2025届高三上学期英语二轮复习专项：八省联考阅读理解D深度分析及配套练习 导学案（含答案）
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| 名称 | 2025届高三上学期英语二轮复习专项：八省联考阅读理解D深度分析及配套练习 导学案（含答案） |  | |
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| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 人教版（2019） | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2025-01-08 15:13:39 | ||
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八省联考阅读理解D深度分析
Want to learn a new language or get A’s in college exams Previous studies have shown that exercise can help stimulate the areas of the brain that convert (转换) new information into long-term memory. A new study has taken this information one step further and found the best time when exercise can help maximize learning.
Building upon past research that found exercise releases biochemicals that improve mental function, scientists at Radboud University and the University of Edinburgh conducted a study to determine when exercise was most beneficial to learning.
Participants — 72 healthy male and female adults — were first asked to perform a computer test that challenged their visual and spatial learning. After the test, all of the subjects watched nature documentaries, but two-thirds of them also exercised. Half of the exercisers did circuit training on an exercise bike for 35 minutes immediately after the test. The other half did the same exercise but not until four hours after they had been tested.
Two days later, all of the participants returned to the lab for a recall test, and they were connected to MRI (磁共振成像) machines to assess their brain activity. The participants who exercised four hours after taking the computer test were able to recall what they had learned most accurately. Their brainwaves also showed more consistent levels of activity, indicating that their brains were less taxed to remember what they had learned.
According to this research, the best time to exercise to improve learning is four hours after studying. But why That’s one question the researchers have yet to answer. Another question left unanswered is the level of exercise that might best improve learning. I’ve run enough marathons to prove the fact that my brain is anything but sharp during or after a tough workout. But the researchers noted that light workouts might not give the brain enough of a biochemical boost to improve learning.
核心重难词
英文 释义 备注
previous adj.以前的；先前的 近义词：former; past; earlier; prior
stimulate v.刺激；激励 近义词：inspire; arouse; activate 形近词：simulate v.模仿
convert v.转换 近义词：change; alter; transform; turn; vary; modify
long-term adj.长期的 近义词：prolonged; extended; lasting 反义词：short-term短期的
take...one step further 更进一步
maximize v.最大化 反义词：minimize v.最小化
release v.释放 含-ease的单词：ease v.减轻；cease v.停止；decrease v./n.减少；increase v./n.增加；tease v.挑逗；戏弄；please v.请；disease n.疾病；lease v.租赁
conduct v.进行 近义词：carry out; perform; do
determine v.决定；确定 派生词：determination n.决心
beneficial adj.有利的 派生词：benefit v./n.获利/好处
participant n.参与者 派生词：participate v.参加；participation n.参加
spatial adj.空间的 派生词：space n.空间；spacious adj.宽敞的
subject n.主题；科目；对象 adj.取决于 派生词：subjective adj.主观的；object n.物体；客体；v.反对；objective adj.客观的 用法：be subject to受……影响
circuit n.巡回；环道 近义词：pathway; track; route; course
assess v.评估 近义词：measure; evaluate; valuate; appraise; value; estimate; rate 形近词：access n.通道；excess 超过；accessory n.配件
accurate adj.精确的 近义词：exact; precise; right; true; correct; reliable
consistent adj.一致的 用法：be consistent with
indicate v.表明 派生词：indication n.表明 近义词：mean; imply; represent; suggest; show; demonstrate
tax n.税收；v.使受压力 同义词：stress; burden; tension; strain; pressure
is anything but... 绝对不是 anything but=not at all, by no means, never绝不 nothing but=only表示“只不过，除了……以外什么也没有” all but=almost, nearly，表示“几乎，差一点”
workout n.锻炼 近义词：exercise n./v.锻炼 其他含义：work out解决，同义表达figure out; calculate; solve
boost v./n.促进 近义词：promote; improve; advance; contribute; push; improve; facilitate; enhance; heighten
核心重难句
Previous studies have shown that exercise can help stimulate the areas of the brain that convert (转换) new information into long-term memory.
句子主干成分分析：Studies have shown that exercise can help do sth. that convert ... into ...
难点：①含两个从句，show后跟宾语从句，brain跟定语从句，宾从that无任何意义，起语气停顿作用，定从that充当从句主语。②help do sth.有助于做某事；③convert ... into ...将……转换成……
Building upon past research that found exercise releases biochemicals that improve mental function, scientists at Radboud University and the University of Edinburgh conducted a study to determine when exercise was most beneficial to learning.
句子主干成分分析：doing...that...that..., 主语（介词补充信息）谓+to do when（宾从）
难点：①build upon基于表主动；②双重that的定从，一层套一层；③at 介词短语补充成分；④ when宾从
The other half did the same exercise but not until four hours after they had been tested.
难点：but not until直到
句意理解：直到测试后四小时，才进行相同锻炼。
The participants who exercised four hours after taking the computer test were able to recall what they had learned most accurately.
句子主干成分分析：n. who... after doing... were able to do sth. what they had .....
难点：① 从句嵌套结构，who跟定从，what跟宾从；② who+after doing结构将主谓结构分隔较远。
Their brainwaves also showed more consistent levels of activity, indicating that their brains were less taxed to remember what they had learned.
难点：tax的熟词生义，取有压力，有负担含义。
句意理解：表明他们的大脑在记忆所学知识时负担较少
Another question left unanswered is the level of exercise that might best improve learning.
难点：left unanswered两个过去分词，意思是未曾回答
句意理解：未曾回答的另一个问题是……
I’ve run enough marathons to prove the fact that my brain is anything but sharp during or after a tough workout.
难点：anything but=not at all, by no means, never绝不；根本不
句意理解：我的大脑一点也不敏锐
阅读理解题目详解：
12. What did the new study aim to explore
A. When exercise is best for learning. B. What biochemicals are good for health.
C. How brainwaves should be measured. D. Which area of the brain is the most active.
做题思路：what提问形式，一般为细节理解题，根据题目关键信息the new study，再依据顺次出题原理，可定位第一段A new study has taken this information one step further and found the best time when exercise can help maximize learning.
比对选项和该句，可知A为正确选项，且best和maximize为同义替换。
13. What were all the participants asked to do during the experiment
A. Train on bicycles. B. Do mathematics exercises.
C. Play computer games. D. Watch films about nature.
做题思路：What were...done...提问方式也是标准的细节理解题。根据题目关键信息all the participants，定位Participants — 72 healthy male and female adults — were first asked to perform a computer test that challenged their visual and spatial learning.寻找动词，这里给出一个perform a computer test，是C选项的混淆答案。如定位句不出答案，则往后寻找，After the test, all of the subjects watched nature documentaries……
信息匹配，all为复现信息，subjects和participants，films和documentaries为同义替换。
14. Why did the participants return to the lab two days later
A. To do a medical examination. B. To have their memory tested.
C. To get their workouts recorded. D. To finish their previous tasks.
做题思路：why提问方式是典型的细节理解题。根据return to the lab two days later定位Two days later, all of the participants returned to the lab for a recall test, and they were connected to MRI (磁共振成像) machines to assess their brain activity.
信息匹配，a recall test和memory tested为同义替换。本题易错选项为A，MRI是检查评估脑部活动，而非进行医学检查。
15. What might the author’s marathon running prove
A. The findings of the study are reliable. B. Long-distance runners are often smart.
C. Studies on the marathon are not enough. D. Hard exercise may not sharpen the brain.
做题思路：what提问方式是典型的细节理解题。根据marathon running prove定位I’ve run enough marathons to prove the fact that my brain is anything but sharp during or after a tough workout.
信息匹配，anything but和not，touch和hard，workout和exercise为同义替换。本题难点在于理解anything but的意思。
【配套练习】
1.（2024 商丘模拟） Are your keys not in the spot you thought you left them Can't recall the title of a book I've had those moments. Such instances of "brain freeze" remind us that we should do everything in our power to keep our brains sharp.
A new study finds. Tai study can help slow cognitive (认知的) decline and protect against dementia (痴呆）. The study included about 300 older adults, in their mid﹣70s on average, who had all reported that their memory was not as good as it used to be.
As part of the study, all the participants took a 10﹣minute test called the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. A normal score is 26﹣30. A person who scores between 18 and 25 is considered to have mild impairment (损害）, which means they don't have dementia but they're not as sharp as they used to be and may need to work harder to maintain everyday activities, Once their score drops under 18, people. experience quite a bit of impairment from memory loss and cognitive decline.
The average score of participants at the start of the study was 25. The study found that people who practiced a simplified form of Tai Chi twice a week for about six months improved their score by 1. 5 points, meaning that they're going to get three extra years before they hit that decline into dementia.
Researchers also tested a more stricter type of Tai Chi, called Cognitively Enhanced Tai Chi, where they provided extra challenges. For example, participants were asked to spell a word, backward and forward, as they moved through a series of Tai Chi moves. The people who practice this type of cognitively enhanced Tai Chi improved their scores by about 3 points, meaning they are given six extra years of cognitive function.
The theory on why Tai Chi is effective is that it combines the memorization of the movements, known as forms, almost like composing dancing moves.
（1）Why are two questions raised in the first paragraph
A. To present the author's doubts.
B. To expect answers from readers.
C. To analyze the causes of forgetfulness.
D. To introduce the main topic of the text.
（2）What is the third paragraph mainly about
A. Cognitive assessment methods.
B. The process of running the test.
C. Cognitive measurement criteria.
D. The test results of the participants.
（3）What does the pre﹣best average score of the participants imply
A. Most of them suffer from, dementia.
B. They remain as quick﹣minded as before.
C. Many of them have slight cognitive decline.
D. They can protect themselves against dementia.
（4）Why does Tai Chi have a positive impact
A. It helps resolve challenges.
B. It involves mind﹣body movements.
C. It puts off cognitive decline by three years.
D. It improves the participants academic level.
2.（2024 鄂州一模） While some allergies (过敏症) disappear over time or with treatment, others last a lifetime. For decades, scientists have been searching for the source of these lifetime allergies.
Recently, researchers found that memory B cells may be involved. These cells produce a different class of antibodies known as IgG, which ward off viral infections. But no one had identified exactly which of those cells were recalling allergens or how they switched to making the IgE antibodies responsible for allergies. To uncover the mysterious cells, two research teams took a deep dive into the immune cells of people with allergies and some without.
Joshua Koenig and his team conducted extensive research, analyzing over 90, 000 memory B cells from individuals with birch (桦树) and dust mite (尘螨) allergies, as well as those without allergies, using RNA sequencing. This analysis revealed a specific type of memory B cell, termed MBC2, that plays a crucial role in the immune response that leads to allergies. In further studies involving individuals with peanut allergies, the same MBC2 cells were found to increase in number and produce IgE antibodies during treatment s aimed at desensitizing (脱敏) the body to peanut allergens.
Parallel research by Maria Curotto de Lafaille and her team at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai confirmed these findings, showing an abundance of similar memory B cells in children with peanut allergies compared to those without. These cells were found to be primed to switch from producing protective IgG antibodies to the allergy﹣causing IgE antibodies. This switch is facilitated by the production of RNA for IgE, which does not translate into the protein until the cells encounter allergens. A protein called JAK, crucial for signaling this transition, has been identified, suggesting that inhibiting JAK could prevent the production of IgE antibodies.
By identifying and targeting the memory cells responsible for allergic reactions, it may be possible to predict the course of an individual's allergy and potentially eliminate the allergic response altogether. Cecilia Berin from Northwestern University emphasizes the potential of this research to wipe out not just individual allergies but all allergic responses by focusing on the elimination of these specific memory B cells. This promising direction suggests a future where lasting relief from allergies could become a reality.
（1）Why did scientists investigate the immune cells of individuals with and without allergies
A．To explore the distinctions between IgG and IgE.
B．To uncover new antibodies known as IgG and IgE.
C．To reveal cells associated with the development of allergies.
D．To identify cells responsible for defending against allergies.
（2）What can we learn from the two research teams' work
A．MBC2s make antibodies and proteins that prevent allergies.
B．Allergists are capable of predicting whether an allergy will last or disappear.
C．JAK plays a role in controlling antibody production when exposed to allergens.
D．Memory B cells generate both RNA for IgE and the corresponding protein.
（3）According to the text, what does the production of RNA by the cells indicate
A．The cells are dying.
B．The cells are switching antibody types.
C．The cells are not functioning well.
D．The cells are resistant to treatment.
（4）Which could be the best title for the passage
A．RNA Sequencing Is Applied in Immunology Research
B．Specific Cells Related to Peanut Allergies Are Identified
C．Unmasking Cells' Identities Helps Diagnose and Treat Allergies
D．Newfound Immune Cells Are Responsible for Long﹣lasting Allergies
3. （2024 赤峰三模） When I first aspired to become a science writer, I imagined each day would be filled with inspiration and creativity. The reality, of course, is far less enjoyable than my fantasies. Researching a story, for example, often involves reading lots of dry and technical papers before I finally strike gold with the information that I seek.
Most professions, I imagine, include challenging but necessary tasks that sap enthusiasm. But a recent paper from Edward Lai at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University and his colleagues may offer us all a way to boost our motivation. It is called the"easy addendum effect", and, as the name suggests, it involves ending each work session with a more pleasant task that will be relatively straightforward to complete.
The strategy was inspired by a phenomenon known as the"peak﹣end rule", which means we often judge events by the way they finish, rather than the overall experience. In one experiment, Daniel Kahneman and his colleagues asked participants to plunge their hands into water at unpleasantly cold temperatures, the first group simply in 14°C water for 60 seconds, while the second one were given a further 30 seconds in water at 15℃. Surprisingly, most preferred the second option. It seems their memory of the experiment only focused on the last moments, which was slightly more pleasant in the 90﹣second set﹣up.
The research suggests that our impressions of work fall prey to the same preference—and we can use that to our advantage. Lai's team gave participants a series of dull tasks—from flexing their muscles against heavy weights to sorting books into alphabetical order or answering customer complaints. In each case, participants performed the tasks with or without an"easy addendum"attached to the end of the job. Those testing their strength were given a few extra rounds of lighter weights while those answering customer queries with some more straightforward requests.
Much like the ice﹣bath experiments, there was no logical reason why loading on additional work to an existing task should make it more pleasant overall. But the researchers found that the"easy addendums"significantly reduced the anticipated difficulty and increased participants' satisfaction with their jobs.
Since learning about Lai's research, I have tried applying this strategy to my own work. Writing is still my favourite part of the job, and so this article was a pleasant addendum to an otherwise demanding day of research for another one. By putting these words on the page, I feel far more energised about the work behind me—and readier to enjoy the evening ahead.
（1）Which is the author's initial aspiration as a science writer
A. To enjoy a challenging and enjoyable career.
B. To have a daily routine filled with creativity.
C. To conduct research and write technical papers.
D. To strike gold with every story they research.
（2）What does the underlined word "sap" mean in Paragraph 2
A. Weaken.
B. Boost.
C. Inspire.
D. Refuse.
（3）What can we infer from"the ice﹣bath experiments"
A. Participants could not bear 14°C longer than those could in 15℃.
B. Participants were unwilling to be loaded on additional work.
C. Participants usually cared more about the end of events.
D. Participants performed the tasks with an"easy addendum".
（4）What message does the author seem to convey in the text
A. No man is content if he or she is given more work.
B. "Easy addendum"can reduce difficulties in jobs.
C. One's pleasure comes through suffering in jobs.
D. "Easy addendum"can increase job satisfaction.
4. （2024 全国四模） What's your first memory Whatever it is, you're bound to treasure it. But can we actually trust them Nothing about memory is simple. Memory is malleable. What we remember is not necessarily what happened. A memory is not a recording. It's more like a dramatic reconstruction and one that we can keep changing without realizing it.
For any experience to be remembered, it has to be encoded (编码）. This encoding is not any kind of direct translation, though. It's a rich and complex process that creates associations and meanings. We might be remembering something very similar, but slightly changed and colored by our own sets of associations.
Psychologist Elizabeth Loftus produced groundbreaking research on eyewitness testimony (证据）. Her work showed that memories can easily be influenced, even after they've been created. For example, if two eyewitnesses talk with each other, their memories of events often change, absorbing what they've heard from the other one——but they won't realize this has happened. Similarly, witnesses who are shown an image of an innocent person, can sometimes stick it onto their memory of the actual event—a process known as unconscious transference (无意识的转移）. It is estimated that around 70% of wrongful convictions (定罪）, later overturned by DNA evidence, are due to mistaken eyewitness testimony.
In some cases, memories can even be deliberately created and implanted. The Lost in the Mall experiment took a test group of subjects and talked to them in depth about key childhood memories while also adding an invented one—the experience of having been lost in a shopping center. It was found that between a quarter and a third of subjects not only accepted this new memory as genuine but enriched it with specific details.
Most of us have certain key memories of being a very young child. But research suggests that they're highly unlikely to be actual memories due to the way memory is stored in the baby brain. Your precious first memory may well not be a real memory, and we're all perhaps living in our imaginations more than we realize.
（1）What does the underlined word "malleable" in paragraph 1 mean
A．Trustworthy.
B．False.
C．Easily changed.
D．Deeply impressive.
（2）Which will influence the memory of eyewitnesses
A．Powerful DNA evidence.
B．Pictures stuck in their memory.
C．Reduced accuracy of convictions.
D．Exchanged information between them.
（3）What can we learn about "The Lost in the Mall" experiment
A．It was designed to investigate mistaken eyewitness testimony.
B．Its subjects could recall specific details of a shopping center.
C．Its subjects made believe that they had been lost in a shopping center.
D．It demonstrated that invented experiences could be fixed in one's memory.
（4）What can be a suitable title for the text
A．The Unreliable Nature of Memory.
B．Revised Eyewitness Testimony.
C．Reflection on Sweet Childhood.
D．An Exploration of Truth and Fiction.
5. （2024 山西模拟） A team of scientists from the Center for Cognition and Sociality and the Data Science Group at the Institute for Basic Science（IBS） made an exciting discovery about how computers and human brains work similarly when remembering things.They found out that the way artificial intelligence（AI） models，like those in smart robots，store memories is a lot like how our brain's memory center，called the hippocampus（海马体），does it.This part of the brain is really important for feelings and memories.
Understanding how AI learns and keeps information is key to making it smarter.The scientists looked into how our brains learn and remember by focusing on a special process involving the NMDA receptor，a critical part of the hippocampus.This receptor works like a smart door in our brain that helps with learning and remembering.It opens when certain brain chemicals are present，allowing the cell to receive signals and create memories.A specific element，magnesium，acts like a guard，only letting substances in under the right conditions.
Interestingly，the team found that Transformer，a type of AI model，uses a similar guarding"method to manage its memory.They wondered if they could make the Transformer's memory better by copying the brain's process.By adjusting some settings in the Transformer to mimic（模拟、模仿）the brain's memory door，they improved its ability to remember things long﹣term，just like adjusting magnesium levels can affect how well we remember stuff.
This discovery is a big deal because it shows we can use what we know about the brain to make AI smarter.C.Justin LEE，a neuroscience（神经学）director at the institute，mentioned that this research was a big step forward for both AI and brain science.It opens up new ways to understand how the brain works and to create more advanced AI based on these insights.
So，in simple terms，scientists have figured out that computers can learn and remember in ways that are surprisingly similar to us，which could help make them even smarter in the future.
（1）What does the term "NMDA receptor"in paragraph 2 most likely refer to？
A.A type of computer virus that attacks AI systems.
B.A new technology for making computers run faster.
C.A component in AI models that predicts future events.
D.A part of the human brain involved in learning and memory.
（2）What did the team discover about Transformer？
A.It directly mimics the brain's memory process.
B.It is unaffected by changes in memory settings.
C.It uses a special method to manage memory.
D.It requires adjustments to enhance long﹣term memory.
（3）What is the significance of the research findings according to C.Justin LEE？
A.It is a new approach to memory organization.
B.It is a crucial step in advancing AI and neuroscience.
C.It is a method for improving short﹣term memory in AI.
D.It is a breakthrough in understanding AI emotional processing.
（4）What is the main idea of the passage？
A.Exploring the NMDA receptor in the brain.
B.Discussing implications of neuroscience for AI.
C.Comparing computer and human memory processes.
D.Discovering similarities between AI and human memory.
【参考答案】
1.DCCB
2.CCBD
3.BACD
4.CDDA
5.DCBD
Want to learn a new language or get A’s in college exams Previous studies have shown that exercise can help stimulate the areas of the brain that convert (转换) new information into long-term memory. A new study has taken this information one step further and found the best time when exercise can help maximize learning.
Building upon past research that found exercise releases biochemicals that improve mental function, scientists at Radboud University and the University of Edinburgh conducted a study to determine when exercise was most beneficial to learning.
Participants — 72 healthy male and female adults — were first asked to perform a computer test that challenged their visual and spatial learning. After the test, all of the subjects watched nature documentaries, but two-thirds of them also exercised. Half of the exercisers did circuit training on an exercise bike for 35 minutes immediately after the test. The other half did the same exercise but not until four hours after they had been tested.
Two days later, all of the participants returned to the lab for a recall test, and they were connected to MRI (磁共振成像) machines to assess their brain activity. The participants who exercised four hours after taking the computer test were able to recall what they had learned most accurately. Their brainwaves also showed more consistent levels of activity, indicating that their brains were less taxed to remember what they had learned.
According to this research, the best time to exercise to improve learning is four hours after studying. But why That’s one question the researchers have yet to answer. Another question left unanswered is the level of exercise that might best improve learning. I’ve run enough marathons to prove the fact that my brain is anything but sharp during or after a tough workout. But the researchers noted that light workouts might not give the brain enough of a biochemical boost to improve learning.
核心重难词
英文 释义 备注
previous adj.以前的；先前的 近义词：former; past; earlier; prior
stimulate v.刺激；激励 近义词：inspire; arouse; activate 形近词：simulate v.模仿
convert v.转换 近义词：change; alter; transform; turn; vary; modify
long-term adj.长期的 近义词：prolonged; extended; lasting 反义词：short-term短期的
take...one step further 更进一步
maximize v.最大化 反义词：minimize v.最小化
release v.释放 含-ease的单词：ease v.减轻；cease v.停止；decrease v./n.减少；increase v./n.增加；tease v.挑逗；戏弄；please v.请；disease n.疾病；lease v.租赁
conduct v.进行 近义词：carry out; perform; do
determine v.决定；确定 派生词：determination n.决心
beneficial adj.有利的 派生词：benefit v./n.获利/好处
participant n.参与者 派生词：participate v.参加；participation n.参加
spatial adj.空间的 派生词：space n.空间；spacious adj.宽敞的
subject n.主题；科目；对象 adj.取决于 派生词：subjective adj.主观的；object n.物体；客体；v.反对；objective adj.客观的 用法：be subject to受……影响
circuit n.巡回；环道 近义词：pathway; track; route; course
assess v.评估 近义词：measure; evaluate; valuate; appraise; value; estimate; rate 形近词：access n.通道；excess 超过；accessory n.配件
accurate adj.精确的 近义词：exact; precise; right; true; correct; reliable
consistent adj.一致的 用法：be consistent with
indicate v.表明 派生词：indication n.表明 近义词：mean; imply; represent; suggest; show; demonstrate
tax n.税收；v.使受压力 同义词：stress; burden; tension; strain; pressure
is anything but... 绝对不是 anything but=not at all, by no means, never绝不 nothing but=only表示“只不过，除了……以外什么也没有” all but=almost, nearly，表示“几乎，差一点”
workout n.锻炼 近义词：exercise n./v.锻炼 其他含义：work out解决，同义表达figure out; calculate; solve
boost v./n.促进 近义词：promote; improve; advance; contribute; push; improve; facilitate; enhance; heighten
核心重难句
Previous studies have shown that exercise can help stimulate the areas of the brain that convert (转换) new information into long-term memory.
句子主干成分分析：Studies have shown that exercise can help do sth. that convert ... into ...
难点：①含两个从句，show后跟宾语从句，brain跟定语从句，宾从that无任何意义，起语气停顿作用，定从that充当从句主语。②help do sth.有助于做某事；③convert ... into ...将……转换成……
Building upon past research that found exercise releases biochemicals that improve mental function, scientists at Radboud University and the University of Edinburgh conducted a study to determine when exercise was most beneficial to learning.
句子主干成分分析：doing...that...that..., 主语（介词补充信息）谓+to do when（宾从）
难点：①build upon基于表主动；②双重that的定从，一层套一层；③at 介词短语补充成分；④ when宾从
The other half did the same exercise but not until four hours after they had been tested.
难点：but not until直到
句意理解：直到测试后四小时，才进行相同锻炼。
The participants who exercised four hours after taking the computer test were able to recall what they had learned most accurately.
句子主干成分分析：n. who... after doing... were able to do sth. what they had .....
难点：① 从句嵌套结构，who跟定从，what跟宾从；② who+after doing结构将主谓结构分隔较远。
Their brainwaves also showed more consistent levels of activity, indicating that their brains were less taxed to remember what they had learned.
难点：tax的熟词生义，取有压力，有负担含义。
句意理解：表明他们的大脑在记忆所学知识时负担较少
Another question left unanswered is the level of exercise that might best improve learning.
难点：left unanswered两个过去分词，意思是未曾回答
句意理解：未曾回答的另一个问题是……
I’ve run enough marathons to prove the fact that my brain is anything but sharp during or after a tough workout.
难点：anything but=not at all, by no means, never绝不；根本不
句意理解：我的大脑一点也不敏锐
阅读理解题目详解：
12. What did the new study aim to explore
A. When exercise is best for learning. B. What biochemicals are good for health.
C. How brainwaves should be measured. D. Which area of the brain is the most active.
做题思路：what提问形式，一般为细节理解题，根据题目关键信息the new study，再依据顺次出题原理，可定位第一段A new study has taken this information one step further and found the best time when exercise can help maximize learning.
比对选项和该句，可知A为正确选项，且best和maximize为同义替换。
13. What were all the participants asked to do during the experiment
A. Train on bicycles. B. Do mathematics exercises.
C. Play computer games. D. Watch films about nature.
做题思路：What were...done...提问方式也是标准的细节理解题。根据题目关键信息all the participants，定位Participants — 72 healthy male and female adults — were first asked to perform a computer test that challenged their visual and spatial learning.寻找动词，这里给出一个perform a computer test，是C选项的混淆答案。如定位句不出答案，则往后寻找，After the test, all of the subjects watched nature documentaries……
信息匹配，all为复现信息，subjects和participants，films和documentaries为同义替换。
14. Why did the participants return to the lab two days later
A. To do a medical examination. B. To have their memory tested.
C. To get their workouts recorded. D. To finish their previous tasks.
做题思路：why提问方式是典型的细节理解题。根据return to the lab two days later定位Two days later, all of the participants returned to the lab for a recall test, and they were connected to MRI (磁共振成像) machines to assess their brain activity.
信息匹配，a recall test和memory tested为同义替换。本题易错选项为A，MRI是检查评估脑部活动，而非进行医学检查。
15. What might the author’s marathon running prove
A. The findings of the study are reliable. B. Long-distance runners are often smart.
C. Studies on the marathon are not enough. D. Hard exercise may not sharpen the brain.
做题思路：what提问方式是典型的细节理解题。根据marathon running prove定位I’ve run enough marathons to prove the fact that my brain is anything but sharp during or after a tough workout.
信息匹配，anything but和not，touch和hard，workout和exercise为同义替换。本题难点在于理解anything but的意思。
【配套练习】
1.（2024 商丘模拟） Are your keys not in the spot you thought you left them Can't recall the title of a book I've had those moments. Such instances of "brain freeze" remind us that we should do everything in our power to keep our brains sharp.
A new study finds. Tai study can help slow cognitive (认知的) decline and protect against dementia (痴呆）. The study included about 300 older adults, in their mid﹣70s on average, who had all reported that their memory was not as good as it used to be.
As part of the study, all the participants took a 10﹣minute test called the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. A normal score is 26﹣30. A person who scores between 18 and 25 is considered to have mild impairment (损害）, which means they don't have dementia but they're not as sharp as they used to be and may need to work harder to maintain everyday activities, Once their score drops under 18, people. experience quite a bit of impairment from memory loss and cognitive decline.
The average score of participants at the start of the study was 25. The study found that people who practiced a simplified form of Tai Chi twice a week for about six months improved their score by 1. 5 points, meaning that they're going to get three extra years before they hit that decline into dementia.
Researchers also tested a more stricter type of Tai Chi, called Cognitively Enhanced Tai Chi, where they provided extra challenges. For example, participants were asked to spell a word, backward and forward, as they moved through a series of Tai Chi moves. The people who practice this type of cognitively enhanced Tai Chi improved their scores by about 3 points, meaning they are given six extra years of cognitive function.
The theory on why Tai Chi is effective is that it combines the memorization of the movements, known as forms, almost like composing dancing moves.
（1）Why are two questions raised in the first paragraph
A. To present the author's doubts.
B. To expect answers from readers.
C. To analyze the causes of forgetfulness.
D. To introduce the main topic of the text.
（2）What is the third paragraph mainly about
A. Cognitive assessment methods.
B. The process of running the test.
C. Cognitive measurement criteria.
D. The test results of the participants.
（3）What does the pre﹣best average score of the participants imply
A. Most of them suffer from, dementia.
B. They remain as quick﹣minded as before.
C. Many of them have slight cognitive decline.
D. They can protect themselves against dementia.
（4）Why does Tai Chi have a positive impact
A. It helps resolve challenges.
B. It involves mind﹣body movements.
C. It puts off cognitive decline by three years.
D. It improves the participants academic level.
2.（2024 鄂州一模） While some allergies (过敏症) disappear over time or with treatment, others last a lifetime. For decades, scientists have been searching for the source of these lifetime allergies.
Recently, researchers found that memory B cells may be involved. These cells produce a different class of antibodies known as IgG, which ward off viral infections. But no one had identified exactly which of those cells were recalling allergens or how they switched to making the IgE antibodies responsible for allergies. To uncover the mysterious cells, two research teams took a deep dive into the immune cells of people with allergies and some without.
Joshua Koenig and his team conducted extensive research, analyzing over 90, 000 memory B cells from individuals with birch (桦树) and dust mite (尘螨) allergies, as well as those without allergies, using RNA sequencing. This analysis revealed a specific type of memory B cell, termed MBC2, that plays a crucial role in the immune response that leads to allergies. In further studies involving individuals with peanut allergies, the same MBC2 cells were found to increase in number and produce IgE antibodies during treatment s aimed at desensitizing (脱敏) the body to peanut allergens.
Parallel research by Maria Curotto de Lafaille and her team at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai confirmed these findings, showing an abundance of similar memory B cells in children with peanut allergies compared to those without. These cells were found to be primed to switch from producing protective IgG antibodies to the allergy﹣causing IgE antibodies. This switch is facilitated by the production of RNA for IgE, which does not translate into the protein until the cells encounter allergens. A protein called JAK, crucial for signaling this transition, has been identified, suggesting that inhibiting JAK could prevent the production of IgE antibodies.
By identifying and targeting the memory cells responsible for allergic reactions, it may be possible to predict the course of an individual's allergy and potentially eliminate the allergic response altogether. Cecilia Berin from Northwestern University emphasizes the potential of this research to wipe out not just individual allergies but all allergic responses by focusing on the elimination of these specific memory B cells. This promising direction suggests a future where lasting relief from allergies could become a reality.
（1）Why did scientists investigate the immune cells of individuals with and without allergies
A．To explore the distinctions between IgG and IgE.
B．To uncover new antibodies known as IgG and IgE.
C．To reveal cells associated with the development of allergies.
D．To identify cells responsible for defending against allergies.
（2）What can we learn from the two research teams' work
A．MBC2s make antibodies and proteins that prevent allergies.
B．Allergists are capable of predicting whether an allergy will last or disappear.
C．JAK plays a role in controlling antibody production when exposed to allergens.
D．Memory B cells generate both RNA for IgE and the corresponding protein.
（3）According to the text, what does the production of RNA by the cells indicate
A．The cells are dying.
B．The cells are switching antibody types.
C．The cells are not functioning well.
D．The cells are resistant to treatment.
（4）Which could be the best title for the passage
A．RNA Sequencing Is Applied in Immunology Research
B．Specific Cells Related to Peanut Allergies Are Identified
C．Unmasking Cells' Identities Helps Diagnose and Treat Allergies
D．Newfound Immune Cells Are Responsible for Long﹣lasting Allergies
3. （2024 赤峰三模） When I first aspired to become a science writer, I imagined each day would be filled with inspiration and creativity. The reality, of course, is far less enjoyable than my fantasies. Researching a story, for example, often involves reading lots of dry and technical papers before I finally strike gold with the information that I seek.
Most professions, I imagine, include challenging but necessary tasks that sap enthusiasm. But a recent paper from Edward Lai at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University and his colleagues may offer us all a way to boost our motivation. It is called the"easy addendum effect", and, as the name suggests, it involves ending each work session with a more pleasant task that will be relatively straightforward to complete.
The strategy was inspired by a phenomenon known as the"peak﹣end rule", which means we often judge events by the way they finish, rather than the overall experience. In one experiment, Daniel Kahneman and his colleagues asked participants to plunge their hands into water at unpleasantly cold temperatures, the first group simply in 14°C water for 60 seconds, while the second one were given a further 30 seconds in water at 15℃. Surprisingly, most preferred the second option. It seems their memory of the experiment only focused on the last moments, which was slightly more pleasant in the 90﹣second set﹣up.
The research suggests that our impressions of work fall prey to the same preference—and we can use that to our advantage. Lai's team gave participants a series of dull tasks—from flexing their muscles against heavy weights to sorting books into alphabetical order or answering customer complaints. In each case, participants performed the tasks with or without an"easy addendum"attached to the end of the job. Those testing their strength were given a few extra rounds of lighter weights while those answering customer queries with some more straightforward requests.
Much like the ice﹣bath experiments, there was no logical reason why loading on additional work to an existing task should make it more pleasant overall. But the researchers found that the"easy addendums"significantly reduced the anticipated difficulty and increased participants' satisfaction with their jobs.
Since learning about Lai's research, I have tried applying this strategy to my own work. Writing is still my favourite part of the job, and so this article was a pleasant addendum to an otherwise demanding day of research for another one. By putting these words on the page, I feel far more energised about the work behind me—and readier to enjoy the evening ahead.
（1）Which is the author's initial aspiration as a science writer
A. To enjoy a challenging and enjoyable career.
B. To have a daily routine filled with creativity.
C. To conduct research and write technical papers.
D. To strike gold with every story they research.
（2）What does the underlined word "sap" mean in Paragraph 2
A. Weaken.
B. Boost.
C. Inspire.
D. Refuse.
（3）What can we infer from"the ice﹣bath experiments"
A. Participants could not bear 14°C longer than those could in 15℃.
B. Participants were unwilling to be loaded on additional work.
C. Participants usually cared more about the end of events.
D. Participants performed the tasks with an"easy addendum".
（4）What message does the author seem to convey in the text
A. No man is content if he or she is given more work.
B. "Easy addendum"can reduce difficulties in jobs.
C. One's pleasure comes through suffering in jobs.
D. "Easy addendum"can increase job satisfaction.
4. （2024 全国四模） What's your first memory Whatever it is, you're bound to treasure it. But can we actually trust them Nothing about memory is simple. Memory is malleable. What we remember is not necessarily what happened. A memory is not a recording. It's more like a dramatic reconstruction and one that we can keep changing without realizing it.
For any experience to be remembered, it has to be encoded (编码）. This encoding is not any kind of direct translation, though. It's a rich and complex process that creates associations and meanings. We might be remembering something very similar, but slightly changed and colored by our own sets of associations.
Psychologist Elizabeth Loftus produced groundbreaking research on eyewitness testimony (证据）. Her work showed that memories can easily be influenced, even after they've been created. For example, if two eyewitnesses talk with each other, their memories of events often change, absorbing what they've heard from the other one——but they won't realize this has happened. Similarly, witnesses who are shown an image of an innocent person, can sometimes stick it onto their memory of the actual event—a process known as unconscious transference (无意识的转移）. It is estimated that around 70% of wrongful convictions (定罪）, later overturned by DNA evidence, are due to mistaken eyewitness testimony.
In some cases, memories can even be deliberately created and implanted. The Lost in the Mall experiment took a test group of subjects and talked to them in depth about key childhood memories while also adding an invented one—the experience of having been lost in a shopping center. It was found that between a quarter and a third of subjects not only accepted this new memory as genuine but enriched it with specific details.
Most of us have certain key memories of being a very young child. But research suggests that they're highly unlikely to be actual memories due to the way memory is stored in the baby brain. Your precious first memory may well not be a real memory, and we're all perhaps living in our imaginations more than we realize.
（1）What does the underlined word "malleable" in paragraph 1 mean
A．Trustworthy.
B．False.
C．Easily changed.
D．Deeply impressive.
（2）Which will influence the memory of eyewitnesses
A．Powerful DNA evidence.
B．Pictures stuck in their memory.
C．Reduced accuracy of convictions.
D．Exchanged information between them.
（3）What can we learn about "The Lost in the Mall" experiment
A．It was designed to investigate mistaken eyewitness testimony.
B．Its subjects could recall specific details of a shopping center.
C．Its subjects made believe that they had been lost in a shopping center.
D．It demonstrated that invented experiences could be fixed in one's memory.
（4）What can be a suitable title for the text
A．The Unreliable Nature of Memory.
B．Revised Eyewitness Testimony.
C．Reflection on Sweet Childhood.
D．An Exploration of Truth and Fiction.
5. （2024 山西模拟） A team of scientists from the Center for Cognition and Sociality and the Data Science Group at the Institute for Basic Science（IBS） made an exciting discovery about how computers and human brains work similarly when remembering things.They found out that the way artificial intelligence（AI） models，like those in smart robots，store memories is a lot like how our brain's memory center，called the hippocampus（海马体），does it.This part of the brain is really important for feelings and memories.
Understanding how AI learns and keeps information is key to making it smarter.The scientists looked into how our brains learn and remember by focusing on a special process involving the NMDA receptor，a critical part of the hippocampus.This receptor works like a smart door in our brain that helps with learning and remembering.It opens when certain brain chemicals are present，allowing the cell to receive signals and create memories.A specific element，magnesium，acts like a guard，only letting substances in under the right conditions.
Interestingly，the team found that Transformer，a type of AI model，uses a similar guarding"method to manage its memory.They wondered if they could make the Transformer's memory better by copying the brain's process.By adjusting some settings in the Transformer to mimic（模拟、模仿）the brain's memory door，they improved its ability to remember things long﹣term，just like adjusting magnesium levels can affect how well we remember stuff.
This discovery is a big deal because it shows we can use what we know about the brain to make AI smarter.C.Justin LEE，a neuroscience（神经学）director at the institute，mentioned that this research was a big step forward for both AI and brain science.It opens up new ways to understand how the brain works and to create more advanced AI based on these insights.
So，in simple terms，scientists have figured out that computers can learn and remember in ways that are surprisingly similar to us，which could help make them even smarter in the future.
（1）What does the term "NMDA receptor"in paragraph 2 most likely refer to？
A.A type of computer virus that attacks AI systems.
B.A new technology for making computers run faster.
C.A component in AI models that predicts future events.
D.A part of the human brain involved in learning and memory.
（2）What did the team discover about Transformer？
A.It directly mimics the brain's memory process.
B.It is unaffected by changes in memory settings.
C.It uses a special method to manage memory.
D.It requires adjustments to enhance long﹣term memory.
（3）What is the significance of the research findings according to C.Justin LEE？
A.It is a new approach to memory organization.
B.It is a crucial step in advancing AI and neuroscience.
C.It is a method for improving short﹣term memory in AI.
D.It is a breakthrough in understanding AI emotional processing.
（4）What is the main idea of the passage？
A.Exploring the NMDA receptor in the brain.
B.Discussing implications of neuroscience for AI.
C.Comparing computer and human memory processes.
D.Discovering similarities between AI and human memory.
【参考答案】
1.DCCB
2.CCBD
3.BACD
4.CDDA
5.DCBD