人教版中考英语一轮复习语法课件(共111张PPT)
文档属性
| 名称 | 人教版中考英语一轮复习语法课件(共111张PPT) |  | |
| 格式 | pptx | ||
| 文件大小 | 252.6KB | ||
| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 人教新目标(Go for it)版 | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2025-01-03 14:35:48 | ||
图片预览
文档简介
(共111张PPT)
动词的时态和语态
含义
时：动作发生的时间
态：动作存在的状态 （动词的形式）
语态
被动语态
第一部分:一般态
一、一般态：习惯性，经常性
1、一般现在时：
do/does
结构
am/is/are
时间状语：
Often,sometimes,always,usually,today
Regularly(定期地，有规律地），seldom(很少)
Every day/week/month/year
eg:We talk about gossip everyday.
我们每天都在吃瓜。
补充
1.一般现在时可用于表达客观事实和普遍真理
The teacher told the children that the earth —(A)—around the sun.
A.moves B.moved C.was moving D.is moving
2.一般现在时可用于表示人物的特征，性格，能力。
Eg:Liu Lixiang sings very well.
刘立想唱歌非常好。
2.一般过去时：
did
结构
was/were
时间状语
Yesterday,the day before yesterday，……ago,last week/month/year,
In+过去时间
Eg:Liu Lixiang went to the bar yesterday.
刘立想昨天去酒吧了。
补充
used to do 过去常常做
be used to do ……被用来做
be used to doing 习惯于
Her son ___coke,but now he___milk.(A)
A .used to drink,is used to drinking
B .used to drinking,drinks
C .is used to drinking,used to drink
D .is used to drink,is drinking
3.一般将来时
结构：will/shall do(be)
时间状语：
Tomorrow,the day after tomorrow,……later,
Next week/month/year,in+将来时间，the following……(下一个)
补充：
1.主将从现（时间状从，条件状从）：
连词+主语+do/does,主语+will/shall do
The students will plant trees if it____tomorrow.(D)
A .didn’t rain B.hasn’t rained
C.won’t rain D.doesn’t rain
3.一般将来时的其他表达方式
Be going to=will 将要做某事
Eg: we are going to the cinema tonight.
我们今晚要去看电影
Be about to do……when……正要做某事时，就在这时
Be to do 是要做某事
Eg: my aim is to enter an ideal university.
我的目标就是要考入理想大学。
一般过去将来时
结构：主语+would do (would是will的过去式）
时间状语：句中既有表示过去的时间又有表示将来的时间（站在过去说将来）
He said he would get married soon.
他说他将会很快结婚。
二、进行态：某个时刻动作正在进行
通式：be doing
1.现在进行时：此时此刻动作正在进行
结构：am/is/are doing
时间状语：
Now,at the moment(当时),感官提示性动词：look,listen
Eg:Listen!The sea is crying.
听！海哭的声音。
2.过去进行时：过去某时某刻动作正在发生
结构：was/were doing
时间状语：具体时间+一般过去时时间状语
Eg:I was playing games at nine last night.
我昨天晚上九点在打游戏。
考点：过去进行时与一般过去时互为时间背景
结构：主语1 was/were doing when 主语2 did
主语1 正在做……这时 主语2……
（一个动作正在发生，另一个动作突然发生）
Eg: Snow White was sleeping when the seven dwarfs came in.
白雪公主正在睡觉的时候七个小矮人进来了。
3.将来进行时：动作在将来某一时刻正在进行
结构：will/shall be doing
时间状语：具体时间+一般将来时时间状语
Eg:I will dating at this time tomorrow.
明天的这个时候我在约会。
Date 约会（日期） blind date (相亲）
三、完成态
1.现在完成时：动作截至现在已经完成
结构：have/has done
时间状语
起始时间： 过去时间点
since(自从） 一段时间+ago
主语+did
句子1（have/has done)+连词+句子2（主语+did)
持续时间：for+一段时间（……以来） in/over/during the past+一段时间
截止时间：alrealy(肯定句）yet(否定\疑问句,迄今为止） recently(最近)
by now = till now =up to now = so far
Eg: He has done a lot of work in the past two years.
在过去两年中他做了许多工作。
补充
1.当for+一段时间单独出现，句中无其他表示时间的词，并且前面的动词为延续性动词时，用现在完成时）
表示能够延续的动作，如：study,work,know,keep,walk,watch,sing,sleep,stay等
非延续性动词代表：die (be+dead)
He has been dead for five years.
2.have/has been to 去过某地（回来了）
I have been to Beijing. 我去过北京。
3.Have/has gone to 去了某地（没回来）
Where is he 他在哪里？
He has gone to Beijing. 他去北京了。
2.过去完成时：过去的过去
结构：had done
时间状语：
起始时间：before+主语+did,主语+had done
after+主语+had done,主语+did
Before the police arrived,the thief had escaped.
After the thief had escaped,the police arrived.
持续时间：for +一段时间（句中有表示过去时间的词）
截止时间： by+过去时间
注意：by 放哪哪完
注意
当句子中无时间状语，两个动作都发生在过去，考察“过去的过去”这一概念时，先发生的动作用过去完成时，后发生的动作用一般过去时。
Eg :Obama said Ben had been killed.
3.将来完成时（动作在将来某时刻完成）
结构：will/shall have done
时间状语：
起始时间：无
持续时间：for+一段时间（句中有表示将来时间的词）
截止时间：by+将来时间
Eg:I will have worked in this school for 5 years by the end of this month.
补充：
1.By the time 主语+do/does,主语+will/shall have done
by the time 主语+did,主语+had done
截至到什么时候
Eg:by the time we got there,the movies had begun.
当我们到那的时候，电影已经开始了。
4、现在完成进行时
结构：have/has been doing
时间状语：同现在完成时
用法：A.动作从过去持续到现在，完成了一部分，还将继续持续下去。
B.表示对某动作的强调。译为“一直在做……”
Eg:We have been working for two hours,Let’s have a rest.
She is sunburned,because she has been lying on the beach all afternoon.
第二部分：语态
被动语态：be done
1.一般态的被动
一般现在时的被动：am/is/are done
一般过去时的被动：was\were done
一般将来时的被动：will/shall be done
2.进行态的被动
现在进行时的被动：am/is /are being done
过去进行时的被动：was/were being done
3.完成态的被动
现在完成时的被动：have/has been done
过去完成时的被动：had been done
将来完成时的被动：will/shall have been done
注意
1.不及物动词无被动：
vt.及物动词：I love you.
v
vi.不及物动词：He cried.
2.感官动词主动形式表被动含义
Look,sound,smell,taste,fell
Eg:The food tastes good.
3.“发生”（happen/occur/take place)无被动
补充
It is the + 序数词 + time + 主语 + have/has done
It was the + 序数词 + time + 主语 + had done
某人第几次做某事……
英语语法练习
1.A talk on Chinese history _____ in the school hall(大厅）next week.(c)
A .be given B.has been given C. will be given D.will give
2.---Did you see Tom at the party
---No,he___ by the time I got there.(c)
A .left B.was leaving C.had left D.has left
3.---I will come to attend your lecture at 10:00 tomorrow.
---I’m sorry, by then my lecture will have ended and I ____ my guests in my office.(c)
A .is being met B.will meet C.will be metting D.will have met
主谓一致
1.主语是单数，后面加（along/together）with,as well as,like,but,except,
including等词，谓语动词仍是单数。
Eg:The teacher ,together with his students, is (be) visiting the factory.(工厂，制造厂)
Eg:Nobody but Jane knows (know) the secret.(秘密)
Eg:Diana ,along with her friends, Chinese in China. 正确答案：C
A.study B.have studied C.is studying D.are studying
不定代词
Some
Any
Every body/one/thing(谓语动词用第三人称单数)
no
2.the +adj.表示一类人和三群（people,police,cattle）做主语时，谓语动词用复数
Eg:The rich get richer and the poor get poorer.(get)
Eg:The Chinese are (are) fond of tea.{be fond of… 喜爱}
Eg:The old more likely to(可能) catch cold(感冒) than .
A.is;the young
B.are;the young
C.are;the younger 答案：B
D.is;the younger
3.集体名词：family,team,class,audience（观众）,public(公众),
Army（军队）,committee（委员会）等做主语时
表示整体概念：V谓语用单数
表示个体概念：V谓语用复数
Eg：Our family is (be) in Beijing.
Our family all like (like) playing soccer.
Eg:Our team is sure to win.
Our team are taking a shower.
补充：定语从句中谓语单复数取决于先行词
Eg:He is one of the boys who are good at English.
名词（先行词） （定语从句）
修饰名词的句子叫做定语从句
4.就近原则
1.There be A and B(V谓语与A一致)
Eg:There is (be) a book and some pens on the floor.
There are (be) some pens and a book on the floor.
2.either A or B 不是…就是…
3.neither A nor B 既不…也不… +V谓语（与B一致）
4.not only A but also B 不仅…而且…
Eg:Neither you nor he is (be) right.
either he or you are (be) right.
Eg:Not only I but also my mother is (be) proud of my success.
以…为自豪
补充：
1.every 开头的句子谓语一定是单数
2. a number of 大量的…（谓语用复数）
the number of …的数量（谓语用单数）
3.a great deal of … 大量的…（修饰不可数名词，谓语用单数）
一、含义
虚拟：与事实相反的情况（假的，不真实的）
语气：动词V的形式
虚拟语气
（一）幻想式虚拟
1.if的虚拟
If从句V. 主句V.
与现在事实相反 Were/did w/c/s/m+do
与过去事实相反 Had done w/c/s/m+have done
与将来事实相反 1.Did 2.Should do 3.Were to do w/c/s/m+do
注明：would 想要，将要，就会（万能词）；could 能够；should 应该；might 可能
eg.:
1.与现在事实相反
If I were Zheng Shuang now,I would own two kinds.
如果现在我是郑爽，我就会有两个孩子。
2.与过去事实相反
If she hadn’t made such a decision,she wouldn’t have disappeared from the showbiz.
如果那时她没有做那个决定，她就不会从娱乐圈消失了。
3.与将来事实相反
If I married/should marry/were to marry Zhang in the future,I would spend 100 million to make the headline.
如果我将来娶了章子怡，我就花一亿买个头条
补充：if的三种变形
（1）.三词提前（if 从句中有were，had,should)
A.省略if
B.将三词置于句首
C.其他不变
Eg.if the virus were to disappear next month ,we could meet each other.
were the virus to disappear next month,we could meet each other.
如果下个月病毒消失了，我们就可以见面了。
(2).介词短语代替if从句
Without(如果没有…)
+n,主句（与过去事实相反w/c/s/m+have done）
But for(要不是…）
Eg.Without your help,I wouldn’t have passed the exam.
注意：if it had not been for =had it not been for…
后面句子是主语+would have done
Eg.if it had not been for/had it not been for the free tickets,
I wouldn’t have seen the film so often.
(3).错综时间条件句（从句与主句时间不一致）
If I had been more active yesterday,we would have a body now.
如果昨天我主动一点，我们现在就会有爱的结晶。
2.wish 的虚拟
虚拟句型：主语+wish+（that）+主语+V.
1.与现在事实相反
I wish that Hua didn’t own a body now.
2.与过去事实相反
I wish that Hua hadn’t been together with Zhang at that time.
3.与将来事实相反
I wish that Zhang would marry me tomorrow.
Wish后面句子的V.
与现在事实相反 Did/were
与过去事实相反 Had done
与将来事实相反 Would/could do
注意：
As if /as though(好像)，if only（要是…就好）用法同wish
1.if only we had been college students last year.
He has just arrived,but he talks as if he all about that.
A.know B.knows C.known D.knew
答案：d
(三)其他类型
1.
Would rather do 宁愿做某事
（常规，不表虚拟） do A than do B 宁愿做A也不愿做B
虚拟用法：
Would rather +主语+句子V 现在/将来 did/were
过去 had done
Eg.I’d rather I hadn’t loved her before.
I would rather go home yesterday.
I would rather I had gone home yesterday.
2. or/otherwise(否则)
句式：前真后假
Or/otherwise 与现在/将来相反：w/c do
与过去相反：w/c have done
Eg.You are strong,otherwise I would kill you now.
你很强壮，否则我现在就弄死你。
Eg.I was too busy yesterday,otherwise I would have gone(go)
.to your party.
我昨天很忙，否则我就去你的party了。
注意：or/otherwise 变成but 句式：前假后真
Eg.I would have gone (go) to your party,but I was too busy yesterday.
(二) 命令式虚拟
do 主动
Should 应该 be done 被动
一.should 可省略
1.V.之后：主语+特殊V.+that+主语+(should) do/be done.
特殊动词
一个坚持 insist
一个宁愿 preter
两个命令 order command
四个建议 suggest advise propose recommend
四个要求 desire demand require request
Eg.I suggest that you (should) mind your own business.
我建议你应该管好你自己。
注意：
1.同源词（即动词转化成其他形式）用法相同
Eg.My suggestion is that you (should) mind your own business.
2. 建议 （虚拟） 坚持要求（虚拟）
Suggest 表明，暗示（不虚拟） insist 坚持认为（不虚拟）
Eg.what he said suggested that he was a cheat.
他说的话表明他是个骗子。
Eg.she insisted that he was wrong,so she insisted he (should)
Say sorry to her.
她坚持认为他错了，所以坚持要求他道歉。
2.adj.之后：It is +特殊adj.+that +主语+(should) do/be done
五大要：important vital（极其重要的） necessary urgent（紧要的）
奇怪的：strange
自然的：natural
Eg.It is necessary that the room (should) be cleaned on time.
二.should 不可省略
should do
It is high(about) time that +主语+V did(优先选)
到了该……的时候了
Eg.It is high time that we (go) home.答案：B
A.should go B.went
情态动词
含义：情态动词表示说话人的情绪，态度，或语气，本身有一定的词义
特点：
1.情态动词不能单独使用，必须加动词原形
2.情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加S
原型： will can shall may must
过去： would could should might must
意思： 将要 能够 应该 可能 必须
情态动词的特殊用法
1.表示对事实的推测
（1）对现在或将来事实的推测
肯定推测：must be/do
否定推测：can’t be/do
Eg.He looks so pale,he must be ill.
It can’t be her,she has already left in the morning.
(2)对过去事实的推测
肯定推测：must have done
否定推测：can’t have done
Eg.I mailed the latter two weeks ago,she must have received it.
我两周前寄的信，她肯定收到了。
Eg.she can’t have left school,for her bike is still here.
2.表示责备、批评
（1）should have done
ought to have done 本应该做某事（但实际没做）
Eg.You should have come to the conference yesterday.
补充：shouldn’t have done (本不应该做某事，但实际上做了)
Eg.You shouldn’t have criticized him.
(2)needn’t have done(本没必要做，但实际做了)
情景交际
Take it easy 放轻松
Take your time =No hurry 别急，慢慢来
Go ahead 当然可以，去做吧，请继续
Mind your step/head 小心
Don’t mention it/it’s my pleasure/Not at all 不客气
Guess what 猜猜怎么样啦？
I couldn’t agree more 非常赞同
Far from it 远非如此
Get it 明白了
Come on 快点；加油；别逗了，算了吧。
Just my luck 真倒霉
That’s all right 好的
How come 怎么会呢？
No wonder 难怪
Never mind /It doesn’t matter 没关系
What’s it 什么事？
So what 那又怎么样？
Make it 干成，做成
It depends 视情况而定
It’s up to you 取决于你
With pleasure 乐意效劳
Do me a favor/help me 帮助我
Don’t bother 不打扰
After a while 请稍等一会
Don’t mention it 别提它
It’s very kind of you 你真好
反意疑问句
结构：助V.+主语？
特点：前后含义相反（前肯后否/前否后肯）
Eg:He is sleeping ,isn’t he
They have finished ,haven’t they
He never finishes anything ,does he
重点：特殊句
1.Don’t ……,will you？
2.let us……，will you？
3.Let’s……，shall we
4.You’d better……，hadn’t you
5.You’d rather……,wouldn’t you
6.I wish……，may I
倒装（将动词提到主语之前）
If you had taken my advice,you wouldn’t have failed.
Had you taken my advice,you wouldn’t have failed.
动词分类：
1.实义动词
有实际意义的动词（eat）
2.助动词
(1)do does did
(2)have has had
(3)be am is are was were
(4)情态动词:can will
部分倒装（助动词+主语+实义动词）
一.否定意义词位于句首
1.否定副词：4个N：Not,No,Never,Nowhere
4很少：Little,Few,Seldom,Rarely
eg.Never have I loved a person so much before.
I have never loved a person so much before.(原句)
2.七个绝不：in no way/case,on no condition/account
At no time,by no means,under no circumstances
Eg.In no case can you leave me.
3.Not only+部分倒装 but also……（不仅…而且…）
Eg.Not only did he speak sincerely,but also he spoke
Without hesitation.
4.一……就……
Hardly/scarcely had +主语1+done when +主语2+did
No sooner had +主语1+done than +主语2+did
Eg.Hardly had I gone home when he slept.
5.Not until +n/句子+did+主+do(直到…才…)
Eg.Not until she told me that thing did I know it.
二、”也”的倒装
1.肯定“也”：关键词：so
倒装句型：so +助动词+主语
Eg.He is fat.
So am I .(我也是) 前后主语不一致，要倒装，so+助动词+主语
So he is.(的确如此) 前后主语一致，不倒装，so+主语+助动词
2.否定的“也”
关键词：neither/nor(也不)
倒装句型：neither +助动词+主语
Eg.They don’t want to study online.
Neither/Nor do I.
三.Only +状语（副词、介词短语、从句）+部分倒装
Eg.Only when we know each other well will I show my nature.
四、As（尽管）
倒装句型：n/v/adi/adv+as+主语+谓语
Eg.Wealthy as I am,I’m not interested in money.
注意：
1.动词提前时，提前实义动词
Though he may try,……
Try as he may，……
2.名词提前时，省略冠词
Though he is a kid,……
Kid as he is,……
五、虚拟语句中if 省略，三词提前
注意：在倒装题目中，除了“一……就……”用 had +主+done,
剩余情况did和had done 同时存在选did +主+do
主从复合句
名词性从句
一、分类及位置（从句位置决定从句类型）
主从：位于V.之前
宾从：位于v./介词之后 的带连词的一句话
表从：位于be 之后
同位语从：位于n之后（抽象n)
二、做题步骤
A.划：划从句（从空划起，划到空后第二个谓语动词之前，若空后只有一个谓语动词，则划到最后）
B.类：看类型（根据从句位置判断从句类型）
C.成：看成分（看从句是否缺成份）
D.义：看含义（看整句话是否缺含义）
三、连词
1.that 成分：不作成分
含义：没有含义
Eg.
1.That age is not a problem is well-known.(众所周知)(主从)
2.We all know that gender(性别) ia not a problem.（宾从）
3.The important thing is that species(种族) is not a problem.（表从）
4.The news that Hua Chenyv owns bady is ture.（同位语从）
补充：
1.介词后不加that,除了 （in that 因为// except that 除了）
2.V之后的宾从，连词that 可省略
补充：
3.同位语从句的连词只考that
如何判断同位语从句
A.从句位于抽象名词之后
B.从句中不缺成分
C.从句中是说明该抽象名词的具体内容
抽象名词：
idea、theory（理论）、story、news、fact、belief(信仰)、promise、truth(真理)
2.whether/if 成分：不作成分
含义：是否
Eg:
1.I wonder whether/if I should tell you.
2.I wonder whether I should tell her or not.
3.Whether I should tell her is unknown.
补充：
1.if 当‘是否’讲，只用于V之后的宾从
2.whether 常与or或者or not 连用
3.whether/if 常用于表示猜测，怀疑，不确定含义的句中
Eg.I don’t know whether/if he can pass the exam.
3.四条大河
when where why how
含义 何时 何地 为何 如何
成分： 都不做成分
Eg.He doesn’t know when/where/why/how he can find a girlfriend.
4.五个W
what who whom which whose
含义： 什么 谁 谁 哪个 谁的
成分：主/宾(物) 主(人) 宾(人) 不做成分
从句结构是‘空’+n+主语+谓语，选which / whose
Eg.
1.what she needs is free life.(主从)
2.I wonder who kissed her.（宾从）
3.she appreciates whom she usually communicates with.(宾从)
4.she doesn’t know which boy she should choose.
补充：
1.what/whatever who/whoever whom/whomever
注意：二者同时出现，选带ever的
Eg. Believes in me will never die
A.who B.whoever c.whom D.whomever
2.A is to B what C is to D (A对B来说就像C对D一样)
Eg.Water is to fish what air is to man.
3.所有从句都是正常语序（主+谓）
定语从句
一、含义
定语：翻译成“……的”用来修饰名词
定语从句
从句：带连词的一句话
二、特点
1.定语从句位于n.之后
2.定语从句前的n.也叫先行词。
Eg.I will be the angel that you love in the fairy tale.
我会变成童话里你最爱的天使。
三、做题步骤
A.划 ：划从句（从空划起，划到空后第二个谓语动词之前
若空后只有一个谓语动词，则划到最后）
B.类 ：看类型（名词之后是定从）
C.成 ：看成份（看从句是否缺成分）
D.名 ：看名词（先行词是人/物）
四、连词
1.that 成分：主语/ 宾语（可以省略）
先行词：人/物
Eg.The boy that is cleaning the blackboard now is Tom’s best friend.
补充：如何区分定语从句和同位语从句
若从句不缺成分：同位语从句
The news that she was killed was shocking.
若从句缺成分：定语从句
The news that I heard of yesterday was shocking.
注意：若从句谓语动词是被动，则视其不缺宾语。
2.四个W
who whom whose which
含义 谁 谁 谁的 哪个
成分 主语 宾语(可省) 不做成分 主语/ 宾语(可省)
先行词 人 人 人/物 物
Eg. Tom is good at maths so I think he is the student B can help you to work out this problem.
A.whom B.who C.which D.what
补充：
先行词与从句主语为 ’s 的所属关系，选whose
Look out! Don’t get too close to the house B roof is under repair.
A.whose B.which C.of which D.that
注意：a.只用that 不用 which 的情况：
1.当先行词由最高级或序数词修饰时
I’m sorry that I don’t know much about American films because
This is the first American film B I have ever seen.
A.which B.that C.what D.as
2.当先行词由“the very”(恰恰) “the only”“the last”修饰时
This is the only thing that we can do now.
3.当先行词是all/不定代词时
Anything B could be found has been used to repair the damaged bridge.
A.which B.that c.what D.how
4.当先行词既有人又有物时
I will never forget the people and places B I have ever visited.
A.which B.that C.who D.whom
b.只用which 不用 that 的情况
1.介词后面不用that,除了 in that 因为
except that 除了
2.which 用于非限定语从句，that 不能
3.三条大河
when where why
含义 何时 何地 为何
成分 都不做成分
先行词 时间 地点 原因
After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town
B he grew up as a child.
A.which B.where C.that D.when
Do you still remember the day B we first met
A.that B.when c.what D.on that
The reason B I’m writing to you is to tell you about a party On Saturday.
A.because B.why C.how D.which
补充：
1.when,where,why=介词+which
When = on which //
where= in which//
why= for which//
2.其他表示地点的词
Situation(情景，情况)，business,occasion(场合，时机)，stage(舞台)，point(点)，case(案例)，race(比赛)
连词可选where 或 in which
4.as 成分：主语/宾语
先行词：人/物
考点：
1.固定搭配：
（1）such……as
（2）the same ……as
Eg.He is not the same boy as he used to be.
2.可用于非限定性定语从句
补充：非限定性定语从句 （从句位于逗号之前/之后）
as 空位于句首，句中有逗号
考点一 as xxxx,xxxxx
which 空位于逗号之后且从句缺成分
xxxx,which xxxxx
1.as:
As we all know,…… 众所周知
As is known to all…… 众所周知
As is often the case 如往常一样
As is mentioned above 如上所述
2.Mrs.Wang helped me a lot with my English last term, C made
Me very moved.
A.who B.where C.which D.when
考点二
句型：先行词，名/代/形/数+of which(先行词是物)
whom(先行词是人)
Eg.There are 20 students in my class,20% of whom are girls.
(先行词)
补充：特殊先行词
1.当先行词是the way 时，连词选that / in which / 不填
2.当先行词是time 时 次数：that / 不填
时间 从句不缺成分：when/on +which
从句缺成分：that /which
状语从句
类型
时间状从，条件状从，原因状从，让步状从，目的状从，结果状从，比较状从。
一、时间状从
引导词1. when while as 当……时候
(1)when 当……时候，后面可接任意时态
补充：主语1 was/were doing when 主语2 did
(主语1正在做…这时主语2…)
主语1 was/were about to do when 主语2 did
(主语1 正在做…突然主语2…)
Eg.I was about to go out when the phone rang.
(2)while 当……时候 后接be doing
当前后句都是be doing 时，只能用while
Eg.I was thinking of losing weight while she was having buffet.
(3)as 当……时候/随着……
Eg.As the society develops,great changes have taken in our daily life.
引导词2.Before 在……之前
After 在……之后
引导词3. till
直到
until
引导词4. 主将从现
As soon as/the moment/the minute/the second (一…就…)
Eg.As soon as he comes back,I will let you know.
引导词5.
No sooner…than……
Hardly /Scarcely……when……（一……就……）
引导词6. 主将从现
since(自从) /every time(每次)/once(一旦)主将从现
Once I find out you play with your cell phone,I will break up with (和…分手) you.
二、条件状语从句 主将从现
引导词：
if =on condition that……如果
unless 如果不/除非
as long as = so long as 只要
总结：
主将从现（动作可实现）
如果
If 虚拟语气（不可实现的假设）
是否 只用于动词后的宾从
eg.As long as you have long hair,I will marry you.
三、原因状语从句
引导词：
Because = in that (因为)
As (因为，语气最轻)
For(位于句中，逗号之后)
Since = now that(既然)
Considering that(考虑到)
Seeing that (鉴于)
注意：
Because+句子//because of +n./短语.
Because of =on account of =due to =owing to +n./ 短语
Eg.
Because I love you,I will be here waiting for you.
Because of love,I will be here waiting for you.
四、让步状语从句
引导词1. though/although 尽管
引导词2. even if/even though 即使
引导词3. as 尽管
（n./v./adv.+as+主语+谓语）
引导词4. 尽管（句首）
while
然而（句中）
引导词5. whether 无论 与 or /or not 连用
whether A or B (无论A还是B)
引导词6.
Whatever = no matter what (无论什么)
However = no matter how (无论怎样/无论如何)
注意：
1.despite = in spite of + n./ 短语(尽管)
2. However + adj./adv.+ 主语 + 谓语
Eg. However difficult the task is, we should finish it.
whatever + (冠词+adj.) + n. + 主语+谓语
Eg.Whatever difficulties we meet, we should finish the task.
3.两个句子之间有且只有一个连词，前有尽管，后无but.
有 because 无 so
4.在英文中，一句话有且只有一个谓语动词.
五、目的状语从句
引导词1. so that = in order that (为了/以便)
引导词2.in case = for fear that = lest (以防)
补充：
In case of 如果发生/万一发生
Eg. In case of fire,please don’t take elevator.
六、结果状语从句
引导词：
So + adj./adv. + that ……(如此……以至于……)
Such + (冠词+adj.) +n. + that……
七、比较状语从句
1.原级比较
As + adj./adv.原级 + as (和……一样)
Not so/as + adj./adv.原级+ as (和……不一样)
2.比较级
比较级 + than
比较级 and 比较级 （越来越……）
The + 比较级 + 主语 +V.,the + 比较级 +主语 +V.(越……越……)
Which /who is + 比较级，A or B ？(A和B哪一个/谁更……)
注意:
Very // quite (十分) // fairly (相当) 不能修饰比较级
3.最高级
The + 最高级 + in / of +范围 (在某范围内最……)
One of the + 最高级+可数名词复数 (最……之一……)
The + 序数词 +最高级 (第几……)
补充：倍数表达法
A是B的几倍
A + is +倍数+as +adj./adv.原级+as +B
A + is + 倍数 + 比较级 + than +B
A +is + 倍数 +the size /the lengh/the height + of +B
Eg.The desk is three times as long as that one.
这张桌子是那张桌子的三倍长.
第三部分：强调句
一、句型：it is/was +被强调的部分 + that
二、作用：为了强调某一部分
三、判断方法：去掉it is/was ……that，剩余部分成分完整
四、常考句型
1.It is/was + 介词 + 表示时间/地点的词 + that
It was in the classroom that we met each other.
2.It is/was not until + n./句子 +that
It was not until I met you that I knew the love.
3.it is/was because +句子 that
because of+n./短语 that
It is because of the love that I will always be here with you.
非谓语动词
分类
不定式：to do
动名词：doing
分词：
现在分词：doing
过去分词：done
非谓语动词之：to do 不定式
一、to do 不定式表目的和将来
Eg. I want to pass the exam.
二、句法功能
1. to do 做主语（V.之前）
To know the fact makes me sad.
It makes me sad to know the fact.(形式主语) (真正主语)
注意：
It is + adj. of sb to do sth. 人品
for sb to do sth. 事情
1. It is impolite of you to say so.
2.It is important for them to do so.
2.to do 不定式做宾语：主语+谓语V+to do
Agree(同意)，fail(失败)，promise(承诺)，choose(选择)
Refuse(拒绝)，want(想要),intend(打算)，attempt(尝试)
Plan(计划)，pretend(假装)，seem(貌似),appear(貌似)
Learn(学会)，afford(担负)，need(需要)，manage(设法)
Expect(期望)，offer(提出),decide(决定)，determine(决定)
3.to do 不定式作宾补
结构1.主语+V+sb. to do
Want,get(想让)，teach,allow,permit(允许)，advise(建议)
Tell(告诉)，prefer(宁愿)，encourage(鼓励)，ask,require(要求)
Warn(警告)，force(强迫)，forbid(禁止)，invite(要求),persuade(说服)
结构2.主语+V+sb.do（有些不定式作宾补时要省略to）
Hear,make,have,let,see,watch,notice
Why not do = why don’t you do;
为什么不……
You’d better do;
最好做……
注：变被动还原 to
He made me cry.
I was made to cry by him.
3.to do 不定式作状语
（1） in order to 为了
目的状语 so as to 为了
to do
Eg. I stay here in order to meet you.
（2）结果状语 so + adj./adv. + as to do
such + (冠词+adj.)n. + as to do
Eg.I was so nervous as to increase my heart rate.
补充：特殊句式
1. too…to… 太…而不能
Eg. I am too tired to go to work.
2.enough to do 足够做
Eg.My life is enough to make a movie.
3.only to do 结果却…（出乎意料的结果）
Eg.He ran to the station only to find that the train had left.
补充：国定搭配
1.be likely to do 可能做……
Eg. It is likely to rain.
Eg.they are likely to enter the same university.
2.happen to do 碰巧做……
Eg.I happened to meet her the day after we broke up.
3.be said to do 据说…
Eg.She is said to marry into a wealthy family.
4.be thought/believed/considered to do 被认为……
Eg.He is believed to win the competition.
5.be reported to do 据报道……
Eg.He is reported to know everything.
三、不定式的时态和语态
语态 时态 主动 被动 用法
一般态 To do To be done V非晚于V谓
进行态 To be doing V非同于v谓
完成态 To have done To have been done V非早于v谓
三、不定式的时态和语态
做题方法：
1.找出V非和V谓
2.看主语和V非的主被动
3.看V非和V谓发生的先后顺序
Eg.
1.He wants to watch (watch) TV.
2.I felt sorry to have known (know) the fact.
补充：看到by+时间，for+时间，in the past few years,选择完成态
补充：
Prefer A to B 喜欢A胜过B.
Prefer sb. To do. 宁愿某人做某事.
Prefer to do A rather than do B
Prefer doing A to doing B. 宁愿做A也不愿做B.
Prefer that + 主语 +(should) + do
be done
非谓语动词之：doing 动名词 （用法相当于名词）
一、句法功能
1.doing 动名词做主语（doing放在V.之前）
Eg.Seeing is believing.
注意：以下结构常用动名词
（1）It is no use/useless/no good doing sth. 做……是无用的
Eg.It is no use crying over spilt milk.
（2）It is a good pleasure doing 做……是高兴的
Eg.It is a good pleasure giving a lecture.
（3）There is no doing =It is impossible to do 做……是不可能的
Eg.There is no denying the fact.(这是不可否认的事实)
（4）There is no point doing 做……是无意义的
Eg.There is no point waiting for him here.
2.doing 动名词做表语（结构：be doing）
My hobby is eating. 动名词
The cat is eating. 现在分词
区分方法：
（1）.be 翻译成“是” 就是动名词
（2）.颠倒顺序，可以颠倒的是动名词
3.doing 动名词作宾语
（1）动宾结构：V+doing
Delay(推迟)，resist（抵抗），imagine（想象）
Stand（忍受），consider（考虑），suggest（建议）
risk（冒险），avoid（避免），mind（介意）
forbid（禁止），escape（逃亡），miss（错过）
Admit（承认），forgive（原谅），practice（练习）
Keep（继续），deny（否认），appreciate（欣赏）
Enjoy（享受），finish（完成）
注意：
Allow /permit /forbid doing
sb to do
补充：
（1）need doing 主动表被动
Eg.The window needs cleaning. =need to be done
(2) be worth doing
be worthy of being done 值得做……
be worthy to be done
（2）介宾结构：介词+doing
所有介词后的动词形式都是doing (in / on / at / for /with /from / of……)
注意：
to 不定式符号：to do
介词+doing（固定搭配）
1. be used to doing
be accustomed to doing. 习惯于做某事……
2.look forward to doing 期待做某事
3.be opposed to doing
Object to doing 反对做某事
4.devote oneself to doing 献身于……/致力于……
Eg.She devotes herself to caring for the sick.
5.pay /turn attention to doing 集中注意力于……
Eg.He pays attention to playing the game.
6.due to/owing to+doing 由于做……
7.contribute to +doing 有助于做……/导致……
Lead to doing 导致……/stick to doing 坚持……
补充：
（1）have trouble/difficulty doing…… 做……有麻烦/困难
（2）be busy doing 忙于做某事
（3）spend ……doing…… 花费……做……
二、注意问题
1.有些动词后可+doing 和to do, 但含义不同
Regret doing 后悔做某事
to do 遗憾做某事
Can’t help doing 情不自禁做某事
to do 不能帮助做某事
Try doing 尝试做某事
to do 努力做某事
go on doing 继续做同一件事
to do 继续做另一件事
mean doing 意味着……
to do 打算做某事
stop doing 停止正在做的事
to do 停下来去做某事
Remember doing 记得做过某事
to do 记得去做某事
2.逻辑主语
Do you mind C opening the door
A.I B.me C.my D.mine
主语用来支配谓语，逻辑主语用来支配非谓语
注：动名词的逻辑主语为形容词词性
三、doing 动名词的时态和语态
语态 时态 主动 被动 用法
一般态 Doing Being done V非晚于或同于V谓发生
进行态 × × ×
完成态 Having done Having been done V非早于V谓发生
做题方法：
1.找出V非和V谓
2.看主语和V非的主被动
3.看V非和V谓发生的先后顺序
Eg.
1.I avoid meeting (meet) you.
2.I appreciated having been invited (invite) to the pary.
非谓语动词之：分词
一、分类
现在分词 doing 主动 进行
过去分词 done 被动 完成
二、句法功能
1.分词做表语（位于be之后）
（1）结构1：be doing 表示动作正在发生
eg. I am eating food.
（2）结构2： be done 表示被动
eg. The food is eaten by me.
注意：表示情感情绪的动词+ing不表进行，变done 不表被动.
interest,excite(使兴奋),surprise=amaze=astonish,move
satisfy(使满意),thrill(兴奋，激动),puzzle,confuse
frighten,bore,annoy(使愤怒)
Disappoint(使失望),discourage(阻碍，使灰心),embarrass
总结：doing ：令人感到……的，主语是物
done : 人自己感到……的，主语是人
Eg.The film is interesting,I am interested in it.(interest)
2.分词作定语（修饰n.）
考点：后置定语
考察形式：“n.+V非”的形式
做题方法：
1.判断所填动词为V非
2.看V非和空 前面名词的关系，主动用doing，被动用done
3.相同语态下不同时间的分析（看动作发生的时间）
Eg.The book for teaching English came out in the 1600s.
A. writng B.written C.being written D.to be written
分析方法：
Eg. The bridge being built now is huge.(庞大的)
The bridge built last year is huge.
The bridge to be built next year is huge.
主动 被动
现在 doing being done
过去 无 done
将来 to do to be done
动词的时态和语态
含义
时：动作发生的时间
态：动作存在的状态 （动词的形式）
语态
被动语态
第一部分:一般态
一、一般态：习惯性，经常性
1、一般现在时：
do/does
结构
am/is/are
时间状语：
Often,sometimes,always,usually,today
Regularly(定期地，有规律地），seldom(很少)
Every day/week/month/year
eg:We talk about gossip everyday.
我们每天都在吃瓜。
补充
1.一般现在时可用于表达客观事实和普遍真理
The teacher told the children that the earth —(A)—around the sun.
A.moves B.moved C.was moving D.is moving
2.一般现在时可用于表示人物的特征，性格，能力。
Eg:Liu Lixiang sings very well.
刘立想唱歌非常好。
2.一般过去时：
did
结构
was/were
时间状语
Yesterday,the day before yesterday，……ago,last week/month/year,
In+过去时间
Eg:Liu Lixiang went to the bar yesterday.
刘立想昨天去酒吧了。
补充
used to do 过去常常做
be used to do ……被用来做
be used to doing 习惯于
Her son ___coke,but now he___milk.(A)
A .used to drink,is used to drinking
B .used to drinking,drinks
C .is used to drinking,used to drink
D .is used to drink,is drinking
3.一般将来时
结构：will/shall do(be)
时间状语：
Tomorrow,the day after tomorrow,……later,
Next week/month/year,in+将来时间，the following……(下一个)
补充：
1.主将从现（时间状从，条件状从）：
连词+主语+do/does,主语+will/shall do
The students will plant trees if it____tomorrow.(D)
A .didn’t rain B.hasn’t rained
C.won’t rain D.doesn’t rain
3.一般将来时的其他表达方式
Be going to=will 将要做某事
Eg: we are going to the cinema tonight.
我们今晚要去看电影
Be about to do……when……正要做某事时，就在这时
Be to do 是要做某事
Eg: my aim is to enter an ideal university.
我的目标就是要考入理想大学。
一般过去将来时
结构：主语+would do (would是will的过去式）
时间状语：句中既有表示过去的时间又有表示将来的时间（站在过去说将来）
He said he would get married soon.
他说他将会很快结婚。
二、进行态：某个时刻动作正在进行
通式：be doing
1.现在进行时：此时此刻动作正在进行
结构：am/is/are doing
时间状语：
Now,at the moment(当时),感官提示性动词：look,listen
Eg:Listen!The sea is crying.
听！海哭的声音。
2.过去进行时：过去某时某刻动作正在发生
结构：was/were doing
时间状语：具体时间+一般过去时时间状语
Eg:I was playing games at nine last night.
我昨天晚上九点在打游戏。
考点：过去进行时与一般过去时互为时间背景
结构：主语1 was/were doing when 主语2 did
主语1 正在做……这时 主语2……
（一个动作正在发生，另一个动作突然发生）
Eg: Snow White was sleeping when the seven dwarfs came in.
白雪公主正在睡觉的时候七个小矮人进来了。
3.将来进行时：动作在将来某一时刻正在进行
结构：will/shall be doing
时间状语：具体时间+一般将来时时间状语
Eg:I will dating at this time tomorrow.
明天的这个时候我在约会。
Date 约会（日期） blind date (相亲）
三、完成态
1.现在完成时：动作截至现在已经完成
结构：have/has done
时间状语
起始时间： 过去时间点
since(自从） 一段时间+ago
主语+did
句子1（have/has done)+连词+句子2（主语+did)
持续时间：for+一段时间（……以来） in/over/during the past+一段时间
截止时间：alrealy(肯定句）yet(否定\疑问句,迄今为止） recently(最近)
by now = till now =up to now = so far
Eg: He has done a lot of work in the past two years.
在过去两年中他做了许多工作。
补充
1.当for+一段时间单独出现，句中无其他表示时间的词，并且前面的动词为延续性动词时，用现在完成时）
表示能够延续的动作，如：study,work,know,keep,walk,watch,sing,sleep,stay等
非延续性动词代表：die (be+dead)
He has been dead for five years.
2.have/has been to 去过某地（回来了）
I have been to Beijing. 我去过北京。
3.Have/has gone to 去了某地（没回来）
Where is he 他在哪里？
He has gone to Beijing. 他去北京了。
2.过去完成时：过去的过去
结构：had done
时间状语：
起始时间：before+主语+did,主语+had done
after+主语+had done,主语+did
Before the police arrived,the thief had escaped.
After the thief had escaped,the police arrived.
持续时间：for +一段时间（句中有表示过去时间的词）
截止时间： by+过去时间
注意：by 放哪哪完
注意
当句子中无时间状语，两个动作都发生在过去，考察“过去的过去”这一概念时，先发生的动作用过去完成时，后发生的动作用一般过去时。
Eg :Obama said Ben had been killed.
3.将来完成时（动作在将来某时刻完成）
结构：will/shall have done
时间状语：
起始时间：无
持续时间：for+一段时间（句中有表示将来时间的词）
截止时间：by+将来时间
Eg:I will have worked in this school for 5 years by the end of this month.
补充：
1.By the time 主语+do/does,主语+will/shall have done
by the time 主语+did,主语+had done
截至到什么时候
Eg:by the time we got there,the movies had begun.
当我们到那的时候，电影已经开始了。
4、现在完成进行时
结构：have/has been doing
时间状语：同现在完成时
用法：A.动作从过去持续到现在，完成了一部分，还将继续持续下去。
B.表示对某动作的强调。译为“一直在做……”
Eg:We have been working for two hours,Let’s have a rest.
She is sunburned,because she has been lying on the beach all afternoon.
第二部分：语态
被动语态：be done
1.一般态的被动
一般现在时的被动：am/is/are done
一般过去时的被动：was\were done
一般将来时的被动：will/shall be done
2.进行态的被动
现在进行时的被动：am/is /are being done
过去进行时的被动：was/were being done
3.完成态的被动
现在完成时的被动：have/has been done
过去完成时的被动：had been done
将来完成时的被动：will/shall have been done
注意
1.不及物动词无被动：
vt.及物动词：I love you.
v
vi.不及物动词：He cried.
2.感官动词主动形式表被动含义
Look,sound,smell,taste,fell
Eg:The food tastes good.
3.“发生”（happen/occur/take place)无被动
补充
It is the + 序数词 + time + 主语 + have/has done
It was the + 序数词 + time + 主语 + had done
某人第几次做某事……
英语语法练习
1.A talk on Chinese history _____ in the school hall(大厅）next week.(c)
A .be given B.has been given C. will be given D.will give
2.---Did you see Tom at the party
---No,he___ by the time I got there.(c)
A .left B.was leaving C.had left D.has left
3.---I will come to attend your lecture at 10:00 tomorrow.
---I’m sorry, by then my lecture will have ended and I ____ my guests in my office.(c)
A .is being met B.will meet C.will be metting D.will have met
主谓一致
1.主语是单数，后面加（along/together）with,as well as,like,but,except,
including等词，谓语动词仍是单数。
Eg:The teacher ,together with his students, is (be) visiting the factory.(工厂，制造厂)
Eg:Nobody but Jane knows (know) the secret.(秘密)
Eg:Diana ,along with her friends, Chinese in China. 正确答案：C
A.study B.have studied C.is studying D.are studying
不定代词
Some
Any
Every body/one/thing(谓语动词用第三人称单数)
no
2.the +adj.表示一类人和三群（people,police,cattle）做主语时，谓语动词用复数
Eg:The rich get richer and the poor get poorer.(get)
Eg:The Chinese are (are) fond of tea.{be fond of… 喜爱}
Eg:The old more likely to(可能) catch cold(感冒) than .
A.is;the young
B.are;the young
C.are;the younger 答案：B
D.is;the younger
3.集体名词：family,team,class,audience（观众）,public(公众),
Army（军队）,committee（委员会）等做主语时
表示整体概念：V谓语用单数
表示个体概念：V谓语用复数
Eg：Our family is (be) in Beijing.
Our family all like (like) playing soccer.
Eg:Our team is sure to win.
Our team are taking a shower.
补充：定语从句中谓语单复数取决于先行词
Eg:He is one of the boys who are good at English.
名词（先行词） （定语从句）
修饰名词的句子叫做定语从句
4.就近原则
1.There be A and B(V谓语与A一致)
Eg:There is (be) a book and some pens on the floor.
There are (be) some pens and a book on the floor.
2.either A or B 不是…就是…
3.neither A nor B 既不…也不… +V谓语（与B一致）
4.not only A but also B 不仅…而且…
Eg:Neither you nor he is (be) right.
either he or you are (be) right.
Eg:Not only I but also my mother is (be) proud of my success.
以…为自豪
补充：
1.every 开头的句子谓语一定是单数
2. a number of 大量的…（谓语用复数）
the number of …的数量（谓语用单数）
3.a great deal of … 大量的…（修饰不可数名词，谓语用单数）
一、含义
虚拟：与事实相反的情况（假的，不真实的）
语气：动词V的形式
虚拟语气
（一）幻想式虚拟
1.if的虚拟
If从句V. 主句V.
与现在事实相反 Were/did w/c/s/m+do
与过去事实相反 Had done w/c/s/m+have done
与将来事实相反 1.Did 2.Should do 3.Were to do w/c/s/m+do
注明：would 想要，将要，就会（万能词）；could 能够；should 应该；might 可能
eg.:
1.与现在事实相反
If I were Zheng Shuang now,I would own two kinds.
如果现在我是郑爽，我就会有两个孩子。
2.与过去事实相反
If she hadn’t made such a decision,she wouldn’t have disappeared from the showbiz.
如果那时她没有做那个决定，她就不会从娱乐圈消失了。
3.与将来事实相反
If I married/should marry/were to marry Zhang in the future,I would spend 100 million to make the headline.
如果我将来娶了章子怡，我就花一亿买个头条
补充：if的三种变形
（1）.三词提前（if 从句中有were，had,should)
A.省略if
B.将三词置于句首
C.其他不变
Eg.if the virus were to disappear next month ,we could meet each other.
were the virus to disappear next month,we could meet each other.
如果下个月病毒消失了，我们就可以见面了。
(2).介词短语代替if从句
Without(如果没有…)
+n,主句（与过去事实相反w/c/s/m+have done）
But for(要不是…）
Eg.Without your help,I wouldn’t have passed the exam.
注意：if it had not been for =had it not been for…
后面句子是主语+would have done
Eg.if it had not been for/had it not been for the free tickets,
I wouldn’t have seen the film so often.
(3).错综时间条件句（从句与主句时间不一致）
If I had been more active yesterday,we would have a body now.
如果昨天我主动一点，我们现在就会有爱的结晶。
2.wish 的虚拟
虚拟句型：主语+wish+（that）+主语+V.
1.与现在事实相反
I wish that Hua didn’t own a body now.
2.与过去事实相反
I wish that Hua hadn’t been together with Zhang at that time.
3.与将来事实相反
I wish that Zhang would marry me tomorrow.
Wish后面句子的V.
与现在事实相反 Did/were
与过去事实相反 Had done
与将来事实相反 Would/could do
注意：
As if /as though(好像)，if only（要是…就好）用法同wish
1.if only we had been college students last year.
He has just arrived,but he talks as if he all about that.
A.know B.knows C.known D.knew
答案：d
(三)其他类型
1.
Would rather do 宁愿做某事
（常规，不表虚拟） do A than do B 宁愿做A也不愿做B
虚拟用法：
Would rather +主语+句子V 现在/将来 did/were
过去 had done
Eg.I’d rather I hadn’t loved her before.
I would rather go home yesterday.
I would rather I had gone home yesterday.
2. or/otherwise(否则)
句式：前真后假
Or/otherwise 与现在/将来相反：w/c do
与过去相反：w/c have done
Eg.You are strong,otherwise I would kill you now.
你很强壮，否则我现在就弄死你。
Eg.I was too busy yesterday,otherwise I would have gone(go)
.to your party.
我昨天很忙，否则我就去你的party了。
注意：or/otherwise 变成but 句式：前假后真
Eg.I would have gone (go) to your party,but I was too busy yesterday.
(二) 命令式虚拟
do 主动
Should 应该 be done 被动
一.should 可省略
1.V.之后：主语+特殊V.+that+主语+(should) do/be done.
特殊动词
一个坚持 insist
一个宁愿 preter
两个命令 order command
四个建议 suggest advise propose recommend
四个要求 desire demand require request
Eg.I suggest that you (should) mind your own business.
我建议你应该管好你自己。
注意：
1.同源词（即动词转化成其他形式）用法相同
Eg.My suggestion is that you (should) mind your own business.
2. 建议 （虚拟） 坚持要求（虚拟）
Suggest 表明，暗示（不虚拟） insist 坚持认为（不虚拟）
Eg.what he said suggested that he was a cheat.
他说的话表明他是个骗子。
Eg.she insisted that he was wrong,so she insisted he (should)
Say sorry to her.
她坚持认为他错了，所以坚持要求他道歉。
2.adj.之后：It is +特殊adj.+that +主语+(should) do/be done
五大要：important vital（极其重要的） necessary urgent（紧要的）
奇怪的：strange
自然的：natural
Eg.It is necessary that the room (should) be cleaned on time.
二.should 不可省略
should do
It is high(about) time that +主语+V did(优先选)
到了该……的时候了
Eg.It is high time that we (go) home.答案：B
A.should go B.went
情态动词
含义：情态动词表示说话人的情绪，态度，或语气，本身有一定的词义
特点：
1.情态动词不能单独使用，必须加动词原形
2.情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加S
原型： will can shall may must
过去： would could should might must
意思： 将要 能够 应该 可能 必须
情态动词的特殊用法
1.表示对事实的推测
（1）对现在或将来事实的推测
肯定推测：must be/do
否定推测：can’t be/do
Eg.He looks so pale,he must be ill.
It can’t be her,she has already left in the morning.
(2)对过去事实的推测
肯定推测：must have done
否定推测：can’t have done
Eg.I mailed the latter two weeks ago,she must have received it.
我两周前寄的信，她肯定收到了。
Eg.she can’t have left school,for her bike is still here.
2.表示责备、批评
（1）should have done
ought to have done 本应该做某事（但实际没做）
Eg.You should have come to the conference yesterday.
补充：shouldn’t have done (本不应该做某事，但实际上做了)
Eg.You shouldn’t have criticized him.
(2)needn’t have done(本没必要做，但实际做了)
情景交际
Take it easy 放轻松
Take your time =No hurry 别急，慢慢来
Go ahead 当然可以，去做吧，请继续
Mind your step/head 小心
Don’t mention it/it’s my pleasure/Not at all 不客气
Guess what 猜猜怎么样啦？
I couldn’t agree more 非常赞同
Far from it 远非如此
Get it 明白了
Come on 快点；加油；别逗了，算了吧。
Just my luck 真倒霉
That’s all right 好的
How come 怎么会呢？
No wonder 难怪
Never mind /It doesn’t matter 没关系
What’s it 什么事？
So what 那又怎么样？
Make it 干成，做成
It depends 视情况而定
It’s up to you 取决于你
With pleasure 乐意效劳
Do me a favor/help me 帮助我
Don’t bother 不打扰
After a while 请稍等一会
Don’t mention it 别提它
It’s very kind of you 你真好
反意疑问句
结构：助V.+主语？
特点：前后含义相反（前肯后否/前否后肯）
Eg:He is sleeping ,isn’t he
They have finished ,haven’t they
He never finishes anything ,does he
重点：特殊句
1.Don’t ……,will you？
2.let us……，will you？
3.Let’s……，shall we
4.You’d better……，hadn’t you
5.You’d rather……,wouldn’t you
6.I wish……，may I
倒装（将动词提到主语之前）
If you had taken my advice,you wouldn’t have failed.
Had you taken my advice,you wouldn’t have failed.
动词分类：
1.实义动词
有实际意义的动词（eat）
2.助动词
(1)do does did
(2)have has had
(3)be am is are was were
(4)情态动词:can will
部分倒装（助动词+主语+实义动词）
一.否定意义词位于句首
1.否定副词：4个N：Not,No,Never,Nowhere
4很少：Little,Few,Seldom,Rarely
eg.Never have I loved a person so much before.
I have never loved a person so much before.(原句)
2.七个绝不：in no way/case,on no condition/account
At no time,by no means,under no circumstances
Eg.In no case can you leave me.
3.Not only+部分倒装 but also……（不仅…而且…）
Eg.Not only did he speak sincerely,but also he spoke
Without hesitation.
4.一……就……
Hardly/scarcely had +主语1+done when +主语2+did
No sooner had +主语1+done than +主语2+did
Eg.Hardly had I gone home when he slept.
5.Not until +n/句子+did+主+do(直到…才…)
Eg.Not until she told me that thing did I know it.
二、”也”的倒装
1.肯定“也”：关键词：so
倒装句型：so +助动词+主语
Eg.He is fat.
So am I .(我也是) 前后主语不一致，要倒装，so+助动词+主语
So he is.(的确如此) 前后主语一致，不倒装，so+主语+助动词
2.否定的“也”
关键词：neither/nor(也不)
倒装句型：neither +助动词+主语
Eg.They don’t want to study online.
Neither/Nor do I.
三.Only +状语（副词、介词短语、从句）+部分倒装
Eg.Only when we know each other well will I show my nature.
四、As（尽管）
倒装句型：n/v/adi/adv+as+主语+谓语
Eg.Wealthy as I am,I’m not interested in money.
注意：
1.动词提前时，提前实义动词
Though he may try,……
Try as he may，……
2.名词提前时，省略冠词
Though he is a kid,……
Kid as he is,……
五、虚拟语句中if 省略，三词提前
注意：在倒装题目中，除了“一……就……”用 had +主+done,
剩余情况did和had done 同时存在选did +主+do
主从复合句
名词性从句
一、分类及位置（从句位置决定从句类型）
主从：位于V.之前
宾从：位于v./介词之后 的带连词的一句话
表从：位于be 之后
同位语从：位于n之后（抽象n)
二、做题步骤
A.划：划从句（从空划起，划到空后第二个谓语动词之前，若空后只有一个谓语动词，则划到最后）
B.类：看类型（根据从句位置判断从句类型）
C.成：看成分（看从句是否缺成份）
D.义：看含义（看整句话是否缺含义）
三、连词
1.that 成分：不作成分
含义：没有含义
Eg.
1.That age is not a problem is well-known.(众所周知)(主从)
2.We all know that gender(性别) ia not a problem.（宾从）
3.The important thing is that species(种族) is not a problem.（表从）
4.The news that Hua Chenyv owns bady is ture.（同位语从）
补充：
1.介词后不加that,除了 （in that 因为// except that 除了）
2.V之后的宾从，连词that 可省略
补充：
3.同位语从句的连词只考that
如何判断同位语从句
A.从句位于抽象名词之后
B.从句中不缺成分
C.从句中是说明该抽象名词的具体内容
抽象名词：
idea、theory（理论）、story、news、fact、belief(信仰)、promise、truth(真理)
2.whether/if 成分：不作成分
含义：是否
Eg:
1.I wonder whether/if I should tell you.
2.I wonder whether I should tell her or not.
3.Whether I should tell her is unknown.
补充：
1.if 当‘是否’讲，只用于V之后的宾从
2.whether 常与or或者or not 连用
3.whether/if 常用于表示猜测，怀疑，不确定含义的句中
Eg.I don’t know whether/if he can pass the exam.
3.四条大河
when where why how
含义 何时 何地 为何 如何
成分： 都不做成分
Eg.He doesn’t know when/where/why/how he can find a girlfriend.
4.五个W
what who whom which whose
含义： 什么 谁 谁 哪个 谁的
成分：主/宾(物) 主(人) 宾(人) 不做成分
从句结构是‘空’+n+主语+谓语，选which / whose
Eg.
1.what she needs is free life.(主从)
2.I wonder who kissed her.（宾从）
3.she appreciates whom she usually communicates with.(宾从)
4.she doesn’t know which boy she should choose.
补充：
1.what/whatever who/whoever whom/whomever
注意：二者同时出现，选带ever的
Eg. Believes in me will never die
A.who B.whoever c.whom D.whomever
2.A is to B what C is to D (A对B来说就像C对D一样)
Eg.Water is to fish what air is to man.
3.所有从句都是正常语序（主+谓）
定语从句
一、含义
定语：翻译成“……的”用来修饰名词
定语从句
从句：带连词的一句话
二、特点
1.定语从句位于n.之后
2.定语从句前的n.也叫先行词。
Eg.I will be the angel that you love in the fairy tale.
我会变成童话里你最爱的天使。
三、做题步骤
A.划 ：划从句（从空划起，划到空后第二个谓语动词之前
若空后只有一个谓语动词，则划到最后）
B.类 ：看类型（名词之后是定从）
C.成 ：看成份（看从句是否缺成分）
D.名 ：看名词（先行词是人/物）
四、连词
1.that 成分：主语/ 宾语（可以省略）
先行词：人/物
Eg.The boy that is cleaning the blackboard now is Tom’s best friend.
补充：如何区分定语从句和同位语从句
若从句不缺成分：同位语从句
The news that she was killed was shocking.
若从句缺成分：定语从句
The news that I heard of yesterday was shocking.
注意：若从句谓语动词是被动，则视其不缺宾语。
2.四个W
who whom whose which
含义 谁 谁 谁的 哪个
成分 主语 宾语(可省) 不做成分 主语/ 宾语(可省)
先行词 人 人 人/物 物
Eg. Tom is good at maths so I think he is the student B can help you to work out this problem.
A.whom B.who C.which D.what
补充：
先行词与从句主语为 ’s 的所属关系，选whose
Look out! Don’t get too close to the house B roof is under repair.
A.whose B.which C.of which D.that
注意：a.只用that 不用 which 的情况：
1.当先行词由最高级或序数词修饰时
I’m sorry that I don’t know much about American films because
This is the first American film B I have ever seen.
A.which B.that C.what D.as
2.当先行词由“the very”(恰恰) “the only”“the last”修饰时
This is the only thing that we can do now.
3.当先行词是all/不定代词时
Anything B could be found has been used to repair the damaged bridge.
A.which B.that c.what D.how
4.当先行词既有人又有物时
I will never forget the people and places B I have ever visited.
A.which B.that C.who D.whom
b.只用which 不用 that 的情况
1.介词后面不用that,除了 in that 因为
except that 除了
2.which 用于非限定语从句，that 不能
3.三条大河
when where why
含义 何时 何地 为何
成分 都不做成分
先行词 时间 地点 原因
After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town
B he grew up as a child.
A.which B.where C.that D.when
Do you still remember the day B we first met
A.that B.when c.what D.on that
The reason B I’m writing to you is to tell you about a party On Saturday.
A.because B.why C.how D.which
补充：
1.when,where,why=介词+which
When = on which //
where= in which//
why= for which//
2.其他表示地点的词
Situation(情景，情况)，business,occasion(场合，时机)，stage(舞台)，point(点)，case(案例)，race(比赛)
连词可选where 或 in which
4.as 成分：主语/宾语
先行词：人/物
考点：
1.固定搭配：
（1）such……as
（2）the same ……as
Eg.He is not the same boy as he used to be.
2.可用于非限定性定语从句
补充：非限定性定语从句 （从句位于逗号之前/之后）
as 空位于句首，句中有逗号
考点一 as xxxx,xxxxx
which 空位于逗号之后且从句缺成分
xxxx,which xxxxx
1.as:
As we all know,…… 众所周知
As is known to all…… 众所周知
As is often the case 如往常一样
As is mentioned above 如上所述
2.Mrs.Wang helped me a lot with my English last term, C made
Me very moved.
A.who B.where C.which D.when
考点二
句型：先行词，名/代/形/数+of which(先行词是物)
whom(先行词是人)
Eg.There are 20 students in my class,20% of whom are girls.
(先行词)
补充：特殊先行词
1.当先行词是the way 时，连词选that / in which / 不填
2.当先行词是time 时 次数：that / 不填
时间 从句不缺成分：when/on +which
从句缺成分：that /which
状语从句
类型
时间状从，条件状从，原因状从，让步状从，目的状从，结果状从，比较状从。
一、时间状从
引导词1. when while as 当……时候
(1)when 当……时候，后面可接任意时态
补充：主语1 was/were doing when 主语2 did
(主语1正在做…这时主语2…)
主语1 was/were about to do when 主语2 did
(主语1 正在做…突然主语2…)
Eg.I was about to go out when the phone rang.
(2)while 当……时候 后接be doing
当前后句都是be doing 时，只能用while
Eg.I was thinking of losing weight while she was having buffet.
(3)as 当……时候/随着……
Eg.As the society develops,great changes have taken in our daily life.
引导词2.Before 在……之前
After 在……之后
引导词3. till
直到
until
引导词4. 主将从现
As soon as/the moment/the minute/the second (一…就…)
Eg.As soon as he comes back,I will let you know.
引导词5.
No sooner…than……
Hardly /Scarcely……when……（一……就……）
引导词6. 主将从现
since(自从) /every time(每次)/once(一旦)主将从现
Once I find out you play with your cell phone,I will break up with (和…分手) you.
二、条件状语从句 主将从现
引导词：
if =on condition that……如果
unless 如果不/除非
as long as = so long as 只要
总结：
主将从现（动作可实现）
如果
If 虚拟语气（不可实现的假设）
是否 只用于动词后的宾从
eg.As long as you have long hair,I will marry you.
三、原因状语从句
引导词：
Because = in that (因为)
As (因为，语气最轻)
For(位于句中，逗号之后)
Since = now that(既然)
Considering that(考虑到)
Seeing that (鉴于)
注意：
Because+句子//because of +n./短语.
Because of =on account of =due to =owing to +n./ 短语
Eg.
Because I love you,I will be here waiting for you.
Because of love,I will be here waiting for you.
四、让步状语从句
引导词1. though/although 尽管
引导词2. even if/even though 即使
引导词3. as 尽管
（n./v./adv.+as+主语+谓语）
引导词4. 尽管（句首）
while
然而（句中）
引导词5. whether 无论 与 or /or not 连用
whether A or B (无论A还是B)
引导词6.
Whatever = no matter what (无论什么)
However = no matter how (无论怎样/无论如何)
注意：
1.despite = in spite of + n./ 短语(尽管)
2. However + adj./adv.+ 主语 + 谓语
Eg. However difficult the task is, we should finish it.
whatever + (冠词+adj.) + n. + 主语+谓语
Eg.Whatever difficulties we meet, we should finish the task.
3.两个句子之间有且只有一个连词，前有尽管，后无but.
有 because 无 so
4.在英文中，一句话有且只有一个谓语动词.
五、目的状语从句
引导词1. so that = in order that (为了/以便)
引导词2.in case = for fear that = lest (以防)
补充：
In case of 如果发生/万一发生
Eg. In case of fire,please don’t take elevator.
六、结果状语从句
引导词：
So + adj./adv. + that ……(如此……以至于……)
Such + (冠词+adj.) +n. + that……
七、比较状语从句
1.原级比较
As + adj./adv.原级 + as (和……一样)
Not so/as + adj./adv.原级+ as (和……不一样)
2.比较级
比较级 + than
比较级 and 比较级 （越来越……）
The + 比较级 + 主语 +V.,the + 比较级 +主语 +V.(越……越……)
Which /who is + 比较级，A or B ？(A和B哪一个/谁更……)
注意:
Very // quite (十分) // fairly (相当) 不能修饰比较级
3.最高级
The + 最高级 + in / of +范围 (在某范围内最……)
One of the + 最高级+可数名词复数 (最……之一……)
The + 序数词 +最高级 (第几……)
补充：倍数表达法
A是B的几倍
A + is +倍数+as +adj./adv.原级+as +B
A + is + 倍数 + 比较级 + than +B
A +is + 倍数 +the size /the lengh/the height + of +B
Eg.The desk is three times as long as that one.
这张桌子是那张桌子的三倍长.
第三部分：强调句
一、句型：it is/was +被强调的部分 + that
二、作用：为了强调某一部分
三、判断方法：去掉it is/was ……that，剩余部分成分完整
四、常考句型
1.It is/was + 介词 + 表示时间/地点的词 + that
It was in the classroom that we met each other.
2.It is/was not until + n./句子 +that
It was not until I met you that I knew the love.
3.it is/was because +句子 that
because of+n./短语 that
It is because of the love that I will always be here with you.
非谓语动词
分类
不定式：to do
动名词：doing
分词：
现在分词：doing
过去分词：done
非谓语动词之：to do 不定式
一、to do 不定式表目的和将来
Eg. I want to pass the exam.
二、句法功能
1. to do 做主语（V.之前）
To know the fact makes me sad.
It makes me sad to know the fact.(形式主语) (真正主语)
注意：
It is + adj. of sb to do sth. 人品
for sb to do sth. 事情
1. It is impolite of you to say so.
2.It is important for them to do so.
2.to do 不定式做宾语：主语+谓语V+to do
Agree(同意)，fail(失败)，promise(承诺)，choose(选择)
Refuse(拒绝)，want(想要),intend(打算)，attempt(尝试)
Plan(计划)，pretend(假装)，seem(貌似),appear(貌似)
Learn(学会)，afford(担负)，need(需要)，manage(设法)
Expect(期望)，offer(提出),decide(决定)，determine(决定)
3.to do 不定式作宾补
结构1.主语+V+sb. to do
Want,get(想让)，teach,allow,permit(允许)，advise(建议)
Tell(告诉)，prefer(宁愿)，encourage(鼓励)，ask,require(要求)
Warn(警告)，force(强迫)，forbid(禁止)，invite(要求),persuade(说服)
结构2.主语+V+sb.do（有些不定式作宾补时要省略to）
Hear,make,have,let,see,watch,notice
Why not do = why don’t you do;
为什么不……
You’d better do;
最好做……
注：变被动还原 to
He made me cry.
I was made to cry by him.
3.to do 不定式作状语
（1） in order to 为了
目的状语 so as to 为了
to do
Eg. I stay here in order to meet you.
（2）结果状语 so + adj./adv. + as to do
such + (冠词+adj.)n. + as to do
Eg.I was so nervous as to increase my heart rate.
补充：特殊句式
1. too…to… 太…而不能
Eg. I am too tired to go to work.
2.enough to do 足够做
Eg.My life is enough to make a movie.
3.only to do 结果却…（出乎意料的结果）
Eg.He ran to the station only to find that the train had left.
补充：国定搭配
1.be likely to do 可能做……
Eg. It is likely to rain.
Eg.they are likely to enter the same university.
2.happen to do 碰巧做……
Eg.I happened to meet her the day after we broke up.
3.be said to do 据说…
Eg.She is said to marry into a wealthy family.
4.be thought/believed/considered to do 被认为……
Eg.He is believed to win the competition.
5.be reported to do 据报道……
Eg.He is reported to know everything.
三、不定式的时态和语态
语态 时态 主动 被动 用法
一般态 To do To be done V非晚于V谓
进行态 To be doing V非同于v谓
完成态 To have done To have been done V非早于v谓
三、不定式的时态和语态
做题方法：
1.找出V非和V谓
2.看主语和V非的主被动
3.看V非和V谓发生的先后顺序
Eg.
1.He wants to watch (watch) TV.
2.I felt sorry to have known (know) the fact.
补充：看到by+时间，for+时间，in the past few years,选择完成态
补充：
Prefer A to B 喜欢A胜过B.
Prefer sb. To do. 宁愿某人做某事.
Prefer to do A rather than do B
Prefer doing A to doing B. 宁愿做A也不愿做B.
Prefer that + 主语 +(should) + do
be done
非谓语动词之：doing 动名词 （用法相当于名词）
一、句法功能
1.doing 动名词做主语（doing放在V.之前）
Eg.Seeing is believing.
注意：以下结构常用动名词
（1）It is no use/useless/no good doing sth. 做……是无用的
Eg.It is no use crying over spilt milk.
（2）It is a good pleasure doing 做……是高兴的
Eg.It is a good pleasure giving a lecture.
（3）There is no doing =It is impossible to do 做……是不可能的
Eg.There is no denying the fact.(这是不可否认的事实)
（4）There is no point doing 做……是无意义的
Eg.There is no point waiting for him here.
2.doing 动名词做表语（结构：be doing）
My hobby is eating. 动名词
The cat is eating. 现在分词
区分方法：
（1）.be 翻译成“是” 就是动名词
（2）.颠倒顺序，可以颠倒的是动名词
3.doing 动名词作宾语
（1）动宾结构：V+doing
Delay(推迟)，resist（抵抗），imagine（想象）
Stand（忍受），consider（考虑），suggest（建议）
risk（冒险），avoid（避免），mind（介意）
forbid（禁止），escape（逃亡），miss（错过）
Admit（承认），forgive（原谅），practice（练习）
Keep（继续），deny（否认），appreciate（欣赏）
Enjoy（享受），finish（完成）
注意：
Allow /permit /forbid doing
sb to do
补充：
（1）need doing 主动表被动
Eg.The window needs cleaning. =need to be done
(2) be worth doing
be worthy of being done 值得做……
be worthy to be done
（2）介宾结构：介词+doing
所有介词后的动词形式都是doing (in / on / at / for /with /from / of……)
注意：
to 不定式符号：to do
介词+doing（固定搭配）
1. be used to doing
be accustomed to doing. 习惯于做某事……
2.look forward to doing 期待做某事
3.be opposed to doing
Object to doing 反对做某事
4.devote oneself to doing 献身于……/致力于……
Eg.She devotes herself to caring for the sick.
5.pay /turn attention to doing 集中注意力于……
Eg.He pays attention to playing the game.
6.due to/owing to+doing 由于做……
7.contribute to +doing 有助于做……/导致……
Lead to doing 导致……/stick to doing 坚持……
补充：
（1）have trouble/difficulty doing…… 做……有麻烦/困难
（2）be busy doing 忙于做某事
（3）spend ……doing…… 花费……做……
二、注意问题
1.有些动词后可+doing 和to do, 但含义不同
Regret doing 后悔做某事
to do 遗憾做某事
Can’t help doing 情不自禁做某事
to do 不能帮助做某事
Try doing 尝试做某事
to do 努力做某事
go on doing 继续做同一件事
to do 继续做另一件事
mean doing 意味着……
to do 打算做某事
stop doing 停止正在做的事
to do 停下来去做某事
Remember doing 记得做过某事
to do 记得去做某事
2.逻辑主语
Do you mind C opening the door
A.I B.me C.my D.mine
主语用来支配谓语，逻辑主语用来支配非谓语
注：动名词的逻辑主语为形容词词性
三、doing 动名词的时态和语态
语态 时态 主动 被动 用法
一般态 Doing Being done V非晚于或同于V谓发生
进行态 × × ×
完成态 Having done Having been done V非早于V谓发生
做题方法：
1.找出V非和V谓
2.看主语和V非的主被动
3.看V非和V谓发生的先后顺序
Eg.
1.I avoid meeting (meet) you.
2.I appreciated having been invited (invite) to the pary.
非谓语动词之：分词
一、分类
现在分词 doing 主动 进行
过去分词 done 被动 完成
二、句法功能
1.分词做表语（位于be之后）
（1）结构1：be doing 表示动作正在发生
eg. I am eating food.
（2）结构2： be done 表示被动
eg. The food is eaten by me.
注意：表示情感情绪的动词+ing不表进行，变done 不表被动.
interest,excite(使兴奋),surprise=amaze=astonish,move
satisfy(使满意),thrill(兴奋，激动),puzzle,confuse
frighten,bore,annoy(使愤怒)
Disappoint(使失望),discourage(阻碍，使灰心),embarrass
总结：doing ：令人感到……的，主语是物
done : 人自己感到……的，主语是人
Eg.The film is interesting,I am interested in it.(interest)
2.分词作定语（修饰n.）
考点：后置定语
考察形式：“n.+V非”的形式
做题方法：
1.判断所填动词为V非
2.看V非和空 前面名词的关系，主动用doing，被动用done
3.相同语态下不同时间的分析（看动作发生的时间）
Eg.The book for teaching English came out in the 1600s.
A. writng B.written C.being written D.to be written
分析方法：
Eg. The bridge being built now is huge.(庞大的)
The bridge built last year is huge.
The bridge to be built next year is huge.
主动 被动
现在 doing being done
过去 无 done
将来 to do to be done