(共69张PPT)
第二讲 词形转换
词形转换是高考语法填空的一个重要考查点。在解答此类题目时，一要根据空处在句中所作的成分确定词性：名词在句中常作主语、宾语、表语或定语等，前面可能会有冠词、形容词或者形容词性物主代词修饰；动词作谓语与非谓语；形容词作表语或作定语修饰名词；副词作状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。二要根据标志词及语境确定比较等级。三要根据名词前的数词、量词、冠词等修饰语以及主谓一致原则来确定名词的单复数。
如何判定是否考查词形转换
[典例呈现]
(2024·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)The latest engineering techniques are applied to create this protective 57._________(function) structure that is also beautiful.The design features ten steel “sepals (萼片)” made of glass and aluminium (铝).
functional
[解析] 第一步：确定是否考查词形转换。提示词为名词，空处与protective并列，修饰空后的名词structure，因此应考虑词形转换。
第二步：确定转换形式。根据语境及句子结构可知，空处应用形容词形式。
[技法点拨]
第一步：确定是否考查词形转换
提示词为形容词、副词、名词或代词时，要考虑词形转换；提示词为动词，如果该动词在句中既不作谓语，也不作非谓语，则要考虑动词词形转换。
第二步：确定转换形式
根据句式结构以及空处所作成分进一步分析，最终确定正确的词性转换形式，确保名词单复数形式正确，副词、形容词比较等级形式转换正确。
考法1 动词的词形转换
提示词为动词，如果该动词在句中既不作谓语，也不作非谓语，则要考虑动词词形转换。动词转换成名词还是形容词，则要根据句式结构以及空处所作成分进一步分析。
[试做经典]
1．(2024·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)In cold weather, the structure stays _________(close) to protect the plants.
closed 考查形容词。空前的stays作系动词，空处作表语，表示“关闭的”，应用形容词closed。
closed
2．(2024·全国甲卷)They all agreed and vowed (承诺) to promote the idea at the ____________(complete) of their journey.
completion 考查名词。根据前面的the和后面的of可知，空处应用名词completion。
completion
3．(2024·浙江卷1月)Many supermarkets are no longer doing “buy one get one free” promotions because of the _________(criticize) that they lead to waste. Consumers prefer money off individual items.
criticism 考查名词。提示词为动词，根据空前的定冠词the及空后的定语从句“that they lead to waste”可知，空处应作because of的宾语，空处应用名词形式。
criticism
4．(2024·淄博一模)However, the stable water source ensures a _________(sustain) water supply to the spring.
sustainable 考查形容词。设空处在a与名词water supply之间，应用形容词，作前置定语。
sustainable
5．(2024·青岛二模)With a knife, thread, and toothpicks, he then refines it and eventually creates a lifelike and visually _________(strike) dough sculpture.
striking 考查形容词。分析句子结构可知，空处修饰名词dough sculpture，应用形容词作定语。
striking
6．(2024·镇江考前保温卷)Different from other parts of China, the themes expressed in Miao embroidery (刺绣) are showy, ____________(imagine), and often based on folklores (民俗).
imaginative 考查形容词。分析句子结构可知，空处作句子的表语，形容苗绣的主题，应用形容词，imagine的形容词形式为imaginative，意为“富有想象力的”，符合句意。
imaginative
7．(2024·湛江一模)They either serve as a _________(remind) of people's old childhood flavors, or relate to festival traditions and nostalgic (怀旧的) memories.
reminder 考查名词。根据空前的a和句意可知，空处应用名词，所给词remind的名词形式为reminder，意为“提醒物，引起回忆的事物”，符合句意。
reminder
8．(2024·广东2月大联考)Just under that “cut” lies Qinglongqiao railway station, which has witnessed the _______________(develop) of rail in China.
development 考查名词。根据空前的定冠词the可知，空处应用名词。
development
[技法点拨]
1．如何判断填形容词
(1)作定语，修饰名词或复合不定代词；
(2)作表语，表主语的性质或状态；
(3)作主语补足语，补充说明主语；
(4)作宾语补足语，补充说明宾语；
(5)作状语，说明主语的状态或心理感受。
常见后缀 例 词
-able acceptable、 adaptable、 adjustable、 affordable等
-ed/-ing confused、 worried、 exciting、 encouraging等
-ive impressive、 instructive、 appreciative、 progressive等
-ful/-less doubtful、 forgetful、 thankful、 hopeless、 stainless等
2．如何判断填名词
(1)作表语，表明主语是“什么”，说明主语的身份、特征；
(2)作主语、同位语或及物动词(短语)或介词(短语)的宾语；
(3)作定语，说明被修饰词的材料、功能、时间、地点、内容、类别。
常见后缀 例 词
-ment development、achievement、argument、movement、amazement等
-ion/-tion/-ation relation、addiction、intention、determination、transportation、communication等
常见后缀 例 词
-ing meeting、greeting、drawing、painting、parking、writing等
-er/-or/-ar waiter、travel(l)er、farmer、worker、teacher、reporter、sailor、survivor、liar、beggar等
-ance/-ence assistance、importance、performance、existence、acceptance等
-al survival、arrival、approval、refusal、proposal等
考法2 名词的词形转换
名词的变化主要包括名词变复数、名词的词形变化和名词所有格。
[试做经典]
1．(2024·全国甲卷)Although parks of all sizes and types exist at any level, the national parks, in particular, tend to catch our attention because of their large size and variety. They are _________(treasure) of American heritage (遗产).
treasures 考查名词复数。根据空前的are和空后的of可知，空处应用名词复数，表示它们是美国遗产中的珍宝。
treasures
2．(2023·全国甲卷)_________(difference) from traditional fables, Carson's story ends with an accusation instead of a moral.
Different 考查形容词。be different from是固定短语，意为“与……不同”。此处作状语，应去掉be动词，且空处位于句首，单词首字母要大写。
Different
3．(2024·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)Although they could never have met, there are common _________(theme) in their works, said Paul Edmondson, head of research for the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust.
themes 考查名词复数。根据空前的there are可知，此处应用名词复数themes。
themes
4．(2023·浙江卷1月)The hutongs they formed were orderly, lined by _________(space) homes and walled gardens.
spacious 考查形容词。空处修饰名词homes，需要用形容词作定语。
spacious
5．(2024·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)These plants included modern Western _________(favourite) such as rosemary, lavender and fennel.
favourites 考查名词复数。分析句子结构可知，空处作动词included的宾语，前面的modern Western为定语，所以此处应填名词；根据空后的“such as rosemary，lavender and fennel”可知，空处表示复数概念，应用favourites。
favourites
6．(2022·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)“He saved my _________(son) life，” said Mrs. Brown.
son's 考查名词所有格。根据句意可知，life与提示词son之间是所属关系，故应用名词所有格。
son's
7．(2024·辽宁协作校第一次模拟)Perhaps knitting our brows, setting our jaws, and narrowing our eyes into a serious, focused or determined _________(face) expression can help us perform better and ease the stress.
facial 考查形容词。分析句子结构可知，空处为定语修饰名词expression，表示“面部表情”，应用形容词形式。
facial
8．(2024·青岛二模)His works center on _________(hero) of ancient Chinese myths and classics.
heroes 考查名词复数。根据后置定语of ancient Chinese myths and classics可知，空处的英雄人物不止一个，应用名词的复数形式。
heroes
9．(2024·福州高级中学适应性训练)Wu believes the Grand Canal is often compared with the West Lake, one of the most famous scenic _________(attraction) in Hangzhou.
attractions 考查名词复数。attraction在此处意为“游览胜地”，为可数名词，又因空前有 one of the most famous 修饰，所以用名词的复数形式。
attractions
10．(2024·娄底模拟)Hua'er, which literally means flower in Chinese, is known as a type of “mountain songs” and has been wildly popular in _________(China) Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia and Xinjiang for hundreds of years.
China's 考查名词所有格。分析句子结构并根据句意可知，空处需用名词China的所有格形式作定语，修饰后面的名词Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia and Xinjiang，表示所属关系。
China's
[技法点拨]
1．名词的单复数
(1)若提示词为名词，则有以下情况时要考虑名词的复数：
①有数词或these、those、several、few、many、all、both、various、different等词修饰时用名词的复数形式；
②名词前有one of、 among时用名词的复数形式；
③若谓语动词是复数形式，则空处应用名词的复数形式。
(2)以o结尾的单词除了两人(Negro、hero)、两菜(tomato、potato)加es外，其余一般加s；
(3)单复数同形：Chinese、Japanese、people、sheep、deer、fish等；
(4)永远不可数的名词：fun、 furniture、 information、 progress、 advice、 weather、 equipment、 homework、 luggage/baggage等；
(5)特殊变化：man→men、woman→women、tooth→teeth、foot→feet、child→children、mouse→mice等。
2．名词转换为形容词
提示词为名词，如果作定语修饰后面的名词，则一般考查名词变形容词。
常见后缀 例 词
-able honorable、 fashionable等
-al natural、 musical、 national、 personal等
-ful colourful、 meaningful、 useful、 careful等
-en wooden、 woolen、 golden、 earthen等
-y wealthy、 healthy、rainy、 sunny等
3.名词的所有格
提示词与其后的名词是所属关系，应考虑名词的所有格。
(1)单数名词和不以s结尾的复数名词，通常在词尾加's；
(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词，通常在词尾加'。
考法3 形容词、副词的词形转换
[试做经典]
1．(2024·全国甲卷)Two years later，18 years before Wyoming became a state, Yellowstone became the first national park in the United States and the world. Yellowstone was the _________(large) United States national park—2.2 million acres—until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska, which became a national monument in 1978, took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres.
largest 考查形容词最高级。根据空前的the及句意可知，空处应用形容词最高级，表示“最大的”。
largest
2．(2024·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)Those cultural elements have increased Stratford's international _________(visible), said Edmondson, adding that visitors walking through the Birthplace Garden were often amazed to find the connection between the two great writers.
visibility 考查名词。international是形容词，应修饰名词。visible的名词形式为visibility，表示“知名度”。
visibility
3．(2023·浙江卷1月)The term “hutong”，_________(original) meaning “water well” in Mongolian, appeared first during the Yuan Dynasty.
originally 考查副词。空处修饰动词meaning，应用副词形式。
originally
4．(2024·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route that/which brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the _________(rich) of gardening in England.
richness 考查名词。空处跟在定冠词the之后，且空后的of gardening对空处进行限定，因此应用名词richness。
richness
5．(2024·江苏决胜新高考5月联考)According to a survey, children's addiction to online games is closely related to parent-child relations: the better the relationship is, the _____________(likely) a kid is to be addicted to online games.
less likely 考查比较级。“the＋比较级...，the＋比较级...”为固定句式，意为“越……，就越……”。根据句意可知，此处应用形容词比较级less likely表示“较不可能的”。
less likely
6．(2024·枣庄二模)I have visited many cities in China, and Beijing is the one I love _________(much).
most 考查最高级。根据句意可知，此处表示最喜欢北京，应用副词最高级修饰动词love。
most
7．(2024·苏州考前练习卷)Statistics show that the series has gained a rating of 7.9 out of 10 on the foreign review company IMDb and has accumulated 5 million views on one of the _______________(popular) video platforms in the world.
most popular 考查最高级。“one＋of＋形容词最高级＋可数名词复数”为固定结构，空处应用popular的最高级形式most popular，意为“最受欢迎的”。
most popular
8．(2024·潮州二模)This change led to food becoming more _________ (easy) available.
easily 考查副词。空处修饰后面的形容词available，应用副词形式。
easily
9．(2024·汕头二模)Firstly, the Chinese people work _________ (incredible) hard.
incredibly 考查副词。空处修饰副词hard，应用副词形式。
incredibly
10．(2024·岳阳第二次质检)Getting into the spirit of Lunar New Year, the woman said her hope for the Year of the Rabbit is “health, happiness, prosperity and peace for everyone, and _________(equal) for everybody and every culture...”
equality 考查名词。根据句意和连词and可知，空处与名词health, happiness, prosperity and peace是并列关系，应用名词形式，且equality为抽象名词，不可数。
equality
11．(2024·张家界二模)It found wider _________(popular) during the Ming and Qing dynasties when it was used to fend off diseases, insects, mosquitoes and preserve people's health.
popularity 考查名词。wider为形容词，后接名词作宾语。
popularity
[技法点拨]
1．形容词、副词的词形转换
(1)分析句子结构发现提示词是形容词且需要改变词性时，应考虑用派生的副词形式或名词形式；
(2)若空处作定语、表语，则应考虑用形容词形式；
(3)若空处修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，则应考虑用副词形式；
(4)若空处在介词后，则应考虑用名词形式作宾语。
2．形容词变副词规律
(1)一般形容词变副词直接在其后加ly，如：quick →quickly、anxious→ anxiously；
(2)以e结尾的形容词一般不去e，直接加ly，如：immediate→immediately、brave→bravely (例外：true→truly)；
(3)一些以le结尾的形容词去e加y，如：simple→simply、 gentle→gently、 possible→possibly (例外：whole→wholly)；
(4)“辅音字母＋y”结尾，变y为i，再加ly，如：happy→happily、 easy→easily (例外：shy→ shyly)；
(5)以ic结尾的形容词加ally，如：economic→economically、 basic→basically (例外：public→publicly)；
(6)以ll结尾的形容词在其后加y，如：full →fully、 dull →dully。
3．形容词、副词转换为比较级、最高级
(1)利用标志词确定比较等级
①句中有much、far、still、even、rather、a little、a bit、a lot、a great deal、than等标志词时用比较级；
②空后有表示范围的标志词in、of、among等时用最高级。
(2)利用固定句型
①“the＋比较级...，the＋比较级...”意为“越……，就越……”；
②“否定词＋比较级”表示最高级含义；
③句中虽没有标志词，但暗含比较，也需要用比较级或最高级。
考法4 代词的词形转换
[试做经典]
1．(2023·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)Nanxiang aside, the best xiao long bao have a fine skin, allowing them to be lifted out of the steamer basket without tearing or spilling any of _________(they) contents.
their 考查代词。此处用形容词性物主代词their作定语，修饰空后的名词contents，表示“不会使包子开裂，或者溢出包子里的任何东西”。
their
2．(2024·全国甲卷)What should be done with such a beautiful place They wondered out loud. This area, with _________(it) unique and breathtaking natural beauty, must be well preserved for all people of the nation to enjoy—as a national park.
its 考查形容词性物主代词。根据句意并分析句子结构可知，空处修饰后面的beauty，应用形容词性物主代词its。
its
3．(2024·浙江卷1月)Who knows, perhaps some of the more forward-looking _________(one) may yet come out with a whole range of “just for you” pack sizes with special offers as well.
ones 考查代词。代词one意为“(在某类人中的)一个”，其前有some of限定修饰，应用one的复数形式。
ones
4．(2024·郴州三模)Octopuses (章鱼) have the amazing ability to hide ____________(they) in their environments, using unique organs in their skin that can shrink and expand within seconds.
themselves 考查代词。当宾语和主语所指相同时，宾语应用反身代词；此处指“章鱼自己”，应用反身代词themselves。
themselves
5．(2024·厦门质检)His mother jokingly asked _________(he) whether the sugar was sweet, and he said, “Yes, it is sweet enough.”
him 考查代词。分析句子结构可知，空处作asked的宾语，应用he的宾格形式him。
him
6．(2024·安徽名校4月质检)Shalise Leesfield, a 16-year-old Australian, devotes _________(she) to the protection of the gray nurse shark.
herself 考查代词。“devote oneself to...”是固定搭配，意为“献身于……；致力于……”，此处用反身代词herself作宾语，与主语Shalise Leesfield构成互指关系。
herself
[技法点拨]
提示词为代词，当句子缺少主语、宾语、定语或表语时，一般填代词；确定填代词之后，再看一下空处所填代词是否与上文提到的人或物有指代关系。
1．若分析句子结构发现提示词作主语，则应考虑人称代词的主格形式；
2．若分析句子结构发现提示词作宾语，则应考虑人称代词的宾格形式；
3．若分析句子结构发现提示词作定语，则应考虑形容词性物主代词；
4．若分析句子结构发现提示词作动词或介词的宾语，且和主语是同一人时，则应考虑反身代词。
Test 1
(2024·杭州二模)It's common to see a barista (咖啡师) create coffee art, but it's a whole different ball game doing the same thing with tea. Han Zheming, 1._________ 80-year-old Shanghai resident, has managed 2._________(perfect) the skill, creating tea art in cups, or dian cha (点茶) in Chinese, which used to be a routine during the Song Dynasty (960-1279). Over the past decades, he 3._________(use) tea and spoons to create nearly 200 patterns 4._________(base) on ancient paintings.
an
to perfect
has used
based
It's also his intention to bring the old ritual back to modern life and have more people appreciate 5._________(it) charm. “Dian cha in modern brewing enhances the taste of tea，” Han says. “It is similar 6._________ the foam on top of a cup of coffee, except that it is made of tea rather than milk.”
its
to
Chinese tea culture started to enjoy 7._________(popular) during the Tang Dynasty (618-907) and flourished throughout the Song Dynasty, 8.________ tea had become a necessity for almost everyone, from nobles and scholars to common people, just like other important items, such as rice, oil and salt, as suggested by Song politician and thinker Wang Anshi.
popularity
when
9．_________(total) different from the method of brewing tea during the Tang period, in the Song Dynasty, the popular way of having tea was through dian cha. The action of pouring hot water over fine powdered tea is called dian, hence the name dian cha, which 10._________(list) as an intangible cultural heritage of Runzhou district, Zhenjiang city, Jiangsu Province, in 2019.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了“点茶”的历史以及韩喆明是如何完善“点茶”技术和传播“点茶”文化的。
Totally
was listed
1．an 考查冠词。根据句意可知，此处泛指一名上海居民，故空处应用不定冠词，“80”的发音以元音音素开头，应用不定冠词an。
2．to perfect 考查固定搭配。manage to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“设法做成某事”。
3．has used 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据句意和时间状语Over the past decades可知，句子应用现在完成时；主语为he，助动词应用has。
4．based 考查非谓语动词。句中已有谓语动词，故空处应用非谓语动词，“be based on...”意为“以……为基础”，patterns和base之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，空处应用过去分词作后置定语。
5．its 考查代词。空后charm为名词，应用形容词性物主代词修饰。
6．to 考查固定搭配。“be similar to...”为固定搭配，意为“与……相似”。
7．popularity 考查名词。enjoy为动词，后接名词作宾语，popular为形容词，对应的名词为popularity，为不可数名词。
8．when 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为the Song Dynasty，关系词在从句中作时间状语，应用关系副词when。
9．Totally 考查副词。different为形容词，空处应用副词，在句中作状语，注意句首单词首字母大写。
10．was listed 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据句意和时间状语in 2019可知，句子陈述的是过去发生的事，句子为which引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词dian cha和list之间为被动关系，故应用一般过去时的被动语态；先行词dian cha为单数，所以填was listed。
Test 2
(2024·玉溪一模)Prihardinni, from the Indonesian city of Surabaya, is amazed at how traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) 1._______________ (continue) to develop since she began studying it.
has continued
The 20-year-old arrived in China in 2019 and initially studied Chinese in the eastern Chinese city of Wuxi. She is 2._________(current) a freshman at the Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, the only university in Northwest China permitted to grant a doctoral degree in TCM, 3._________ is a medical system with thousands of years of history and widespread international 4._________(popular).
currently
which
popularity
When Prihardinni was 10 years old, she suffered 5._________ continuous headaches. So, her mother took her to see a TCM doctor near their home. The doctor checked her pulse, examined her face and tongue, and wrote down a prescription (处方). After several 6._________(week) of consuming the bitter herbal medicine, her symptoms were relieved, and she found comfort.
from
weeks
“His medical skills were like magic，” Prihardinni recalls. The memory of being cured by TCM was remembered in Prihardinni's heart and it encouraged her 7._________(pursue) TCM study majoring in the clinical science of Chinese and Western medicines.
to pursue
“People in my country are becoming increasingly interested in TCM. 8._________(vary) social media vloggers are documenting their experiences with Chinese medicine，” Prihardinni says, 9._________(add) that she plans to return to her hometown after graduation and open a TCM clinic. “I want to tell my friends and relatives that Chinese medicine is also 10._________ good and trustworthy choice.”
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。来自印度尼西亚的普林哈迪尼开始学习中医以来，对中医药的持续发展感到惊讶。文章介绍了普林哈迪尼学习中医的起因、经过和她对中医的看法。
Various
adding
a
1．has continued 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据其后的 “since she began studying it”可知，本句需用现在完成时，主语Prihardinni为第三人称单数，谓语动词也应用单数形式。
2．currently 考查副词。空处修饰 be 动词is，需要使用副词形式。
3．which 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词TCM，在从句中作主语，指物，应用关系代词which。
4．popularity 考查名词。空前的international是形容词，其后跟名词。
5．from 考查介词。suffer from意为“患病”，为固定短语。
6．weeks 考查名词复数。根据空前的 several可知，应用可数名词复数。
7．to pursue 考查非谓语动词。encourage sb. to do sth.意为“鼓励某人做某事”，为固定搭配。
8．Various 考查形容词。空处修饰其后的名词短语social media vloggers，需用形容词形式，句首单词首字母要大写。
9．adding 考查非谓语动词。空前已有谓语动词says，空处在句中为非谓语动词，与其逻辑主语 Prihardinni 是主谓关系，应用动词-ing形式。
10．a 考查冠词。choice 是可数名词单数，此处为泛指，且good的发音以辅音音素开头，应用不定冠词a。(共178张PPT)
第三讲 冠词、代词、
介词(短语)、数词及连词
语法项目(一)
PART
01
第一部分
语法项目(一) 冠 词
冠词是高考语法填空的常考点，经常考查不定冠词a、an和定冠词the的基本用法和固定搭配。解答此类题目时，空后有名词且两者搭配在一起表示泛指含义时，要考虑不定冠词a/an；有序数词、最高级、表示特指或特指意义的比较级等形式时，要考虑定冠词the；空处前后的词与冠词构成的固定搭配要牢记。
如何判定填冠词
[典例呈现]
(2024·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)Further, the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse walks visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road, by which silk as well as many plant species came to Britain for 61._________ first time.
the
[解析] 第一步：确定是否填冠词。分析句子结构可知，空后有名词time。
第二步：判断是特指还是泛指。for the first time是固定搭配，意为“第一次”。
[技法点拨]
第一步：确定是否填冠词
分析句子结构，看空后是否有名词。
第二步：判断是特指还是泛指
1．若空后有可数名词单数，搭配后表示泛指时，应考虑用不定冠词a/an；
2．若空后有名词，搭配后表示特指时，应考虑用定冠词the；
3．看看是不是固定搭配。
考法 冠词的基本用法
[试做经典]
1．(2023·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)The meat should be fresh with _________ touch of sweetness, and the surrounding soup hot, clear and delicious.
a 考查冠词。a touch of是固定搭配，意为“少许、微量”。
a
2．(2023·浙江卷1月)In contrast to the court life and upper-class culture represented by the Forbidden City, the Summer Palace, and the Temple of Heaven, the hutongs reflect _________ culture of grassroots Beijingers.
the 考查冠词。根据名词culture后面的介词短语of grassroots Beijingers可知，此处culture表示特指概念，应用定冠词the修饰。
the
3．(2022·全国甲卷)_________ friend of his, Wu Fan, volunteered to be his companion during the trip.
A 考查冠词。根据句意可知，此处泛指“他的一个朋友”，应用不定冠词，friend的发音以辅音音素开头，应用a，空处位于句首，首字母应大写。
A
4．(2022·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)Covering an area about three times _________ size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country.
the 考查冠词。此处用the，构成倍数表达法：倍数＋the size of＋名词。
the
5．(2022·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)_________ Brown family live in an apartment building outside Toronto.
The 考查冠词。分析句子结构可知，空处要填写冠词与Brown family 构成名词短语作主语。“the＋姓氏”意为“某某一家人”，the符合句意。空处位于句首，首字母应该大写。
The
6．(2024·浙江卷1月)Over the last two years, some supermarkets have started selling chicken or salad in packs designed with two halves containing separate portions (份). Then, when you use one section, _________ other stays fresh.
the 考查冠词。分析句子结构可知，空后省略了名词section。the other意为“另一个”，为固定搭配，空处应用定冠词。
the
7．(2024·青岛二模)Watching Liu work is _________ visual delight.
a 考查冠词。此处为抽象名词具体化，空后的delight意为“令人享受的事情”，表泛指，visual的发音以辅音音素开头，应用不定冠词a修饰。
a
8．(2024·惠州二模)Using short videos over new media platforms to promote tourism has become _________ effective publicity channel.
an 考查冠词。根据句意可知，此处表示“一个有效的宣传渠道”，故前要加不定冠词表示单数概念，因空后effective的发音以元音音素开头，故用不定冠词an。
an
9．(2024·江苏五地第三次调研)They have _________ better flavor than the later batches which can be grown overnight.
a 考查冠词。根据句意可知，此处表示“一个更好的口味”，为泛指，应用不定冠词来修饰，且better的发音以辅音音素开头，应用a。
a
10．(2024·株洲一模)One day, when we look up at the sky, we may find that many satellites in _________ vast universe are looking back at us.
the 考查冠词。分析句子结构可知，空后universe 为名词，vast universe意为“浩瀚的宇宙”。此处表示唯一性，故用定冠词the。
the
11．(2024·娄底模拟)At the age of 27, she was named an inheritor (传承人) of Hua'er, becoming _________ youngest inheritor of this traditional art at the time.
the 考查冠词。分析句子结构并根据句意可知，此处表示最高级，应用the来修饰。
the
12．(2024·十堰4月调研)After that talk with his mother, John set about making the effort to learn the art form and hoped to change _________ idea that men couldn't learn embroidery.
the 考查冠词。根据句意可知，约翰希望改变的是“男人不能学习刺绣”这一观念，句中idea表特指，前面应加定冠词the。
the
[技法点拨]
1．两个口诀巧判用the还是a/an
(1)用定冠词the的情况：
特指双方熟悉，上文已提及，世上独一无二，专有名词、西洋乐器、序数词或最高级前；
(2)用不定冠词a/an的情况：
泛指一类人或物，与one同义表“一”，和序数词一起表“又一、再一”。
2．五种可能填冠词的情况
(1)填不定冠词a/an的情况：
①a/an＋单数可数名词；
②a/an＋形容词＋单数可数名词。
(2)填定冠词the的情况：
①the(＋定语)＋名词＋of等介词短语；
②the(＋定语)＋名词＋定语从句；
③the(＋定语)＋名词＋不定式/分词短语。
3．根据固定搭配或用法确定冠词
(1)不定冠词用在固定搭配中，如：
catch a cold、 have a fever、 all of a sudden、 as a matter of fact、 as a result、 have a gift for、 make a living、 give sb. a lift、 have a good knowledge of等；
(2)定冠词用在固定搭配中，如：
at the same time、 on the contrary、 to tell the truth、 in the distance、 make the most/best of、 on the spot等；
(3)动词(catch/take/hit等)＋sb.＋介词＋the＋身体部位；
(4)a＋比较级(＋名词)，表示“一个更……的人或物”；
(5)抽象名词具体化
具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考的有：surprise、 pleasure、 comfort、 danger、 success、 failure、 beauty等。
Test 1
(2024·潮州一模)In 1998, an eco-museum was established in Suojia Miao, Yi and Hui Township, China's Guizhou Province. Consisting of 12 villages, including Gaoxing Village, the eco-museum is different from traditional ones. It isn't enclosed by walls and 1._________ it showcases is more than various collections.
what
Xiong Shaozhen, a 77-year-old resident of Gaoxing Village, weaves every day with a loom (织布机) in a wooden house, her daughter-in-law busy 2._________(learn) the craft from her.“The costumes, language, music and even the way of production of the local community are all living 3.___________(significance) exhibits，” said Luo Gang, head of the museum.
learning
significant
A decade ago, Gaoxing Village 4._________(list) in a traditional Chinese villages catalog (目录). However, Luo found there were few looms left in the village. He 5._________(apply) for a budget from relevant departments and invited professional craftsmen to produce looms for the villagers. He asked each villager that received the machine 6._________ (use) it and train an inheritor (继承者) of the local weaving technique. In addition, most of the old folk houses with their 7._________ (roof) made of straw needed regular replacement and Luo had their original appearance 8._________(restore).
was listed
applied
to use
roofs
restored
There are 25 such eco-museums in the province, which are in line 9._________ sustainable development principles. Not only do they guide villagers to perform independent-management and activate their passion for preserving their traditional cultures, but they create more jobs and give 10._________ boost to local tourism.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇新闻报道。文章介绍了贵州省梭戛苗族彝族回族乡建立的生态博物馆。
with
a
1．what 考查主语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导主语从句，从句中缺少宾语，应用what引导。
2．learning 考查固定搭配。be busy doing sth.是固定搭配，意为“忙于做某事”。
3．significant 考查形容词。空后是名词exhibits，所以空处应填形容词significant。
4．was listed 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，本句缺少谓语动词，所以list应该作本句谓语，主语是Gaoxing Village，两者之间是被动关系，应该用被动语态；根据时间状语A decade ago可知，应用一般过去时；Gaoxing Village是单数，故填was listed。
5．applied 考查动词的时态。根据and可知，空处是和invited作本句的并列谓语，所以apply也用一般过去时。
6．to use 考查固定搭配。ask sb.to do sth.是固定搭配，意为“要求某人做某事”。
7．roofs 考查名词复数。空前是形容词性物主代词，所以空处应填名词，roof意为“屋顶”，为可数名词，此处表示复数意义，应用复数形式。
8．restored 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，本句已有谓语动词had，所以restore应该用非谓语形式，逻辑主语是appearance，两者之间是被动关系，应该用过去分词表被动。
9．with 考查固定搭配。in line with是固定搭配，意为“符合……的”。
10．a 考查固定搭配。give a boost to是固定搭配，意为“促进”。
Test 2
(2024·江苏决胜新高考5月联考)Located in south Anhui Province, the two traditional villages Xidi and Hongcun are architectural 1._________(complex), with a high historical and artistic value. They still retain (保留) the original features of Anhui villages between the 14th and 20th centuries.
complexes
Xidi village 2.___________(compose) of more than 300 civil residences, most of which were built in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Backed by picturesque hills and towering ancient woods, this village is noted 3._________ the harmony of its architecture and its colorful fields. The residential buildings are mostly black and white. The decorations display a strong flavor of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Potted plants, fishing pools and flowerbeds give 4._________ whole village a sense of harmony with nature.
is composed
for
the
Hongcun village features its overall design 5._________ resembles the shape of an ox. The ancient Academy of the South Lake casts its shadow in the lake and 6._________(create) a quiet scene together with ancient trees and graceful buildings around it.
that/which
creates
Xidi and Hongcun experienced 1，000 years of continuous 7.______________(transform) and development, all the while authentically 8._________ (preserve) their characters as traditional Chinese villages. The villages faithfully preserve elements that are typical of traditional pre-modern villages. 9.____________(additional), the site preserves regional art, customs, cuisine and other forms of cultural and traditional ways of life. Xidi and Hongcun are, without doubt, ideal sites for a contemporary society 10.____________(research) traditional village culture.
transformation
preserving
Additionally
to research
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了安徽省南部的两个传统村落西递和宏村。
1．complexes 考查名词复数。architectural为形容词，空处应用名词，作表语，根据句中are可知，应用复数形式。
2．is composed 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，句子陈述的是客观事实，Xidi village和compose之间为被动关系，应用一般现在时的被动语态；主语Xidi village是单数，应填is composed。
3．for 考查固定搭配。“be noted for...”是固定搭配，意为“以……闻名”。
4．the 考查冠词。句中whole前应与定冠词the连用，特指“整个西递村”。
5．that/which 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词为design，指物，且空处在从句中作主语，应用关系代词that或which。
6．creates 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据and可知，空处和casts作本句的并列谓语，应用第三人称单数形式。
7．transformation 考查名词。continuous为形容词，空处应用名词，作宾语，transform的名词为transformation，为不可数名词。
8．preserving 考查非谓语动词。句中已有谓语动词experienced，空处应用非谓语动词，Xidi and Hongcun和preserve为逻辑上的主谓关系，应用现在分词。
9．Additionally 考查副词。分析句子结构可知，空处修饰后面整个句子，应用副词，作状语。
10．to research 考查非谓语动词。根据句意可知，此处表达“来进行研究”，表目的，所以用不定式。
语法项目(二)
PART
02
第二部分
语法项目(二) 代 词
如何判定填代词
[典例呈现]
(2024·福州第二次质检)I feel 65._________ our responsibility to communicate about the charm of the primitive inscription with the younger generations and foreigners.
it
[解析] 第一步：确定是否填代词。动词feel后缺少宾语，且空后没给提示词，故需要填代词。
第二步：确定代词的种类和形式。句子真正的宾语是不定式，空处应用it作形式宾语，feel it our responsibility to do sth.意为“觉得做某事是我们的责任”。
[技法点拨]
第一步：确定是否填代词
分析句子结构，发现句子缺少形式主语或形式宾语时，应考虑用it。
第二步：判断是否指代上文中提到的人或物
分析句子结构，发现指代上文中所提到的人或物时，应考虑用相应的代词。
考法 代词的基本用法
[试做经典]
1．(2024·淄博一模)It's extremely dry here, with the amount of annual evaporation (蒸发) being more than 60 times _________ of the annual rainfall.
that 考查代词。此处意为“年降雨量”，是同类异物特指，空处用代词that替代前面提到的the amount。
that
2．(2024·齐鲁名校联盟联考)Even so, _________ was not until the Republic of China era in the 1910s that there were some noticeable results in promoting a common unified language in China.
it 考查固定句型。“It was not until...that...”是强调句型，意为“直到……才……”。
it
3．(2024·泰安三模)The authors say, “_________ is time to start understanding and discussing AI's potential.”
It 考查固定句型。“it is time to do sth.”意为“是做某事的时候了”。
It
4．(2024·广东2月大联考)Yang Cunxin, who was born and raised next to the station and later worked there, feels _________ a duty to tell the story of its connection to China's history.
it 考查代词。分析句子结构可知，本句的宾语为动词不定式短语，空处应用it作形式宾语。
it
5．(2024·雅礼中学月考)The Chinese government has increasingly invested in the protection of tangible (物质的)and intangible cultural heritage nationwide, by building museums, hosting more events. You name _________．
it 考查代词。“You name it.”意为“你想得到的都有，凡是你说得出的(应有尽有)”，是习惯表达。
it
6．(2024·辽宁教研联盟一模)_________ keeps my brain active to communicate with people online.
It 考查代词。分析句子结构可知，动词不定式to communicate with people online是真正的主语，空处是形式主语，应用it，首字母应大写。
It
7．(2024·宁波4月模拟)Once the performance starts, the actor keeps pulling down one mask after _________ in swift movements to convey different emotions.
another 考查固定搭配。one after another是固定搭配，意为“一个又一个、一个接一个”。
another
8．(2024·重庆八中二模)Studies at Harvard Business School show that though some individuals may be more creative than _________， almost every individual can be creative in the right circumstances.
others 考查代词。“some...others...”是固定搭配，意为“一些……其他……”，根据句中some individuals可知，空处应用others，表示“其他人”。
others
9．(2024·蚌埠质检)It was one of the three nationwide celebrations back then. The _________ two were Lantern Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival.
other 考查代词。根据空前一句的句意可知，空处所在句表示“另外两个是元宵节和中秋节”，空处意为“其他的”，用other。
other
10．Anne, a short video talent from Omaha, USA, filmed a reaction video to the artistry and posted _________ online.
it 考查代词。根据句意可知，空处指代上文的a reaction video，应用it。
it
[技法点拨]
1．句意清，指代明
当句中缺少主语或宾语时，一般要填代词。
(1)如果空前出现了可数名词单数或不可数名词，并且空处作主语，可根据指代的情况用he、she或it；
(2)如果空前出现了可数名词单数或不可数名词，并且空处作宾语，可根据指代的情况用him、her或it；
(3)如果空前出现了可数名词复数，并且空处作主语，用they；
(4)如果空前出现了可数名词复数，并且空处作宾语，用them。
2．it的用法
(1)指代天气、时间、距离等；
(2)代替上文提到过的事物；
(3)it可作形式主语或形式宾语；
(4)it常用的固定用法：
①It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他；
②when it comes to...当谈到……；
③as sb. puts it正如某人所说；
④make it成功；take it easy别紧张；go it加油；get it明白
3．熟记常见代词的区别
(1)二者选其一用either；二者都不选用neither；
(2)若表示“(三者或三者以上中的)另外一个”用another；若表示“(两者中的)另一个”用the other，常用结构：one...the other...；若表示“其余的、另外的”，在名词前用other；若泛指“其他人”或“其他物”，不跟名词且指代复数，用others，常用结构：some...others...；
(3)若指代上文出现的可数名词单数或不可数名词则用that；若指代可数名词复数用those；
(4)若指代前面出现过的某类事物中的“一个”用one；若指代复数形式用ones。
Test 1
(2024·江苏新高考基地学校大联考)Every day, Duan Lianru spends several hours sitting in her office in Hunchun, Jilin Province to make a 1.____________(compare) of hundreds of photos of Siberian tigers on the computer.
comparison
“It seems a little boring, but 2._________(basic) I enjoy the work, which makes a connection between me and the big cats，” said the 36-year-old monitor from the search monitoring center of the Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park. The park 3._________ (stretch) across the provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang.
basically
stretches
Duan is responsible for identifying the tigers according to patterns on 4._________ (they) fur and giving them something like 5._________ identity card.
The park, 6._________ size exceeds (超过) 1.4 million hectares, is the most important habitat for wild Siberian tigers and Amur leopards in China.
The Siberian tigers' “ID cards” come 7._________ a lot of important basic data that aids scientific conservation. 8._________(base) on such information, Duan draws the family trees of the tigers.
their
an
whose
with
Based
Recent years 9. _______________(see) a remarkable increase in the variety and number of wild animals and more tiger families have been found, including some back two or three generations.
“I feel quite honored to be involved in such significant work，” Duan said. “10._________(create) a more beautiful world, humans and wild animals, I hope, can live in harmony.”
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了东北虎豹国家公园搜索监测中心的管理员段连儒的工作及意义。
has/have seen
To create
1．comparison 考查名词。此处作宾语且空前有不定冠词a，应用可数名词单数形式。
2．basically 考查副词。此处修饰后面整句话，应用副词形式作状语。
3．stretches 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。句子陈述客观事实，应用一般现在时；主语The park是第三人称单数，谓语动词也应用单数形式。
4．their 考查代词。此处修饰名词fur，应用形容词性物主代词。
5．an 考查冠词。此处泛指“一张身份证”，应用不定冠词，identity的发音以元音音素开头，应用不定冠词an。
6．whose 考查定语从句。此处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是park，关系词在从句中作size的定语，应用关系代词whose。
7．with 考查介词。此处指东北虎的“身份证”上有很多重要的基础数据，有助于科学保护。空处应用介词with，意为“带有”。
8．Based 考查非谓语动词。be based on意为“根据、以……为基础”，为固定短语，空处省略be动词，应使用过去分词作状语。
9．has/have seen 考查动词的时态及主谓一致。由句意可知，此处表示过去的动作或状态持续到现在，应用现在完成时，主语Recent years被看作整体时，谓语动词用单数；若强调个体时，谓语动词也可以用复数，即助动词可以使用has或have。
10．To create 考查非谓语动词。此处作目的状语，应用动词不定式。
Test 2
(2024·海南高考全真模拟)By drawing on the surface of a cup of tea, chabaixi, an ancient Chinese tea trick has become popular. However, 10 years ago, this typical technique was close to 1._____________(disappear) completely.
“It in fact requires dozens of processes, and they are not easy 2.___________(complete)，” Zhang Zhifeng, a performer of chabaixi, said.
disappearing
to complete
As a special art form in China, 3._________ had once been as normal as drawing and playing instruments, chabaixi can create endless 4._________(pattern) such as bamboos and mountains or even calligraphy such as autographs and short proverbs.
“It is 5._________(total) different from making latte (拿铁) because we use clear water as the object to inject into the cup instead of milk. But when the water 6._________(touch) the surface of stirred tea, it turns into a white color and disappears in 20 minutes，” Zhang explained.
which
patterns
totally
touches
This technique 7._________(list) as part of China's Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2017, after it was recovered by Zhang. “This technique is the key 8._________ tea culture
from the Song Dynasty, and it would be such 9._________ shame to let it fade. 10._________ is also necessary that this technique must be passed on to the next generations so they can have a better understanding of the history behind it，” Zhang added.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种古老的中国茶艺——茶百戏。
was listed
to
a
It
1．disappearing 考查非谓语动词。根据句意以及空前的介词to并分析句子可知，空处应该填disappearing作介词to的宾语。
2．to complete 考查固定句型。主语＋be＋adj.＋to do为固定句型，其中不定式用主动形式。
3．which 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词a special art form为物，且空处在定语从句中作主语，所以应用关系代词which。
4．patterns 考查名词复数。根据所给可数名词pattern以及空前的endless可知，空处应填pattern的复数形式。
5．totally 考查副词。空处修饰形容词different，应用副词形式，作状语。
6．touches 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。后面主句的时态是一般现在时，时间状语从句的时态也应该是一般现在时；主语water为不可数名词，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。
7．was listed 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。空处是该句子的谓语部分，根据时间状语in 2017可知，应用一般过去时；句子的主语This technique和动词list之间是被动关系，所以应该用被动语态；主语This technique为单数，谓语动词应用单数形式。
8．to 考查介词。the key to...意为“……的关键”。根据句意和空前的名词key可知，空处应填介词to和名词key搭配。
9．a 考查冠词。此处表泛指，应用不定冠词，shame的发音以辅音音素开头，应用a。
10．It 考查固定句型。空处应填It作形式主语，构成固定句型：It＋be＋adj.＋that从句，真正的主语是后面的that从句。
语法项目(三)
PART
03
第三部分
语法项目(三) 介词(短语)、数词
高考对介词的考查主要集中在介词的基本用法及含介词的固定搭配的用法上。语法填空题对介词的考查形式为纯空格，即没有提示词，这对考生正确理解句意和对知识的掌握提出了较高的要求。因此，考生应在掌握介词基本用法的同时，注意总结和积累其与名词、形容词、动词等搭配构成的短语并熟记其意义和用法。近几年，高考对数词鲜有考查。
如何判定填介词
[典例呈现]
(2024·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)The Glasshouse stands 63._________ a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route that/which brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the richness of gardening in England.
as
[解析] 第一步：确定是否填介词。分析句子结构，发现空后的名词achievement在句中不作主语、表语或动词的宾语，其前应填介词。
第二步：根据句意及固定搭配确定答案。分析句子结构，发现空处在不及物动词stand后名词achievement前，应考虑动词与介词的搭配；再根据句意“该玻璃温室作为当代设计的伟大成就而存在”可知，此处为stand as，意为“作为……存在”。
[技法点拨]
第一步：确定是否填介词
分析句子结构，发现名词或代词在句中不作主语、表语或动词的宾语时，其前面一般填介词。
第二步：根据句意及固定搭配确定答案
1．分析句子结构，发现空格在名词前后时，应考虑名词与介词的搭配；
2．分析句子结构，发现空格在不及物动词后名词前时，应考虑动词与介词的搭配；
3．分析句子结构，发现空格在形容词后名词前时，应考虑形容词与介词的搭配。
考法1 介词(短语)的基本用法
[试做经典]
1．(2023·全国甲卷)She warns of the environmental dangers facing society, and she teaches that people must take responsibility _________ saving their environment.
for 考查介词。take responsibility for是固定搭配，意为“对……负责”。
for
2．(2023·浙江卷1月)Thanks to Beijing's long history _________ the capital of China, almost every hutong has its stories, and some are even associated with historic events.
as 考查介词。根据句意可知，as是介词，意为“作为”，符合句意。
as
3．(2024·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)Some of the things that Tang was writing about were also Shakespeare's concerns. I happen to know that Tang's play The Peony Pavilion(《牡丹亭》) is similar in some ways _________ Romeo and Juliet.
to 考查介词。分析句子结构可知，空处在形容词similar后名词Romeo and Juliet前，应考虑形容词与介词的搭配；再根据句意“《牡丹亭》在某些方面与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》相似”可知，此处为be similar to，意为“与……相似”。
to
4．(2024·全国甲卷)This area, with its unique and breathtaking natural beauty, must be well preserved _________ all people of the nation to enjoy—as a national park.
for 考查介词。分析句子结构可知，空处在不及物动词preserve后名词people前，应考虑动词与介词的搭配；再根据句意“要妥善保护这个地区，以供全国人民欣赏”可知，此处表示“为了”。
for
5．(2024·济南一模)An ancient stone gate first greets your eyes _________the entrance to the village.
at 考查介词。在某个“小地点”时，可使用介词at。at the entrance意为“在入口处”。
at
6．(2024·潍坊一模)She greets her fans _________a sweet, gentle voice just like any other livestreamer.
in 考查介词。此处表达“用甜美温柔的声音”，应用介词in表示“用……”之意。
in
7．(2024·泰州中学一模)_________feeling happy, which is a temporary state, leading a happier life is about individual growth by finding meaning through the whole life.
Unlike 考查介词。此处表示“暂时的幸福”和“更幸福的生活”的比较，这两种幸福是不同的，需用介词unlike，位于句首首字母大写。
Unlike
8．(2024·苏北七市二模)In ancient times, the drums were played _________New Year's Eve at the imperial palace to bring peace.
on 考查介词。New Year's Eve是“除夕”，在具体的某一天前用介词on。
on
9．(2024·盐城第三次模拟)A research center has also been established, _________experts from home and overseas jointly providing suggestions for their protection.
with 考查介词。“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”为固定结构，空处应用介词with。
with
10．(2024·江门一模)The Yutu-2 is named _________ the pet rabbit of the Chinese moon goddess Chang'e.
after 考查介词。be named after是固定搭配，意为“以……命名”。
after
11．(2024·茂名二模)Johannes Vermeer is famous around the world _________his paintings of calm scenes in domestic settings, according to the museum.
for 考查介词。表示“以……闻名”用短语be famous for。
for
12．(2024·衡阳二模)Livestock stay on the ground floor, while people always live ___________it.
above/over 考查介词。根据上文的“Livestock stay on the ground floor”以及表示“对比”的连词while可知，此处应表示“在……上方”，用介词above或over。
above/over
13．(2024·湖北七市3月联考)Over a decade ago, McKenzie said researchers discovered a link _________exercise and focus in children.
between 考查介词。“between...and...”是固定搭配，意为“在……和……之间”。
between
14．(2024·福建高三4月联考)_________the same time, they shall assume responsibility and fight as best as they can. Since ancient times, Wing Chun has been a technique for gentlemen.
At 考查介词。at the same time是固定短语，意为“同时”，句首字母需大写。
At
[技法点拨]
1．辨逻辑，联想恰当介词
(1)表示时间的in、on和at
①in表示在某段较长的时间内(如世纪、朝代、年、月、季节等)或泛指上午、下午、晚上等；
②on表示在具体的日子或具体的某一天的上午、下午、晚上等；
③at表示某个时间点、时刻等。
(2)表示交通方式的by和on/in
①by后可直接跟涉及和不涉及交通工具的名词，名词前不加冠词；
②on/in后跟交通工具时，名词前应有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语。
(3)表示“用……”的by、in和with
①by＋交通工具/通信工具，也可表方式，如：by car/train/air/sea/letter/email/phone/hand；
②in多用于表示语言、材料的名词前；
③with多用于表示工具或身体器官的名词前。
(4)for：①(表示去向)往、向，如：leave for(动身去……)；②为得到、为获取；③表示一段时间，如：for two years (两年)；④因为、由于；⑤就……而言。
(5)beyond：①在……另一边；②在……更远处；③超出、非……所能及。
(6)as用作介词，意为“作为”，常用于一些动词之后，如：work as(从事……工作)、serve as(可用作……)、 act as(担任、充当……)。
(7)despite/in spite of意为“尽管”。
2．依据句式和搭配填介词
(1)与动词搭配，如：mistake...for... (把……误认为……)、devote...to...(致力于……)。
(2)与名词或代词搭配，如：(a) lack of (缺乏……)、on one's own/by oneself(靠自己)。
(3)与形容词搭配，如：be absent from (缺席)、be curious about (对……感到好奇)。
(4)其他搭配，如：from...to...(从……到……)、between...and...(在……和……之间)。
(5)介词短语，如：by accident (偶然)、in trouble (处于困境中)、in turn(依次，转而)。
考法2 数词的基本用法
[试做经典]
1．(2023·全国甲卷)Fables were part of the oral tradition of many early cultures, and the well-known Aesop's fables date to the _________(six) century B．C．
sixth 考查数词。空前有定冠词the，空后是名词century，所以空处填序数词sixth。
sixth
2．(2024·龙岩3月质检)Li Xingchang, 68, is the _________(eight) inheritor in his family.
eighth 考查数词。空前有定冠词the，空后是名词inheritor，所以空处填序数词eighth。
eighth
3．(2024·重庆南开中学质检)A recent report showed that in the whole country, the barbecue is _________(two) only to hot pot among late-night dining options.
second 考查数词。根据后面的only to可知，此处表示“第二大夜宵选择”，所以用序数词。
second
4．There I met a gentleman by the name of Kurien in his late _________(eighty).
eighties 考查数词。in one's late eighties意为“在某人快九十岁时”。
eighties
5．Back in the _________(ninety), he would remain at the zoo for almost three months to stay with the pandas during the breeding season.
nineties 考查数词。根据句意可知，此处表示“在九十年代”，空处应用nineties。
nineties
6．It is reported that the floods have left _________(thousand) of people homeless.
thousands 考查数词。thousands of意为“数以千计的”。
thousands
[技法点拨]
1．基数词变序数词规律
(1)一般由基数词加th构成，如：sixth、seventh、tenth、eleventh、hundredth；
(2)以y结尾的基数词，先把y变为ie，再加th，如：twentieth、thirtieth；
(3)不规则变形，如：first、second、third、fifth、eighth、ninth、twelfth等。
2．年龄、年代表达法
(1)表达“在某人几十多岁”时，用“in one's＋整十基数词的复数”，如：in one's fifties(在某人五十多岁时)；
(2)表达“在几十年代”时，用“in the＋整十基数词的复数”， 如：in the thirties(在三十年代)。
Test 1
(2024·东莞二模)When Lin Zhanxi first introduced mushroom cultivation(培育) to the Gobi Desert residents of Ningxia, he didn't expect such a phenomenal success. 1._________inventor of juncao, a method that uses grass cuttings as substrate (培养基) for growing eatable and medicinal mushrooms, has long been committed 2._________expanding the method in poverty relief.
The
to
In the 1980s, as a professor at Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin experimented with grass instead of logs to grow mushrooms because logs weren't 3._________(ready) available for many rural households while grass, 4._________leaves and roots can be used for ecological management, is an essential multi-functional agricultural resource. In 1986, Lin made it, and soon his method 5._____________ (adopt) by 51 counties in Fujian.
readily
whose
was adopted
When juncao was made a key project in the pairing-off cooperation between Fujian and Ningxia in 1997, Lin advocated 6._________(take) advantage of abandoned cave dwellings (窑洞) for growing mushrooms in Ningxia. The project doubled the farmers' yearly income that year.
taking
The success made juncao7._________(promote) in 506 China's counties and it was then introduced to 106 developing countries. This world-famous innovation 8.____________(bring) welfare to millions of people so far. What touched Lin most during his journey to other countries to help develop juncao technology was that a foreign minister even named his daughter after juncao in honor of China's 9._________ (assist).
promoted
has brought
assistance
“I feel I have a new mission 10._________(shoulder), even after China wins its battle to reduce poverty. I can still foresee the importance of juncao in helping farmers better their situation and improving the ecology and the environment around us，” he said.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了菌草的发明者林占熺长期以来一直致力于在扶贫中推广菌草，对扶贫做出了巨大贡献的故事。
to shoulder
1．The 考查冠词。此处为特指一种以草屑为基质种植食用蘑菇和药用蘑菇的方法，所以用定冠词。
2．to 考查介词。be committed to为固定搭配，意为“致力于”。
3．readily 考查副词。修饰形容词应用副词。
4．whose 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词是grass，空处在定语从句中作定语，所以应用whose。
5．was adopted 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，空处在句中作谓语，与主语method之间为被动关系，应用被动语态；因句子表达的是发生在过去的动作，应用一般过去时；主语method为单数，故填was adopted。
6．taking 考查固定搭配。advocate doing sth.为固定搭配，意为“主张做某事”。
7．promoted 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空处在句中作宾语补足语，应用非谓语动词，因与其逻辑主语juncao之间为动宾关系，应用过去分词。
8．has brought 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，空处在句中作谓语，根据时间状语so far可知，应使用现在完成时；主语This world-famous innovation为单数，助动词用has。
9．assistance 考查名词。空处在句中作宾语，应用名词。
10．to shoulder 考查非谓语动词。空处在句中作后置定语，表示一个尚未发生的不确定的动作，应用动词不定式。
Test 2
(2024·湖北4月调研)China will build the world's largest national park system, and a layout plan will be released soon.The plan is being drafted 1._________(meet) the requirements of building a system with the largest scale of protection, the most diverse geographical features and the highest conservation value in the world. Under the plan, which 2.__________________ (launch) by the administration in 2019, about 50 areas have been selected as candidates for national parks.
to meet
was launched
The parks are expected to cover 10 percent of the 3._________(country) land area and preserve more than 80 percent of the key national 4._________(protect) wild plant and animal species. In October, China announced its first group of five national parks, covering 5._________total land area of more than 230,000 square kilometers. Since their establishment, the parks 6.___________(make) achievements in environmental and species protection.
country's
protected
a
have made
“At the same time, a new group of national parks are being established 7._________an orderly manner and will be put into use as soon as possible，” emphasized Li, the National Forestry and Grassland Administration official. Li also said at the news conference on Monday 8._________China's planted forest conservation area has reached 87.6 million hectares, 9._________(rank) No.1 in the world. China is also one of the 12 countries with the 10._________(rich) biodiversity in the world, he added.
in
that
ranking
richest
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇新闻报道。中国将建设世界上最大的国家公园体系，不久将发布布局规划。该规划正在起草中，以满足建设世界上保护规模最大、地理特征最多样、保护价值最高的体系的要求。
1．to meet 考查非谓语动词。根据句意可知，此处表目的，应用不定式作目的状语。
2．was launched 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，空处在句中作谓语；根据时间状语 in 2019可知，应用一般过去时；先行词the plan与launch之间是被动关系，应用被动语态；the plan为单数，故填was launched。
3．country's 考查名词所有格。此处作定语，应用名词所有格形式。
4．protected 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处是非谓语动词作定语。wild plant and animal species与protect之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，应用过去分词。
5．a 考查冠词。“cover a(n)...area of”是固定搭配，意为“占地……；覆盖多大面积”，total的发音以辅音音素开头，应用a。
6．have made 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，空处在句中作谓语；根据时间状语Since their establishment可知，此处应用现在完成时；主语the parks是复数，助动词用have。
7．in 考查介词。in an orderly manner是固定搭配，意为“有条不紊地”。
8．that 考查宾语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导宾语从句，该宾语从句成分齐全，句意完整，应用that引导。
9．ranking 考查非谓语动词。根据句意可知，此处表示一种自然而然的结果，应用现在分词作结果状语。
10．richest 考查形容词的最高级。根据句中in the world可知，此处应用形容词的最高级。
语法项目(四)
PART
04
第四部分
语法项目(四) 连 词
对连词的考查主要涉及并列连词和三大从句，是高考语法填空的重点和难点，也是学生的易错点。分析句子成分，牢记从句规则用法是解题的关键。
如何判定填连词
[典例呈现]
(2024·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)Recalling watching a Chinese opera version of Shakespeare's play Richard Ⅲ in Shanghai and meeting Chinese actors who came to Stratford a few years ago to perform parts of The Peony Pavilion, Edmondson said, “It was very exciting to hear the Chinese language 65._________see how Tang's play was being performed.”
and
[解析] 第一步：判断是否填连词。分析句子结构可知，短语hear the Chinese language和see how Tang's play was being performed之间存在逻辑关系。
第二步：确定具体的连词。分析句子结构可知，短语hear the Chinese language和see how Tang's play was being performed之间是并列关系，应填and。
[技法点拨]
第一步：确定并列连词
如果两个单词、短语、分句之间存在并列、转折、选择、因果关系时，填并列连词。
第二步：确定引导词
如果空处引导从句，则首先要看它所引导的是哪一种从句，然后根据引导词的种类和功能来确定填哪一个引导词。
考法1 并列连词
[试做经典]
1．(2023·全国乙卷)It is a distinct visual contrast (反差) that shouldn't work, _________somehow these two very different worlds make a good combination.
but/yet 考查连词。根据句意可知，前后分句间是转折关系，应用but或yet。
but/yet
2．(2023·浙江卷1月)During China's dynastic period, emperors planned the city of Beijing _________arranged the residential areas according to social classes.
and 考查连词。分析句子结构可知，planned和arranged是并列的谓语动词，表示并列关系，应用连词and连接。
and
3．(2024·浙江卷1月)The shelves in most supermarkets are full of family-size this and multi-buy that. However, if you're shopping for one, buying extra to benefit from price reductions doesn't make sense. Either your shopping is then too heavy to carry home _________ you can't use what you've bought while it's still fresh.
or 考查连词。分析句子结构可知，空前后两个分句之间是选择关系。either...or...意为“要么……要么……”，为固定用法。
or
4．(2024·扬州考前调研)She notes that it's suitable for both personal and group consumption, and can be drunk quickly _________enjoyed for a whole afternoon.
or 考查连词。根据句意可知，前后句之间为选择关系，应用连词or。
or
5．Weak and dizzy, I was about to fall to the ground _________someone took hold of me.
when 考查连词。“be about to do...when...”为固定句型，意为“正要做……这时……”。
when
6．Still, eat well and enjoy yourself every day in life, _________you will get a worthwhile reward.
and 考查连词。此处为固定句型“祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句”，结合句意可知，应用连词and。
and
7．Hardly had we arrived at the farm _________we saw many oranges hanging from the branches.
when 考查连词。分析句子结构并结合句意可知，此处为固定句型“hardly...when...”，意为“一……就……”。
when
[技法点拨]
1．关系分析法
分析空格前后单词、短语或分句之间的关系，确定用哪个连词。
(1)表示并列或递进关系的连词有and、both...and...、neither...nor...、 not only...but (also)...等；
(2)表示选择关系的连词有or、either...or...等；
(3)表示转折或对比关系的连词有but、 while、 not...but...等；
(4)表示因果关系的连词有so、 for等。
2．句型法
(1)祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句
(2)be doing...when... 正在做……，这时……
be about to do...when... 正要做……，这时……
had just done...when... 刚做完……，这时……
hardly...when... 一……就……
考法2 定语从句
[试做经典]
1．(2024·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)Chinese cultural elements commemorating(纪念)Tang Xianzu, _________is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia”， add an international character to Stratford-upon-Avon, William Shakespeare's hometown.
who 考查定语从句。空处引导非限制性定语从句，指人，先行词是Tang Xianzu，故应用who引导。
who
2．(2024·全国甲卷)Yellowstone was the largest United States national park—2.2 million acres—until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska, _________became a national monument in 1978, took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres.
which 考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，且在从句中作主语，先行词是Wrangell-Saint Elias，应用which。
which
3．(2024·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route _________brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the richness of gardening in England.
that/which 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词为表示物的名词短语the Silk Route，关系词在从句中作主语，应用that/which。
that/which
4．(2024·淄博一模)The Crescent Spring, _________terrain and landscape are really distinctive, has become a romantic scenic spot.
whose 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为The Crescent Spring，空处在从句中作定语，修饰名词terrain and landscape，应用关系代词whose。
whose
5．(2024·枣庄一模)He has worked in many companies in China and also married a girl in Beijing, _________has allowed him to know China better.
which 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，关系代词指代前面的句子，在从句中作主语，应用which。
which
6．(2024·山东省实验中学一模)There are many different types of quyi-performance in China, such as pingshu and shuanghuang, among _________the crosstalk is most popular.
which 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处为“介词＋关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词types，作介词的宾语，指物，应用which。
which
7．(2024·滨州二模)The barbecue craze in Zibo began on March 8, 2023, _________a group of college students rode a high-speed train to the city to eat skewers.
when 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词March 8, 2023，且从句缺少时间状语，应用关系副词when引导。
when
8．(2024·漳州第三次质检)During the activity, you are encouraged to introduce your favorite English literature to us and state the reason _________you like it.
why 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导限制性定语从句，从句中不缺少主干成分，且先行词是reason，应用why。
why
9．(2024·厦门第二次质检)The postal service hall is no longer a traditional one, providing a new scene _________ citizens can socialize and experience postal culture.
where 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词scene，在定语从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where引导。
where
10．There was once a town in the heart of America _________ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful co-existence with its surroundings.
where 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词是表示地点的名词town，关系词在从句中作地点状语，应用where。
where
[技法点拨]
第一步：确定是定语从句
分析句子结构，空处无提示词，空后的句子不完整，且对空前的某一名词、代词或整个主句起限定作用，就要考虑填定语从句关系词。
第二步：分清限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
在先行词的后面出现逗号的往往是非限制性定语从句。
1．that、 why不能引导非限制性定语从句；
2．which引导非限制性定语从句，可以代表主句的全部或部分内容，可在从句中充当实义动词的主语；
3．as引导非限制性定语从句，可置于句首、句中或句末，意为“正如”。
第三步：寻找先行词，判断属性(指人还是指物，表示时间、地点还是原因)
1．先行词指人用that、who、whom、whose；
2．先行词指物用that、which、whose；
3．表示时间、地点、原因用when、where、why。
第四步：判断从句中所缺成分，确定关系词
1．缺少主语用that、which、who；
2．缺少动词的宾语用that、which、who、whom；
3．缺少介词的宾语用whom、which；
4．缺少定语用whose；
5．缺少时间、地点或原因状语用when、where、why。
考法3 名词性从句
[试做经典]
1．(2023·新高考全国卷Ⅱ) They also need to be ready to give interviews in English with international journalists.This is _________they need an English trainer.
why 考查表语从句。根据句意可知，此处考查固定句型“This is why...”，意为“这就是……的原因。”
why
2．(2024·全国甲卷)On a cool, starry night in mid-September 1870, four men relaxed before a campfire along the Firehole River in _________is now northwestern Wyoming. They were part of a 15-member exploring party that had spent almost five awesome weeks in witness of the natural beauties there.
what 考查宾语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导宾语从句，且在宾语从句中作主语，应用what。
what
3．(2024·海南高三学业水平诊断)There is no doubt _________China's AI industry will have an infinitely bright future.
that 考查同位语从句。“there is no doubt that...”为固定句型，意为“毫无疑问……”，其中that引导同位语从句，起解释说明的作用。
that
4．(2024·浙江金丽衢十二校联考)_________are known as important aspects of the traditional Chinese calendar, such as holidays, seasonal divisions, and the 24 solar terms, came from these astronomical observations.
What 考查主语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导主语从句，从句缺少主语，表示“……的(东西等)”，应用what，句首单词首字母需大写。
What
5．(2024·辽宁名校联盟3月适应性考试)It's reported _________many scenes were shot on the grounds of distinguished Chinese scientific institutes.
that 考查主语从句。“It's reported that...”为固定句型，意为“据报道……”，该句型中it为形式主语，真正的主语为that引导的从句。
that
6．(2024·潍坊二模)It suggests simply eating smaller meals, less frequently, is _________ultimately leads to weight loss.
what 考查表语从句。分析句子结构可知，suggests后为省略了that的宾语从句，从句中缺少表语，空处需引导名词性从句作is的表语，表语从句中缺少主语，指物，应用连接代词what。
what
7．(2024·广东名校5月模拟)We are so casual and careless about _________we use things around us to make us fun, but it is important for our happiness and health.
how 考查宾语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导宾语从句，从句缺少方式状语，应用连接副词how引导。
how
8．(2024·蚌埠第四次质检)However, the timing of the festival varies between regions, because of the difference in _________flowering begins.
when 考查宾语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导宾语从句，从句中不缺主语或宾语，根据句意可知，空处意为“什么时候”，应用when。
when
9．(2024·海南高三一模)It's just because that person isn't great at _________is known in psychology as perspective taking (换位思考).
what 考查宾语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导宾语从句，在从句中作主语，表示“……的(东西等)”，应用what。
what
10．(2024·大连二模)She has been working hard at her art since the age of two; that was _________Wang Shi Chiang first became aware of his daughter's interest in painting.
when 考查表语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导表语从句，从句中缺少时间状语，应用when。
when
[技法点拨]
1．两个技巧搞定名词性从句
(1)分析句子成分
①从句中不缺任何成分且句子意义完整，应考虑that引导同位语从句、表语从句或宾语从句，此时that没有词义，也不作任何成分；
②从句中不缺任何成分，但句意中缺少“是否”的意思时，则应考虑whether引导各种名词性从句；if引导及物动词后的宾语从句；
③从句中缺少主语、宾语、表语，考虑用连接代词what、who、whom、which、whatever等；
④从句中缺少状语，考虑用连接副词where、when、how、why等。
(2)结合句意和引导词的本义解题
有些引导词在句中有很鲜明的意义，如whether/if (是否)、whoever (任何人)、whatever (任何事)、because (因为)、why (为什么)等。结合句意和语境，不难解决这类试题。
2．掌握常见的it句型
(1)It be＋形容词＋主语从句；
(2)It be＋过去分词＋that从句；
(3)It be＋名词词组(a pity、a surprise、a good news)＋that从句。
3．牢记that和what的区别
(1)that没有词义，且在从句中不作任何成分；
(2)what在从句中表示“……的(东西等)”(有时可以不译)，在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分。
考法4 状语从句
[试做经典]
1．(2024·潍坊一模)However, she had just made major progress in livestreaming _________her condition worsened to the edge of death.
when 考查状语从句。分析句子结构并结合句意可知，空处引导状语从句，表示“当……时”，应用when引导。
when
2．(2024·江苏前黄中学一模)There is so much to take in ______disciples (学徒) usually start their career as young children，spending years conditioning their bodies and minds for the stage.
that 考查状语从句。此处为“so...that...”句型，意为“如此……以至于……”，引导结果状语从句。
that
3．(2024·安徽皖江联盟最后一卷)_________________________historic and natural wonders are still the priorities, Chinese tourists now prefer a more rural experience.
Though/Although/While 考查状语从句。根据句中的“Chinese tourists now prefer a more rural experience”可知，逗号前的内容为让步状语从句，空处表示“尽管”，应填Though或Although或While。
Though/Although/While
4．(2024·重庆高考模拟调研)Kam Waihi shaved her hair on May 12 in recognition of her friend Kathi Tait, who has been dealing with alopecia areata (斑秃)_________she was nine years old.
since 考查状语从句。分析句子结构可知，“she was nine years old”是时间状语从句，结合其前的现在完成进行时“has been dealing with”可知，此处应用since引导时间状语从句，表示动作的起点。
since
5．(2024·葫芦岛二模)Emperor Liu Che would establish a cuju field _________his army went.
wherever 考查状语从句。根据句意可知，空处应用wherever，意为“无论去哪里”，引导地点状语从句。
wherever
6．(2024·青岛二模)You can't be too careful to control the knife, _________once there is a wrong cut, you need to start all over again.
because 考查状语从句。根据句意可知，空后句子为空前内容的原因，应填because引导原因状语从句。
because
[技法点拨]
1．句意法
(1)while、 when、 as、 since、 before、 after等引导时间状语从句；
(2)because、 since、 as、 now that等引导原因状语从句；
(3)if、 unless、 once等引导条件状语从句；
(4)though、 although、 while等引导让步状语从句；
(5)in case等引导目的或条件状语从句；
(6)where、 when引导地点、时间状语从句；
(7)whatever、 whenever、 however、 whichever、 wherever 等引导让步状语从句。
2．固定句式法
(1)so/such...that... 如此……以至于……
(2)not...until... 直到……才……
(3)It will/won't be＋一段时间＋before...
过了多长时间才/没过多长时间就……
(4)It is＋一段时间＋since... 自从……以来已经多长时间了。
(5)whether...or (not)... 无论……还是……
Test 1
(2024·曲靖二模)Gathering more than 200 of China's cultural relic experts together, a contest focusing on antique restoration 1._________ (take) place in Taiyuan, North China's Shanxi Province on Mar. 26, 2023. 2._________(arrange) by the National Cultural Heritage Administration, a large number of 3.____________(participant) showed their skills by working on authentic historical relics.
took
Arranged
participants
Tao Zhongjun, 4._________Chinese historian, said, “Real relics for repairers are what a good canvas (画布) is to a painter.” The cultural relic repairers 5._______________(choose) from six categories to reveal the country's strictly designed relics conservation schemes (规划).
a
were chosen
Li Qun, a vice minister of culture and tourism, said that the competition aims to select and train some6._________(high) skilled relic experts so as to establish a talent troop that possess up-to-date restoration skills.
highly
Searching for talents from 27 provinces around the country, the competition is the largest event for 7._________(select) future talents ever held in China's cultural relic industry. Yu Jiadong, 8._________is a vice minister of human resources and social security, said that China is striving to build a 9.___________(profession) competition system with Chinese characteristics and that this competition is 10._________great importance to this field.
selecting
who
professional
of
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了一个聚集了200多名中国文物专家的古董修复比赛，旨在选拔和培训一些技能更高的文物专家，以建立一个具有最新修复技能的人才队伍。
1．took 考查动词的时态。分析句子结构可知，空处为谓语动词。根据时间状语on Mar.26, 2023可知，应使用一般过去时。
2．Arranged 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空处为非谓语动词。arrange与主句主语之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，应使用过去分词作状语，句首单词首字母需大写。
3．participants 考查名词复数。根据a large number of可知，此处应用名词复数形式。
4．a 考查冠词。此处表示泛指，应用不定冠词，且Chinese的发音以辅音音素开头，应用a。
5．were chosen 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，空处为谓语动词。照应上文谓语动词said，空处也应为一般过去时；主语repairers和choose之间为被动关系，应用被动语态，且主语为复数，故填were chosen。
6．highly 考查副词。此处修饰形容词skilled，应使用副词。
7．selecting 考查非谓语动词。介词for后应用动名词作宾语。
8．who 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，指代先行词Yu Jiadong，指人，在定语从句中作主语，应用关系代词who引导。
9．professional 考查形容词。此处修饰名词短语competition system，应使用形容词。
10．of 考查固定搭配。be of great importance是固定搭配，意为“具有重要性”。
Test 2
(2024·泰安二模)Thanks to abundant rainfall and the patient effort of the local government, Jinan, 1._________provincial capital of Shandong that 2._________(title) as the “city of springs”， has seen a year of remarkable achievement.
the
is titled
The Baotu Spring, a famous scenic spot in the city's Lixia district, saw its water table beyond 30 meters on Oct.11 to reach the 3._________(high) level for that time of year since it started gushing (喷涌) again in 2003.Since early this year, the spring's water table 4._________(be) on the rise, the water affairs bureau says. There are 1，209 artesian (自然流淌的) springs in Jinan, according to a list 5._________(publish) in September, 2022.
highest
has been
published
The southern hilly area, 6._________also collects and generates the spring water, is higher than the river plain to the north. The groundwater flows downward and gushes out at the foot of the hills. In some springs, bubbles are seen rising from the bedrock. The water is so clear in every spring that 7._________(tourist) can see the bottom of the springs. The Black Tiger Spring originates 8._________ a 3-meter-deep, 1.7-meter-wide 9._________(nature) cave. Its name comes from the roaring sound it makes 10._________water gushes out of tiger head-shaped stones.
The springs in Jinan are a way of life.
which
tourists
from
natural
when
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了山东省会济南的几处著名的泉水。
1．the 考查冠词。capital意为“省会”，是名词，前面应加the，表示特指。
2．is titled 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。关系代词that引导定语从句，修饰先行词Jinan，空处是从句谓语，和that指代的先行词Jinan之间是被动关系，所以用被动语态；描述客观事实，用一般现在时；Jinan为单数，故填is titled。
3．highest 考查形容词的最高级。根据定冠词the和句意可知，此处表示“最高水位”，用形容词最高级形式。
4．has been 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据时间状语Since early this year可知，用现在完成时；主语the spring's water table是第三人称单数，助动词用has。
5．published 考查非谓语动词。句中已有谓语动词，所以此处用非谓语动词形式。名词a list和publish之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词作定语。
6．which 考查定语从句。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为The southern hilly area，指物，且空处在从句中作主语，所以用关系代词which引导。
7．tourists 考查名词复数。tourist意为“游客”，为可数名词，此处表示泛指，所以用复数形式。
8．from 考查介词。originate from为固定搭配，意为“起源于”。
9．natural 考查形容词。修饰名词cave，应用形容词形式。
10．when 考查状语从句。根据句意可知，此处表示“当……时候”，应用连词when，引导时间状语从句。(共137张PPT)
专题四 语法填空
[研高考·辨考向]
试卷 名称 考试 年份 考查 体裁 主题 语境 文章 话题 命题考点 有提示词 无提示词 谓语 动词 非谓语动词 名 词 形容 词、 副词 代 词 数 词 冠 词 介 词 并列 连词 从
句
新高考全国卷Ⅰ 2024 说明文 人与社会 英国 “丝路花园” 1 2 2 2 0 0 1 1 0 1
2023 说明文 人与社会 中国美食小笼包 0 4 0 2 1 0 1 1 1 0
2022 说明文 人与自然 大熊猫国家公园 2 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
试卷 名称 考试 年份 考查 体裁 主题 语境 文章 话题 命题考点 有提示词 无提示词 谓语 动词 非谓语动词 名 词 形容 词、 副词 代 词 数 词 冠 词 介 词 并列 连词 从
句
新高考全国卷Ⅱ 2024 说明文 人与社会 莎士比亚和汤显祖的作品的相似之处 2 3 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
2023 记叙文 人与自我 教熊猫饲养员英语 1 1 2 2 0 0 1 1 1 1
2022 记叙文 人与自我 救助坠楼小孩 2 2 1 2 0 0 1 0 1 1
[抓规律·找依据]
第一讲 动 词
动词是历年高考的必考点，而且考查数量占比最大。对动词有关知识的掌握是考生在语法填空中取得高分的关键。动词的形式变化比较多样，有谓语形式的变化(如时态、语态、虚拟语气及主谓一致)，非谓语形式的变化(如动词不定式、动词-ing形式和过去分词形式)及动词词形的变化。
如何判定作谓语还是非谓语
[典例呈现]
[典例1] (2024·浙江卷1月)Over the last two years, some supermarkets 62._______________(start) selling chicken or salad in packs designed with two halves containing separate portions (份).
have started
[解析] 第一步：确定是否填谓语。分析句子结构可知，句中缺少谓语动词，空处在句中作谓语。
第二步：考虑时态、语态和主谓一致。根据空前的时间状语Over the last two years可知，空处应该用现在完成时；主语some supermarkets是动作start的发出者，应用主动语态；根据空前的复数主语some supermarkets可知，助动词应用复数形式。
[典例2] (2023·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)To eat one, you have to decide whether 57._________(bite) a small hole in it first, releasing the steam and risking a spill (溢出)，58.or to put the whole dumpling in your mouth, letting the hot soup explode on your tongue (舌头).
to bite
[解析] 第一步：确定是否作谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，动词decide后的成分为宾语，连词whether后没有主语，故此处应用非谓语动词。
第二步：确定填何种非谓语形式。此处考查“whether＋不定式”结构，不定式须用主动形式，且空处与下文的to put是并列关系。
[技法点拨]
第一步：确定是作谓语还是非谓语
1．分析句子结构，若句中无谓语动词，或者虽然已有谓语动词，但空处所需词与之是并列关系时，空处就用谓语动词；
2．分析句子结构，若句中已有谓语动词，且不是作并列谓语动词时，则要考虑用非谓语动词。
第二步：若填谓语动词，就要考虑时态、语态和主谓一致
1．看“时间”定时态(注意语境中暗含的时间状语)；
2．看“主语”定语态(看主语是否为动作的发出者)；
3．看人称和数，确保主谓一致。
第三步：若填非谓语动词，就要确定填何种非谓语形式
1．提示词与逻辑主语是主谓关系时，常用动词-ing形式；
2．提示词与逻辑主语是动宾关系时，常用过去分词形式；
3．提示词在句中作目的状语或表示意料之外的结果时，常用动词不定式形式。
语法项目(一)
PART
01
第一部分
考法1 谓语动词的时态
[试做经典]
1．(2024·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)Further, the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse _________(walk) visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road, by which silk as well as many plant species came to Britain for the first time.
walks
walks 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，空处在句中作谓语；本句描述了the Silk Route Garden的客观情况，时态用一般现在时；walk在此作动词，意为“(循序渐进地)教、逐步引导”，与主语the Silk Route Garden之间为主动关系；且主语表示第三人称单数，应用walks。
2．(2024·青岛二模)Dough (面团) sculpture, also known as dough flowers, _________(date) back to the Han Dynasty (202-220BCE).
dates 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。date back to (追溯到)无被动形式；根据语境可知，此处陈述的是客观事实，时态应用一般现在时；主语Dough sculpture为单数，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。
dates
3．(2022·全国甲卷)In the last five years, Cao ____________(walk) through 34 countries in six continents, and in 2016, he reached the top of Kilimanjaro, Africa's highest mountain.
has walked 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据时间状语In the last five years可知，此处应用现在完成时；主语Cao为第三人称单数，助动词应用has。
has walked
4．(2022·浙江卷1月)On a website called No Fly Climate Sci, for example, roughly 200 academics—many of them climate scientists—_______________ (promise) to fly as little as possible since the effort started two years ago.
have promised 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据时间状语since the effort started two years ago可知，此处应用现在完成时；主语academics为复数，助动词应用have。
have promised
5．(2023·浙江卷1月)The large siheyuan of these high-ranking officials and wealthy businessmen often _________(feature)beautifully carved and painted roof beams and pillars (柱子). The hutongs they formed were orderly, lined by spacious homes and walled gardens.
featured 考查动词的时态。分析句子结构可知，空处在此作谓语。结合上下文可知，此处描述的是过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时。
featured
6．(2024·唐山一模)Now, this little-known written language ______________(experience) something of a rebirth.
is experiencing 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据时间状语Now可知，此处应用现在进行时；主语this little-known written language为第三人称单数，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。
is experiencing
7．(2024·辽宁高三二模)Because of this interconnected relationship it means that if one system is disturbed, it _________(result) in the other system being disturbed.
will result 考查动词的时态。分析句子结构可知，“if one system is disturbed”为if引导的条件状语从句，用一般现在时，因此遵循“主将从现”原则，主句“it _________(result) in the other system being disturbed”应用一般将来时。
will result
8．(2024·大连二模)By the time she was sixteen, Yani _____________ (paint) more than ten thousand pictures.
had painted 考查动词的时态。根据时间状语从句“By the time she was sixteen”可知，此处应用过去完成时。
had painted
9．(2024·阜新4月联考)A report showed that a crowd of residents of Jianghua Yao Autonomous County, Hunan Province, _________(sing) and danced on Saturday to celebrate the coming of Jingzhe or the Awakening of Insects.
sang 考查动词的时态。根据and danced可知，此处应用一般过去时。
sang
10．(2024·济南二模)Obviously, the business ______________________ (grow) since the beginning of this year.
has grown/has been growing 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据时间状语since the beginning of this year可知，此处应用现在完成时，也可以用现在完成进行时，表示一个动作从过去开始持续到现在并将持续下去。主语 the business为第三人称单数，助动词应用has。
has grown/has been growing
11．(2024·保定二模)For most of the children, it was the first time in their lives that they_______________(watch) a movie on such a “giant” screen, as there is no cinema in the village.
had watched 考查固定句型。在“it was the first time that...”句型中，that从句使用过去完成时，为固定用法。
had watched
12．(2024·济南一模)It is high time that we ________________________ (embrace) the bright spring.
embraced/should embrace 考查固定句型。在“It is (high/about) time that...”句型中，that从句中的动词用一般过去时或should do。
embraced/should embrace
[技法点拨]
1．标志词判断法
在高考语法填空中，有时会给出时间标志词，可根据所给时间状语来确定对应时态：
(1)一般现在时：sometimes、often、every week/day/year/morning等；
(2)一般过去时：yesterday、last week/night/year/month、the other day、in＋过去的年份、时间段＋ago、时间段＋later等；
(3)现在进行时：look、listen、now、at present、at this moment/time等；
(4)过去进行时：at that time/moment等；
(5)一般将来时：tomorrow、next week/year、in＋时间段、in the future等；
(6)将来进行时：at this time tomorrow等；
(7)现在完成时：since＋时间点、recently、lately、already、so far、ever since、up to/until/by now、during/over/in the last/past＋时间段、in/over recent＋时间段等；
(8)过去完成时：by then、until then、by/before/till the end of＋过去的时间点等。
2．瞻前顾后找并列
(1)表示并列的连词有and、but、or、rather than、neither...nor...、not only...but (also)...等；
(2)同一个主语的两个或两个以上的并列谓语，谓语动词时态要一致。
3．语境暗示法
分析句子结构，发现提示词作谓语，但没有标志性的时间状语，且其他参照物都不明显，通过正确理解语境即通过语境暗示解题，也是解决时态问题的一条行之有效的方法。
4．固定句型判断法
(1)be doing...when...；
(2)This/It/That is＋the＋序数词＋time＋(that)从句，从句用现在完成时；
(3)This/It/That was＋the＋序数词＋time＋(that)从句，从句用过去完成时；
(4)It is/has been＋时间段＋since sb./sth. did...；
(5)by the time＋sb./sth. did...，主语＋had done...；
(6)no sooner had ＋主语＋ done ...than ＋主语＋ did.../hardly had ＋主语＋done... when ＋主语＋did...；
(7)It's (high/about) time that sb. did/should do sth.
考法2 谓语动词的语态
[试做经典]
1．(2024·全国甲卷)What should _________(do) with such a beautiful place They wondered out loud.
be done 考查动词的语态。主语What与do之间是被动关系，应用被动语态；空前的should是情态动词，其后应用动词原形。
be done
2．(2023·全国乙卷)Having visited several times over the last 10 years, I _______________(amaze) by the co-existence of old and new, and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage (遗产) while constantly growing.
was amazed 考查动词的时态和语态。由下文时态可知，应用一般过去时；I和amaze之间是被动关系，应用被动语态。
was amazed
3．(2022·浙江卷1月)Travelling to conferences, lectures, workshops, and the like—frequently by plane—___________________________(view) as important for scientists to get together and exchange information.
is viewed/has been viewed 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。描述人们普遍认知的事情用一般现在时，此处也可以表示强调人们从过去到现在的认知，动名词作主语，与谓语之间存在被动关系，故填is viewed或has been viewed。
is viewed/has been viewed
4．(2024·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)A statue commemorating Shakespeare and Tang was put up at Shakespeare's Birthplace Garden in 2017. Two years later, a six-meter-tall pavilion, inspired by The Peony Pavilion, _________(build) at the Firs Garden, just ten minutes' walk from Shakespeare's birthplace.
was built 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，空处在句中作谓语，主语是a six-meter-tall pavilion，与build之间是被动关系；此处描述过去的事，应用一般过去时的被动语态；且主语为单数，be动词应用was。
was built
5．The coat you bought for me is made of a kind of cloth that _________(wash) easily.
washes 考查动词的语态。此处为主动形式表示被动意义，表示主语a kind of cloth具有某种“性质”使得动作wash得以进行。
washes
[技法点拨]
1．依据逻辑关系，辨析主动或被动
(1)分析句子结构，发现提示词作谓语，若与主语之间是主动关系，应考虑用主动语态； 若是被动关系，则考虑用被动语态。
(2)被动语态的基本形式为： be＋过去分词，被动语态的时态体现在be动词上。
(3)只有及物动词(短语)才有被动语态，系动词和不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。
2．常考的几种时态的被动语态
(1)一般现在时：am/is/are done；
(2)一般过去时：was/were done；
(3)一般将来时：will be done；
(4)过去将来时：would be done；
(5)现在完成时：has/have been done；
(6)过去完成时：had been done。
3．主动形式表被动含义的句式结构：
(1)当feel、look、smell、taste、sound等系动词后面接形容词时；
(2)当cut、read、sell、wear、write、wash、open、run、burn等动词后有状语(well、easily等)修饰，用来表示主语内在品质或性能时，用主动形式表示被动含义。
考法3 主谓一致
[试做经典]
1．(2023·全国乙卷)The remarkable development of this city, which is consciously designed to protect the past while stepping into the modern world, _________(mean) there is always something new to discover here, and I could be photographing Beijing for the next 50 years.
means 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。上下文的时态为一般现在时，此处也应用一般现在时；句子的主语为“The remarkable development of this city”，谓语动词应用第三人称单数。
means
2．(2024·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)Some of the things that Tang was writing about _________(be) also Shakespeare's concerns.
were 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。主语Some of the things为复数，且此处描述过去的事，故填were。
were
3．(2024·重庆巴蜀中学质检)The Mount Changbai Geopark, along with five other Chinese geoparks, _______________(recognize) as a Global Geopark by UNESCO on March 27.
was recognized 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据时间状语on March 27可知，时态为一般过去时；主语“The Mount...geoparks”与动词recognize之间为被动关系，应用被动语态；along with连接两个主语，谓语动词的数要与前边的主语保持一致，be动词应用was。
was recognized
4．(2024·衡水中学期中)While enjoyed throughout China, Jianzi ____________(describe) by Chai as an important aspect of hutong culture. The narrow alleyways, situated within Beijing's inner city, provide the setting for the game's popularity.
is described 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。句子描述的是客观事实，应用一般现在时；根据句意及空后的by可知，空处用被动语态；主语Jianzi是不可数名词，be动词应用单数形式。
is described
5．(2024·汕头二模)Now, more than just a lantern show, it also _________(serve) as an opening activity to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and France in 1964.
serves 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据now可知，应用一般现在时；主语it为第三人称单数，谓语动词也应用第三人称单数形式；且主语与动词serve之间为主动关系，应用主动语态。
serves
6．As the year 2024 is the Year of the Dragon in China, many a brand __________________________(roll) out a large variety of dragon-themed goods lately.
has rolled/has been rolling 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据句意和时间状语lately可知，此处应用现在完成时，或用现在完成进行时表示过去开始的动作一直持续到现在；many a brand后谓语用第三人称单数。
has rolled/has been rolling
7．Amy, as well as her brothers, _________(give) a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.
was given 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。as well as连接并列名词作主语时，谓语动词的数与第一个主语一致，因此应用单数；根据时间状语last week可知，应用一般过去时；空处与主语之间是被动关系，应用被动语态。
was given
8．(2024·全国甲卷)They _________(be) part of a 15-member exploring party that had spent almost five awesome weeks in witness of the natural beauties there.
were 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。结合文章时态和句意可知，此处描述过去的情况，应用一般过去时；主语是They，be动词应用复数形式。
were
[技法点拨]
1．语法一致原则
(1)分析句子结构发现提示词作谓语，且主语后跟有with、together with、as well as、like、but、except、along with、rather than、including、in addition to等引导的短语时，要考虑谓语动词的数与短语前面的主语保持一致；
(2)在定语从句中，关系代词that、who、which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与主句中先行词的数保持一致；
(3)“many a/more than one＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数；each、every、no所修饰的名词作主语时，即使有and 连接，谓语动词仍用单数。
2．就近原则
(1)or、either...or...、neither...nor...、not only...but (also)...、not...but...等连接并列主语时；
(2)there/here be句式。
3．意义一致原则
(1)由连词and连接的并列成分指的是同一概念，兼具身份或匹配出现(不可分割的整体)时，谓语动词用单数；
(2)动词不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、主语从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数；
(3)由分数、百分数或者some、a part of等修饰时，要根据所修饰的名词确定谓语动词的单复数；
(4)“the＋形容词”表示抽象概念，作主语时谓语动词用单数；“the＋形容词”表示一类人或物，作主语时谓语动词用复数。
Test 1
(2024·临沂一模)You've never heard songs quite like this before. In fact, it seems that Moyun can transform just about any song into something completely new 1._________ the help of the Guzheng. This traditional Chinese instrument 2._________(make) of 16 or more strings and movable bridges. Together, it produces some of the sweetest sounds that pair surprisingly well with 3._________ was originally a rock song.
with
is made
what
“Traditional Chinese instruments aren't suited for 4._________(adapt) a band's entire sound，” Moyun said. “Guzheng is like the bass. It's hard to create variations with it.” Despite the 5._________(limitation), Moyun has mastered the process of changing popular music for the Guzheng. In one of her many videos 6._________(share) on the Internet, she does this with “Thunderstruck” by AC/DC． During her 7._____________ (perform), Moyun is constantly moving both of her hands, each movement 8._____________(effortless) methodical (有条理的) and fascinating to watch. When she's not plucking (弹拨) one of the instrument's many strings, she is beating it like a drum.
adapting
limitations
shared
performance(s)
effortlessly
By sharing videos like these, Moyun hopes that more people will come to appreciate this unique instrument. “Chinese culture tends 9._______ (be) abstract，”she said. “It's not really accessible. But pop culture is accessible. By putting 10._________ two together, I hope the audience can appreciate my music.”
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了墨韵在古筝的帮助下，似乎可以把任何一首歌都变成全新的东西。
to be
the/these
1．with 考查介词。根据句意可知，此处应用介词短语with the help of，意为“在……的帮助下”。
2．is made 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。此处名词instrument和动词make之间为被动关系，构成短语be made of“由……组成”；该句为描述客观事实，应用一般现在时；主语instrument为单数，故填is made。
3．what 考查宾语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导宾语从句，且在从句中作主语，指物，应用what。
4．adapting 考查非谓语动词。介词for后应用动词-ing形式。
5．limitations 考查名词复数。根据句意可知，此处应用名词limitation的复数形式，表示“局限性”。
6．shared 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处为非谓语动词作后置定语，修饰videos，因videos和动词share之间为被动关系，所以用过去分词形式。
7．performance(s) 考查名词。根据空前her为形容词性物主代词可知，此处用名词形式，performance意为“表演”时，单复数形式皆可。
8．effortlessly 考查副词。根据副词修饰形容词可知，此处应用副词effortlessly，修饰形容词methodical and fascinating。
9．to be 考查固定搭配。tend to do sth.为固定短语，意为“倾向于做某事”。
10．the/these 考查限定词。根据句意以及空后的two表示名词“两个”可知，此处可以用定冠词the表示特指，也可以用指示代词these后接复数名词，对名词起到限定作用。
Test 2
(2024·阳泉三模)Chinese art is an important part of the country's cultural heritage. It 1._____________(distinguish) itself from Western painting in that it is drawn on Xuan paper (or silk) with the Chinese brush and Chinese ink.
distinguishes
2．_________(attain) ability in this art, it is necessary to have a good control of the brush, and certain knowledge of Xuan paper and Chinese ink. Before painting, the painter must have a 3._________(detail) draft in his mind. Once he starts to paint, he will 4._________(normal) have to complete the work at one go. A large number of Chinese painters, at the same time, 5._________(be) poets who often add their own poems to the paintings. The resulting piece of work is usually 6._________ integrated (整合的) whole of four branches of Chinese art—poetry, calligraphy, painting and seal-cutting.
To attain
detailed
normally
are
an
Chinese paintings 7.__________(divide) into two major categories, free hand brushwork (Xie Yi) and fine brushwork (Gong Bi). The former is characterized by simple and bold strokes (笔画) representing the exaggerated (夸张的) likeness of the objects 8._________ the latter is done by specific brushwork and close attention to particulars. And it's difficult to tell how long the art of painting 9.__________(exist) in China. Pots from 5，000-6，000 years ago were painted in color with patterns of plants and animals, 10._________ reflected various aspects of the life of primitive people. These may be the beginnings of Chinese painting.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国画。
are divided
and/while
has existed
which
1．distinguishes 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。文章通篇是一般现在时，此处应用一般现在时；主语It是单数，因此空处应用第三人称单数distinguishes。
2．To attain 考查非谓语动词。根据句意可知，此处表目的，应用动词不定式。位于句首，首字母大写。
3．detailed 考查形容词。空处修饰名词draft，应用形容词detailed，意为“详细的”。
4．normally 考查副词。空处修饰动词have to complete，应用副词normally，意为“通常”。
5．are 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。主语painters是复数，且文章时态是一般现在时，因此空处应用are。
6．an 考查冠词。whole是名词，意为“整体”，是可数名词，且表泛指，前面需加不定冠词，integrated的发音以元音音素开头，因此用an。
7．are divided 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。句子表示“中国画被分为两大类”，应用被动语态，be divided into是固定短语，意为“被分为”；主语paintings是复数且通篇时态是一般现在时，因此空处应用are divided。
8．and/while 考查连词。根据前面的The former和后面的the latter可知，前后两句是并列关系，空处表示“和”或“而”，应用and或while。
9．has existed 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据语境可知，句子表示“很难说绘画艺术在中国存在了多久”，空处用现在完成时表示已经存在；主语the art of painting是单数，因此空处应用has existed。
10．which 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，先行词是patterns of plants and animals，指物，因此用关系代词which。
语法项目(二)
PART
02
第二部分
语法项目(二) 非谓语动词
考法1 非谓语动词作宾语
[试做经典]
1．(2023·全国乙卷)As a photographer, I have spent the last two years _________(record) everything I discovered.
recording 考查非谓语动词。spend some time (in) doing sth.为固定搭配。
recording
2．(2024·全国甲卷)Although parks of all sizes and types exist at any level, the national parks, in particular, tend _________(catch) our attention because of their large size and variety.
to catch 考查非谓语动词。根据句意并分析句子结构可知，句中已有谓语tend，此处应填非谓语。tend to do sth.意为“往往会做某事”，为固定用法。
to catch
3．(2024·菏泽一模)He wanted _________(learn) more about China—an ancient civilization with a unique language, history, literature and culture.
to learn 考查非谓语动词。want to do sth.意为“想要做某事”，空处缺少不定式作宾语。
to learn
4．(2024·广东名校5月模拟)They reported _____________(experience) headaches, depression, nervousness and exhaustion.
experiencing 考查非谓语动词。动词report后用动名词作宾语，意为“报告做了或正在做某事”。
experiencing
5．(2024·岳阳质检)It's what everybody deserves _________(have) in this world, in America and everywhere.
to have 考查非谓语动词。deserve to do sth.意为“值得做某事”，此处用不定式作宾语。
to have
6．(2024·张家口一模)“If it helps to promote local tourism, I don't mind _________(be) an online celebrity，” Liu said during a previous interview.
being 考查非谓语动词。动词mind后用动名词作宾语，意为“介意做某事”。
being
7．(2024·阜阳3月质检)While some people helped pay for the gas, Sivley never asked _______________(compensate) for all his hard work!
to be compensated 考查非谓语动词。ask to do sth.意为“要求做某事”，又因为 Sivley与 compensate之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，故此处用不定式的被动形式作宾语。
to be compensated
8．(2024·淮北一模)Zhang Jun, who is secretary-general of the event organizing committee, said the festival is committed to _______________ (strengthen) international film cultural exchanges and cooperation, promoting the development of the film industry, and fostering the prosperity of film creation.
strengthening 考查非谓语动词。be committed to doing sth.是固定短语，意为“致力于做某事”，故此处用动名词作宾语。
strengthening
9．(2024·镇江4月学情调研)Even though in the past 2,000 years many changes have occurred, libraries have kept their main purpose to be certain about _________(give) the truth.
giving 考查非谓语动词。介词about后应用动词-ing 形式。
giving
10．(2024·邵阳二模)The ground floor tends _________(use) as storage space for firewood and farming equipment.
to be used 考查非谓语动词。tend to do sth.是固定搭配，意为“倾向于做某事、往往会做某事”，又因use与主语之间为被动关系，故应用不定式的被动式。
to be used
11．(2024·娄底四模)Since then, Sa has devoted herself to mastering the folk art from learning from Ma the techniques and skills used in performances, attending performances given by other well-known singers, practicing singing Hua'er whenever possible, to _________(study) its origin and history.
studying 考查非谓语动词。空格前面的to是介词，与其前的第一个from构成“from...to...”结构，故此处用动名词作宾语。
studying
12．(2024·张家口一模)After graduating from college, Liu chose _________(return) to work in his hometown of Yajiang county, where he became director of the tourism bureau in 2002.
to return 考查非谓语动词。动词choose后用不定式作宾语。
to return
[技法点拨]
1．提示词是动词
(1)若句中已有谓语，且设空处不是作并列谓语而是作介词或动词(短语)的宾语时，应用非谓语动词；
(2)利用逻辑主语和所给提示词的关系确定形式：主谓关系用doing/to do，动宾关系用being done/to be done。
2．牢记非谓语动词作宾语的固定结构
(1)介词(如by、for、of、with、without、after等)之后加动词-ing 形式作宾语，注意“to”的身份识别；
(2)常见只能跟不定式作宾语的动词：hope、wish、expect、agree、promise、demand、ask、refuse、manage、learn、decide/determine、pretend、choose/select、plan、offer、apply、fail、afford、prepare、desire、happen等；
(3)常见只能跟动名词作宾语的动词(短语)：enjoy、consider、escape、avoid、risk、appreciate、admit、mind、imagine、delay、allow、permit、finish、suggest、practise、 excuse、miss、go on、give up、put off、be devoted to、 insist on、 keep on、 succeed in、 be worth等；
(4)be busy doing sth.、have difficulty/trouble/a hard time (in) doing sth.、spend some time/money/energy (in) doing sth.。
考法2 非谓语动词作状语和补语
[试做经典]
1．(2024·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)_________(recall) watching a Chinese opera version of Shakespeare's play Richard Ⅲ in Shanghai and meeting Chinese actors who came to Stratford a few years ago to perform parts of The Peony Pavilion, Edmondson said, “It was very exciting to hear the Chinese language and see how Tang's play was being performed.”
Recalling
Recalling 考查非谓语动词。此句已有谓语动词said，recall与逻辑主语Edmondson之间是主谓关系，应用现在分词形式作状语。
2．(2023·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)No matter where I buy them, though, one steamer basket is rarely enough, yet two seems greedy, and so I am always left _________(want) more next time.
wanting 考查非谓语动词。leave sb.doing sth.意为“让某人一直做某事”。
wanting
3．(2024·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)The design features ten steel “sepals (萼片)” made of glass and aluminium (铝).These sepals open on warm days _________(give) the inside plants sunshine and fresh air.
to give 考查非谓语动词。根据语境可知，此处表示目的，应用动词不定式to give。
to give
4．(2023·全国乙卷)_____________(visit) several times over the last 10 years, I was amazed by the co-existence of old and new, and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage (遗产) while constantly growing.
Having visited 考查非谓语动词。结合句意及句中的状语several times over the last 10 years可知，visit所表示的动作已经发生多次，且发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。
Having visited
5．(2024·浙江卷1月)The shelves in most supermarkets are full of family-size this and multi-buy that. However, if you're shopping for one, buying extra _________(benefit) from price reductions doesn't make sense.
to benefit 考查非谓语动词。根据buying extra和from price reductions可知，此处是指多买一些为了从降价中获益，应用动词不定式作目的状语。
to benefit
6．(2023·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)Nanxiang aside, the best xiao long bao have a fine skin, allowing them _________(lift) out of the steamer basket without tearing or spilling any of their contents.
to be lifted 考查非谓语动词。空前的them指代上文的xiao long bao，此处表示“小笼包被从蒸笼里拿出来”。them与lift之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，此处构成allow sth.to be done结构。
to be lifted
7．(2024·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)Those cultural elements have increased Stratford's international visibility, said Edmondson, adding that visitors walking through the Birthplace Garden were often amazed _________(find) the connection between the two great writers.
to find 考查非谓语动词。be amazed to do sth.意为“对做某事感到惊讶”，是固定搭配， 其中动词不定式作原因状语。
to find
8．(2024·泰安一模)_________(locate) on Beijing Road, the block hosts intangible cultural heritage displays and events.
Located 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此句已有谓语动词hosts，故空处动词作非谓语，且与句子主语the block之间是被动关系，故用过去分词形式作状语，注意首字母大写。
Located
9．(2024·重庆模拟)Ms. Tait wore a wig (假发) for the first year of high school and her hair grew back, only _________(fall) out again after a year and a half.
to fall 考查非谓语动词。根据句意及空前的only可知，此处为only to do作结果状语，表示出乎预料的结果。
to fall
10．(2024·梅州一模)In China, it is reported that over 40 vocational colleges and 80 universities have set up majors in tea science or tea culture, with over 3，000 graduates ____________(specialize) in tea production and art every year.
specializing 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处为with复合结构。介词with后的宾语over 3，000 graduates与specialize之间为主动关系，故用现在分词形式作宾语补足语。
specializing
11．(2024·雅礼中学月考)He called on the nation _________(meet) people's ever-growing intellectual and cultural needs as well as to build greater cultural confidence and strength.
to meet 考查非谓语动词。call on sb. to do sth.是固定搭配，意为“号召某人做某事”，此处用动词不定式作宾语补足语。
to meet
12．(2024·湖南5地调研)To make wildlife _________(protect) better, the authority has not only set the list of habitats but also published a list of wild animals under special conservation, listing 150 kinds of wild animals.
protected 考查非谓语动词。此处为“make＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构，动词protect和宾语wildlife之间是被动关系，故用过去分词作宾语补足语。
protected
13．To feed the eight billion people on Earth, most farmers today are growing only species of plants that are easy _________(produce) in large numbers.
to produce 考查非谓语动词。形容词后面常跟不定式作状语，尽管to produce和其逻辑主语plants之间是被动关系，此处用主动形式表示被动意义。
to produce
[技法点拨]
2个技巧确定非谓语动词作状语
1．逻辑关系分析法
(1)若主语与所给提示词是逻辑上的主谓关系：表示目的，应用to do；表示出乎意料的结果，应用only to do；表示时间/条件/原因/让步/伴随/自然而然的结果，应用doing；
(2)若主语与所给提示词是逻辑上的动宾关系：表示动作还未发生，应用to be done；表示动作已经发生，应用done。
2．固定句型用法
(1)主语＋be＋形容词(easy、hard、interesting、pleasant、safe等)＋to do, 句子主语与不定式之间是逻辑上的被动关系；
(2)too＋adj./adv.＋to do、adj./adv.＋enough＋to do、so ＋adj./adv.＋as to do、such＋名词＋as to do等结构中，不定式作结果状语；
(3)主语＋动词＋表示情绪的形容词(excited、happy、anxious、satisfied、delighted、angry等)＋to do，不定式作原因状语。
2个技巧确定非谓语动词作补语
1．逻辑关系分析法
(1)主语或宾语与所给提示词是逻辑上的主谓关系：doing/(to) do；
(2)主语或宾语与提示词是逻辑上的动宾关系：被动完成 done；被动将来to be done；被动进行being done。
2．固定搭配和句型法
(1)to do作宾语补足语：allow、ask、beg、command、encourage、expect、forbid、invite、persuade、tell等＋sb. to do sth.；
(2)用省略to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词(短语)：“五”看；“三”使；“两”听；“一”感觉。“look at/see/watch/notice/observe，make/let/have, hear/listen to, feel”＋sb.＋do sth.；
注意：在被动语态中作主语补足语要还原to，如be made to do。
(3)have sb./sth. doing意为“让某人/某物一直做、允许/容许某人/某物做某事”；
have sth. done意为“使某事被做、遭遇某事”；
have sth. to do意为“有某事要做”；
have sb. do sth.意为“让某人做某事”。
(4)with复合结构
①“with＋宾语＋to do”，表示动作还未发生；
②“with＋宾语＋doing”，表示主动、动作正在进行；
③“with＋宾语＋done”，表示被动、动作已经完成。
考法3 非谓语动词作定语
[试做经典]
1．(2023·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)Shanghai may be the ___________(recognize) home of the soup dumplings, but food historians will actually point you to the neighboring ancient canal town of Nanxiang as xiao long bao's birthplace.
recognized 考查非谓语动词。此处表示“得到认可的小笼包的发源地”。空处在句中作定语，修饰名词home，且与home之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词形式。
recognized
2．(2024·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)A statue commemorating Shakespeare and Tang was put up at Shakespeare's Birthplace Garden in 2017.Two years later, a six-meter-tall pavilion, _________(inspire) by The Peony Pavilion, was built at the Firs Garden, just ten minutes' walk from Shakespeare's birthplace.
inspired 考查非谓语动词。根据句意并分析句子结构可知，空处应用非谓语动词；inspire与逻辑主语a six-meter-tall pavilion之间为动宾关系，应用过去分词形式作后置定语。
inspired
3．(2024·浙江卷1月)If your supermarket sells loose produce, then buying smaller quantities is easier. Over the last two years, some supermarkets have started selling chicken or salad in packs _________(design) with two halves containing separate portions (份).
design 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，动词design和逻辑主语packs之间为被动关系，且动作已完成，应用过去分词形式作后置定语。
design
4．(2024·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)The latest _____________(engineer) techniques are applied to create this protective functional structure that is also beautiful.
engineering 考查非谓语动词。空处修饰空后的名词techniques，在句中作定语，说明名词的作用，应用动名词engineering。
engineering
5．(2024·常州教育学会质检)However, more significantly, Mbappé has scored nine goals in World Cups, becoming the first player _________ (reach) that mark before his 24th birthday.
to reach 考查非谓语动词。空处修饰名词player，作定语，名词前面有the first修饰，一般用不定式作后置定语。
to reach
6．(2024·深圳一模)Meanwhile, he is also amazed by the modern city ___________(combine) high-end businesses and various industries.
combining 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空处为非谓语动词作定语，修饰前面的名词city，因为名词city和动词combine之间是主动关系，应用现在分词形式作定语。
combining
7．(2024·常德3月模拟)Absolutely after all, who could miss out the opportunity _________(visit) such a remarkable seaside city and try out some of the best wine in all of China
to visit 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处为非谓语动词作定语，修饰opportunity时应用不定式形式。
to visit
8．(2024·华中师大附中押题卷)We don't have relevant experience _________(refer) to, so we have to build the zone by doing our research and exploration.
to refer 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处应用不定式形式作定语，修饰experience。
to refer
9．(2024·绍兴一模)The release of the new flavor is a part of the company's effort _________(attract) new Gen Z consumers.
to attract 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空处为非谓语动词作定语，修饰effort，应用动词不定式。
to attract
10．(2024·宁波一模)While witnessing the process of bamboo gradually turning into bamboo silk and pot brushes, she couldn't contain her _________(surprise) expression.
surprised 考查非谓语动词。根据句意可知，空处应用形容词化的过去分词，修饰空后的名词expression，表示“感到惊讶的”，应用surprised。
surprised
11．(2024·金华十校一模)That's enough water _________(fill) the Reflecting Pool on the National Mall about 1,600 times.
to fill 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空处在句中作非谓语，表将来，应用动词不定式形式作定语。
to fill
12．(2024·菏泽一模)It is widely acknowledged that China's great development is one of the reasons for the _________(grow) popularity of Chinese books.
growing 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空处修饰popularity，应用形容词化的现在分词作定语，growing意为“增长的”，符合题意。
growing
[技法点拨]
1．逻辑关系解题法——doing/being done/to do/to be done/done
(1)表示被修饰词的用途，用doing，如sleeping train；
(2)表示心理状态的动词-ing形式的形容词，意为“令人……的”；
(3)动词-ed形式的形容词，意为“(人)感到……的”，也可修饰体现内心感受的look、expression、tears、smile、voice等名词；
(4)被修饰词与所给提示词是逻辑上的主谓关系：
①表示将来用to do；
②表示现在用doing。
(5)被修饰词与所给提示词是逻辑上的动宾关系：
①表示完成用done;
②表示将来用to be done;
③表示正在进行用being done。
2．提示词解题法——to do
(1)名词被the first/second等序数词、the last/only/next/right/形容词最高级修饰，且与提示词是逻辑上的主谓关系；
(2)被修饰的名词的同源动词用不定式作宾语：plan、promise、wish、intention、hope、failure、attempt等；
(3)被修饰的名词的同源形容词用不定式作状语：ability、anxiety、eagerness、determination、patience、willingness等；
(4)被修饰的名词是chance、opportunity、power、strength、struggle、right、idea、measure、effort等。
考法4 非谓语动词作主语和表语
[试做经典]
1．(2022·浙江卷1月)_______________(travel) to conferences, lectures, workshops, and the like—frequently by plane—is viewed as important for scientists to get together and exchange information.
Travelling 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，谓语动词为is viewed，空处应用动词-ing形式作主语，单词位于句首，首字母应大写。
Travelling
2．(2022·新高考全国卷Ⅰ改编)The GPNP's main goal is _________ (improve) connectivity between separate populations and homes of giant pandas, and eventually achieve a desired level of population in the wild.
to improve 考查非谓语动词。表示“目标”的词汇，如aim、goal、target等作主语时，通常用动词不定式作表语。
to improve
3．On our way to the house, it was raining so hard that we couldn't help wondering how long it would take _________(get) there.
to get 考查固定句型。It takes (＋sb.) ＋some time＋to do sth.为固定句型。
to get
4．It is, therefore, urgent _________(update) our curricula by introducing the recent developments in the relevant fields.
to update 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，句中it为形式主语，真正的主语应由动词不定式充当。
to update
5．It's no use _________(try) to persuade him to have a holiday because he is facing a challenge.
trying 考查固定句型。“It's no use doing...”意为“做……是无用的”。
trying
6．(2024·济南二模)Despite being very busy at times, Chung is _________(excite) to earn money on his own, and it has also boosted his self-confidence.
excited 考查非谓语动词。空处作表语，应用形容词化的过去分词形式，表示人的感受。
excited
7．(2024·福建4月联考)The process can be very _________(bore). Only when practising basic movements again and again can one finally reach the standard.
boring 考查非谓语动词。be动词后需用形容词化的现在分词作表语，修饰process，表示“令人……的”，应用boring。
boring
8．(2024·重庆第二次联合诊断)“I believe that you will see an ancient yet modern, an open and progressing country，” said Xu, citing Confucius' saying that “How _________(delight) we are to have friends coming from afar.”
delighted 考查非谓语动词。根据How和we are可知，空处需用形容词化的过去分词作表语，修饰人，delighted意为“感到高兴的”符合句意。
delighted
9．(2024·温州一模)That's where seed banks come in, and their goal is ____________(preserve) as many plant species as possible.
to preserve 考查非谓语动词。根据句意可知，空处表目的，应用不定式作表语。
to preserve
[技法点拨]
1．非谓语动词作主语
(1)句中缺少主语，找到句子的谓语部分，确定应用doing/to do作主语；
(2)表示抽象的、习惯性的或经常性的动作用doing，表示具体某一次的动作用to do；
(3)掌握用doing/to do作主语的句型：
①It's＋adj.(hard/difficult/easy/possible/kind等)(＋for/of sb.) ＋to do sth.；
②It's no use/no good/fun/a pleasure/no pleasure/a waste of time doing sth.；
③It takes (＋sb.)＋some time/money＋to do sth.；
④It's worthwhile doing/to do sth.。
2．非谓语动词作表语
空前是系动词(be、get、feel、seem等)时，根据句子结构确定用不定式或分词作表语。
(1)现在分词作表语修饰物，意为“令人感到……的”；
(2)过去分词作表语修饰人，意为“(人)感到……的”；
(3)不定式作表语，表示将来或目的。
Test 1
(2024·济宁二模)A new adaptation of Chinese mythological stories has won the heart of audiences with its distinctive style. The animation (动画) series, Yao—Chinese Folktales, 1.____________(gain) more than 110 million views online since it was released.
has gained
The series is 2._________ collection of 20-minute short films, consisting of eight separate stories 3._________(feature) monster-like characters, or Yao in Chinese.The collection, 4._________ ranges from ancient stories to science fiction, from emotional connection with hometowns to romantic love 5._________ from life themes to questions for humanity, presents Chinese culture and philosophy. For example, the first episode, named “Nobody”， tells a pig monster's story 6._________ (base) on the classic Chinese novel Journey to the West. The creative team put the perspective on the little monsters who used to have blurry faces and didn't even have names in the story.
a
featuring
which
and
based
Li Zao, general producer, said it was impossible7._________(predict) what the eventual outcome would be at first. Now, the 8._________(favor) comments exceeded the expectations of the creative team. These contained both the audience's 9.___________(recognize) of the work and their hopes of Chinese animation. Besides adapting 10._____ the taste of the masses, the team also wanted to guide them to appreciate different types of work.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。中国神话故事《中国奇谭》的新改编以其独特的风格赢得了观众的喜爱。
to predict
favorable
recognition
to
1．has gained 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据时间状语从句“since it was released”可知，此处应为现在完成时；主语The animation series为单数，助动词用has。
2．a 考查冠词。根据句意可知，空处表示泛指，应用不定冠词；且空后collection的发音以辅音音素开头，故应用a。
3．featuring 考查非谓语动词。空处为非谓语动词，与逻辑主语stories之间为主谓关系，故用现在分词形式作后置定语。
4．which 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，指代先行词The collection，为物，且在从句中充当主语，故应用which。
5．and 考查连词。根据句意可知，空处应为并列连词连接三个并列的成分，应用and。
6．based 考查非谓语动词。空处为非谓语动词，与逻辑主语a story之间为动宾关系，故用过去分词形式作后置定语。
7．to predict 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，it为形式主语，空处应为不定式作真正的主语。
8．favorable 考查形容词。空处修饰名词comments，应用形容词。
9．recognition 考查名词。空前为所有格the audience's，故空处应为名词。
10．to 考查固定搭配。“adapt to...”为固定搭配，意为“适应……”。
Test 2
(2024·湛江二模)Unless you're actually in sales, the very concept of selling yourself during a job interview can be frightening. You don't want to sound arrogant (傲慢的), or worse, desperate. But learning how to be a self-promoter in 1.______ convincing manner is what the job interview is all about. The following tips can help you close the sale on a job offer.
a
Dress 2.____________(appropriate). Many hiring managers will form their first impression of you 3._________(base) on what you're wearing. The right interview clothing 4._________(depend) on the company you are applying for and the culture of the 5._____________(organize).
Ask unique questions. The secret of distinguishing yourself 6._______ other job candidates is simple: Ask good questions 7._________ are valuable to the company. These pointed, yet uncommon questions mark you as an in-depth, curious, persistent researcher.
appropriately
based
depends
organization
from
that/which
Prepare meaningful anecdotes (轶事). No matter 8.___________ industry you're in, you can expect 9._____________(ask) behavioral job interview questions. Normally, these questions require you to come up with examples from your past work experiences. Unfortunately, this is
where a lot of job seekers stumble (支吾).To craft a fascinating anecdote, experts recommend 10._________(use) real feedback to highlight your contribution.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了几个可以帮助你获得工作机会的建议。
what/which
to be asked
using
1．a 考查冠词。分析句子结构可知，空处修饰名词manner，表泛指，且convincing的发音以辅音音素开头，应用不定冠词a。
2．appropriately 考查副词。空处修饰动词Dress，作状语，应用副词appropriately，意为“合适地”。
3．based 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，句子已有谓语动词will form，所以空处应填非谓语动词，且此处动词base与其逻辑主语impression 之间为被动关系，应用过去分词based表被动。
4．depends 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。本句描述的是一般事实，所以空处用一般现在时；主语The right interview clothing为单数，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
5．organization 考查名词。空处由定冠词the修饰，应填名词。
6．from 考查固定搭配。“distinguish...from...”为固定搭配，意为“区分……与……”。
7．that/which 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导限制性定语从句，指代先行词questions，指物，并在从句中充当主语，所以用关系代词that或which。
8．what/which 考查让步状语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处为“no matter＋疑问词”的结构，引导让步状语从句，再结合句意可知，此处指的是无论身处什么产业或哪个产业，所以用what或which均可。
9．to be asked 考查非谓语动词。expect to do sth.为固定短语，意为“期待做某事”，且此处的动词ask与you之间为被动关系，所以用不定式的被动语态。
10．using 考查非谓语动词。recommend doing sth.为固定搭配，意为“推荐做某事”。
