2025届高三上学期英语一轮复习：八省联考阅读理解C深度分析及配套练习学案（含答案）
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| 名称 | 2025届高三上学期英语一轮复习：八省联考阅读理解C深度分析及配套练习学案（含答案） |  | |
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| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 人教版（2019） | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2025-01-09 17:09:46 | ||
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八省联考阅读理解C深度分析
Jane Jacobs spent her working life advancing a distinct vision of the city — in particular focusing on what makes a successful urban community. At the heart of her vision is the idea that urban life should be an energetic and rich affair, whereby people are able to interact with one another in dense (稠密) and exciting urban environments. She prefers disorder to order, walking to driving, and diversity to uniformity. 句式结构： at介词短语+is the idea+that同位语从句, whereby引导定语从句 难点： ①介词短语句首时的倒装；②whereby引导的定从
英文 释义 备注
advance n./v.进展；前行 近义表达：progress; promote; develop; move forward 用法：in advance提前；advanced先进的；高级的
distinct adj.明显的；不同的 近义表达：evident; apparent; obvious; clear; plain; distinct; definite; noticeable 易混词：district n.地区；distract v.分散注意力
vision n.视力；愿景 近义表达： 视力→eyesight; sight 愿景→dream; ambition; goal; aspiration; mission; prospect; future; outlook; expectation
in particular 特别是；尤其是 近义表达：especially; specially; specifically; particularly
focus on 聚焦于 近义表达：concentrate on; center on
affair n.事件 近义表达：matter; incident; business; event
diversity n.多样性 派生词：diverse adj.多种多样的
uniformity n.统一性 派生词：uniform adj.统一的
For Jacobs, urban communities are organic beings that should be left to grow and change by themselves and not be subject to the grand plans of so-called experts and officials. The best judges of how a city should be — and how it should develop — are the local residents themselves. Jacobs argues that urban communities are best placed to understand how their city functions, because city life is created and sustained through their various interactions. 1.难点： ①organic being的理解；②be left to do被允许；③be subject to受……影响 2.句式结构： Jacobs argues+that宾从+understand how宾从, because状从 难点： ①从句过多；②function一词的活用
英文 释义 备注
organic adj.有机的 派生词：organ n.器官（organ另指风琴）
being n.存在；生物 近义词：creature; living thing; life
be subject to 受……影响
grand adj.宏大的 近义词：impressive; noble; extraordinary; great; large; big; magnificent; splendid; considerable; outstanding
so-called adj.所谓的
argue v.争论 派生词：argument n.争论（注意去e）
sustain v.维持 派生词：sustainable adj.可持续的；sustainability n.可持续性
Jacobs notes that the built form of a city is crucial to the life of an urban community, especially the sidewalks. The streets in which people live should be a tight pattern of crossed sidewalks, which allow people to meet, talk, and get to know one another. Such a complex but ultimately enriching set of encounters helps individuals know their neighbours and neighbourhood better. 句式结构： such a...but...helps...know... 难点： ① complex but ultimately enriching均用来修饰set，即一套复杂但最终丰富的……；②encounter此处指代interaction
英文 释义 备注
crucial adj.重要的 近义词：vital; essential, indispensable, necessary, significant, key, critical, important, substantial, imperative
ultimately adv.最终 近义表达：eventually; finally; in the end; at last
enrich v.充实；使丰富 构词：encase; enroll; entitle; enlarge; enable; ensure; enrage; endanger; encourage; enjoy;
individual adj./n.个人的 近义词：personal; single; separate
Diversity and mixed-use of space are also, for Jacobs, key elements of this urban form. The commercial, business, and residential elements of a city should not be separated out but instead be side by side, to allow for greater integration of people. There should also be a diversity of old and new buildings, and people's interactions should determine how buildings get used and reused.
英文 释义 备注
element n.要素；元素 近义词：component; ingredient; factor; aspect
side by side 并排 相似结构：step by step逐步；one by one逐一；day by day一天天地；little by little一点一点地；hand by hand手拉手；heart by heart心连心地
a diversity of 多种多样的 近义表达：a variety of; a range of; all kinds of; different types of; a mix of; various sorts of
Finally, urban communities grow better in places where a critical mass of people live, work, and interact. Such high-density spaces are, she feels, engines of creativity and vitality. They are also safe places to be, because the higher density means that there are more “eyes on the street”: shopkeepers and locals who know their area and maintain a close watch over the neighbourhood. 句式结构： 主句，because状从+means that宾从: 主语who定从 难点： ①从句嵌套较多；②eyes on the street的词义猜测
英文 释义 备注
critical n.批判的；临界的 用法：a critical mass of足够数量，达到临界点 派生词：critic n.批评家；criticism n.批评
vitality n.活力 派生词：vital adj.有活力的；重要的
8. What does Jacobs find most important for a successful urban community
A. Efficient public transport. B. Strong interaction between people.
C. Uniform style of buildings. D. A comparatively large population.
题目关键信息：most important, successful
答案句：Jane Jacobs spent her working life advancing a distinct vision of the city — in particular focusing on what makes a successful urban community.
At the heart of her vision is the idea that urban life should be an energetic and rich affair, whereby people are able to interact with one another in dense (稠密) and exciting urban environments.
同义替换：most important-at the heart of
9. Who does Jacobs think should make decisions on urban development
A. Local residents. B. Government officials.
C. City planners. D. Construction workers.
题目关键信息：who, make decisions on urban development
答案句：For Jacobs, urban communities are organic beings that should be left to grow and change by themselves and not be subject to the grand plans of so-called experts and officials. The best judges of how a city should be — and how it should develop — are the local residents themselves.
同义替换：make decisions-judge
10. How does Jacobs suggest sidewalks be built
A. Lined with plants. B. Painted with clear signs.
C. Tightly connected. D. Convenient for the old.
题目关键信息：sidewalks be built
答案句：The streets in which people live should be a tight pattern of crossed sidewalks, which allow people to meet, talk, and get to know one another.
同义替换：tightly connected-tight pattern
11. According to Jacobs, the “eyes on the street” bring a sense of _______.
A. pride B. comfort C. security D. urgency
词义猜测，关注整句。
They are also safe places to be, because the higher density means that there are more “eyes on the street”: shopkeepers and locals who know their area and maintain a close watch over the neighbourhood.
本句关键在于冒号后的解释部分，介绍有更多的眼睛，这些眼睛源于了解并密切关注本地社区的店主和当地人。
关键信息为maintain a close watch，同安全security有关，可同实际的西方城市现状相联系。
【配套练习】
1.（2024 全国模拟） Urban agriculture，the practice of farming within the limits of a city，is becoming increasingly popular worldwide and is considered a way to make cities and urban food systems more sustainable.Despite strong evidence of the social and nutritional benefits of urban agriculture，its carbon footprint remains understudied.
Most previously published studies have focused on high﹣tech，energy﹣intensive forms of urban agriculture—such as vertical（垂直的） farms and rooftop greenhouses.The new study aimed to fill some of the knowledge gaps by comparing the carbon footprints of food produced at low﹣tech urban agriculture sites to conventional crops.
The researchers calculated the greenhouse gas emissions（排放） associated with on﹣farm materials and activities over the lifetime of the farm.The emissions，expressed in kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalents per serving of food，were then compared to foods raised by conventional methods.
Farmers and gardeners at urban agriculture sites across the world were employed to use daily diary entries to take down inputs—the materials used to construct farms and cultivate crops—and harvests from their food﹣growing sites throughout the 2019 season.
"By assessing actual inputs and outputs on urban agriculture sites，we were able to determine climate change impacts to each serving of produce，"says study co﹣lead author Benjamin Goldstein，assistant professor in the School for Environment and Sustainability.On average，food produced through urban agriculture released 0.42 kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalents per serving，six times higher than the 0.07 kg CO2e per serving of conventionally grow n produce.
It's also found that most of the climate impacts at urban farms are driven by the infrastructure （基础设施），such as the raised beds in which food is grown，or pathways between plots."These farms typically only operate for a few years，so the greenhouse gases used to produce those materials are not used effectively.Conventional agriculture，instead，is very efficient and hard to compete with"，Goldstein says.For example，conventional farms often grow a single crop with the help of pesticides and fertilizers，resulting in larger harvests and a reduced carbon footprint when compared to urban farms，he says.
（1）What is a benefit of urban agriculture？
A.Sustainable food supply.
B.High food output.
C.Effective energy conservation.
D.Low carbon footprint.
（2）How is the research data collected？
A.By accessing online database.
B.By examining previous studies.
C.By conducting personal interviews.
D.By recording information every day.
（3）What could be done to reduce carbon footprint according to Goldstein？
A.Increase varieties of crops.
B.Extend infrastructure lifetimes.
C.Promote rooftop greenhouses.
D.Use modern agriculture facilities.
（4）What is the passage mainly about？
A.The benefits of traditional crops.
B.The popularity of urban agriculture.
C.The strategies to fight global warming.
D.The carbon footprint of urban farm produce.
2.（2024 安徽三模） Many people view cities largely in negative terms﹣as crowded，dirty，unhealthy environments that are breeding（繁殖） grounds for disease and crime.People fear that as cities get bigger，living conditions will get worse.To a growing number of economists，urban planners，and environmentalists，urbanization is good news.Many planners now believe big cities offer a solution to dealing with the problem of Earth's growing population.
Harvard economist Edward Glaeser is one person who believes that cities bring largely positive benefits.Glaeser's optimism is reflected in the title of his book The Triumph of the City.Glaeser argues that poor people flock to cities because that's usually where the money is.Cities are productive because of "the absence of space between people"，which reduces the cost of transporting goods，people，and ideas.While the flow of goods has always been important to cities，what is most important today is the flow of ideas.Successful cities attract and reward smart people with higher wages，and they enable people to learn from one another.In the trading floor of the New York Stock Exchange on Wall Street，employees work in one open，crowded space sharing information."They value knowledge over space.That's what the modern city is all about."
Another champion of urbanization is environmentalist Stewart Brand.From an ecological perspective，says Brand，moving people out of cities would be disastrous.Because cities are dense，they allow half of the world's population to live on about four percent of the land，leaving more space for open country，such as farmland.People living in cities also have less impact per capita（人均） on the environment.Their roads，sewers（下水道），and power lines are shorter and require fewer resources to build and operate.City apartments require less energy to heat，cool，and light than larger houses in suburbs and rural areas.Most importantly，people living in dense cities drive less.They can walk to many destinations，and public transportation is practical because enough people travel regularly to the same places.As a result，dense cities tend to produce fewer greenhouse gas emissions per person than scattered，sprawling suburbs.
Despite the negative aspects such as pollution and serious problems like urban slums，it is a mistake to see urbanization as evil；instead，we should view it as an inevitable part of development.Rapid growth itself is not the real problem﹣the larger issue is how to manage the growth.
（1）Why does the author mention the New York Stock Exchange in Paragraph 2？
A.To indicate the space there is valuable.
B To show how goods can be exchanged.
C.To illustrate the importance of information flow.
D.To describe what a modern city should look like.
（2）The underlined word "champion"in Paragraph 3 probably refers to a person who ______.
A.advocates something
B.challenges something
C.achieves something
D.protects something
（3）Stewart Brand believes that _______.
A.urbanization would be more disastrous
B life in cities is more economical than in rural areas
C.public transportation consumes more energy in cities
D.people living in rural areas have less impact on the environment
（4）How does the author support Stewart Brand's idea in Paragraph 3？
A.By quoting authorities.
B.By making comparisons.
C.By analysing the causes.
D.By criticizing opposing views.
3.（2024 未央区校级模拟） In a new study，researchers found that invasive insects in the United States could kill approximately 1.4 million urban trees by 2050，which would cost over ＄900 million to replace，reports Vishwam Sankaran for the Independent.
Hot spots predicted to have the most urban tree mortality（死亡率） were Milwaukee，Wisconsin；Chicago，Illinois；and New York，New York.The study，published in the Journal of Applied Ecology，is the first nationwide forecast of street tree mortality from invasive insects.
The emerald ash borer is an invasive beetle native to Asia.It was first detected in 2002 in southeastern Michigan，and experts suspect it was brought into the United States on wood packing material carried on cargo ships or airplanes traveling from Asia.Since then，the bug has been damaging ash trees.In the last two decades since the insect was first detected，numerous trees have been killed in North America.
Data collected from 30，000 communities across the country was used to estimate tree mortality in the next 30 years.The researchers combined this data with a model that predicted the spread of 57 different invasive insect species.Their results show emerald ash borers alone could cause 90% of the estimated 1.4 million tree deaths.Ash borers are already predicted to "kill virtually all ash trees" in over 6，000 urban areas，according to Newsweek.
Less than 25% of 30，000 urban areas in the U.S.are expected to experience 95% of all street﹣tree mortality，reports Adam Barnes for the Hill.The areas that will experience the most tree loss include cities in the Midwest and East Coast.These locations are expected to have the most tree loss because large numbers of ash trees occupy the streets and parks in these areas，reported the Independent.
When it comes to how to save urban areas from becoming treeless，study author Emma Hudgins，a biologist at McGill University，says， "These results can hopefully provide a cautionary tale against planting a single species of tree throughout entire cities，as has been done with ash trees in North America.Planting various trees provides resilience against pest infestations（侵扰）."
（1）What can we know about the emerald ash borer？
A.It is an invasive beetle in Asia.
B.It was first found by the Michigan people.
C.It has killed numerous trees in America.
D.They definitely enter the U.S.by cargo ships or airplanes.
（2）What is the fourth paragraph intended to describe？
A.The purpose of the research.
B.The conclusion of the research.
C.The significance of the research.
D.The process and result of the research.
（3）What can be inferred from the fifth paragraph？
A.Pest infestations are taking place across the country.
B.The insect's invasion won't spread equally in America.
C.Tree loss is the main cause of environmental problems.
D.Ash trees are being removed from many areas in the U.S.
（4）What suggestion does Emma Hudgins provide？
A.Getting different types of trees planted.
B.Replacing foreign trees with local ones.
C.Getting more trees planted in more areas.
D.Planting trees resistant to pest infestations.
4.（2024 渭南模拟） Do you want to ensure your child hits their expected developmental milestones？New UBC research suggests living in areas with high exposure to green space can help set them up for success.
For the study，the researchers at UBC analyzed the developmental scores of 27，372 children in Metro Vancouver who attended kindergarten between 2005 and 2011.They estimated the amount of green space around each child's residence from birth to age five.They also assessed levels of traffic﹣related air pollution and community noise.
The results highlight the fundamental importance of natural green spaces like street trees，parks and community gardens. "Most of the children were doing well in their development，in terms of language skills，cognitive （认知的） capacity，socialization and other outcomes，" says Ingrid Jarvis，a PhD candidate in the department of forest and conservation sciences at UBC． "But what's interesting is that those children living in a residential location with more vegetation and richer natural environments showed better overall development than their peers with less green space."
According to the researchers，the reason for this is partly green spaces' ability to reduce the harmful effects of air pollution and noise ﹣ environmental challenges that have been shown to adversely （不利地） affect children's health and development through increased stress，sleep disturbances and central nervous system damage. "Few studies have investigated this pathway linking green space and developmental outcomes among children，" adds Jarvis.
The researchers assessed early childhood development using the Early Development Instrument （EDI），a survey completed by kindergarten teachers for each child.The tool measures a child's ability to meet age﹣appropriate developmental expectations.
"More research is needed，but our findings suggest that urban planning efforts to increase green space in residential neighbourhoods and around schools are beneficial for early childhood development，with potential health benefits throughout life，" says the study's senior author Matilda Bosch. "Time in nature can benefit everyone，but if we want our children to have a good head start，it's important to provide an enriching environment through nature contact."
（1）Which is a key factor in the researchers' study？
A．The kids' scores from school exams.
B．The average IQ score of the subjects.
C．The green space where the kids lived.
D．The air pollution level of the whole city.
（2）What's the message implied in Paragraph 4？
A．Air pollution is largely to blame for kids' failures.
B．Kids living in a noisy area tend to feel more stressed.
C．Pollution harms kids' nervous system more than noise.
D．Greenspace is directly linked to kids' mental development.
（3）What does Matilda Bosch stress in the last paragraph？
A．The importance of nature in kids' growth.
B．The role of research in scientific work.
C．The proper way of giving a good start to kids.
D．The urgency of expanding greenspace in cities.
（4）What could be a suitable title for the text？
A．What Are the Health Effects of Noise Pollution？
B．Green Spaces：A guarantee for Kids' Future Success
C．Urban Green Space and Its Impact on Human Health
D．Time in Nature Aids Early Childhood Development
5.（2024 云南模拟） In the more than 6，000 years of living in cities，humans have always had to find solutions to problems concerning how they live and work，such as sanitation，transportation，crime and environmental protection.Today，using cutting﹣edge technologies，smart cities can cover them all.We are now in the era of being "smart".
According to the European Commission，a smart city is "a place where traditional networks and services are made more efficient with the use of digital solutions for the benefit of its inhabitants and businesses".It means smarter urban transport networks，upgraded water supplies and waste disposal facilities and more efficient ways to light and heat buildings.It also means a more interactive and responsive city administration，safer public spaces and meeting the needs of an aging population.
The origin of the concept of smart cities can be traced back to the 1960s and 1970s，when the US Community Analysis Bureau began using databases，aerial photography and other digital methods to collect data and do analysis so that the cities could direct services，relieve the influence of disasters and reduce poverty.
Smart cities rely heavily on automation，connectivity to the Internet ，and the Internet of things （IoT）.According to TWI，a global organization dedicated to technology engineering，a smart city operates according to four basic steps：collection，analysis，communication，and action.In this approach，a set of smart sensors will collect real﹣time data about people and infrastructure.After the data collected is analyzed，the result will be communicated to the decision﹣makers，who will take action to improve the quality of city life for its residents.
Smart city technologies have already been applied in some countries and cities around the world.Singapore，for example，has introduced a wide range of smart technologies in both its public and private sectors since launching its Smart Nation initiative in 2014.To help with the aging population，it introduced a digital health system allowing video consultations as well as wearable devices to monitor patients.
（1）What is the main feature of a smart city？
A．It can meet the needs of the elderly.
B．It is fully evolved and multi﹣functional.
C．It highly depends on modern technologies.
D．It is a place where one can live a carefree life.
（2）What may TWI agree with？
A．Decision﹣makers are supposed to analyze the real﹣time data.
B．Joint efforts are required to ensure the operation of a smart city.
C．The quality of city life has improved due to the government initiative.
D．Problems still exist in the smart city despite great convenience it brings.
（3）Why is Singapore mentioned in the last paragraph？
A．To praise its contribution to the world.
B．To show its advantage over other countries.
C．To gain widespread support for a smart city.
D．To illustrate the application of smart city technologies.
（4）What is the best title for the text？
A．Smart City：A Brief History.
B．Smart City：Live the Smart Way.
C．Smart City：Say Goodbye to the Past.
D．Smart City：Both Chances and Challenges.
参考答案
1.ADBD
2.CABB
3.CDBA
4.CBAD
5.CBDB
Jane Jacobs spent her working life advancing a distinct vision of the city — in particular focusing on what makes a successful urban community. At the heart of her vision is the idea that urban life should be an energetic and rich affair, whereby people are able to interact with one another in dense (稠密) and exciting urban environments. She prefers disorder to order, walking to driving, and diversity to uniformity. 句式结构： at介词短语+is the idea+that同位语从句, whereby引导定语从句 难点： ①介词短语句首时的倒装；②whereby引导的定从
英文 释义 备注
advance n./v.进展；前行 近义表达：progress; promote; develop; move forward 用法：in advance提前；advanced先进的；高级的
distinct adj.明显的；不同的 近义表达：evident; apparent; obvious; clear; plain; distinct; definite; noticeable 易混词：district n.地区；distract v.分散注意力
vision n.视力；愿景 近义表达： 视力→eyesight; sight 愿景→dream; ambition; goal; aspiration; mission; prospect; future; outlook; expectation
in particular 特别是；尤其是 近义表达：especially; specially; specifically; particularly
focus on 聚焦于 近义表达：concentrate on; center on
affair n.事件 近义表达：matter; incident; business; event
diversity n.多样性 派生词：diverse adj.多种多样的
uniformity n.统一性 派生词：uniform adj.统一的
For Jacobs, urban communities are organic beings that should be left to grow and change by themselves and not be subject to the grand plans of so-called experts and officials. The best judges of how a city should be — and how it should develop — are the local residents themselves. Jacobs argues that urban communities are best placed to understand how their city functions, because city life is created and sustained through their various interactions. 1.难点： ①organic being的理解；②be left to do被允许；③be subject to受……影响 2.句式结构： Jacobs argues+that宾从+understand how宾从, because状从 难点： ①从句过多；②function一词的活用
英文 释义 备注
organic adj.有机的 派生词：organ n.器官（organ另指风琴）
being n.存在；生物 近义词：creature; living thing; life
be subject to 受……影响
grand adj.宏大的 近义词：impressive; noble; extraordinary; great; large; big; magnificent; splendid; considerable; outstanding
so-called adj.所谓的
argue v.争论 派生词：argument n.争论（注意去e）
sustain v.维持 派生词：sustainable adj.可持续的；sustainability n.可持续性
Jacobs notes that the built form of a city is crucial to the life of an urban community, especially the sidewalks. The streets in which people live should be a tight pattern of crossed sidewalks, which allow people to meet, talk, and get to know one another. Such a complex but ultimately enriching set of encounters helps individuals know their neighbours and neighbourhood better. 句式结构： such a...but...helps...know... 难点： ① complex but ultimately enriching均用来修饰set，即一套复杂但最终丰富的……；②encounter此处指代interaction
英文 释义 备注
crucial adj.重要的 近义词：vital; essential, indispensable, necessary, significant, key, critical, important, substantial, imperative
ultimately adv.最终 近义表达：eventually; finally; in the end; at last
enrich v.充实；使丰富 构词：encase; enroll; entitle; enlarge; enable; ensure; enrage; endanger; encourage; enjoy;
individual adj./n.个人的 近义词：personal; single; separate
Diversity and mixed-use of space are also, for Jacobs, key elements of this urban form. The commercial, business, and residential elements of a city should not be separated out but instead be side by side, to allow for greater integration of people. There should also be a diversity of old and new buildings, and people's interactions should determine how buildings get used and reused.
英文 释义 备注
element n.要素；元素 近义词：component; ingredient; factor; aspect
side by side 并排 相似结构：step by step逐步；one by one逐一；day by day一天天地；little by little一点一点地；hand by hand手拉手；heart by heart心连心地
a diversity of 多种多样的 近义表达：a variety of; a range of; all kinds of; different types of; a mix of; various sorts of
Finally, urban communities grow better in places where a critical mass of people live, work, and interact. Such high-density spaces are, she feels, engines of creativity and vitality. They are also safe places to be, because the higher density means that there are more “eyes on the street”: shopkeepers and locals who know their area and maintain a close watch over the neighbourhood. 句式结构： 主句，because状从+means that宾从: 主语who定从 难点： ①从句嵌套较多；②eyes on the street的词义猜测
英文 释义 备注
critical n.批判的；临界的 用法：a critical mass of足够数量，达到临界点 派生词：critic n.批评家；criticism n.批评
vitality n.活力 派生词：vital adj.有活力的；重要的
8. What does Jacobs find most important for a successful urban community
A. Efficient public transport. B. Strong interaction between people.
C. Uniform style of buildings. D. A comparatively large population.
题目关键信息：most important, successful
答案句：Jane Jacobs spent her working life advancing a distinct vision of the city — in particular focusing on what makes a successful urban community.
At the heart of her vision is the idea that urban life should be an energetic and rich affair, whereby people are able to interact with one another in dense (稠密) and exciting urban environments.
同义替换：most important-at the heart of
9. Who does Jacobs think should make decisions on urban development
A. Local residents. B. Government officials.
C. City planners. D. Construction workers.
题目关键信息：who, make decisions on urban development
答案句：For Jacobs, urban communities are organic beings that should be left to grow and change by themselves and not be subject to the grand plans of so-called experts and officials. The best judges of how a city should be — and how it should develop — are the local residents themselves.
同义替换：make decisions-judge
10. How does Jacobs suggest sidewalks be built
A. Lined with plants. B. Painted with clear signs.
C. Tightly connected. D. Convenient for the old.
题目关键信息：sidewalks be built
答案句：The streets in which people live should be a tight pattern of crossed sidewalks, which allow people to meet, talk, and get to know one another.
同义替换：tightly connected-tight pattern
11. According to Jacobs, the “eyes on the street” bring a sense of _______.
A. pride B. comfort C. security D. urgency
词义猜测，关注整句。
They are also safe places to be, because the higher density means that there are more “eyes on the street”: shopkeepers and locals who know their area and maintain a close watch over the neighbourhood.
本句关键在于冒号后的解释部分，介绍有更多的眼睛，这些眼睛源于了解并密切关注本地社区的店主和当地人。
关键信息为maintain a close watch，同安全security有关，可同实际的西方城市现状相联系。
【配套练习】
1.（2024 全国模拟） Urban agriculture，the practice of farming within the limits of a city，is becoming increasingly popular worldwide and is considered a way to make cities and urban food systems more sustainable.Despite strong evidence of the social and nutritional benefits of urban agriculture，its carbon footprint remains understudied.
Most previously published studies have focused on high﹣tech，energy﹣intensive forms of urban agriculture—such as vertical（垂直的） farms and rooftop greenhouses.The new study aimed to fill some of the knowledge gaps by comparing the carbon footprints of food produced at low﹣tech urban agriculture sites to conventional crops.
The researchers calculated the greenhouse gas emissions（排放） associated with on﹣farm materials and activities over the lifetime of the farm.The emissions，expressed in kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalents per serving of food，were then compared to foods raised by conventional methods.
Farmers and gardeners at urban agriculture sites across the world were employed to use daily diary entries to take down inputs—the materials used to construct farms and cultivate crops—and harvests from their food﹣growing sites throughout the 2019 season.
"By assessing actual inputs and outputs on urban agriculture sites，we were able to determine climate change impacts to each serving of produce，"says study co﹣lead author Benjamin Goldstein，assistant professor in the School for Environment and Sustainability.On average，food produced through urban agriculture released 0.42 kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalents per serving，six times higher than the 0.07 kg CO2e per serving of conventionally grow n produce.
It's also found that most of the climate impacts at urban farms are driven by the infrastructure （基础设施），such as the raised beds in which food is grown，or pathways between plots."These farms typically only operate for a few years，so the greenhouse gases used to produce those materials are not used effectively.Conventional agriculture，instead，is very efficient and hard to compete with"，Goldstein says.For example，conventional farms often grow a single crop with the help of pesticides and fertilizers，resulting in larger harvests and a reduced carbon footprint when compared to urban farms，he says.
（1）What is a benefit of urban agriculture？
A.Sustainable food supply.
B.High food output.
C.Effective energy conservation.
D.Low carbon footprint.
（2）How is the research data collected？
A.By accessing online database.
B.By examining previous studies.
C.By conducting personal interviews.
D.By recording information every day.
（3）What could be done to reduce carbon footprint according to Goldstein？
A.Increase varieties of crops.
B.Extend infrastructure lifetimes.
C.Promote rooftop greenhouses.
D.Use modern agriculture facilities.
（4）What is the passage mainly about？
A.The benefits of traditional crops.
B.The popularity of urban agriculture.
C.The strategies to fight global warming.
D.The carbon footprint of urban farm produce.
2.（2024 安徽三模） Many people view cities largely in negative terms﹣as crowded，dirty，unhealthy environments that are breeding（繁殖） grounds for disease and crime.People fear that as cities get bigger，living conditions will get worse.To a growing number of economists，urban planners，and environmentalists，urbanization is good news.Many planners now believe big cities offer a solution to dealing with the problem of Earth's growing population.
Harvard economist Edward Glaeser is one person who believes that cities bring largely positive benefits.Glaeser's optimism is reflected in the title of his book The Triumph of the City.Glaeser argues that poor people flock to cities because that's usually where the money is.Cities are productive because of "the absence of space between people"，which reduces the cost of transporting goods，people，and ideas.While the flow of goods has always been important to cities，what is most important today is the flow of ideas.Successful cities attract and reward smart people with higher wages，and they enable people to learn from one another.In the trading floor of the New York Stock Exchange on Wall Street，employees work in one open，crowded space sharing information."They value knowledge over space.That's what the modern city is all about."
Another champion of urbanization is environmentalist Stewart Brand.From an ecological perspective，says Brand，moving people out of cities would be disastrous.Because cities are dense，they allow half of the world's population to live on about four percent of the land，leaving more space for open country，such as farmland.People living in cities also have less impact per capita（人均） on the environment.Their roads，sewers（下水道），and power lines are shorter and require fewer resources to build and operate.City apartments require less energy to heat，cool，and light than larger houses in suburbs and rural areas.Most importantly，people living in dense cities drive less.They can walk to many destinations，and public transportation is practical because enough people travel regularly to the same places.As a result，dense cities tend to produce fewer greenhouse gas emissions per person than scattered，sprawling suburbs.
Despite the negative aspects such as pollution and serious problems like urban slums，it is a mistake to see urbanization as evil；instead，we should view it as an inevitable part of development.Rapid growth itself is not the real problem﹣the larger issue is how to manage the growth.
（1）Why does the author mention the New York Stock Exchange in Paragraph 2？
A.To indicate the space there is valuable.
B To show how goods can be exchanged.
C.To illustrate the importance of information flow.
D.To describe what a modern city should look like.
（2）The underlined word "champion"in Paragraph 3 probably refers to a person who ______.
A.advocates something
B.challenges something
C.achieves something
D.protects something
（3）Stewart Brand believes that _______.
A.urbanization would be more disastrous
B life in cities is more economical than in rural areas
C.public transportation consumes more energy in cities
D.people living in rural areas have less impact on the environment
（4）How does the author support Stewart Brand's idea in Paragraph 3？
A.By quoting authorities.
B.By making comparisons.
C.By analysing the causes.
D.By criticizing opposing views.
3.（2024 未央区校级模拟） In a new study，researchers found that invasive insects in the United States could kill approximately 1.4 million urban trees by 2050，which would cost over ＄900 million to replace，reports Vishwam Sankaran for the Independent.
Hot spots predicted to have the most urban tree mortality（死亡率） were Milwaukee，Wisconsin；Chicago，Illinois；and New York，New York.The study，published in the Journal of Applied Ecology，is the first nationwide forecast of street tree mortality from invasive insects.
The emerald ash borer is an invasive beetle native to Asia.It was first detected in 2002 in southeastern Michigan，and experts suspect it was brought into the United States on wood packing material carried on cargo ships or airplanes traveling from Asia.Since then，the bug has been damaging ash trees.In the last two decades since the insect was first detected，numerous trees have been killed in North America.
Data collected from 30，000 communities across the country was used to estimate tree mortality in the next 30 years.The researchers combined this data with a model that predicted the spread of 57 different invasive insect species.Their results show emerald ash borers alone could cause 90% of the estimated 1.4 million tree deaths.Ash borers are already predicted to "kill virtually all ash trees" in over 6，000 urban areas，according to Newsweek.
Less than 25% of 30，000 urban areas in the U.S.are expected to experience 95% of all street﹣tree mortality，reports Adam Barnes for the Hill.The areas that will experience the most tree loss include cities in the Midwest and East Coast.These locations are expected to have the most tree loss because large numbers of ash trees occupy the streets and parks in these areas，reported the Independent.
When it comes to how to save urban areas from becoming treeless，study author Emma Hudgins，a biologist at McGill University，says， "These results can hopefully provide a cautionary tale against planting a single species of tree throughout entire cities，as has been done with ash trees in North America.Planting various trees provides resilience against pest infestations（侵扰）."
（1）What can we know about the emerald ash borer？
A.It is an invasive beetle in Asia.
B.It was first found by the Michigan people.
C.It has killed numerous trees in America.
D.They definitely enter the U.S.by cargo ships or airplanes.
（2）What is the fourth paragraph intended to describe？
A.The purpose of the research.
B.The conclusion of the research.
C.The significance of the research.
D.The process and result of the research.
（3）What can be inferred from the fifth paragraph？
A.Pest infestations are taking place across the country.
B.The insect's invasion won't spread equally in America.
C.Tree loss is the main cause of environmental problems.
D.Ash trees are being removed from many areas in the U.S.
（4）What suggestion does Emma Hudgins provide？
A.Getting different types of trees planted.
B.Replacing foreign trees with local ones.
C.Getting more trees planted in more areas.
D.Planting trees resistant to pest infestations.
4.（2024 渭南模拟） Do you want to ensure your child hits their expected developmental milestones？New UBC research suggests living in areas with high exposure to green space can help set them up for success.
For the study，the researchers at UBC analyzed the developmental scores of 27，372 children in Metro Vancouver who attended kindergarten between 2005 and 2011.They estimated the amount of green space around each child's residence from birth to age five.They also assessed levels of traffic﹣related air pollution and community noise.
The results highlight the fundamental importance of natural green spaces like street trees，parks and community gardens. "Most of the children were doing well in their development，in terms of language skills，cognitive （认知的） capacity，socialization and other outcomes，" says Ingrid Jarvis，a PhD candidate in the department of forest and conservation sciences at UBC． "But what's interesting is that those children living in a residential location with more vegetation and richer natural environments showed better overall development than their peers with less green space."
According to the researchers，the reason for this is partly green spaces' ability to reduce the harmful effects of air pollution and noise ﹣ environmental challenges that have been shown to adversely （不利地） affect children's health and development through increased stress，sleep disturbances and central nervous system damage. "Few studies have investigated this pathway linking green space and developmental outcomes among children，" adds Jarvis.
The researchers assessed early childhood development using the Early Development Instrument （EDI），a survey completed by kindergarten teachers for each child.The tool measures a child's ability to meet age﹣appropriate developmental expectations.
"More research is needed，but our findings suggest that urban planning efforts to increase green space in residential neighbourhoods and around schools are beneficial for early childhood development，with potential health benefits throughout life，" says the study's senior author Matilda Bosch. "Time in nature can benefit everyone，but if we want our children to have a good head start，it's important to provide an enriching environment through nature contact."
（1）Which is a key factor in the researchers' study？
A．The kids' scores from school exams.
B．The average IQ score of the subjects.
C．The green space where the kids lived.
D．The air pollution level of the whole city.
（2）What's the message implied in Paragraph 4？
A．Air pollution is largely to blame for kids' failures.
B．Kids living in a noisy area tend to feel more stressed.
C．Pollution harms kids' nervous system more than noise.
D．Greenspace is directly linked to kids' mental development.
（3）What does Matilda Bosch stress in the last paragraph？
A．The importance of nature in kids' growth.
B．The role of research in scientific work.
C．The proper way of giving a good start to kids.
D．The urgency of expanding greenspace in cities.
（4）What could be a suitable title for the text？
A．What Are the Health Effects of Noise Pollution？
B．Green Spaces：A guarantee for Kids' Future Success
C．Urban Green Space and Its Impact on Human Health
D．Time in Nature Aids Early Childhood Development
5.（2024 云南模拟） In the more than 6，000 years of living in cities，humans have always had to find solutions to problems concerning how they live and work，such as sanitation，transportation，crime and environmental protection.Today，using cutting﹣edge technologies，smart cities can cover them all.We are now in the era of being "smart".
According to the European Commission，a smart city is "a place where traditional networks and services are made more efficient with the use of digital solutions for the benefit of its inhabitants and businesses".It means smarter urban transport networks，upgraded water supplies and waste disposal facilities and more efficient ways to light and heat buildings.It also means a more interactive and responsive city administration，safer public spaces and meeting the needs of an aging population.
The origin of the concept of smart cities can be traced back to the 1960s and 1970s，when the US Community Analysis Bureau began using databases，aerial photography and other digital methods to collect data and do analysis so that the cities could direct services，relieve the influence of disasters and reduce poverty.
Smart cities rely heavily on automation，connectivity to the Internet ，and the Internet of things （IoT）.According to TWI，a global organization dedicated to technology engineering，a smart city operates according to four basic steps：collection，analysis，communication，and action.In this approach，a set of smart sensors will collect real﹣time data about people and infrastructure.After the data collected is analyzed，the result will be communicated to the decision﹣makers，who will take action to improve the quality of city life for its residents.
Smart city technologies have already been applied in some countries and cities around the world.Singapore，for example，has introduced a wide range of smart technologies in both its public and private sectors since launching its Smart Nation initiative in 2014.To help with the aging population，it introduced a digital health system allowing video consultations as well as wearable devices to monitor patients.
（1）What is the main feature of a smart city？
A．It can meet the needs of the elderly.
B．It is fully evolved and multi﹣functional.
C．It highly depends on modern technologies.
D．It is a place where one can live a carefree life.
（2）What may TWI agree with？
A．Decision﹣makers are supposed to analyze the real﹣time data.
B．Joint efforts are required to ensure the operation of a smart city.
C．The quality of city life has improved due to the government initiative.
D．Problems still exist in the smart city despite great convenience it brings.
（3）Why is Singapore mentioned in the last paragraph？
A．To praise its contribution to the world.
B．To show its advantage over other countries.
C．To gain widespread support for a smart city.
D．To illustrate the application of smart city technologies.
（4）What is the best title for the text？
A．Smart City：A Brief History.
B．Smart City：Live the Smart Way.
C．Smart City：Say Goodbye to the Past.
D．Smart City：Both Chances and Challenges.
参考答案
1.ADBD
2.CABB
3.CDBA
4.CBAD
5.CBDB