2025届高三上学期英语二轮复习专项：动词不定式（英语语法第8章）讲义学案（含答案）
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| 名称 | 2025届高三上学期英语二轮复习专项：动词不定式（英语语法第8章）讲义学案（含答案） |  | |
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第8章动词不定式
8-1动词不定式是由“to+动词原形”构成,是非谓语动词,在句中不能单独作谓语。
[例] Would you like me to come to dinner tonight “今晚我来吃饭好吗 ”
[例] I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer. “给我十分钟的时间要我决定是否应拒绝提出的要求。”
但是,不定式也可不带“to”,与助动词或情态动词构成谓语。
[例] A computer can't' think for itself, it must be told what to do. “计算机本身并不会思考,人们必须告诉它做什么.”
8-2动词不定式具有名词、动词 、形容词和副词的特征。
由于不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征因此,在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、补语和状语。同时不定式还有动词的特征,它又可以带有自己的宾语和状语。这种带宾语或状语的不定式结构称为“不定式短语”。
[例] He decided to visit the family on Friday night“他决定星期五晚上, 拜访这家人。”
不定式短语to visit the family on Friday night"在句中作“decided 的宾语。同时,不定式“to visit"又带有它自己的宾语“the family” 和它自己的状语 “on Friday night”.
8-3动词不定式的否定形式为: not + to do
不定式的否定形式通常是在不定式符号”to”前加否定词not构成,也可以在“to”前加“never”表示否定。当“to需被省略时,否定词则位于不定式的原形动词之前。
[例] She pretended________me when I passed by.
A. not to see B. not seeing
C. to not see D. having not seen
答案是A。“我从她旁边走过时,她假装没看见我。”谓语动词“pretended只能接不定式作其宾语,可排除选项B、D。不定式的否 定形式为“not to do,故排除选项C。
[例] The boy promised his mother never to lie to her again.“男孩向妈妈保证不再撒谎了。”
[例] I 'd better not disturb him“我还是不打扰他为好。”
8-4动词不定式的复合结构一般由“for+名词(或:宾格代词)(+not)不定式”构成。for介词短语是不定式的逻辑主语。
不定式的复合结构是指不定式带有逻辑主语。在这种结构中,“for本身无词义,名词(或宾格代词)在意义上是不定式的逻辑主语。
[例] No permission has been given for anybody to enter the building.“任何人不准进入大楼。”
[例] It was mistake for her not to marry Tom.“她没有同汤姆结婚是个错误。”
8-5“连接词wh-+动词不定式”结构在句中可作主语、宾语和表语。
在who, which,what,when, where,how等连接词之后,加动词不定式,构成一种特殊的不定式短语。其功能相当于一个名词从句。在句中可作主语、宾语和表语。
[例] There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind to buy
A. what B. which C. how D. where
答案是B。“有许多录音机在出售。我决定不下来买哪一种。”虽然四个选项都能与不定式构成短语,但A、C、D三个选项与题意不符,故选B。“which to buy相当于which I should buy",在句中作宾语。
[例]The question was to take the children to the theatre or to leave them at home.
A. how B.however C. if D. whether
答案是D。“问题是带孩子们去剧院还是让他们留在家里。”根据题意,可排除A、B选项。if不能与不定式连用作表语,故选D。句中的“whether to take or to leave相当于 whether we should take…or leave…,在句中作表语。
[例] When to leave for Beijing is not decided yet.“什么时候动身去北京还没有决定。”
不定式短语“when to leave for Beijing”在句中作主语,相当于when people will leave for Beijing.
8--6不定式的时态和语态的变化形式
动词不定式有三种时态形式:一般式、进行式和完成式。语态又分主动语态和被动语态两种。请见下表。(以动词do为例)
主动形式 被动形式
一般式 to do to be done
进行时 to be doing
完成时 to have done To have been done
8-7不定式的一般式通常表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之后或(几乎)同时发生。
[例] The manager decided to give the job to whoever he believed had a strong sense of duty.经理决定把这项工作交给责任心很强的人去做。”
这里不定式的动作“to give”发生在谓语动作“decided”之后。
[例] I learned to ride bicycle as small boy.“孩子时,我就学会了骑自行车。”句中不定式的动作“to ride"与谓语的动作“learned”同时发生。
8-8不定式的进行式表示谓语动词的动作发生时,不定式的动作正在进行
[例] The boy pretended to be sleeping when his mother came in.“妈妈进来的时候,这个男孩假装正在长睡觉。”
但是,当不定式的进行式与”always”连用时,表示说话人一种不满或厌恶的情绪。
[例] If you want yourself to be in good health you must _______always _________.
A. not; be smoking B. not; have smoked
C. not; to smoke D. be not; smoking
答案是A。“如果你想身体好,就不要总是吸那么多烟。”根据句意,可排除B、C选项。否定不定式的否定词“not”应放在不定式的前面,排除D。此题因前有情态动词,需选不带“to”的不定式,故选A。
8-9不定式的完成式表示不定式的动作先于谓语动作.
[例] Charles Babbage is generally considered ___________ the first computer.
A. invent B inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
答案是C。“人们一般认为查尔斯·巴贝奇发明了第一台计算机。”谓语动词“consider”可用动词不定式作宾补,排除A、B、D选项。根据句意,动词不定式“invent”的动作发生在谓语动词“is considered的动作之前,要用完成式,故选C。
但是,如果在hope, plan, expect, should(或 would)like等动词后,接动词不定式完成式时,则表示没有实现的愿望或计划。
[例] We planned to have met at ten.“我们本来计划十点见面。”(但结果未见面。)
例] He expects to have written it tomorrow morning.“他期望明天早晨可以写好”。(但还未写好。)
8-10动词不定式的被动式
动词不定式的被动语态有两种形式:一般式(由“to be+过去分词”构成)和完成式(由“to have been+过去分词”构成)。
[例] Little Jim should love _______ to the theatre this evening.
A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking
答案是A。“小吉姆喜欢今晚带他去剧院。”谓语动词“love”应接动词不定式作宾语,可排除选项C、D。根据句意,“吉姆被带到剧院去”,可排除B项。
[例] The manuscript seems to have been written by Shakespeare.“这份手稿似乎是莎士比亚写的。”
8-11动词不定式作主语时,可用形式主语it
不定式在句中作主语时的位置:
①不定式直接置于句首。
[例] To learn English is pleasure to me.“学习英语对我来说是一种乐趣。
[例] To scold her would not be just“贵备她是不公平的。
②句首用形式主语“it,而把真正的主语不定式置于谓语动词之后。
[例] Is ___________necessary to complete the design before National Day
A. this B.that C.it D.he
答案是C。“有必要在国庆节前完成这项设计吗 ”不定式短语“to complete the design”是句子的真正主语,而句子前面的“it”是形式主语,用来表示该不定式短语。故其它选项均可排除。
[例] It takes a long time to go there by train; it's quicker by road. “乘火车去那里要花很长时间;走公路比较快。”
8-12不定式在疑问句或感叹句中作主语时,必须用形式主语it
[例] Is possible to fly to the moon in spaceship？
A. now b. man c. that. D. it
答案是D。“乘宇宙飞船登上月球是可能的吗 ”不定式短语to fly to the moon in spaceship是句子的真正主语。因为句子是个疑问句, 只能用形式主语“it”替代不定式短语。(不能说: Is to fly to the moon possible )
[例] What joy it was to read his book“读他写的书真是一种乐趣!”
8-13主语和表语同为不定式时,不能用形式主语it替代该不定式
[例] To live is to struggle.生活就是斗争。”(不能说: It is to struggle to live.)
8-14“It is+形容词+for(或of)sb. to do sth.的用法
在不定式复合结构“It is+形容词+for(或of)sb. to do sth.”中,如果表语形容词只是说明不定式的特征而不表示人的特征或性质时,要用介词“for来引出不定式的逻辑主语。常用的这类形容词有:hard, easy, important, necessary, difficult等。
[例] It is impossible for so few workers do so much work in a single day.
“这么少的工人一天做那么多的工作是不可能的。”(不能说: so few workers are impossible,所以,要用for so few workers)。
但是,如果作表语的形容词既表示不定式的性质,又表示逻辑主语“人”的特征时,不定式的逻辑主语则要用介词of引出。常用的这类形容词有:kind, nice, clear, foolish, silly, wise, rude, selfish等。
[例] 改错: It was very kind for them to meet me at the railway station and drive me to their home.
答案是把“for them”改为“of them”。“感谢他们到车站接我并且驱车把我接回他们家。”根据句意,可以得出:形容词“kind”既表示不 定式的性质,又表示“人”的特征。意为: They were very kind to meet me at the railway station…".
8-15动词不定式作表语,说明主语的内容
[例] The best treatment for fatness is to reduce the internal fat.“减肥的最好办法是减少体内脂肪。
如果主语部分有动词do”,则作表语的不定式既可带to,也可不带to
[例] We weren't' allowed to stop him All we could do was(to) watch him.“不允许我们阻止他。我们所能做的就是注视着他。”
8-16动词be后面的不定式与主语有逻辑上的主谓关系时,表示“要做的事”
[例] A knock on the door made him look up. He was to go on stage in the second scene“敲门声使他抬起了头。他将在第二幕出场。
[例] Either you or the head master is to hand out the prizes to these gifted students at the meeting或者是你或者是校长将在大会上为这些有天才的学生颁发奖品。
8-17动词不定式可作动词的宾语
动词不定式作宾语,常用在 want，wish，agree， like， decide， begin，learn, pretend, ask,
Promise, plan, expect, refuse等动词之后。
[例]We agreed_________ here, but so far she has not turned up yet.
A. having met B. meeting C. to meet. D to have met
答案是C。“我们约好在这里见面,但她至今还没有来。”谓语动词“agreed只能用带to的不定式作宾语,故排除选项A、B。根据句意, 不定式“to meet所表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生,而不是发生在其之前,因此可排除选项D。
[例] They are planning to visit China next year.他们计划明年来中国。
8-18动词不定式作介词的宾语,一般用“疑问连词wh-+不定式”结构
[例] Last summer I took a course on_________.
A. how to make dresses
B. how dresses be made.
C. how to be made dresses
D. how dresses to be made
答案是A。“去年夏天,我学习了如何制做衣服的课程。””介词“on”后面的宾语要用“wh-+带to的不定式”结构,排除B。因不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语“I”, make要用主动语态,排除C和D。
但是,在表示“除外”的but, except等少数介词的后面,可用带to的不定式(如[下例])。其前如有实义动词“do”字样时,不定式的符号“to”需省略(如[再下一、二例])。
[例] He had no choice but to work hard.“他没有别的选择,只有更加努力工作。”
例] She did nothing but cry“她什么也不做,只是哭。”
例] There is nothing left to do but lie down to sleep.“没什么事可做,只有躺下睡觉。”
8-19动词不定式与特定形容词的搭配有两种类型
①第一种类型:句子的主语也是不定式的逻辑主语。此时的不定式动词既可是及物动词,又可是不及物动词。常见的这类形容词有: eager, anxious，sorry, happy, ready, sure, glad, free, likely等。
[例] They- were eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of questions.“他们渴望了解中国的一切,问了我许多问题。”不定式to know的逻辑主语是句子的主语They。
[例] I am sorry to keep you waiting.对不起,让您久等了。
②第二种类型:句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。此时的不定式动词只能是及物动词。常见的此类形容词有: cheap, expensive, dangerous, difficult, easy, hard等。
[例] The question is difficult to answer. 这个问题很难回答。”主语question是不定式“to answer”的逻辑宾语。
注意:如果不定式是不及物动词,则必须加一个在结构或含义上所需的介词,使其相当于一个及物的短语动词。
[例] The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to _________
A.sit B. sit on C. be sat D. be sat on
答案是B。“这把椅子看起来很硬,但实际上坐上去感到很舒适。从句意和结构上看,主语chair”是不定式的逻辑宾语,但不定式 “sit”是不及物动词,只有加介词才能跟宾语,即“to sit on the chair。
8-20作宾语的不定式带有其补足语时,要使用形式宾语it,并把真正的宾语放在补足语之后
[例] I don' t think _______possible to master a foreign language without much memory.
A. this B. that C. its D. it
答案是D。“我认为不去记忆就想学好外语是不可能的。”不定式短语to master a foreign language-在句中作真正的宾语因它带有自己的补足语“possible”,故必须用形式宾语“it”。
8-21带to的动词不定式在句中作宾语补足语
有些动词不仅能跟宾语,而且还能跟带to的不定式作宾补,这种“宾语+不定式”的结构叫复合宾语。宾语是不定式的逻辑主语。跟不定式作宾补的常见动词有advise, allow, ask, beg, encourage, get, force, invite, expect, order, permit, persuade, require, want, warn, teach, wish等。
[例] l try to get her _________the doctor.
A. see B. seeing. C. to see D. for seeing
答案是C。“我尽力使她去看医生。get sb. to do sth.”意思是“使某人做某事”。而get sb. doing sth.”意思是“使某人变成某种状态”。根据句意,可排除A、B、D.
[例] Mrs Smith warned her daughter ___________after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to never drive
C. never driving D. never drive
答案是A。史密斯夫人告诫女儿不要酒后开车。”谓语动词 warned应接带to的不定式作宾补,故排除C、D。不定式的否定形式应为 “not(never)+to do,故排除Bo
8-2在感官动词或使役动词后作宾补的不定式不带to
常见的感官动词有:see, look at, hear, listen to, watch, notice, observe, feel等;使役动词有:make, have, let。
注意:使役动词get后作宾补的不定式要带“to”。(参见8-21)。
[例]They knew her very well. They had seen her_______ up from childhood
A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow
答案是A。“他们非常了解她,是看着她从小长大的。”宾补不能用谓语动词的形式,可排除选项B、 C. see是感官动词,宾补要用不带 to的不定式,故排除选项D。
[例] As you've' never been there before, I'll have someone_________ you the way.
A. to show. B. show C. showing D. showed
答案是B。“你从来没有去过那里,我让别人带你去吧。”have是使役动词, have sb. do sth.”表示“让某人做某事。而have sb. doing sth.则表示“任由某人一直做某事。根据句意,应排除A、C、D
8-23主动结构中的宾语补足语在被动结构中称为主语补足语
[例] The patient was warned _________oily food after the operation.
A. to eat not. B. eat not C. not to eat D. not eating
答案是C。“告诚病人手术后不要吃油膩食品。谓语动词warn应跟不定式作宾补。用在被动结构中,宾补变成了主补,故排除选项B、D. 不定式的否定形式是把not置于不定式符号to”之前,故排除A.
8-24当使役动词和感官动词用于被动结构时,要用带to的不定式作主补
[例] John was made ________the truck for a week as a punishment.
A. to wash B. washing C. wash. D. to be washing
答案是A。“约翰受到了惩罚,叫他洗车一周。”句中的谓语"was made”为被动结构,其主补应用带to的不定式 to wash”,故排除B、C、D
8-25动词不定式作定语要后置
不定式修饰名词,通常只能置于被 修饰的名词之后,一般表示将要发生的动作。
[例]改错: There will be than three hundred scientists attending the meeting held the day after tomorrow.
答案是held。“将有三百名科学家出席后天举行的会议。”过去分词“held”作后置定语,修饰“the meeting表示动作已完成。然而,句意 是:“后天将举行的会议,显然是矛盾的。所以,要把表“完成”的 “held”改为表“将来”的to be held。
8-26动词不定式作定语与其被修饰的名词(或代词)在逻辑上有主谓关系、动宾关系或同位关系
[例] He is always the first one to get up他总是第一个起床。(the first one与to get up有逻辑上的主谓关系。)
[例] Every morning she would give him breakfast in bed and bring him the papers to read.每天早晨,她都把早饭送到床上并且给他一些报纸
读。”(动词不定式“to read”与the papers有逻辑上的动宾关系。)
有时,动词不定式作定语与其被修饰的名词(或代词)有同位关系。不定式说明被修饰名词的内容。
The roof fell before he had time to dash into the room to save his baby.“他还没来得及冲进屋去救孩子,屋顶就倒塌了。”(不定式to dash into the room…说明被修饰名词time的内容。)
8-27当作定语的不定式与被修饰词有逻辑上的动宾关系时,不定式动词必须为及物动词;如果不定式的动词为不及物动词,则该动词后必须与介词连用,以使其成为及物的短语动词”。
[例] After she considered the problem, she got a tall box to stand_________.
A.by B.on C.up D.with
答案是B。“她(指Washoe 黑猩猩)想了想,然后,拿来一只高大的箱子站上去。”不定式“to stand”为不及物动词,如果加上介词on”,就变成了及物的短语动词。这样,它与所修饰的名词“box”为动宾关系,即为: to stand on tall box因此,A,B,C三个选项均可排除。
[例] Then there are always people to________ if you feel like a chat.
A. talk to B. talk C. speak about D. speak
答案是A。“只要你想闲聊,总是有许多人同你聊。talk”为不及物动词,后面与介词“to”连用,使之成为及物短语动词,即为 to talk to people 。
8-28动词不定式可作目的状语
[例] After eating my dinner quickly, I went to the railway station to see my friend off“我匆匆吃完饭,去车站为朋友送行。”
[例] The Bismarck sailed into the Atlantic Ocean to cut off American supplies to Britain.“战船毕什马克号航行于大西洋是为了阻止美国的供应品运往英国。”
当要强调不定式所表示的目的时,不定式可变为in order (not) to do sth 为了(不)…， “so as (not) to do sth.以便(不)…”的形式。in order (not) to do sth.可置于句首或句中,而so as(not) to do sth”只能置于句中。
[例] Tom kept quiet about the accident lose his job.
A. so not as to B. so as not to
C. so as to not D. not so as to
答案是B。“汤姆害怕失去工作,没把事故说出去。”“ so as to do”在 句中作目的状语。其否定形式为so as not to,故排除A,C,D
[例] In order to prevent the fire from spreading, some of the houses nearby had been pulled down before the firemen arrived.“为了控制大火的蔓延,在消防队员到来之前就推倒了附近的一些房屋。
8-29动词不定式作结果或程度状语常见的五种搭配
① so …as to do…
[例] Tom was so foolish to tell l lies to the police汤姆太傻了,竟对警察撒谎。”
② such …as to do…
[例]I am such a fool as to think that she is a warm-hearted woman“我真傻,认为她是一位热心肠的人”。
③ enough(…)to do…
[例]I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have.“我希望有足够的杯子使每位客人都有一个。”
④ too…to do…
在这一结构中,不定式具有否定含义。意思是“太……而不…”。
It was too late to catch a bus after the party, therefore we called a taxi“舞会后,天色太晚,没赶上汽车,我们乘坐了计程车。”
但这一结构并不总是有否定意义,或表示结果或程度。
[例] It is too kind of you to have told me that“你告诉了我那件事,真是太好了。”
⑤ only to do
这一结构通常表示一个相反或出乎意料的结果。
[例]改错: It took her nearly half year to find his address only learning that he had passed away ten years before.
答案是learning。“她用了近半年的时间找到了他的地址,结果却得知他已在十年前就去世了。”此题应该将选项learning改为to learn,因为only to do…结构作结果状语时,表示继谓语动词动作之后发生的另一动作,可以用“and或“but连接两个动词。此句可改为 It took her nearly half a year to find his address but learnt that he had passed away ten years before.
但only doing”则表示由于谓语动词发生的动作而造成的结果。
They lifted rock only to have it drop on their own feet他们搬起石头, (结果却)哑了自己的脚。”试比较:
He dropped the plate, only breaking it into pieces.他把盘子掉下去打碎了。”(breaking是因为谓语动词 dropped而造成的结果。)
8-30动词不定式作原因状语与目的状语的区分标志有二
①不定式作目的状语时,不定式表示的动作后于谓语动词的动作;而不定式作原因状语时,不定式的动作先于谓语动词的动作。
[例] She wept to obtain sympathy.“哭是为了得到同情。”(目的状语。“to obtain”表示的动作后于“wept”表示的动作。)
[例] She wept to hear the news.“由于听了这一消息而哭了”。(原因状语语。“to hear表示的动作先于“wept”表示的动作。)
②不定式作目的状语时,不定式前可以加上 in order或so as;而原因状语则不能。
[例] A great deal of work has been done to improve the people's living standard.“做了大量的工作是为了提高人民的生活水平。”(目的状语。to improve"可用“ in order to improve…”替代。)
[例] I pretended to be happy to know him.我装出了由于认识他而高兴的样子。(原因状语。“to know him”前不能加“in order”。)
8-31省去不定式时,常要保留不定式符号to
一般说来,在一些形容词、动词后面的不定式内容如果是重复前面的内容时,“to”后的成份可承前省略,用不定式符号“to”来代替不定式结构。这种情况常见于口语中,尤其是在某些特殊结构中,如: used to, mean to, like to, be glad to等。
[例] ------I' ll be away on' a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat
-------Not at all. _____________
A. I've no time B. I’d rather not
C. I'd like it. D. I'd be happy to
答案是D““我要出差了,您能帮我看管一下我的猫吗 ——好的,我很乐意这样做。”该题的答语“Not at all.”意思为“不介意”,表示同意。因此可排除A、B两个选项。C项中的“it指代不清,应排除. D项中的“I' d be happy to"代替了不定式所指的内容,即1oook after your cat.
[例] The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him________.
A. not to B. not to do
C. not to do it D. do not to
答案是A。“这个男孩要在街上骑车,但妈妈告诉他不能这样做。”
8-32动词不定式省略to”的场合
①在感官动词和使役动词后作宾补的不定式不能带to [参见8-22]
[例] It' s a fine day. Let' s go fishing, shall we “天气好,我们去钓鱼,好吗
②在一些固定的句型和短语中, 不带to。常见的句型为“情态动词+原形动词”(如: I can swim.我会游泳); 常见的短语有: rather than, would rather, had better, why not等.
[例] Rather than_________ on a crowded bus, he always prefers ___________ a bicycle.
A. ride: ride B. riding; ride C.ride; to ride. D. to ride; riding
答案是C。他总是宁愿骑自行车,也不愿意乘坐拥挤的公共汽车。”“宁愿…而不愿”的句型是“ prefer to do…rather than do…”因此可排除A、B、D。此题 rather放在句首表示强调。
[例] ----I usually go there by train.
------Why not__________by boat for change
A. to try going
B. trying to go
C. to try and to
D. try going
答案是D。”——我去那里通常是坐火车的.-----为什么不换一种方式乘船去呢 ” why not后面只跟不带to的不定式,故可排除其它选项。
[例] I would rather play football than baseball.“我宁愿踢足球而不愿意打棒球。”
[例] It's' freezing outside. you 'd' better put on your overcoat外面很冷,你最好穿上大衣。”
③当两个并列的带to的不定式由“and”或“or”连接时,第二个不定式的符号“to”可以省略。
[例] I intend to call on him and discuss this question again.“我想去拜访他并且把这个问题再讨论一下。”
[例] She asked you to telephone or write to her on Sunday.她让你星期天给她打电话或者写信。”但如果两者有对比关系,第二个不定式的符号“to”则不能省略。
[例] I haven't' decided to go home or to stay at school this summer.“我还没有决定今年夏季是回家还是呆在学校。”,
8-33在某些动词后,不定式或动名词作宾语意义不同
在 remember, forget, regret等动词后,宾语用不定式或动名词意义上有明显的区别。不定式结构指后于谓语动词的动作,而动名词则指先于谓语动词的动作。
[例]---The light in the office is still on.
---Oh, I forget___________.
A. turning it off B. turn it off
C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
答案是C. -----办公室的灯仍然亮着。------噢,我忘关掉了
“forget”后接不定式作宾语,表示“忘记要做的事”(事实上没做某事);而动名词作宾语,则表示“忘记已做过的事”(事实上已做过某事但忘记了。)因此,根据句意,可排除其它选项。
8-34在try, stop, go on, mean等动词后,用不定式还是动名词取决于它们本身的含义和用法
[例] She reached the top of the hill and stopped _________on a big rock by the side of the path.
A. to have rested B. resting
C. to rest D. rest
答案是C。“她到达了山顶,停下来在小路边的岩石上休息。”stop 接不定式是作目的状语,表示“停下来去做某事”;而接动名词则表示“停止做某事”。本句意为前者,即“停下来休息”,故排除A、B、D。
[例]Go on _______the other exercise after you have finished this one.
A. to do B.doing C.with D. to be doing
答案是A。“做完这个练习之后,接着做其它的练习。Go on接不定式作宾语表示“接着做另外一件事”;而接动名词则表示“继续做同一件事”。根据句意,应排除其它三项。
try to do sth.意思为:“尽力去做某事”;而 try doing sth.则是“试着做某事”。
mean to do sth.意思为“打算要做某事”;而 mean doing sth.则是“意味着做某事”
第8章“动词不定式”专项能力训练题
I.单项填空
1. Though he had often made his little sister_______,today he was made_______by his little sister.
A. cry; to cry B. crying; crying C. cry; cry D. to cry; cry
2. No one told her __________.
A. what to do B. what she does C. to do what D. what she to do
3. One ought _________for what one hasn't done.
A. not to be punished
B. to not be punished
C. to not punished
D. not be punished
4.Is _______necessary to tell his father every thing
A. it B. that C. what D.he
5.“Can I leave this door open at night "“You ________better not”
A. should B. would C. could D. had
6. Tell him_______the window.
A. to shut not B. not to shut
C. to not shut D. not shut
7. Paul doesn't have to be made_________. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
8. To fetch water before breakfast seemed to me a rule_________.
A. to never break B. never to be broken
C. never to have broken D. never to be break
9. -Does your brother intend to study German
-----Yes, he intends
A./ B.to C.so D. that
10. This page needs________again.
A. being checked B. checked
C. to check D. to be checked
11.I 'm' very sorry for being late. It was good _______you________for me.
A. of; to wait. B. for; to wait
C. of; waiting D. to; waiting
12. I've heard him___________about you often.
A.speaking B. speaks
C. speak. D. to speak
13. There seemed to be nothing _______to do but________for the doctor.
A. leave; send B. left; to send
C. left; send D. leaving; send
14. The problem _________ the meeting tomorrow is very important.
A. discussed B. to discuss C. being discussed D. to be discussed
15. Do you have any clothes________today "the maid said.
A. washing B. to wash
C. washed. D. to be washed
16. Here is a piece of paper for you _________:
A. to write B. to write with
C. to write on D. to write in
17. My rats are too clever ________ in traps.
A. to catch B. to be caught
C. being caught D. catching
18. He raised his hand ________the taxi _______.
A. to have; to stop. B. to have; stop
C. having;stopping D. having; stop
19. My sisters had to wash their faces and-hands. I was_________, but I wouldn't' till my mother told me the mirror.
A. asked; to look in. B. asked to do; to look at
C. asked to; to look in D. asked to; not to look
20. Please let me ________where the meeting is_______tomorrow.
A. know; to be held
B. to know; to hold
C. knowing; to be held
D. known;. to hold
Ⅱ.用动词的适当形式填空
1. While she lived, her front gate was always locked and no one ever saw her___________
(leave) or saw anybody_________(go)in.
2. I tried__________(persuade) him____________(agree)with your proposal.
3. She rushed out of the room without giving me a chance ___________（explain)
4. -Did you remember_________(lock)the door
-No. I didn't. I'd better go back and ________(do)it.
5. The baby needs____________(look)after.
6. He is said ____________(send)to hospital already.
7. The library assistant doesn't allow the magazines_____________(take)away.
8. Would you like__________(go)with me or would you rather_________(stay)at home
9. He was ever so happy_________(admit)to the army.
10. The thief happened ___________(quarrel)about the treasures when the police went in.
III.用“形容词+不定式”结构改写下列句子(不用形式主语it)
例: To talk with him is hard. He is hard to talk with
1. To remember the rule is easy. T
2. To deal with him is impossible.
3. It was rude of you not to answer the letter.
4. To receive your letter delighted us.
Ⅳ.用动词不定式改写下列句子
1. The accident was so terrible that we can't talk about it.
2. Was Cortes the first European who ever saw the Pacific Ocean
3. Here is something that' you can do while you're waiting
4. I haven't decided whether I shall answer his letter or not.
5. She stood up so that she could be seen better.
6. My brother got up early in order that he would have enough time to pack.
7. I'll buy you some magazines which you may read on the journey.
8. We thought it wrong that he should be punished.
9. I didn't know whether he had changed his mind about what he would say.
10. We consider that the girl is trustworthy.
将下列句子译成英语
1.从重庆坐船到上海要多久
2.我没料到会在这里碰到你.
4.要取得良好的结果我们首先要做好充分的准备。
3.我的想法是让小吴接替(take over)我的工作。
5.她被认为是做这工作最合适的人.
6.你们现在用不着在这里等着升.
7.他似乎还没有听到这个消息
8.她真希望受到更严格的训练
9.这个图书管理员个儿不够高,够不到架子上最高一层的书籍。
10.他主动提出开车送我到车站。
参考答案：
l.
A 2. A 3. A 4.A 5.D
6.B 7. B 8.B 9.B 10.D
A 12.C 13. C 14. D 15.D
C 17. B 18.B 19.C 20. A
II
1.leave;go 2. to persuade;to agree 3. to explain 4. to lock;do
to be locked/looking 6. to have been sent 7 to be taken
to go; stay 9.to have been admitted 10. to be quarreling
III 1. The rule is easy to remember.
2.He is impossible to deal with.
3.3. You were rude not to answer the letter.
4.We were delighted to receive your letter.
5.John is quick to see the point.
IV. 1. The accident was too terrible for us to talk about.
2. Was Cortes the first European ever to see …..
3, Here is something for you to do while....
I haven't decided whether to answer....
She stood up to be seen better.
My brother got up early in order to have enough time…
I’ll buy you some magazines to read on….
We thought it wrong to punish him. /for him to be punished.
I didn't know whether he had changed his mind about what to say.
We consider the girl to be trustworthy.
V.
1. How long does (will) it take to travel from Chongging to Shanghai
2. I didn't expect to meet you here.
3.My idea is to let Xiao Wu take over my work.
4. In order to get good results we must first make good preparations
5. She was thought to be the most suitable person for the job.
6. You don't need to be waiting here.
7.He seems not to have heard the news. 8. She really wished to have been given more strict training.
9, The librarian is not tall enough to reach the books on the top shelf.
10. He offered to drive me to the station.
8-1动词不定式是由“to+动词原形”构成,是非谓语动词,在句中不能单独作谓语。
[例] Would you like me to come to dinner tonight “今晚我来吃饭好吗 ”
[例] I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer. “给我十分钟的时间要我决定是否应拒绝提出的要求。”
但是,不定式也可不带“to”,与助动词或情态动词构成谓语。
[例] A computer can't' think for itself, it must be told what to do. “计算机本身并不会思考,人们必须告诉它做什么.”
8-2动词不定式具有名词、动词 、形容词和副词的特征。
由于不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征因此,在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、补语和状语。同时不定式还有动词的特征,它又可以带有自己的宾语和状语。这种带宾语或状语的不定式结构称为“不定式短语”。
[例] He decided to visit the family on Friday night“他决定星期五晚上, 拜访这家人。”
不定式短语to visit the family on Friday night"在句中作“decided 的宾语。同时,不定式“to visit"又带有它自己的宾语“the family” 和它自己的状语 “on Friday night”.
8-3动词不定式的否定形式为: not + to do
不定式的否定形式通常是在不定式符号”to”前加否定词not构成,也可以在“to”前加“never”表示否定。当“to需被省略时,否定词则位于不定式的原形动词之前。
[例] She pretended________me when I passed by.
A. not to see B. not seeing
C. to not see D. having not seen
答案是A。“我从她旁边走过时,她假装没看见我。”谓语动词“pretended只能接不定式作其宾语,可排除选项B、D。不定式的否 定形式为“not to do,故排除选项C。
[例] The boy promised his mother never to lie to her again.“男孩向妈妈保证不再撒谎了。”
[例] I 'd better not disturb him“我还是不打扰他为好。”
8-4动词不定式的复合结构一般由“for+名词(或:宾格代词)(+not)不定式”构成。for介词短语是不定式的逻辑主语。
不定式的复合结构是指不定式带有逻辑主语。在这种结构中,“for本身无词义,名词(或宾格代词)在意义上是不定式的逻辑主语。
[例] No permission has been given for anybody to enter the building.“任何人不准进入大楼。”
[例] It was mistake for her not to marry Tom.“她没有同汤姆结婚是个错误。”
8-5“连接词wh-+动词不定式”结构在句中可作主语、宾语和表语。
在who, which,what,when, where,how等连接词之后,加动词不定式,构成一种特殊的不定式短语。其功能相当于一个名词从句。在句中可作主语、宾语和表语。
[例] There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind to buy
A. what B. which C. how D. where
答案是B。“有许多录音机在出售。我决定不下来买哪一种。”虽然四个选项都能与不定式构成短语,但A、C、D三个选项与题意不符,故选B。“which to buy相当于which I should buy",在句中作宾语。
[例]The question was to take the children to the theatre or to leave them at home.
A. how B.however C. if D. whether
答案是D。“问题是带孩子们去剧院还是让他们留在家里。”根据题意,可排除A、B选项。if不能与不定式连用作表语,故选D。句中的“whether to take or to leave相当于 whether we should take…or leave…,在句中作表语。
[例] When to leave for Beijing is not decided yet.“什么时候动身去北京还没有决定。”
不定式短语“when to leave for Beijing”在句中作主语,相当于when people will leave for Beijing.
8--6不定式的时态和语态的变化形式
动词不定式有三种时态形式:一般式、进行式和完成式。语态又分主动语态和被动语态两种。请见下表。(以动词do为例)
主动形式 被动形式
一般式 to do to be done
进行时 to be doing
完成时 to have done To have been done
8-7不定式的一般式通常表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之后或(几乎)同时发生。
[例] The manager decided to give the job to whoever he believed had a strong sense of duty.经理决定把这项工作交给责任心很强的人去做。”
这里不定式的动作“to give”发生在谓语动作“decided”之后。
[例] I learned to ride bicycle as small boy.“孩子时,我就学会了骑自行车。”句中不定式的动作“to ride"与谓语的动作“learned”同时发生。
8-8不定式的进行式表示谓语动词的动作发生时,不定式的动作正在进行
[例] The boy pretended to be sleeping when his mother came in.“妈妈进来的时候,这个男孩假装正在长睡觉。”
但是,当不定式的进行式与”always”连用时,表示说话人一种不满或厌恶的情绪。
[例] If you want yourself to be in good health you must _______always _________.
A. not; be smoking B. not; have smoked
C. not; to smoke D. be not; smoking
答案是A。“如果你想身体好,就不要总是吸那么多烟。”根据句意,可排除B、C选项。否定不定式的否定词“not”应放在不定式的前面,排除D。此题因前有情态动词,需选不带“to”的不定式,故选A。
8-9不定式的完成式表示不定式的动作先于谓语动作.
[例] Charles Babbage is generally considered ___________ the first computer.
A. invent B inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
答案是C。“人们一般认为查尔斯·巴贝奇发明了第一台计算机。”谓语动词“consider”可用动词不定式作宾补,排除A、B、D选项。根据句意,动词不定式“invent”的动作发生在谓语动词“is considered的动作之前,要用完成式,故选C。
但是,如果在hope, plan, expect, should(或 would)like等动词后,接动词不定式完成式时,则表示没有实现的愿望或计划。
[例] We planned to have met at ten.“我们本来计划十点见面。”(但结果未见面。)
例] He expects to have written it tomorrow morning.“他期望明天早晨可以写好”。(但还未写好。)
8-10动词不定式的被动式
动词不定式的被动语态有两种形式:一般式(由“to be+过去分词”构成)和完成式(由“to have been+过去分词”构成)。
[例] Little Jim should love _______ to the theatre this evening.
A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking
答案是A。“小吉姆喜欢今晚带他去剧院。”谓语动词“love”应接动词不定式作宾语,可排除选项C、D。根据句意,“吉姆被带到剧院去”,可排除B项。
[例] The manuscript seems to have been written by Shakespeare.“这份手稿似乎是莎士比亚写的。”
8-11动词不定式作主语时,可用形式主语it
不定式在句中作主语时的位置:
①不定式直接置于句首。
[例] To learn English is pleasure to me.“学习英语对我来说是一种乐趣。
[例] To scold her would not be just“贵备她是不公平的。
②句首用形式主语“it,而把真正的主语不定式置于谓语动词之后。
[例] Is ___________necessary to complete the design before National Day
A. this B.that C.it D.he
答案是C。“有必要在国庆节前完成这项设计吗 ”不定式短语“to complete the design”是句子的真正主语,而句子前面的“it”是形式主语,用来表示该不定式短语。故其它选项均可排除。
[例] It takes a long time to go there by train; it's quicker by road. “乘火车去那里要花很长时间;走公路比较快。”
8-12不定式在疑问句或感叹句中作主语时,必须用形式主语it
[例] Is possible to fly to the moon in spaceship？
A. now b. man c. that. D. it
答案是D。“乘宇宙飞船登上月球是可能的吗 ”不定式短语to fly to the moon in spaceship是句子的真正主语。因为句子是个疑问句, 只能用形式主语“it”替代不定式短语。(不能说: Is to fly to the moon possible )
[例] What joy it was to read his book“读他写的书真是一种乐趣!”
8-13主语和表语同为不定式时,不能用形式主语it替代该不定式
[例] To live is to struggle.生活就是斗争。”(不能说: It is to struggle to live.)
8-14“It is+形容词+for(或of)sb. to do sth.的用法
在不定式复合结构“It is+形容词+for(或of)sb. to do sth.”中,如果表语形容词只是说明不定式的特征而不表示人的特征或性质时,要用介词“for来引出不定式的逻辑主语。常用的这类形容词有:hard, easy, important, necessary, difficult等。
[例] It is impossible for so few workers do so much work in a single day.
“这么少的工人一天做那么多的工作是不可能的。”(不能说: so few workers are impossible,所以,要用for so few workers)。
但是,如果作表语的形容词既表示不定式的性质,又表示逻辑主语“人”的特征时,不定式的逻辑主语则要用介词of引出。常用的这类形容词有:kind, nice, clear, foolish, silly, wise, rude, selfish等。
[例] 改错: It was very kind for them to meet me at the railway station and drive me to their home.
答案是把“for them”改为“of them”。“感谢他们到车站接我并且驱车把我接回他们家。”根据句意,可以得出:形容词“kind”既表示不 定式的性质,又表示“人”的特征。意为: They were very kind to meet me at the railway station…".
8-15动词不定式作表语,说明主语的内容
[例] The best treatment for fatness is to reduce the internal fat.“减肥的最好办法是减少体内脂肪。
如果主语部分有动词do”,则作表语的不定式既可带to,也可不带to
[例] We weren't' allowed to stop him All we could do was(to) watch him.“不允许我们阻止他。我们所能做的就是注视着他。”
8-16动词be后面的不定式与主语有逻辑上的主谓关系时,表示“要做的事”
[例] A knock on the door made him look up. He was to go on stage in the second scene“敲门声使他抬起了头。他将在第二幕出场。
[例] Either you or the head master is to hand out the prizes to these gifted students at the meeting或者是你或者是校长将在大会上为这些有天才的学生颁发奖品。
8-17动词不定式可作动词的宾语
动词不定式作宾语,常用在 want，wish，agree， like， decide， begin，learn, pretend, ask,
Promise, plan, expect, refuse等动词之后。
[例]We agreed_________ here, but so far she has not turned up yet.
A. having met B. meeting C. to meet. D to have met
答案是C。“我们约好在这里见面,但她至今还没有来。”谓语动词“agreed只能用带to的不定式作宾语,故排除选项A、B。根据句意, 不定式“to meet所表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生,而不是发生在其之前,因此可排除选项D。
[例] They are planning to visit China next year.他们计划明年来中国。
8-18动词不定式作介词的宾语,一般用“疑问连词wh-+不定式”结构
[例] Last summer I took a course on_________.
A. how to make dresses
B. how dresses be made.
C. how to be made dresses
D. how dresses to be made
答案是A。“去年夏天,我学习了如何制做衣服的课程。””介词“on”后面的宾语要用“wh-+带to的不定式”结构,排除B。因不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语“I”, make要用主动语态,排除C和D。
但是,在表示“除外”的but, except等少数介词的后面,可用带to的不定式(如[下例])。其前如有实义动词“do”字样时,不定式的符号“to”需省略(如[再下一、二例])。
[例] He had no choice but to work hard.“他没有别的选择,只有更加努力工作。”
例] She did nothing but cry“她什么也不做,只是哭。”
例] There is nothing left to do but lie down to sleep.“没什么事可做,只有躺下睡觉。”
8-19动词不定式与特定形容词的搭配有两种类型
①第一种类型:句子的主语也是不定式的逻辑主语。此时的不定式动词既可是及物动词,又可是不及物动词。常见的这类形容词有: eager, anxious，sorry, happy, ready, sure, glad, free, likely等。
[例] They- were eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of questions.“他们渴望了解中国的一切,问了我许多问题。”不定式to know的逻辑主语是句子的主语They。
[例] I am sorry to keep you waiting.对不起,让您久等了。
②第二种类型:句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。此时的不定式动词只能是及物动词。常见的此类形容词有: cheap, expensive, dangerous, difficult, easy, hard等。
[例] The question is difficult to answer. 这个问题很难回答。”主语question是不定式“to answer”的逻辑宾语。
注意:如果不定式是不及物动词,则必须加一个在结构或含义上所需的介词,使其相当于一个及物的短语动词。
[例] The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to _________
A.sit B. sit on C. be sat D. be sat on
答案是B。“这把椅子看起来很硬,但实际上坐上去感到很舒适。从句意和结构上看,主语chair”是不定式的逻辑宾语,但不定式 “sit”是不及物动词,只有加介词才能跟宾语,即“to sit on the chair。
8-20作宾语的不定式带有其补足语时,要使用形式宾语it,并把真正的宾语放在补足语之后
[例] I don' t think _______possible to master a foreign language without much memory.
A. this B. that C. its D. it
答案是D。“我认为不去记忆就想学好外语是不可能的。”不定式短语to master a foreign language-在句中作真正的宾语因它带有自己的补足语“possible”,故必须用形式宾语“it”。
8-21带to的动词不定式在句中作宾语补足语
有些动词不仅能跟宾语,而且还能跟带to的不定式作宾补,这种“宾语+不定式”的结构叫复合宾语。宾语是不定式的逻辑主语。跟不定式作宾补的常见动词有advise, allow, ask, beg, encourage, get, force, invite, expect, order, permit, persuade, require, want, warn, teach, wish等。
[例] l try to get her _________the doctor.
A. see B. seeing. C. to see D. for seeing
答案是C。“我尽力使她去看医生。get sb. to do sth.”意思是“使某人做某事”。而get sb. doing sth.”意思是“使某人变成某种状态”。根据句意,可排除A、B、D.
[例] Mrs Smith warned her daughter ___________after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to never drive
C. never driving D. never drive
答案是A。史密斯夫人告诫女儿不要酒后开车。”谓语动词 warned应接带to的不定式作宾补,故排除C、D。不定式的否定形式应为 “not(never)+to do,故排除Bo
8-2在感官动词或使役动词后作宾补的不定式不带to
常见的感官动词有:see, look at, hear, listen to, watch, notice, observe, feel等;使役动词有:make, have, let。
注意:使役动词get后作宾补的不定式要带“to”。(参见8-21)。
[例]They knew her very well. They had seen her_______ up from childhood
A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow
答案是A。“他们非常了解她,是看着她从小长大的。”宾补不能用谓语动词的形式,可排除选项B、 C. see是感官动词,宾补要用不带 to的不定式,故排除选项D。
[例] As you've' never been there before, I'll have someone_________ you the way.
A. to show. B. show C. showing D. showed
答案是B。“你从来没有去过那里,我让别人带你去吧。”have是使役动词, have sb. do sth.”表示“让某人做某事。而have sb. doing sth.则表示“任由某人一直做某事。根据句意,应排除A、C、D
8-23主动结构中的宾语补足语在被动结构中称为主语补足语
[例] The patient was warned _________oily food after the operation.
A. to eat not. B. eat not C. not to eat D. not eating
答案是C。“告诚病人手术后不要吃油膩食品。谓语动词warn应跟不定式作宾补。用在被动结构中,宾补变成了主补,故排除选项B、D. 不定式的否定形式是把not置于不定式符号to”之前,故排除A.
8-24当使役动词和感官动词用于被动结构时,要用带to的不定式作主补
[例] John was made ________the truck for a week as a punishment.
A. to wash B. washing C. wash. D. to be washing
答案是A。“约翰受到了惩罚,叫他洗车一周。”句中的谓语"was made”为被动结构,其主补应用带to的不定式 to wash”,故排除B、C、D
8-25动词不定式作定语要后置
不定式修饰名词,通常只能置于被 修饰的名词之后,一般表示将要发生的动作。
[例]改错: There will be than three hundred scientists attending the meeting held the day after tomorrow.
答案是held。“将有三百名科学家出席后天举行的会议。”过去分词“held”作后置定语,修饰“the meeting表示动作已完成。然而,句意 是:“后天将举行的会议,显然是矛盾的。所以,要把表“完成”的 “held”改为表“将来”的to be held。
8-26动词不定式作定语与其被修饰的名词(或代词)在逻辑上有主谓关系、动宾关系或同位关系
[例] He is always the first one to get up他总是第一个起床。(the first one与to get up有逻辑上的主谓关系。)
[例] Every morning she would give him breakfast in bed and bring him the papers to read.每天早晨,她都把早饭送到床上并且给他一些报纸
读。”(动词不定式“to read”与the papers有逻辑上的动宾关系。)
有时,动词不定式作定语与其被修饰的名词(或代词)有同位关系。不定式说明被修饰名词的内容。
The roof fell before he had time to dash into the room to save his baby.“他还没来得及冲进屋去救孩子,屋顶就倒塌了。”(不定式to dash into the room…说明被修饰名词time的内容。)
8-27当作定语的不定式与被修饰词有逻辑上的动宾关系时,不定式动词必须为及物动词;如果不定式的动词为不及物动词,则该动词后必须与介词连用,以使其成为及物的短语动词”。
[例] After she considered the problem, she got a tall box to stand_________.
A.by B.on C.up D.with
答案是B。“她(指Washoe 黑猩猩)想了想,然后,拿来一只高大的箱子站上去。”不定式“to stand”为不及物动词,如果加上介词on”,就变成了及物的短语动词。这样,它与所修饰的名词“box”为动宾关系,即为: to stand on tall box因此,A,B,C三个选项均可排除。
[例] Then there are always people to________ if you feel like a chat.
A. talk to B. talk C. speak about D. speak
答案是A。“只要你想闲聊,总是有许多人同你聊。talk”为不及物动词,后面与介词“to”连用,使之成为及物短语动词,即为 to talk to people 。
8-28动词不定式可作目的状语
[例] After eating my dinner quickly, I went to the railway station to see my friend off“我匆匆吃完饭,去车站为朋友送行。”
[例] The Bismarck sailed into the Atlantic Ocean to cut off American supplies to Britain.“战船毕什马克号航行于大西洋是为了阻止美国的供应品运往英国。”
当要强调不定式所表示的目的时,不定式可变为in order (not) to do sth 为了(不)…， “so as (not) to do sth.以便(不)…”的形式。in order (not) to do sth.可置于句首或句中,而so as(not) to do sth”只能置于句中。
[例] Tom kept quiet about the accident lose his job.
A. so not as to B. so as not to
C. so as to not D. not so as to
答案是B。“汤姆害怕失去工作,没把事故说出去。”“ so as to do”在 句中作目的状语。其否定形式为so as not to,故排除A,C,D
[例] In order to prevent the fire from spreading, some of the houses nearby had been pulled down before the firemen arrived.“为了控制大火的蔓延,在消防队员到来之前就推倒了附近的一些房屋。
8-29动词不定式作结果或程度状语常见的五种搭配
① so …as to do…
[例] Tom was so foolish to tell l lies to the police汤姆太傻了,竟对警察撒谎。”
② such …as to do…
[例]I am such a fool as to think that she is a warm-hearted woman“我真傻,认为她是一位热心肠的人”。
③ enough(…)to do…
[例]I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have.“我希望有足够的杯子使每位客人都有一个。”
④ too…to do…
在这一结构中,不定式具有否定含义。意思是“太……而不…”。
It was too late to catch a bus after the party, therefore we called a taxi“舞会后,天色太晚,没赶上汽车,我们乘坐了计程车。”
但这一结构并不总是有否定意义,或表示结果或程度。
[例] It is too kind of you to have told me that“你告诉了我那件事,真是太好了。”
⑤ only to do
这一结构通常表示一个相反或出乎意料的结果。
[例]改错: It took her nearly half year to find his address only learning that he had passed away ten years before.
答案是learning。“她用了近半年的时间找到了他的地址,结果却得知他已在十年前就去世了。”此题应该将选项learning改为to learn,因为only to do…结构作结果状语时,表示继谓语动词动作之后发生的另一动作,可以用“and或“but连接两个动词。此句可改为 It took her nearly half a year to find his address but learnt that he had passed away ten years before.
但only doing”则表示由于谓语动词发生的动作而造成的结果。
They lifted rock only to have it drop on their own feet他们搬起石头, (结果却)哑了自己的脚。”试比较:
He dropped the plate, only breaking it into pieces.他把盘子掉下去打碎了。”(breaking是因为谓语动词 dropped而造成的结果。)
8-30动词不定式作原因状语与目的状语的区分标志有二
①不定式作目的状语时,不定式表示的动作后于谓语动词的动作;而不定式作原因状语时,不定式的动作先于谓语动词的动作。
[例] She wept to obtain sympathy.“哭是为了得到同情。”(目的状语。“to obtain”表示的动作后于“wept”表示的动作。)
[例] She wept to hear the news.“由于听了这一消息而哭了”。(原因状语语。“to hear表示的动作先于“wept”表示的动作。)
②不定式作目的状语时,不定式前可以加上 in order或so as;而原因状语则不能。
[例] A great deal of work has been done to improve the people's living standard.“做了大量的工作是为了提高人民的生活水平。”(目的状语。to improve"可用“ in order to improve…”替代。)
[例] I pretended to be happy to know him.我装出了由于认识他而高兴的样子。(原因状语。“to know him”前不能加“in order”。)
8-31省去不定式时,常要保留不定式符号to
一般说来,在一些形容词、动词后面的不定式内容如果是重复前面的内容时,“to”后的成份可承前省略,用不定式符号“to”来代替不定式结构。这种情况常见于口语中,尤其是在某些特殊结构中,如: used to, mean to, like to, be glad to等。
[例] ------I' ll be away on' a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat
-------Not at all. _____________
A. I've no time B. I’d rather not
C. I'd like it. D. I'd be happy to
答案是D““我要出差了,您能帮我看管一下我的猫吗 ——好的,我很乐意这样做。”该题的答语“Not at all.”意思为“不介意”,表示同意。因此可排除A、B两个选项。C项中的“it指代不清,应排除. D项中的“I' d be happy to"代替了不定式所指的内容,即1oook after your cat.
[例] The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him________.
A. not to B. not to do
C. not to do it D. do not to
答案是A。“这个男孩要在街上骑车,但妈妈告诉他不能这样做。”
8-32动词不定式省略to”的场合
①在感官动词和使役动词后作宾补的不定式不能带to [参见8-22]
[例] It' s a fine day. Let' s go fishing, shall we “天气好,我们去钓鱼,好吗
②在一些固定的句型和短语中, 不带to。常见的句型为“情态动词+原形动词”(如: I can swim.我会游泳); 常见的短语有: rather than, would rather, had better, why not等.
[例] Rather than_________ on a crowded bus, he always prefers ___________ a bicycle.
A. ride: ride B. riding; ride C.ride; to ride. D. to ride; riding
答案是C。他总是宁愿骑自行车,也不愿意乘坐拥挤的公共汽车。”“宁愿…而不愿”的句型是“ prefer to do…rather than do…”因此可排除A、B、D。此题 rather放在句首表示强调。
[例] ----I usually go there by train.
------Why not__________by boat for change
A. to try going
B. trying to go
C. to try and to
D. try going
答案是D。”——我去那里通常是坐火车的.-----为什么不换一种方式乘船去呢 ” why not后面只跟不带to的不定式,故可排除其它选项。
[例] I would rather play football than baseball.“我宁愿踢足球而不愿意打棒球。”
[例] It's' freezing outside. you 'd' better put on your overcoat外面很冷,你最好穿上大衣。”
③当两个并列的带to的不定式由“and”或“or”连接时,第二个不定式的符号“to”可以省略。
[例] I intend to call on him and discuss this question again.“我想去拜访他并且把这个问题再讨论一下。”
[例] She asked you to telephone or write to her on Sunday.她让你星期天给她打电话或者写信。”但如果两者有对比关系,第二个不定式的符号“to”则不能省略。
[例] I haven't' decided to go home or to stay at school this summer.“我还没有决定今年夏季是回家还是呆在学校。”,
8-33在某些动词后,不定式或动名词作宾语意义不同
在 remember, forget, regret等动词后,宾语用不定式或动名词意义上有明显的区别。不定式结构指后于谓语动词的动作,而动名词则指先于谓语动词的动作。
[例]---The light in the office is still on.
---Oh, I forget___________.
A. turning it off B. turn it off
C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
答案是C. -----办公室的灯仍然亮着。------噢,我忘关掉了
“forget”后接不定式作宾语,表示“忘记要做的事”(事实上没做某事);而动名词作宾语,则表示“忘记已做过的事”(事实上已做过某事但忘记了。)因此,根据句意,可排除其它选项。
8-34在try, stop, go on, mean等动词后,用不定式还是动名词取决于它们本身的含义和用法
[例] She reached the top of the hill and stopped _________on a big rock by the side of the path.
A. to have rested B. resting
C. to rest D. rest
答案是C。“她到达了山顶,停下来在小路边的岩石上休息。”stop 接不定式是作目的状语,表示“停下来去做某事”;而接动名词则表示“停止做某事”。本句意为前者,即“停下来休息”,故排除A、B、D。
[例]Go on _______the other exercise after you have finished this one.
A. to do B.doing C.with D. to be doing
答案是A。“做完这个练习之后,接着做其它的练习。Go on接不定式作宾语表示“接着做另外一件事”;而接动名词则表示“继续做同一件事”。根据句意,应排除其它三项。
try to do sth.意思为:“尽力去做某事”;而 try doing sth.则是“试着做某事”。
mean to do sth.意思为“打算要做某事”;而 mean doing sth.则是“意味着做某事”
第8章“动词不定式”专项能力训练题
I.单项填空
1. Though he had often made his little sister_______,today he was made_______by his little sister.
A. cry; to cry B. crying; crying C. cry; cry D. to cry; cry
2. No one told her __________.
A. what to do B. what she does C. to do what D. what she to do
3. One ought _________for what one hasn't done.
A. not to be punished
B. to not be punished
C. to not punished
D. not be punished
4.Is _______necessary to tell his father every thing
A. it B. that C. what D.he
5.“Can I leave this door open at night "“You ________better not”
A. should B. would C. could D. had
6. Tell him_______the window.
A. to shut not B. not to shut
C. to not shut D. not shut
7. Paul doesn't have to be made_________. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
8. To fetch water before breakfast seemed to me a rule_________.
A. to never break B. never to be broken
C. never to have broken D. never to be break
9. -Does your brother intend to study German
-----Yes, he intends
A./ B.to C.so D. that
10. This page needs________again.
A. being checked B. checked
C. to check D. to be checked
11.I 'm' very sorry for being late. It was good _______you________for me.
A. of; to wait. B. for; to wait
C. of; waiting D. to; waiting
12. I've heard him___________about you often.
A.speaking B. speaks
C. speak. D. to speak
13. There seemed to be nothing _______to do but________for the doctor.
A. leave; send B. left; to send
C. left; send D. leaving; send
14. The problem _________ the meeting tomorrow is very important.
A. discussed B. to discuss C. being discussed D. to be discussed
15. Do you have any clothes________today "the maid said.
A. washing B. to wash
C. washed. D. to be washed
16. Here is a piece of paper for you _________:
A. to write B. to write with
C. to write on D. to write in
17. My rats are too clever ________ in traps.
A. to catch B. to be caught
C. being caught D. catching
18. He raised his hand ________the taxi _______.
A. to have; to stop. B. to have; stop
C. having;stopping D. having; stop
19. My sisters had to wash their faces and-hands. I was_________, but I wouldn't' till my mother told me the mirror.
A. asked; to look in. B. asked to do; to look at
C. asked to; to look in D. asked to; not to look
20. Please let me ________where the meeting is_______tomorrow.
A. know; to be held
B. to know; to hold
C. knowing; to be held
D. known;. to hold
Ⅱ.用动词的适当形式填空
1. While she lived, her front gate was always locked and no one ever saw her___________
(leave) or saw anybody_________(go)in.
2. I tried__________(persuade) him____________(agree)with your proposal.
3. She rushed out of the room without giving me a chance ___________（explain)
4. -Did you remember_________(lock)the door
-No. I didn't. I'd better go back and ________(do)it.
5. The baby needs____________(look)after.
6. He is said ____________(send)to hospital already.
7. The library assistant doesn't allow the magazines_____________(take)away.
8. Would you like__________(go)with me or would you rather_________(stay)at home
9. He was ever so happy_________(admit)to the army.
10. The thief happened ___________(quarrel)about the treasures when the police went in.
III.用“形容词+不定式”结构改写下列句子(不用形式主语it)
例: To talk with him is hard. He is hard to talk with
1. To remember the rule is easy. T
2. To deal with him is impossible.
3. It was rude of you not to answer the letter.
4. To receive your letter delighted us.
Ⅳ.用动词不定式改写下列句子
1. The accident was so terrible that we can't talk about it.
2. Was Cortes the first European who ever saw the Pacific Ocean
3. Here is something that' you can do while you're waiting
4. I haven't decided whether I shall answer his letter or not.
5. She stood up so that she could be seen better.
6. My brother got up early in order that he would have enough time to pack.
7. I'll buy you some magazines which you may read on the journey.
8. We thought it wrong that he should be punished.
9. I didn't know whether he had changed his mind about what he would say.
10. We consider that the girl is trustworthy.
将下列句子译成英语
1.从重庆坐船到上海要多久
2.我没料到会在这里碰到你.
4.要取得良好的结果我们首先要做好充分的准备。
3.我的想法是让小吴接替(take over)我的工作。
5.她被认为是做这工作最合适的人.
6.你们现在用不着在这里等着升.
7.他似乎还没有听到这个消息
8.她真希望受到更严格的训练
9.这个图书管理员个儿不够高,够不到架子上最高一层的书籍。
10.他主动提出开车送我到车站。
参考答案：
l.
A 2. A 3. A 4.A 5.D
6.B 7. B 8.B 9.B 10.D
A 12.C 13. C 14. D 15.D
C 17. B 18.B 19.C 20. A
II
1.leave;go 2. to persuade;to agree 3. to explain 4. to lock;do
to be locked/looking 6. to have been sent 7 to be taken
to go; stay 9.to have been admitted 10. to be quarreling
III 1. The rule is easy to remember.
2.He is impossible to deal with.
3.3. You were rude not to answer the letter.
4.We were delighted to receive your letter.
5.John is quick to see the point.
IV. 1. The accident was too terrible for us to talk about.
2. Was Cortes the first European ever to see …..
3, Here is something for you to do while....
I haven't decided whether to answer....
She stood up to be seen better.
My brother got up early in order to have enough time…
I’ll buy you some magazines to read on….
We thought it wrong to punish him. /for him to be punished.
I didn't know whether he had changed his mind about what to say.
We consider the girl to be trustworthy.
V.
1. How long does (will) it take to travel from Chongging to Shanghai
2. I didn't expect to meet you here.
3.My idea is to let Xiao Wu take over my work.
4. In order to get good results we must first make good preparations
5. She was thought to be the most suitable person for the job.
6. You don't need to be waiting here.
7.He seems not to have heard the news. 8. She really wished to have been given more strict training.
9, The librarian is not tall enough to reach the books on the top shelf.
10. He offered to drive me to the station.