Unit 1 Nature in the balance 知识梳理 清单（讲义） -2024-2025学年高中英语译林版（2020）必修第三册

Unit 1 Nature in the balance
一、 单词学记
(一) 英汉对记(51组)
1. soil n. 土壤；国土，领土，土地(1)
2. ecosystem n. 生态系统(2)
3. continent n. 大陆，陆地，洲(2)
4. million num. 一百万；许多，大量(2)
5. biodiversity n. 生物多样性(2)
6. species n. (pl. species)种，物种(2)
7. nut n. 坚果(3)
8. lily n. 百合(花)(3)
9. beneath prep. 在……下面，在……下方；配不上(3)
10. mass n. 大量；团，块，堆；一大群
adj. 大批的，广泛的(3)
11. living adj. 活着的，活的；在使用的
n. 生计，谋生；生活方式(3)
12. mammal n. 哺乳动物(3)
13. jaguar n. 美洲豹，美洲虎(3)
14. frog n. 蛙，青蛙(3)
15. insect n. 昆虫(3)
16. microorganism n. 微生物(3)
17. nutrient n. 营养素，营养物(3)
18. carbon n. 碳(3)
19. oxygen n. 氧，氧气(3)
20. thus adv. 因此，从而；这样(3)
21. cattle n. 牛(3)
22. impact n. 影响，作用；撞击，冲撞
vi. & vt. 有影响；冲击(3)
23. extinction n. 灭绝，绝种(3)
24. damage vt. & n. 损害，伤害，损坏，破坏(3)
25. climate n. 气候；倾向，风气(5)
26. gas n. 气体；煤气；汽油(6)
27. application n. 应用，运用；申请(6)
28. brochure n. 小册子(6)
29. image n. 形象；图像；意象(8)
30. shark n. 鲨鱼(8)
31. whale n. 鲸(8)
32. deer n. (pl. deer)鹿(8)
33. track vt. & vi. 跟踪，追踪
n. 足迹，踪迹；小道；轨道；跑道；路线(8)
34. habitat n. 生活环境，栖息地(8)
35. dolphin n. 海豚(8)
36. resident n. 居民，住户(11)
37. chief n. 首领，最高领导人
adj. 主要的；首席的(11)
mittee n. 委员会(11)
39. smog n. 雾霾，烟雾(11)
40. protest vi. 反对，抗议
vt. 反对；坚持声称，申辩
n. 抗议，反对(11)
41. profit n. 利润，收益；好处
vi. & vt. 获益，得到好处(11)
42. process n. 过程，进程；步骤，流程
vt. 加工，处理(11)
43. policy n. 政策，方针；原则(12)
44. branch n. (政府或机构)部门；分部；树枝；支流；分支(12)
45. strategy n. 策略，行动计划；策划，部署(12)
46. recycle vt. 回收利用，再利用(12)
47. subway n. 地铁；地下人行道(12)
48. former adj. 昔日的，前任的；以前的，从前的(12)
49. official n. 官员，要员
adj. 公务的；正式的，官方的(12)
50. poverty n. 贫穷，贫困；贫乏(12)
51. further adj. 更多的，更进一步的
adv. 较远，更远；进一步
vt. 促进，增进(13)
(二) 拓展倍记(15组)
1. harm n. & vt. 伤害，损害(1)→harmful adj.(尤指对健康或环境)有害的→harmless adj. 无害的；无恶意的
2. region n. 地区，区域；行政区(2)→regional adj. 地区的；区域的；地方的
3. length n. 长，长度；时间的长短；篇幅，(电影)片长(2)→long adj. 长的，长久的→lengthen vi. & vt. (使)变长
4. variety n. 不同种类；变化，多样性；变种，变体(3)→various adj. 各种各样的→vary vt. & vi. 相异，不同；变更→varied adj. 各种各样的；多变的
5. towering adj. 高大的，高耸的；出色的(3)→tower n. 塔；高架子 vi. 高于；胜过，远远超过
6. disappear vi. 不复存在，灭绝，消亡；消失；失踪(3)→appear vi. 出现，呈现；出版；抵达 linking v. 显得，似乎→appearance n. 外貌，外观；出现→disappearance n. 消失，失踪
7. agriculture n. 农业，农学(3)→agricultural adj. 农业的，农用的
8. global adj. 全球的；全面的(6)→globe n. 地球，世界；地球仪；球体
9. organization n. 组织，团体；组织工作；安排；条理(7)→organize vt. 组织；安排；规划→organizer n. 组织者
10. absolutely adv. 绝对地，完全地；极其(7)→absolute adj. 绝对的，完全的；明确的
11. entirely adv. 完全地，全部地，完整地(11)→entire adj. 全部的，整个的，完全的
12. defence (AmE defense) n. 辩护；防御，保护；防御物；国防；防守(11)→defend vt. 保护；防守；辩解→defensive adj. 防御的；怀有戒心的→defendant n. 被告(人)
13. economic adj. 经济的，经济上的；可赚钱的(12)→economy n. 经济；经济制度；节俭，节约→economical adj. 经济的，实惠的；节约的；省钱的
14. chemical n. 化学制品adj. 化学的；化学作用的(13)→chemistry n. 化学→chemist n. 化学家；药剂师；药房
15. consequence n. 结果，后果；重要性(13)→consequent adj. 随之发生的→consequently adv. 因此，所以
(三) 合成并记(5组)
1. overseas adj. 海外的，国外的
adv. 在海外，向国外(2)
2. wildlife n. 野生动植物，野生生物(3)
3. hardwood n. 阔叶树；硬材(阔叶树的木材)(3)
4. greenhouse n. 温室，暖房(6)
5. nowhere adv. 无处，哪里都不(8)
(四) 短语强记(12组)
1. brazil nut 巴西坚果(3)
2. water lily 睡莲(3)
3. in turn 相应地，转而(3)
4. break down 使分解(为)，使变化(成)(3)
5. breathe life into 给……带来起色，注入活力(3)
6. due to 由于，因为(3)
7. build up 逐渐增加，扩大(5)
8. come up with 想出，想到(6)
9. call for (公开)要求；需要(6)
10. spring to mind 突然记起(或想到)(8)
11. get rid of 摆脱，丢弃，扔掉(11)
12. give rise to 使发生(或存在)(13)
(五) 重点例释(17组)
1. harm n. & vt. 伤害，损害
(1) harm sb/sth 伤害(人或动物)；损害(声誉或形象等)
(2) do harm to sb/sth＝do sb/sth harm对某人/某物有害
(3) mean no harm (to sb) (对某人)无恶意
(4) There is no harm in (sb's) doing sth
＝It does no harm (for sb) to do sth 做某事(对某人)没有什么坏处
【比较】 harm、injure、hurt、wound
*harm 指给人的精神、身体等带来损害或引起不安、不便，也用于抽象事物，尤指不道德的事。
*injure 尤指在事故中受伤害、使受伤，强调身体部位受到某种程度的损伤。
*hurt 为一般用词，可指伤害身体，也可指伤害精神、感情。
*wound 指身体受伤，尤指用武器伤害；常指在战争中或在波及许多人的其他袭击中受伤。
①He may look fierce, but he means no harm.
他可能看上去很凶，但并无恶意。
②Hard work never did anyone any harm.
努力工作对任何人都绝无害处。
③He may say no, but there's no harm in (his) asking/it does no harm (for him) to ask.
他可能拒绝，但问一问也无妨。
④It's just a bit of harmless fun.
开个小玩笑罢了，并无恶意的。
2. variety n. 不同种类；变化，多样性；变种，变体
(1) a (wide/great) variety of …
＝varieties of … 各种各样的……
(2) vary in … 在……方面不同
(3) vary with … 随……而变化
(4) vary between A and B/vary from A to B 从A到B不等，在A与B间变化
①There is a wide variety of patterns to choose from.
有种类繁多的图案可供选择。
②The menu varies with the season.
菜单随季节而变动。
③Class numbers vary between 25 and 30.
班级的数目从25到30不等。
④The students' homework varies considerably in quality.
学生的作业质量甚是参差不齐。
⑤There are various/varied ways of doing this.
做这一工作的方法有很多。
3. in turn 相应地，转而
(1) in return 作为回报
(2) in return for … 作为……的交换/回报
①He spends too much time on maths, and this in turn affects the progress of his other subjects.
他在数学上花的时间太多，这相应地影响了他其它学科的进步。
②There were cheers for each of the women as they spoke in turn.
当女士们逐一发言时，她们每个人都赢得了喝彩。
③In return, she received a sense of satisfaction and fulfillment.
作为回报，她得到了满足感和成就感。
④In return for his labour, he receives food and shelter.
他以他辛苦的劳动换取食物和栖身之所。
4. due to由于，因为
(1) (be) due to … 由于，因为(to是介词)＝owing to …/on account of …/because of …/as a result of …
(2) be due to do sth 预计/预期做某事(to是不定式符号)
(3) be due to sb 应支付/应给予某人(to是介词)
①Most of the problems were due to human error.
多数问题都是人为错误造成的。
②Rose is due to start school in January.
罗斯一月份就要开始上学了。
③Have they been paid the money that is due to them
他们应得的钱付给他们了吗？
④Our thanks are due to the whole team.
我们要向全队致谢。
5. impact n. 影响，作用；撞击，冲撞
vi. & vt. 有影响；冲击
(1) have/make/leave an impact/influence/effect on/upon … 对……有影响
(2) impact on/upon …＝influence/affect … 对……有影响
①Her speech made a profound impact on everyone.
她的讲话对每个人都有深远的影响。
②Her father's death impacted greatly on her childhood years.
父亲去世对她的童年造成了巨大影响。
6. damage vt. & n. 损害，伤害，损坏，破坏
(1) damage sb/sth 伤害某人/损坏某物
(2) do/cause damage to sb/sth＝do harm to sb/sth 对某人/某物造成损害/破坏
(3) serious/severe/extensive/permanent/minor damage 重大的/严重的/大范围的/永久性的/轻微的损坏
(4) brain/liver damage 脑/肝损伤
(5) damaging adj. 造成破坏的，有害的，损害的
【比较】damage、destroy、ruin
*damage指程度较小的破坏、损害，通常具有可修复性。它可做动词和名词。
*destroy常指彻底的、不能或很难修复的破坏、毁坏，程度较深；也可指希望、计划等破灭。它只能做动词，名词为destruction。
*ruin指严重的、不能修复的破坏，是长期损害的结果。它可做名词和动词。常用短语in ruins表示“破败不堪；一片废墟”。
①The earthquake caused damage to property estimated at $6 million.
地震造成了大约600万美元的财产损失。
②Lead is potentially damaging/harmful to children's health.
铅对儿童的健康具有潜在伤害。
7. build up 逐渐增加，扩大
(1) bring up 抚养；养育；提出；呕吐
(2) come up 升起；长出来；被提出；发生
(3) make up 编造；弥补；化妆；构成；铺(床)
(4) take up 占据；开始从事；着手处理
①He does morning exercise every day so as to build up his body.
他每天晨练，为的是增强体质。
②The company has built up a large fund for ages.
多年来这家公司已积累了大量资金。
③Why did you have to bring up the subject of money
你为什么非要提钱这个话题？
④We watched the sun come up.
我们观看了日出。
⑤He made up an excuse for his failure once again.
他为自己的又一次失败编了一个借口。
⑥In fact, surfing the Internet takes up most of her time.
事实上，上网占据了她的大部分时间。
8. come up with 想出，想到
(1) n．＋to come 将来；未来的
(2) when it comes to (doing) sth 当谈及(做)某事时
(3) come across (偶然)遇见
(4) come around/round 恢复知觉；苏醒
(5) come by vi. (为看望某人)作短暂拜访
vt. 设法得到(或获得)
(6) come down with 染上，得(病)
(7) put up with 容忍
(8) end up with 以……收尾
(9) make up with 与……和好
(10) catch up with 赶上……
(11) keep up with 跟上……；与……保持联系
【比较】come up with、come up
*come up with 意为“想出，想到(计划、想法等)”，为及物动词短语，主语为人，后接名词或代词做宾语，相当于put forward。
*come up 意为“被想出，被提及”，为不及物动词短语，不用被动，其主语通常为物，即所提出的内容。
①No one has come up with a definitive answer as to why this should be so.
对于为什么会这样，没有人给出明确的答复。
②The subject came up during a pre dinner drink with our guests.
在我们与客人喝餐前酒的时候，有人提到了这个话题。
③They may well regret the decision in years to come.
他们很可能会在未来几年里后悔这个决定。
④When it comes to getting things done, he's useless.
一谈到做事，他便无能为力了。
⑤Your mother hasn't yet come round from the anaesthetic.
你的母亲麻醉后还没有苏醒过来。
⑥Jobs are hard to come by these days.
如今找工作很难。
⑦I think I'm coming down with flu.
我觉得我得了流感。
⑧Now, only can I do is make up with her.
现在，我唯一能做的就是与她和好。
9. application n. 应用，运用；申请
(1) make an application (to … ) for …
(向……)申请……
(2) an application form 申请表
(3) apply vi. & vt. 申请；应用；涂；有关
(4) apply to do sth 申请做某事
(5) apply (to sb) for … (向某人)申请……
(6) apply … to … 将……应用于……；把……涂到……上
(7) apply to sb/sth 适用于某人/某物；有关某人/某物
(8) apply oneself to 致力于；专心于
(9) applicant n. 申请人
(10) appliance n. (家用)电器，器具
(11) electrical/household appliances 电器/家用器具
①His application to the court for bail has been refused.
他向法庭提出的保释申请被拒绝了。
②The invention will have wide application in industry.
这项发明会在工业中得到广泛应用。
③The new technology was applied to farming.
这项新技术已应用于农业。
④The convention does not apply to us.
该协定对我们不适用。
⑤I am continuing to apply for jobs.
我正在继续找工作。
⑥Apply the cream sparingly to your face and neck.
把乳霜薄薄地抹在脸和脖子上。
⑦There were over 500 applicants for the job.
这份工作有500多个申请者。
⑧After a short holiday, he applied himself once more to his studies.
短暂的假期过后，他又专心学习了。
10. get rid of 摆脱，丢弃，扔掉
(1) be rid of … 摆脱……
(2) rid oneself of … 摆脱……，从……中解脱
①She wanted to get/be rid of her parents and their authority.
她想摆脱父母及其权威的束缚。
②Further measures will be taken to rid our streets of crime.
我们将采取进一步的措施来防止街头犯罪。
③He wanted to rid himself of the burden of the secret.
他想把秘密说出来，让自己得到解脱。
11. protest vi. 反对，抗议 vt. 反对；坚持声称，申辩
n. 抗议，反对
(1) protest about/against/at …＝make a protest against … 对……提出抗议
(2) without protest 心甘情愿地
(3) under protest 不甘心地，不服气地，无奈地
①Some consumers protested about/against/at the bad service in the shop.＝Some consumers made a protest against the bad service in the shop.
一些消费者对这家商店糟糕的服务质量提出了抗议。
②Ben accepted his punishment without protest.
本心甘情愿地接受了惩罚。
12. profit n. 利润，收益；好处
vi. & vt. 获益，得到好处
(1) make a profit＝make profits获利
(2) profit from/by …＝benefit from … 从……中受益；靠……获利
(3) profit sb＝benefit sb 使某人受益
(4) profitable adj. 有利润的；有益的
(5) non profit adj. 非营利的，不以营利为目的的
①The company made a healthy profit on the deal.
公司在这笔生意中获利颇丰。
②The agency is voluntary and not run for profit/run on a non profit basis.
这个机构是义务性的，不以营利为目的。
③We tried to profit by/from our mistakes.
我们努力从错误中吸取教训。
④Many local people believe the development will profit them.
当地的许多人认为，这项开发将对他们有利。
13. defence (AmE defense) n. 辩护；防御，保护；防御物；国防；防守
(1) in defence of sb＝in sb's defence 为某人辩护
(2) in defence of … 保卫……；为……辩解
(3) defend … from/against … 保护……免受侵害；针对……为……辩解
(4) defensive adj. 防御的，保护的；怀有戒心的
①Humour is a more effective defence than violence.
幽默是比暴力更有效的防御武器。
②They are soldiers who died in defence of their country.
他们是为保卫祖国而献身的战士。
③I have to say in her defence that she knew nothing about it beforehand.
我得为她说句话，她事先并不知道此事。
④All our officers are trained to defend themselves against knife attacks.
我们所有的警察都接受过自卫训练，能够应对持刀袭击。
⑤Don't ask him about his plans—he just gets defensive.
别问他有什么计划——他老存有戒心。
14. process n. 过程，进程；步骤，流程 vt. 加工，处理
①Building a car is a long process.
制造一辆小汽车有很长的工序。
②The information gathered by the telescopes will be processed by computers.
通过望远镜获得的信息将由计算机进行处理。
③They were in the process of resolving all the unsettled issues.
他们正在着手解决所有悬而未决的问题。
15. poison vt. 污染；毒死，毒害 n. 毒物，毒药
①She tried to kill herself by taking poison.
她试图服毒自杀。
②They poisoned the poisonous snake by using a special kind of powder.
他们用一种特殊的粉末毒死了那条毒蛇。
③It's difficult to cater to all tastes. As the saying goes, one man's meat is another man's poison.
众口难调。正如常言道：甲之蜜糖，乙之砒霜。
16. consequence n. 结果，后果；重要性
(1) as a consequence/result＝in consequence 因此，结果
(2) as a consequence/result of＝in consequence of 由于，因为
①I wonder if parents should always tell the truth no matter the consequences.
我想知道父母是否应该总是不计后果地讲真话。
②He narrowly lost his life as a consequence of/in consequence of careless driving.
由于粗心驾驶，他险些丢了性命。
③I missed the bus this morning and as a consequence I was late for work.
今天早上我错过了公共汽车，因此上班迟到了。
④All these opinions make sense, and consequently it is hard to choose the best of them.
所有这些观点都有道理，因此很难从中选出最好的。
17. give rise to 使发生(或存在)
(1) on the rise在上涨，在上升，在增加
(2) rise up against奋起反抗
①There are a couple of factors that give rise to this problem.
有很多因素导致了这个问题。
②However, there are other indications that high school cheating may be on the rise.
然而，还有其他迹象表明，中学里的作弊现象可能在增加。
③The winds of the freedom were so powerful as to cause the citizens to rise up against the king and bring him down.
自由之风如此强大，以至于公民奋起反抗国王，将他打倒。
二、 短语扩充
(一) 英汉对记(143组)
1. a documentary script(P1) 一个纪录片脚本
2. a TV show transcript 一篇电视节目文字稿
3. make a booklet 制作一本小册子
4. environmental problems 环境问题
5. human race 人类
6. cut down 削减；减少(使用)；砍倒(树木)
7. sound the alarm 发出警报，敲警钟
8. be thankful for … 感谢……
9. work together 合作
10. protect the environment 保护环境
11. be full of … (P2) 充满……
12. natural wonders 自然奇观
13. be home to … 是……的家园/栖息地
14. a wide range of wildlife 种类繁多的野生生物
15. judging from … 根据……判断
16. a natural treasure 一个自然宝藏
17. a huge sea of green 一望无际的绿色海洋
18. play a significant role in … 在……中起重要作用；在……中扮演重要角色
19. maintain the fine balance of the Earth's ecosystem 维持地球生态系统的微妙平衡
20. cross into eight countries 横跨八个国家
21. with an area of … 面积为……
22. half the size of … ……大小的一半
23. in length 在长度上
24. one in ten 十分之一
25. (be) known to … (P3) 为……所知
26. lie down 躺下
27. an unbelievable variety of wildlife 种类多到令人难以置信的野生生物
28. at the bottom 在底部
29. a system of roots 根系，根系统
30. beneath the ground 在地下
31. the mass of leaf litter 大量的落叶
32. the towering ancient hardwoods 高耸的古老阔叶树
33. food chain 食物链
34. feed on … 以……为食
35. at least 至少
36. a tiny army of … 一小批……
37. return … to … 把……还给……
38. be known as … 以……著称；被称为……
39. one major danger to … ……的一个主要危险
40. these irreplaceable plants and animals 这些不可替代的动植物
41. in danger of extinction 濒临灭绝
42. be left with a question 留下一个问题
43. afford to do sth 有经济条件做某事；负担得起做某事
44. be poor in nutrients(P5) 营养不良
45. for one thing 一则；一方面；首先
46. the rainy season 雨季
47. the water level 水位
48. go away 走开；离家；外出；消失
49. take away 拿走，夺走；带走；从……中减去
50. for another thing 再则；另一方面；其次
51. take in 收留，留宿；欺骗，蒙骗；理解，领会；吸入
52. lock up 锁好，把……关入
53. negative prefixes 否定前缀
54. make comparisons 进行比较
55. gain a better understanding 更好地理解
56. be lost 丢失；失踪，迷路；流失
57. leave out(P6) 省略；排除，不包括
58. global warming 全球变暖
59. a major problem 主要问题
60. greenhouse gases 温室气体
61. solutions to these problems 这些问题的解决办法
62. get started 开始
63. avoid doing sth 避免做某事
64. in short responses 在简短的应答中
65. at the beginning of … 在……开始的时候
66. informal speech 非正式演讲
67. take photos of … (P7) 拍……的照片
68. make every effort to do sth 竭尽全力做某事
69. keep away from … 远离……
70. take part in 参加，参与
71. a forest clean up activity 一个森林清理活动
72. (be) devoted to (doing sth) 致力于(做某事)；献身于(做某事)
73. at first 最初，起初，开始时
74. What if … 如果……怎么办？
75. at the entrance to … 在……的入口处
76. stop sb (from) doing sth 阻止某人做某事
77. divide … into … 把……分成……
78. clean up 打扫干净；清理；整顿
79. be worth one's/the effort 值得努力
80. cause increasing harm to … (P8) 对……造成越来越大的伤害
81. a fearsome hunter 一个可怕的猎人/猎手
82. animal populations 动物种群
83. bring … close to extinction 使……濒临灭绝
84. go extinct 灭绝
85. destroy animal habitats 破坏动物栖息地
86. leave many animals with nowhere to live 让许多动物无处栖身
87. put animals in danger 把动物置于危险之中
88. cause the loss of … (P9) 造成……的损失/灭绝
89. hunt endangered animals 猎杀濒危动物
90. create well planned and well managed protected areas 创建规划良好、管理完善的保护区
91. in danger/at risk(P10) 冒风险；有危险
92. take care of 照顾，照料；负责，处理
93. with these measures 通过这些措施
94. call on people to … 号召人们……
95. a local resident(P11) 一个当地居民
96. senior manager of a local factory 当地一家工厂的高级经理
97. Environmental Protection Committee 环保委员会
98. have significant environmental costs 有很大的环境成本
99. over that time 在那段时间里
100. heavy industry factories 重工业工厂
101. enjoy outdoor activities 享受户外活动
102. not … any more 不再……
103. colour the sky a smoky grey 把天空染成烟灰色
104. for health and safety reasons alone 仅出于健康和安全原因
105. tend to 倾向于，往往……
106. connect … with … 把……和……联系起来
107. clouds of dirty smoke 污浊的烟云
108. (be) eager to … 急于……，渴望……
109. make huge profits 获得巨额利润
110. point out 指出
111. be concerned about … 关心……；担心……
112. take various measures 采取各种各样的措施
113. in the production process 在生产过程中
114. draw one's attention to … (P12) 使某人注意到……；吸引某人对……的注意
115. economic benefits 经济利益
116. search for 搜索，搜寻，搜查，查找
117. fight the problem 解决问题
118. deal with pollution 治理污染
119. maintain air and water quality 保持空气和水质量
120. achieve a balance (between … and … ) (在……和……之间)实现平衡
121. economic development 经济发展
122. strict clean up requirements 严格的清理要求
123. work hand in hand 携手合作
124. other branches of government 其他政府部门
125. development strategies 发展策略
126. in an environmentally friendly way 用环保的方式
127. a community wide effort 全社会的努力
128. follow the golden rule 遵循黄金法则
129. save energy 节约能源
130. use the bike sharing system 使用共享单车系统
131. a former UN official 一个前联合国官员
132. lift people out of poverty 使人们摆脱贫困
133. advance economic growth 促进经济增长
134. aim for economic development 以经济发展为目标
135. build a human community with a shared future 构建人类命运共同体
136. habitat loss(P13) 栖息地丧失
137. interact with others 与他人互动
138. make eye contact with others 与他人眼神交流
139. make sure 确保，务必
140. respond appropriately 恰当地应答
141. large amounts of 大量的(修饰不可数名词)
142. have a long lasting effect on … 对……有持久的影响
143. prevent further damage to … 防止对……的进一步破坏
(二) 同词类记(2组)
● break(10)
1. break away (from) 突然挣脱；逃脱；脱离，背叛
2. break down 失败；出故障；使分解；垮掉
3. break in 强行闯入；破门而入；培训；使适应
4. break in on 打断；搅扰
5. break into 强行闯入；突然开始(笑、唱等)
6. break off 断开；停顿；突然中止
7. break out 突然开始；爆发；逃离；摆脱
8. break through 取得突破；冲破；克服，战胜
9. break up 打碎；分开；分散；分手；关系破裂
10. break with 与……脱离或解除关系
● call(8)
1. call at 停靠；(短时间)停留
2. call for (去)接；(公开)要求；需要
3. call in 打电话来；叫来
4. call in on 顺便拜访
5. call off 取消；停止进行
6. call on 号召；邀请(某人)；要求
7. call upon sb to do 叫某人去做
8. call up 使回忆起，使想起；打电话给
三、 精选句型
1. Welcome to the jungle, a huge sea of green alive with the sounds of animals.(P2)
2. As the largest rainforest in the world, it plays a significant role in maintaining the fine balance of the Earth's ecosystem.(P2)
3. With an area of around 6 million square kilometres, the Amazon rainforest is more than half the size of China.(P2)
4. Each level of the forest forms its own little world, home to different kinds of living things.(P3)
5. These frogs, in turn, feed on insects which eat leaves and fruit.(P3)
6. The Amazon rainforest breathes life into the planet by fixing carbon and producing over 20 per cent of all the Earth's oxygen. (P3)
7. Thus, it is often known as the “lungs of the planet”．(P3)
8. I felt worried when watching the documentary.(P6)
9. It was organized by GreenHope, an organization devoted to protecting forests.(P7)
10. It was absolutely worth our effort！(P7)
11. Joining us in the studio tonight are James Smith, a local resident; Vincent Brown, senior manager of a local factory; and Julie Archer, chief of the Norgate Environmental Protection Committee.(P11)
12. We also work hand in hand with other branches of government to ensure that development strategies are followed in an environmentally friendly way.(P12)
四、 语法指南
省略(Ellipsis)
一个句子中某些部分被省略掉了，这种情况在语法中被称作省略。省略的目的是避免重复，使语言精练。大体上来说，被省略的部分是上文已经出现过的词语，或并非上文出现的内容，但是在意义上是不言自明的。
(一) 简单句中的省略
1. 省略主语(祈使句中的主语通常被省略，其他省略主语的情形多为少数现成的说法)。
Get up.(省略了主语You)
Thank you for your help.(省略了主语I)
Doesn't matter.(省略了主语It)
2. 省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。
No smoking.(省略了主谓语There is)
Have a cup of tea？(省略了主语及谓语的助动词Will you)
3. 省略宾语。
—Do you know Mr Smith
—I don't know.(省略了宾语him)
4. 省略表语。
—Are you hungry
—Yes, I am.(省略了表语hungry)
5. 同时省略几个成分。
—Are you feeling better now
—Much better.(省略了I am feeling … now)
6. 其他省略结构。
(1) 名词所有格所修饰的名词，表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时，常常可以省略。
We spent the weekend at the Smith's.
(2) What 和 How 引导的感叹句中，常可省略主语it 和be动词。
What a wonderful victory (it is) for her!
(3) 不定式省略，单独使用不定式符号to代替动词不定式后被省略的动词。
①在be afraid、expect、forget、hope、intend、like、love、mean、prefer、refuse、seem、try、want、wish 等后。
I asked him to see the film, but he didn't want to.
②在have、need、ought、be going、used 等后。
I didn't want to go there, but I had to.
③在某些形容词glad、happy、pleased等后。
—Will you join us
—I'd be glad to.
④如果不定式中有be、have、have been，则常保留。
—Are you a sailor
—No, but I used to be.
【注意】
(1) 当前面句子中出现的是复合助动词时，在省略句中只需保留一个。
—You wouldn't have won if I hadn't helped you.
—I would, I think.
(2) 当后一个句子中的助动词不同于前句的助动词时，则应重复。
—I think Mary should be told.
—She has been.
(3) 当be 和have 做实义动词时，其后的有关成分可以省去，但其他动词则不可以这样。
—I am tired.
—I am, too.
—Do you like the play
—Yes, I like it/I do.(不可以回答：Yes, I like.)
(二) 并列句中的省略
如果后一个句中含有与前面一个句子相同的部分，我们通常将此省略。具体来说，有下面三种情况：
1. 相同主语或宾语的省略。
He sang and (he) played the guitar. (省略主语)
John washed (his own shirt) and ironed his own shirt. (省略宾语)
2. 相同谓语的省略。
Some books are to be tasted, others (are) to be swallowed, and some few (are) to be chewed and digested.
但如果be、have 和do 在前一个句中做主要动词，而在后一个分句中做助动词，这时后一个分句中的助动词不可以省去。
Jim was late and was explaining himself.
3. 相同表语的省略。
Peter has recently become (a hard working student), and his brother always was, a hard working student.
(三) 主从复合句中的省略
1. 定语从句中的省略。
做宾语的关系代词that、which、whom常可以省略；当先行词是time、reason、place时，做状语的关系副词when、why、where也可省去。
This is the first time (when) he had trouble with the boss.
2. 宾语从句中的省略。
在以疑问代词和疑问副词引导的宾语从句中，如果该宾语从句涉及的是上下文所谈的内容，有时可以省去宾语从句中除疑问词以外的部分，且意思不受影响。
—You promised to buy a new dress for Mary.
—Yes, I did. But I didn't say when (I would buy it).
3. 一般状语从句中的省略。
(1) 如果状语从句中的主语与主句的主语相同，而谓语又含有动词be(包括连系动词和助动词)，这时可以把从句的主语和be动词一同省去。
While (I was) walking along the street, I heard my name called.
(2) 当状语从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时，有时也可省略从句的主语和be动词。
Her father told her to be careful when (she was) crossing the street.
(3) 用so 或not 代替上文内容，用if so/not的省略句式。
Get up early tomorrow. If (you do) not (get up early tomorrow), you will miss the first bus.
4. 比较状语从句中的省略。
(1) 如果从句中含有与主句相同的成分，通常仅保留参与比较的部分(即：比较的另一方)，省略其他成分。
We are more confident than (we have) ever (been).
(2) 如果从句中含有先行主语it，通常省略it 和其指代部分(名词性从句或不定式)。
You arrived earlier than (it was) usual/necessary (for you to arrive).
(3) 比较状语从句中的宾语一般情况下不可省略。
James enjoyed the movie more than Susan enjoyed it. (不能省略it)
【注意】当比较状语从句中的谓语动词为动词替代词do时，宾语可以省略。
He speaks English as well as his teacher does.
五、 话题写作
(一) 佳句积累
1. As the impact of human activities continues to grow and the list of species in danger of extinction becomes longer, we are left with a question: can we afford to damage the “lungs of the planet”？(As引导原因状语从句，加上一个启发性问题，发人深省)
2. Some call for the application of modern technology, and others a change of lifestyle.(Some …， others … 说出了两类专家的倡议，与后半句的省略相得益彰)
3. Some people hunt animals for food: whale meat is eaten in some parts of the world. Some people hunt animals for fashion: animal skin is used to make coats and bags. Still others hunt animals just for fun: deer are tracked and shot by people who enjoy the excitement of the sport.(hunt animals for food; hunt animals for fashion; hunt animals just for fun三个排比，气势如虹)
4. As the human population continues to grow, so does the effect we have on animals.(As引导时间状语从句，so引导倒装句，用得巧妙)
5. In defence of the factories, however, I'd like to point out that we also try to control the amount of pollution we produce.(介词短语in defence of以及宾语从句和定语从句的运用，使句子显得高级)
6. We've been taking various measures, including the use of new technologies, to reduce pollution in the production process, even though these measures raise our production costs.(including带出例子；to引出目的；even though引导让步状语从句)
7. With pollution levels on the rise, the Norgate Environmental Protection Committee is searching for ways to fight the problem.(使用了with的复合结构，“上升”的表达使用了短语on the rise)
8. It's our duty to protect the environment while we aim for economic development. It's our duty to leave a better, cleaner and healthier planet to our children. It's our duty to build a human community with a shared future.(三个It's our duty to逐次排开，一气呵成，号召力极强)
(二) 佳作欣赏(倡议书)
假定你是校学生会主席李华，针对目前中学生的状况，发出了主题为“成长”的倡议。请按要求写一篇倡议书刊登在校英语报上。内容包括：
1. 乐观的人生态度；
2. 努力学习；
3. 参加体育锻炼。
注意：
1. 写作词数应为80左右；
2. 请按如下格式作答。
Boys and girls，
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Li Hua
The Students' Union
One possible version：
Boys_and_girls，
We all want to grow up happily and healthily, and to achieve this goal, we must do several things.
Firstly, we should develop a positive attitude to life. Life consists of not only happy moments but also hard times. We should be brave when facing difficulties.Secondly, we must study hard because knowledge is power. If we have the power, we can help build our country and enjoy life better. Last but not least, we need to do sports like running, playing ball games or simply taking a walk after a day's study.
If we do those things well, we can grow up happily and healthily. It's time for us to take action.
Li_Hua
The_Students'_Union