadn’t seen 句意：走在街上的时候，我偶然遇到了戴维，我已经多年没见他了。分析句子结构可知，从句中缺少谓语动词；主语I与动词see之间是主动关系，故应使用主动语态，且“多年未见”这一动作发生在“偶然遇到”之前，即“过去的过去”，故使用过去完成时。
依据四 固定句式 英语有一些句式的时态常常很固定，如果题干中出现这类句式，考生应注意根据规则选用适当的时态。 1．It is the first/second/...time that sb. has/have done... 2．It was the first/second/...time that sb. had done... 3．Sb. was/were doing sth. when...did... 4．Hardly/Scarcely had sb. done sth. when...did... 5．Sb. be about to do sth. when...did... 6．It’s (high) time that sb. did sth./should do sth. [例7] It is the first time that I (be) to Beijing. [分析] have been 句意：这是我第一次去北京。提示词为be动词，考虑设空处在句中作谓语，并考虑时态和语态；再根据固定句式“It is the first time that sb. has/have done...”确定使用现在完成时。
高考英语语法【动词的时态和语态】易错点对点训练30题
I.高考真题诊断·单句语法填空
1.I （hope)to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage,but I couldn't manage it.
2.In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut （report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements,leading to a belief that populations are increasing.
3.On the first day of my first grade,I stood by the door with butterflies in my stomach.I （voice)my biggest concern to my mother."How will I make friends "She handed me advice."Be yourself."
4.One study in America found that students' grades （improve)a little after the school introduced uniforms.
5.When the children are walking or （cycle)to school on dark mornings,car drivers can easily see them.
II.精选典题动词的时态和语态专题对点训练·单句语法填空
6.At a young age, he (move) to Spain and now plays professionally for the FC Barcelona.
7.It (rain) at that time and the streets were full of holes which were full of water.
8.I just graduated from West Coast University. I (receive) job skill training just before that, but I had never worked.
9.The full railway, which includes 72 kilometer section through Beijing, (complete) in four and a half years.
10.We (reduce) emission of air pollutants in recent years, but cars are still major source of them.
11.It’s fun for amateurs to try, but to become good at it, not only years of practice but also natural talent (need)．
12.The beauty of the views couldn’t (imagine) and they left me with many great memories.
13.It was the fourth time she (shop) online for hours. I had already reminded her to think twice before buying anything, but my wife ignored what I had said.
14.Playing football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also (give) us a sense of fair play and team spirit.
15.The reason for this is that Britain’s supermarkets (experience) huge changes in the past decades.
III.精选典题动词的时态和语态专题对点训练·单句改错
16.Once I went to the market with my mum for a big dinner on Saturday. When we were walking past the stalls, a loud noise was caught my attention.
17.What’s more, thousands of tourists from the world came here every year, which is really splendid.
18.Today I’ve got wonderful news to tell you.I had been offered a job at a company in England for my good performance.
19.To collect opinions from the public, an online survey has made these days.
20.It has been a long time since we meet in China last time.
IV.精选典题动词的时态和语态专题对点训练·短文语法填空
My best friend Kaiya is like me.She 21.________(remind) me of myself.In the past, I 22.________(be) never confident because of my appearance. People always laughed at my weight, my height, my hair style, etc.At that time, I was the shortest student in my class.I started getting depressed. However, Someone told me something that I will always remember，
It was in March. Surrounded by a group of girls who 23.________(point) at me and laughed at me，I couldn't help crying. The tears rolled down my face like a rushing river. To my surprise, someone lifted my head up and wiped the tears from my eyes.
I then knew it was our English teacher, Miss Li. She said, “you 24.________(be) perfect the way you are. You should never change or hate yourself. People 25.________(accept) you for who you 26.________(be).But if you can not accept yourself, then how will other people accept you.” I 27._______(inspire) by her words.
Over the past few months, I 28.________(learn) that no one is perfect and that we all have flaws. Now I have wonderful friends who 29.________(love) me for who I am.
Now, seeing Kaiya cry, I decide to tell her the same thing Miss Li 30.________(tell) me.
