动词的时态（英语语法第3章）讲义（含解析）-2025届高三英语二轮复习专项

第3章动词的时态
3-1时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式,表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态。
英语中的时态是通过动词形式本身的变化来实现的。英语有16种时态,但较常用的有十种: 一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,过去将来时,现在进行时, 过去进行时,将来进行时,过去完成时，现在完成时和现在完成进行时。
3-2一般现在时表示习惯性的动作;讲话时人或物的特性或状态;以及客观真理。
谓语除单数第三人称在动词后加-s或es外,其余人称均用原形动词(be 和have动词有特殊形式)。一般现在时常与 every day, often, usually, always seldom，sometimes等时间状语连用。
[例] You work from 9 :00 am to 4: 30 pm every day. Which schools will you choose “你每天工作时间是从上午九点到下午四点半。你会选择哪些学校 ”
every day指出了动作发生的时间, 我们可以看出这是习惯性的动作。
[例] America is growing older Today, 10 out of every 100 Americans are over 65.
“美国是一个人口趋于老化的国家。如今,每100个美国人中有10人超过65岁。”
动词are表示现在所处的状态。
[例] Light travels more quickly than sound.“光比声音传播得快。”
这是一个客观事实,不随时间和地点而转移。
3-3在以when, as soon as, if, unless等引导的时间,条件状语从句中, 用现在时表示将来的动作, 而主句中的谓语则仍用将来时(或情态动词+动词原形)。
例] --Can join your club, Dad
---You can when you _______a bit older.
A. get B. will get C. are getting D. will have got
答案是A。“爸爸,我可以参加你的俱乐部吗 ”“再长大点就可以了.”
主句 You can表示了将来的含义,所以在when引导的时间状语从句中用get代替 will get.选项C表示“正逐渐变得”不合题意。
3-4在if等引导的条件状语从句中的will表示“意愿”不表示将来。
[例] if you will listen, I will tell you about it.“假如你愿意听,我就告诉你。”
本句中第一个will不表将来时态,是情态动词,表“意愿”,第二个will才表示将来时态。
3-5一般现在时可用于表示事先安排或计划好的将来的动作。
这些动词往往表示“出发, 到达”等含义,包括arrive, be, begin, go, leave, start, stay等。
[例] The train starts at two. “火车两点开车。”
火车发车时间一般较为固定,这里表示按计划将发生的动作，而且是一种规律。
3-6一般过去时表示过去某一时间发生的动作或所处的状态。
规则动词的过去式是在原形动词后加ed或-d构成的,不规则动词的变化形式需要特殊记忆。一般过去时去常跟有一个表示明确的过去时间的状语,如:then, at that time, just now, three days ago， yesterday等等; 或跟有一个由when, while等引导的表示过去的时间状语从句。而且,一般过去时表示的动作或状态可能只限于一次,也可能是经常性的。
[例] On Saturday afternoon, Mrs. Green went to the market， _______ some bananas and visited her cousin.
A. bought B. buying C. to buy. D. buy
答案是A。 星期六下午,格林太太去了市场,买了些香蕉,还看了她的表(堂)兄(弟)。”首先, On Saturday afternoon是表示明确的过去时间的状语,然后,我们通过句中的并列连词and可判断出句中有三个动作先后发生, 即went, bought和 visited。 B、C中的 buying 和 to buy为非谓语动词,不可能成为正确选项。
[例] When I was at collage, I spoke three foreign languages.“我上大学的时候,会讲三种外语。”
以When引导的时间状语从句指出了主句动作所发生的时间,即过去时。
[例] ----Nancy is not coming tonight
------But she____________!
A. promises B. promised. C. will promise D. had promised
答案是B“南希今晚不来了。” “但是她答应过(要来)的。”动作发生在过去,要用一般过去时promised。不能用过去完成时had promised, 因为上下文中没有另一个“过去”的动作可作为时间的参照点。 (注意:过去完成时的动作应先于另一个过去的动作)
3-7一般过去时的句子有时用地点状语暗示动作发生的时间是过去。
有时一个使用过去时的句子中并没有表示过去时间的状语, 却有一个地点状语。这时,地点状语暗示了该动作是过去某一时间发生的。
[例] ----Have you seen a pen I left it here this morning.
-----Is it the black one I think saw it somewhere.
“你看见一只笔了吗 今天早上我丢在这儿了。”“是黑色的吗 我想我在什么地方见
到过。”
第一句中有 this morning这一时间状语, 因而动词用过去时left. 第二句中虽没有表示过去时间的状语,却有 somewhere这一地点状语,它暗示了“看见”的动作是在过去某时间发生的。
3-8一般过去时用在条件、时间状语从句中表示过去将来的动作。前提是主句的动词是表示将来的。
[例] Helen _________her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband ________home.
A. has left; comes B. left; had come
C. had left; came D. had left; would come
答案是C。“海伦把钥匙忘在了办公室,因此,她得等到她丈夫回家。”前一空应用过去完成时是因为had left的动作发生在 had to wait这一过去时动作之前。后一空, until这一时间状语从句中“回家”的动作虽然是过去将来的动作,但用一般过去时came而不用过去将来时 would come。
3-9一般将来时表示将来某一时刻要发生的动作或所处的状态。
一般将来时的形式是 shall或will加动词原形。(在英国第一人称习惯用shall,其它人称用will,在美国各种人称均用will)。这种时态, 通常跟有一个表示将来的时间状语,如soon, next week, tomorrow等。
[例]-----Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow
-----___________.
A. I don't B. won't C. can't D. I haven't
答案是B。“别忘了明天来参加我的生日庆祝会。”“我不会忘的。”
第一句虽然以祈使句形式出现, 但实际上暗示了将来。因此答句应用 will not forget这一将来时态来表示。
3-10.表示将要发生的动作,除了用一般将来时外,还有一些其它结构和时态。
① be going to do表示事先经过考虑,打算去做的事或有明显的迹象要发生的事,它可用于条件状语从句中表示将来, 而 shall/will则不行。
[例] ------What are you going to do this evening
--------I am going to do my lessons.
“你今晚打算做什么 ”“我打算做功课。
此处的 are going to 和am going to表示事先打算要做的事。
[例] If you are going to come to my house, you' d better phone me first.
“如果你要到我家来,最好先打电话给我。”
条件状语从句中表示将来时间,不用shall/will,可用 be going to。
② be to do表示职责,义务,意图、约定、可能性或注定要发生的动作。
[例] All these things are to be answered for. “所有这一切都应得到偿还。
这里, be to do结构不仅表示将要发生的动作,而且含有注定要发生之意。
[例] He and I are to meet at the railway station tomorrow. “我和他明天要在火车站见面。”
这里,be to do结构不仅表示将来的动作, 而且有约定或计划之含义。
③ be about to do表示:“即将(正 要)做某事”,句中不再加有时间状语。
[例] Autumn harvest is about to start“秋收就要开始了。”
④一般现在时可表示按计划将要发生的动作。
⑤现在进行时可表示一个按计划、安排将要发生的动作,但仅适用少数动词。
3-11过去将来时表示从过去某时看来将要发生的动作或将要存在的状态, 多用于主句谓语动词是一般过去时的宾语从句中。
过去将来时由“should/would+动词原形”构成(在英国,习惯于第一人称用 should,其它人称用 would; 在美国, 各人称均用 would)。
[例] He thought he would be able to lock the door before the animal reached it.“他认为在这只动 物(大猩猩)到门口之前,他会把门锁好的”。
3-12除宾语从句外,过去将来时也可用于表示从过去某时看来将要发生的事的其它类型的句子中。
[例] He was sixteen. In two years, he would be eighteen他十六岁,再过两年就十八岁了。”
在第二个句子中的动词用过去将来时,因为第一个句子已用过去时,说明了过去某一时间。从这一时间看来, “两年以后”的事就将成为将要发生的事。
3-13现在进行时表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作或发生的情况。
现在进行时由be的适当形式 (am, is，are ) + 现在分词构成。
[例] I don't really work here; I ________until the new secretary arrives.
A. just help out B. have just helped out
C. am just helping out D. will just help out
答案是C。“我并不在这儿工作。我只是在这儿帮忙,直到新秘书来。”选项A用一般现在时表示经常在这儿帮忙。选项B 用现在完成时表示已帮了忙。选项D用一般将来时表示将在这儿帮忙。以上三项都与题意不符。C用现在进行时表示现阶段正在进行的动作,正合题意。
3-14现在进行时有时表示一个按计划安排即将要发生的动作,但仅适用少数动词,而且常跟有一个时间状语。
常见的这类动词有go, come, leave, arrive等趋向性动词及stay, start等表示位置转移的动词。
[例] He is coming to see you tomorrow“他明天要来看你。”
句中, is coming表示按计划将发生的动作。
3-15 现在进行时与always, constantly，forever 等连用,可用来代替一般现在时,表达说话人的某种感情，常常表示某种令人不悦的情况。
[例] He was always asking for money.“他总是在要钱。”
这里, was always doing并非表示动作正在进行,而是表示一种持续性的动
作,往往含有某种“讨厌或责备”的感彩。
3-16过去进行时表示过去某时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。
过去进行时由“was/ were + 现在分词”构成。由于过去进行时所表示的动作与过去时间有联系, 因此句中常有(或暗含有)表示过去的某个具体时间或时刻的时间状语。
[例] I don' 't think Jim saw me; he _________into space.
A. just stared B. was just staring C. has just stared D. had just stared
答案是B。“我想吉姆没有看见我;他正凝视着天空”。此句虽然没有某个具体的时间状语,但从上下文可看出,吉姆没看见我的原因是“那一刻他正在凝视天空。”
[例] I first met Lisa three years ago. She _______at a radio shop at the time.
A. has worked B. was working C. had been working D. had worked
答案是B。“三年前我第一次遇见莉萨。她那时在一家收音机商店工作”. at the time是表示过去时间的状语, was working表示过去某阶段正在进行的动作。
[例] Shirley ________a book about China last year, but I don't know whether she has finished it.
A. has written B. wrote C. had written D. was writing
答案是D。“雪莉去年在写一本关于中国的书,但我不知道她写完了没有。”从下文不知写完否,可排除A、B、C项,因都表示已写完。A是侧重现在看已写完; B是说“去年写了本…”;C是侧重在去年之前已写完,都不对。只能用过去进行时表示去年“正在写”。
3-17表示位置转移的动词go, come, start, stay, leave等的过去进行时,可以表示过去将来要发生的动作。
[例] ------Come on in, Peter, want to show you something
-------Oh, how nice of you! I_______ you _______ to bring me a gift.
A. never think; are going. B. never thought; were going
C. didn't think; were going D. hadn't thought; were going
答案是B。“彼特,过来,我想给你看样东西。”“噢,你真好!我没料到你会给我带礼物来。 never thought之所以用过去时是因为此动作发生在看到礼物之前,因此排除A。 thought之后的宾语从句中的动词应用过去将来时 would bring…,而此处用 were going to 表示过去将来时间的动作。选项C和D属于否定前移现象,其否定的是宾语从句。意为“我认为你不会给我带礼物来。”但实际上题干 I want to show something已表明“带了礼物来。”
3-18将来进行时表示将来某一时刻或某一动作将正在进行。
将来进行时由shall/will + be + 动词的现在分词构成。
[例] What will you be doing from 5 to 6 tomorrow “明天5点到6点之间你将做什么 ”
3-19现在完成时由“have/has+过去分词”构成,它主要有两个含义。
①现在完成时表示动作发生在过去,但与现在的情况有联系,有时无时间状语,有时和一些表示不确定的过去时间的状语连用。如: many times, recently, just, yet, already, before等。但不能与表明确过去时间的状语连用,如:
[例] You don’t need to describe her. I ________ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案是B。你不必描述她了,我多次见过。句中,“遇到她”的动作发生在过去,与现在的情况有联系,其含义是“我对她较熟, 你不必描述了”。另外,句中还有表示不确定的过去时间的状语several times. 因此B选项为正确选项。选项A之所以错误是因为句中没有过去某一时间与之作比较,所以就谈不上“一个过去的动作先于另一个过去动作发生。”
②现在完成时表示从过去某时间开始一直延续到现在,并还可能延续下去的动作,用于延续性动词,且句中常带有表示一段时间的时间状语,如: since, for two months, in the last (past) 3 years, so far等等。
注:短暂性动词的完成时态不能与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。[详见“2-5持续性动词和瞬间动词”]
[例] They ________friends since they met in Shanghai.
A. have made B. have become C. have been D. have turned
答案是C。“自从他们在上海相遇,就成为朋友了。 since是表示一段时间的时间状语,且be是延续性动词,此动作发生在过去,延续到现在并有可能持续到将来。 become, make, turn都是非延续性(或短暂性)动词,不能与表示一段时间的状语since连用。
3-20现在完成时和一般过去时都可表示过去发生过的动作,但现在完成时表示过去动作对现在的影响,并且表示这一动作已完成或还可能是继续下去;而一般过去时与现在的情况没有联系,仅表示过去的动作,且这一动作到说话时已终止。
[例] When I was at college, I_________ three foreign languages, but I _______ all except a few words of each.
A. spoke; had forgotten; B. spoke; have forgotten
B. had spoken; had forgotten D. had spoken; have forgotten
答案是B。“我上大学的时候,会讲三种外国语,但现在除了每种语言还记得一些词,别的都忘光了。”“会讲三种外语”的动作明显发生在过去(即上大学的时候),并且该动作现已结束。因此第一空应为一般过去时,即 spoke。而“忘记”的动作发生在过去,到目前为止已不记得什么。所以这里用现在完成时表示目前的结果。
3-21在It + be +since从句”这一结构中, be可用一般现在时或现在完成时, since从用一般过去时;在 It is the first/ second … time that 这一结构中, that从包中的动词用现在完成时。
[例】 -----Do you know our town at all
------No, this is the first time I_________ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案是B,“你很了解我们这个镇吗” “不,这是我第一次来这儿。”句中,“来这儿”的动作已发生过, 且目前人仍在这里,从句中无任何痕迹表明以后不再到这儿来,所以或许以后还要第二、三次来这里。因此用现在完成时。
[例] It is/ has been a long time since they last met each other.自从他们上次相遇至今已有很长一段时间了。
句中有表示一段时间的时间状语, since……,而且主句动词是延续性动词,所以用现在完成时 has been,但在此结构中的动词也可用一般现在时is。
3-22过去完成时表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。
过去完成时由had+过去分词构成, 这一过去时间可用by, before等介词短语或用连词引导的时间状语来表示,也可用一个过去的动作或通过上下文来表示。
[例] When Jack arrived, he learned Mary ________for almost an hour.
A. had gone B. had set off C. had left D. had been away
答案是D。“当杰克到达时,他得知玛丽已经离开将近一个小时了。”
句中动词 learned是一般过去时,其后所跟的宾语从句中所表示的动作显然发生在主句动词 learned之前,应用过去完成时。虽然四个选项均为过去完成时,但短暂动词的完成时不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。【参见3-19(2)】
3-23 think等表示主观想法的动词,使用过去完成时可以表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图， 意为“本来想…”。
这类动词有 think 认为， hope希望， believe 相信， expect 期望， suppose 猜想，want 想要， mean 意欲， intend 打算等。
[例] They had wanted to help, but they could not get there in time.“他们本来想帮忙,却没能及时赶到那里。”
这里, had wanted并不表示“过去的过去”,而表示过去未曾实现的希望。
3-24现在完成进行时由“have/has + been + 现在分词”构成,表示动作从过去某一时间开始进行,一直延续到现在,可能还要继续下去,通常与表示一段时间的状语连用,如: for hours, since 2010 ……。
[例] ------Hi, Tracy, you look tired.
-------- I am tired. I _______ the living room all day.
A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted
答案是C。“嗨,特蕾西,你看上去很疲倦。”“我是累了。一整天我都在油漆客厅。”因为有状语all day表示“整天”故而要用c项 现在完成进行时。虽然D项现在完成时也可与一段时间状语连用,表从过去开始直到现在,但此处应强调动作的持续性、未完成性,故用现在完成进行时更好。
注:现在完成进行时和现在完成时的区别:
①在与表示一段时间的时间状语连用时,现在完成进行时和现在完成时都可表示一个动作从过去某时开始,延续到说话时刻,并可能延续下去。这时两种结构可互换使用。但现在完成进行时更强调动作的持续性、暂时性和未完成性。
②在不用表示一段时间的状语情况下,两种时态表达的意思区别较大。现在完成进行时表示此动作仍在进行,而现在完成时则表示动作到说话时刻已经结束。
[例] They have been preparing for the meeting“他们一直在为会议做准备。”
They have prepared for the meeting.“他们已为会议做好了准备。”
前句强调 prepare的动作一直在进行,且有可能持续下去;后句强调 prepare的动作已完成,言外之意是“随时可以开会了。”
3-25“时态的呼应”指在从句中,谓语动词的时态常要受主句谓语动词的时间的制约,常见于宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中。
(1)若主句的谓语动词为现在时态或将来时态,从句的谓语动词可以根据句意而选用任何时态。
[例] I am pleased that he gladly accepted(接受) our invitation.“我很高兴他欣然接受我们的邀请。” 主句用一般现在时,宾语从句按句意使用了一般过去时,表示动作已发生在过去某一时间。
(2)若主句的谓语动词是过去时态,从句用表示过去的某个时态。也就是说,若从句动作和主句动作同时发生,从句中的动词用一般过去时或过去进行时;如果从句动作先于主句动作发生,从句用过去完成时,如果从句动作后于主句动作发生,从句则用过去将来时。
[例] It worried her bit that her hair was turning grey.她的头发渐渐变白了,这使她有些担心。”
这是一个含有主语从句的复合句。主句动词 worried是一般过去时，that引导的主语从句中动词的动作与主句中动词的动作同时发生,因此其动词用过去进行时。
3-26时态的呼应并不发生在所有从句中,在状语从句和定语从句中可根据意义的需要来选用任何时态;当从句表示客观真理时, 其时态不受主句谓语动词的影响,而用一般现在时。
[例] This is the bike which I bought five years ago.“这是我五年前买的自行车。”
这是含有由 which引导的定语从句的主从复合句。主句中的动词是一般现在时,但根据句意,定语从句中的动词用一般过去时。
[例] He didn't' scold his students as he usually does.他没有像平时那样责备他的学生们。”
这是含有由as引导的方式状语从句的主从复合句。主句中的动词表示过去某一次行为的动作,用一般过去时,而从句中的动词表示习惯的行为动作,用一般现在时。
[例] That experiment proved that water boils at 100℃。“那个实验证明了水在摄氏100度沸腾。”
宾语从句是客观真理,不以时间、地点为转移,所以尽管主句中的动词是过去时,从句中的动词仍用一般现在时。
第3章“动词的时态”专项能力训练题
1. By the time he was twelve, Edison ________to make a living by himself.
A. would begin B. has began C. had begun D. was begun
2. I’ll go with you as soon as I ________my work.
A. will finish B. shall finish C. finish D. finished
3. This is a photo of the power station that _________in my hometown.
A. has set up B. has been set up C. was set up D. is set up
4. Great changes _________in the city, and a lot of factories _________.
A. have been taken place; have been set up
B. have taken place; have been set up
C. have taken place; have set up
D. have taken place; were set up
5.He ________his leg when he ________in a football match against another school.
A. broke; played B. was breaking; was playing
C. broke; was playing D. was breaking; played
6.-----Where________the recorder I can't see it anywhere.
------I ________it right here. But now it' s gone.
A. did you put; have put B. have you put; put
C. had you put; was putting D. were you putting; have put
7. They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was at least ten years since I_______a good drink.
A. had enjoyed B. was enjoying
C. enjoyed D. had been enjoying
8. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests _________when he________at the party.
A. left; had arrived B. left: arrived
C. had left; had arrived D. had left; arrived
9. -----Have you moved into the new house
-----Not yet. The rooms ________.
A. are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painting
10. The students _________busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ________in the office.
A. had written; left B. were writing; has left
C. had written; had left D. were writing; had left
11. We were all surprised when he made it clear that he ________office soon.
A. leaves. B. would leave. C. left D. had left
12. The pen I______ I ________ is on my desk, right under my nose.
A. think; lost B. thought; had lost C. think; had lost D. thought; have lost
13. ------Do you like the material
-Yes, it _________ very soft.
A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt
14. -----I hear that you________ a new house.
-----Yes, but I __________ in it now.
A. have bought; won’t live B. have bought; am not living
C. will buy; have lived D. will have bought; am not living
15. It was not until then that I came to know knowledge _______ from practice.
A. had come B. came C. would come D. comes
16. According to the time table, the train for Beijing ________ at seven o’clock in the evening.
A. leaves B. has left C. was left D. will have
17. Our team _______ every match so far this year, but we still have three more games to play.
A. was winning B. has won C. had won D. wins
18. He _________ home for nearly three weeks.
A. has gone away B. has left C. has been away from D. went away from
19. It's the third time you ________late this week.
A. had arrived B. arrived C. have arrived D. arrive
20. He is too careless and he _________keys.
A. always lost B. always loses C. is always losing D. will always lose
21. He ________ out when somebody called at his office.
A. has just gone. B. had just gone C. just went D. just now went
22. She didn't go to the cinema because she _________ the film before.
A. had seen B. has seen C. saw D. was going to see
23. “Is John going away ” “I think so. He_______ for a better job, but he didn’t get it.”
A. had hoped B. was hoped C. was hoping D. would hope
24. He _______ articles for our wall-newspaper these years, and he _______ about thirty articles.
A. has written; has written B. has been writing, wrote
C. is writing has been writing D. has been writing; has written
25. It _________ a long time since I _______ Tom at my uncle’s and I don’t know where he _____ these months.
A. is; saw; has been B. was; saw; has been
C. was; had seen; was D. is; had seen; has gone
答案： C (用过去完成时表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作)。 2.C (在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时)。 B (A为主动含义应排除，D为现在被动，此处，不表示习惯行为动作，C为过去被动，此动作不表示对现在有影响，而B为完成被动，表示了目前的结果) B (前一空用现在完成时而不用过去时是因为“变化”在过去发生，并持续到现在而且可能持续下去。注意 take place无被动式,因此可排除A、D;后一空用现在完成时,根据意义用被动语志) C (broke用一般过去时表示过去某一时刻曾经发生的动作，在有when引导的表示过去的时间状语从句中,持续时间长的动作一般用过去进行时。这里, 表示”在踢球时摔坏了腿,所以后一空应用过去进行时)。 B(前一空用现在完成时,表示 put的动作虽在以前发生，但说话者所关心的是目前的情况，即产生的影响或结果, 因此”我哪儿也看不见它。后一空用一般过去时,指当时发生的动作,而 But now it’s gone 正暗示过去和现在时间的对比)。 C [参见3-21] D (“大部分客人已离开”的动作发生在“他到达聚会”的动作之前，【参见3-22]). A (动词为现在进行被动.) D (前一空表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作, 用过去进行时后一空表示动作发生在过去某一动作即went to get 之前,故用过去完成时) B (宾语从句中时态的呼应[参见3-25]) B. (在定语从句中可根据意义的需要来选择所需的时态,这里,“已丢了的动作"应发生在“原以为”以前) C (表示感觉、情愿、心理状态等状态动词一般不用现在进行时。feel, taste, smell, look，sound等系动词后接形容词时,不用被动语态) B (通过上下文,尤其是”yes”,可断定"已买了新房子,因此排除C和D，now 指出了动作发生的时间为现在或目前,因此用现在进行时) D [参见3-26] A (用一般现在时代替一般将来时,表示事先安推或计划好的将来的动作[参见3-5]) B [参见3-19(2)注) C (参见3-19(2) C [参见3-21] C [参见3-15] B [参见3-22] A [参见3-22] A[参见3-23] D A