课题:简单句 总第36课时
教学目标:1.复习简单句的分类及用法。教学重点:1.简单句的分类及用法。教学难点:1.简单句的用法。课时安排:1课时。
教 学 过 程 个 性 修 改
第一课时一、归纳与阐释(一)五种基本句型1.主语+谓语(不及物动词)通常谓语是不及物动词或短语,后面不能带宾语,但是可以有状语来修饰。主语谓语状语The little boycried.The shopclosesat 9:00 p.m.The sunrisesin the east.请翻译:(1)他学习很努力。He studies very hard. (2)事故发生在昨天下午。The accident happened yesterday afternoon. 2. 主语+系动词+表语常用的系动词有:be动词,变化系动词become/get/turn/grow/go/come/fall,感官系动词look/sound/taste/smell/touch/feel,持续系动词keep/stay/remain,表像系动词seem/appear等。主语系动词表语状语Her hobbyisreading.Chinese foodtastesdelicious.Our dreamwill cometrueone day.Shopping onlineis becomingmore and more popular.请翻译:(3)她刚才看上去很担心。She looked worried just now. (4)You will not get bored by learning something interesting.通过学习有趣的东西,你不会无聊。3. 主语+谓语+宾语谓语主要是及物动词,不及物动词后面加上介词(如listen to),才能加宾语。主语谓语宾语状语My grandfatherenjoysreadingvery much.Wewill attendthe graduation ceremonynext month.Shemarrieda nice manin China.The studentsshould listen totheir teachercarefully.请翻译:(5)史密斯一家计划周末旅行。The Smiths plan/planned to travel on weekends. (6)我们应该照顾老人。We should take care of the old. 4. 主语+谓语+宾语(间接宾语sb.)+宾语(直接宾语sth. )主语谓语宾语宾语Lilygavemea nice present.Heboughthis wifebeautiful flowers.Miss LeeteachesusEnglish.IpassedMomthe salt.Lily gave me a nice present. =Lily gave a nice present to me.莉莉给了我一份很棒的礼物。注意:give sb. sth. = give sth. to sb. 类似give用法的动词有:pass, show, offer, lend, bring, take, tell, hand, send, sell, introduce等。He bought his wife beautiful flowers. = He bought beautiful flowers for his wife.他给他的妻子买了美丽的花。注意:buy sb. sth. =buy sth. for sb. 类似buy用法的动词有:cook, make, get, choose, draw, prepare等。请翻译:(7)奶奶给我做了一条新裙子。My grandma made me a new dress./My grandma made a new dress for me. (8)我的英语老师给了我很多帮助和鼓励。My English teacher gave me a lot of help and encouragement./My English teacher gave a lot of help and encouragement to me. 5. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补主语谓语宾语宾补The sad moviemademesad.Our English teacheradvisesusto read aloud.Youshould not keepotherswaiting.Shehadher computerrepaired.Wepainteditpink.请翻译:(9)许多家长允许他们的孩子自己做决定。Many parents allow their children/kids to make their own choices. (10)吃对的食物能帮助你保持健康。Eating the right food can help you keep healthy/fit. (二)疑问句1.一般疑问句一般疑问句是用yes或no来回答的疑问句,它一般有三种形式:(1)be+主语+其他?如:Is(be)she from England 她来自英格兰吗?(2)情态动词+主语+动词原形+其他?如:Must I finish the report today 我今天必须完成报告吗?(3)助动词+主语+动词原形/过去分词+其他?如:—Did she like dancing when she was young 她小时候喜欢跳舞吗?—Yes, she did. 是的,她喜欢。2.特殊疑问句用特殊疑问词引导的疑问句叫特殊疑问句。回答时不能使用yes或no。特殊疑问词包括疑问代词、疑问副词和疑问词组。(1)疑问代词疑问代词用法例句who询问身份Who is the girl over there? 那边的女孩是谁?which询问特定范围的人或物Which is your favorite color?你最喜欢的颜色是什么?what询问职业、身份、观点看法、长相等What's her job?她的工作是什么?What do you think of our city?你觉得我们的城市怎么样?(2)疑问副词疑问副词用法例句when询问时间When did you go to Hangzhou last month?你上个月什么时候去的杭州?where询问地点、位置Where are you going this summer vacation?这个暑假你要去哪里?why询问原因Why are you late for the meeting?为什么你开会迟到了?how询问方式、近况How do you get to school every day?你每天怎样去学校?How's your grandmother?你祖母怎么样?(3)常见疑问词组①what疑问词组小结what color什么颜色what size什么尺寸what time几点what subject什么科目②how疑问词组小结how many多少(问数量,修饰可数名词)how much多少(问数量,修饰不可数名词;问价格)how often多久一次(问频率)how soon多久之后(用in+时间段回答)how long多长(问长度);多久(问时间段)how far多远(问距离)how old多大(问年龄)how heavy多重(问重量)how tall/high多高(问高度)3.选择疑问句给出两种或两种以上的情况,要求对方选择一种情况回答的问句叫选择疑问句。选择疑问句中一般用or连接,回答时不能使用yes或no,而要用一个完整的句子或省略形式。选择疑问句可以分为一般选择疑问句和特殊选择疑问句。(1)一般选择疑问句:一般选择疑问句+or+被选择部分?如:—Do you like apples or pears 你喜欢苹果还是梨?—I like pears. 我喜欢梨。(2)特殊选择疑问句:特殊疑问句,A or B 如:—Which would you like better, tea or coffee 你比较喜欢哪种,茶还是咖啡?—I like coffee better. 我更喜欢咖啡。4.反意疑问句反意疑问句是附在陈述句之后,对陈述句所说的事实或观点提出疑问的句子。反意疑问部分要与前面的陈述句用逗号隔开,句末用问号。(1)反意疑问句的常见用法①反意疑问句遵循“前肯后否,前否后肯”的原则。即陈述部分为肯定时,疑问部分为否定;陈述部分为否定时,疑问部分为肯定。如:It's Father's Day today, isn’t it 今天是父亲节,不是吗?She hasn't been to Shanghai, has she 她没去过上海,是吗?②当前面的陈述句中有否定词few, little, never, no, nobody, nothing, hardly, seldom等时,其后的疑问部分应用肯定形式。如:There is little milk in the fridge, is there 几乎没有牛奶了,是吗?—Jim had nothing for breakfast this morning, did he 吉姆今天早上没有吃早餐,是吗?—No. He got up too late. 是的,他起床太晚了。③以Let’s开头的反意疑问句,反意疑问部分用shall we;以Let us开头的反意疑问句,反意疑问部分用will you。如:Let’s go and play basketball, shall we 咱们去打篮球,好吗?Let us have a rest, will you 让我们休息一下,好吗?(2)反意疑问句的回答回答反意疑问句时,根据事实回答。如果事实是肯定的,就用yes;事实是否定的,就用no。如:—You’re not good at biology, are you 你不擅长生物,是吗?—No, I’m not. 是,我不擅长。—Tim didn't go to school yesterday, did he 蒂姆昨天没有去学校,是吗?—Yes, he did, though he caught a cold. 不,他去了,尽管他感冒了。[注意]陈述句部分是否定结构,反意疑问部分用肯定式提问时,回答yes或no与汉语意思正好相反。这种省略回答的yes要译成“不”,no要译成“是”。(三)感叹句感叹句是用来表达人的特殊情感的句子,可以表达人的喜、怒、哀、乐等情感。感叹句可以是一个单词、一个短语,也可以是由what或how 引导的句子,句末常用“!”。1.what引导的感叹句结构例句What+ a/an+形容词+可数名词单数(+主语+谓语/系动词)!What a beautiful present it is!多么漂亮的一件礼物啊!What+形容词+可数名词复数(+主语+谓语/系动词)!What interesting books they are! 多么有趣的书啊!What+形容词+不可数名词(+主语+谓语/系动词)!What nice music it is!多美妙的音乐呀!2.how引导的感叹句 结构例句How+形容词/副词(+主语+谓语/系动词)!How fine the weather is!天气真好!How well he plays the violin!他小提琴拉得多好啊!How+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数(+主语+谓语/系动词!)How good a teacher she is!她是一名多么好的老师啊!How+主语+谓语/系动词!How time flies!时间过得真快呀!(四)祈使句1.肯定形式结构例句(Please)+动词原形Put away your things. 把你的东西收起来。Please listen to me carefully!请认真听我讲!Do +动词原形(加强语气,表“务必,一定”)Do come on time! 一定要准时来!Do look out! 一定要小心!Let+宾语+动词原形Let’s have another try. 让我们再试试。2.否定形式 结构例句Don’t +动词原形Don’t open the window.不要打开窗子。Please don’t read in the sun. 请不要在太阳底下看书。No+名词/动名词No photos!禁止拍照!No parking!禁止停车!Don’t let sb. +动词原形=Let sb. not+动词原形Don’t let him go there alone. =Let him not go there alone. 不要让他独自去那儿。3.应试小秘诀(1)有时为了明确地向对方提出请求或发出命令,会在祈使句前加上称呼,并与句子用逗号隔开。如:Jim, turn off the light. 吉姆,把灯关掉。【注意】这时,逗号是关键。因为有逗号,可以判断这是对Jim提出的请求的祈使句,所以动词用原形。如果没有逗号,这个句子就变成了一个陈述句,Jim是第三人称做主语,这时动词就要用第三人称单数,句子应为:Jim turns off the light.(2)有时题目考查动词原形开头的祈使句,会容易被误解为考查非谓语动词。如:Get up early every day. 每天早起。【注意】这时,判断句子是否缺少谓语动词是关键。如果句子缺少谓语动词,则是考查祈使句。如果句子中不缺少谓语动词,则是考查非谓语动词。如:Getting up early every day makes me healthy. 本句中的makes是谓语动词,所以考查的就是get的非谓语动词形式作主语。(3)回答祈使句时要用一般将来时。如:—Please remember to walk the dog every day. 请记住每天带狗出去散步。—OK, I will. 好的,我会的。(4)掌握“祈使句+and/or+结果状语”结构,此种句型可转换成if条件句,如:Work harder, and you’ll get good grades. 再努力一些,你就会取得好成绩。=If you work harder, you’ll get good grades. 如果你努力一些,你就会取得好成绩。Hurry up, or you’ll be late for class. 快点,不然你上课就要迟到了。=If you don’t hurry up, you’ll be late for class. 如果你不快点,你上课就会迟到。【注意】结果状语部分表示好的结果,通常用and引导;表示的是不好的结果,通常用or引导。(五)倒装句1.so, neither倒装句型结构意思区别谓语例句So+助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语……也依附于肯定句时态与前句保持一致; 在数上与后句的主语保持一致Lucy is a good student. So are you. 露西是个好学生。 你也是个好学生。Neither/Nor+助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语……也不依附于否定句时态与前句保持一致;在数上与后句的主语保持一致I don’t like watch TV. Neither does Jim.我不喜欢看电视。吉姆也不喜欢。2.副词开头引起的倒装句在以here, there, out, down, away等表示方位的副词开头的句子中,如果主语是名词,要用倒装句,谓语动词的形式由位于倒装句句尾的 主语 决定。如果主语是人称代词,就不必倒装。如:There goes the bell. 铃响了。Here is a picture of my family. 这有一张我的家庭照。二、分析与应用完成下列句子。1.[2024·安徽中考改编]The 2024 Paris Olympic Games will be held this July. Don’t(not) miss it.2.[2024·吉林长春中考改编]How helpful the speech is! It tells us to use the Internet safely.3.[2024·陕西中考改编]Do you like dogs As the saying goes, “Dogs are(be)man’s best friends.”4.[2024·四川乐山中考改编]— How often do you have a swimming class?—Once a week.5.[2024·黑龙江绥化中考改编]—It was sunny several minutes ago, but it’s raining heavily now!— What a difference a day makes!6.[2024·山东临沂中考改编]The winner has a chance to invent a name for a planet—that’s exciting, isn’t it?7.[2024·广西南宁中考改编]“There comes(come)a wolf! Please help me!”8.[2024·黑龙江绥化中考改编]— How much does the film ticket cost?—Thirty-five yuan.9.[2024·江苏扬州中考改编]— How does this new washing machine work —It’s easy. You just touch this icon(图标).10.[2024·黑龙江齐齐哈尔中考改编]—Tom will have a birthday party next Sunday. Do you want to go?—If you go, so will I.11.[2024·黑龙江龙东中考改编]—The old man never feels lonely, does he?—No, because he has many friends.12.[2024·黑龙江龙东中考改编]He found it very interesting to visit Harbin in winter.13.[2024·甘肃兰州中考改编]Learning is(be)a lifelong journey, so learn wisely and learn well.14.[2024·甘肃中考改编]Education keeps(keep)your choice open.15.[2024·福建中考改编]— How heavy is the biggest blue whale —As I know, it weighs about 181,000 kilos.
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教学反思课题:简单句 总第36课时
教学目标:1.复习简单句的分类及用法。教学重点:1.简单句的分类及用法。教学难点:1.简单句的用法。课时安排:1课时。
教 学 过 程 个 性 修 改
第一课时一、归纳与阐释(一)五种基本句型1.主语+谓语(不及物动词)通常谓语是不及物动词或短语,后面不能带宾语,但是可以有状语来修饰。主语谓语状语The little boycried.The shopclosesat 9:00 p.m.The sunrisesin the east.请翻译:(1)他学习很努力。 (2)事故发生在昨天下午。 2. 主语+系动词+表语常用的系动词有:be动词,变化系动词become/get/turn/grow/go/come/fall,感官系动词look/sound/taste/smell/touch/feel,持续系动词keep/stay/remain,表像系动词seem/appear等。主语系动词表语状语Her hobbyisreading.Chinese foodtastesdelicious.Our dreamwill cometrueone day.Shopping onlineis becomingmore and more popular.请翻译:(3)她刚才看上去很担心。 (4)You will not get bored by learning something interesting. 3. 主语+谓语+宾语谓语主要是及物动词,不及物动词后面加上介词(如listen to),才能加宾语。主语谓语宾语状语My grandfatherenjoysreadingvery much.Wewill attendthe graduation ceremonynext month.Shemarrieda nice manin China.The studentsshould listen totheir teachercarefully.请翻译:(5)史密斯一家计划周末旅行。 (6)我们应该照顾老人。 4. 主语+谓语+宾语(间接宾语sb.)+宾语(直接宾语sth. )主语谓语宾语宾语Lilygavemea nice present.Heboughthis wifebeautiful flowers.Miss LeeteachesusEnglish.IpassedMomthe salt.Lily gave me a nice present. =Lily gave a nice present to me.莉莉给了我一份很棒的礼物。注意:give sb. sth. = give sth. to sb. 类似give用法的动词有:pass, show, offer, lend, bring, take, tell, hand, send, sell, introduce等。He bought his wife beautiful flowers. = He bought beautiful flowers for his wife.他给他的妻子买了美丽的花。注意:buy sb. sth. =buy sth. for sb. 类似buy用法的动词有:cook, make, get, choose, draw, prepare等。请翻译:(7)奶奶给我做了一条新裙子。 (8)我的英语老师给了我很多帮助和鼓励。 5. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补主语谓语宾语宾补The sad moviemademesad.Our English teacheradvisesusto read aloud.Youshould not keepotherswaiting.Shehadher computerrepaired.Wepainteditpink.请翻译:(9)许多家长允许他们的孩子自己做决定。 (10)吃对的食物能帮助你保持健康。 (二)疑问句1.一般疑问句一般疑问句是用yes或no来回答的疑问句,它一般有三种形式:(1)be+主语+其他?如: (be)she from England 她来自英格兰吗?(2)情态动词+主语+动词原形+其他?如: I finish the report today 我今天必须完成报告吗?(3)助动词+主语+动词原形/过去分词+其他?如:— she like dancing when she was young 她小时候喜欢跳舞吗?—Yes, she . 是的,她喜欢。2.特殊疑问句用特殊疑问词引导的疑问句叫特殊疑问句。回答时不能使用yes或no。特殊疑问词包括疑问代词、疑问副词和疑问词组。(1)疑问代词疑问代词用法例句who询问身份Who is the girl over there? 那边的女孩是谁?which询问特定范围的人或物Which is your favorite color?你最喜欢的颜色是什么?what询问职业、身份、观点看法、长相等What's her job?她的工作是什么?What do you think of our city?你觉得我们的城市怎么样?(2)疑问副词疑问副词用法例句when询问 When did you go to Hangzhou last month?你上个月什么时候去的杭州?where询问 Where are you going this summer vacation?这个暑假你要去哪里?why询问 Why are you late for the meeting?为什么你开会迟到了?how询问 How do you get to school every day?你每天怎样去学校?How's your grandmother?你祖母怎么样?(3)常见疑问词组①what疑问词组小结what color什么颜色what size 几点what subject什么科目②how疑问词组小结how many多少(问数量,修饰可数名词)how much多少(问数量,修饰不可数名词;问价格) 多久一次(问频率)how soon多久之后(用in+时间段回答) 多长(问长度);多久(问时间段) 多远(问距离)how old多大(问年龄)how heavy多重(问重量)how tall/high多高(问高度)3.选择疑问句给出两种或两种以上的情况,要求对方选择一种情况回答的问句叫选择疑问句。选择疑问句中一般用or连接,回答时不能使用yes或no,而要用一个完整的句子或省略形式。选择疑问句可以分为一般选择疑问句和特殊选择疑问句。(1)一般选择疑问句:一般选择疑问句+or+被选择部分?如:— you like apples or pears 你喜欢苹果还是梨?—I like pears. 我喜欢梨。(2)特殊选择疑问句:特殊疑问句,A or B 如:— would you like better, tea or coffee 你比较喜欢哪种,茶还是咖啡?—I like coffee better. 我更喜欢咖啡。4.反意疑问句反意疑问句是附在陈述句之后,对陈述句所说的事实或观点提出疑问的句子。反意疑问部分要与前面的陈述句用逗号隔开,句末用问号。(1)反意疑问句的常见用法①反意疑问句遵循“前肯后否,前否后肯”的原则。即陈述部分为肯定时,疑问部分为否定;陈述部分为否定时,疑问部分为肯定。如:It's Father's Day today, it 今天是父亲节,不是吗?She hasn't been to Shanghai, she 她没去过上海,是吗?②当前面的陈述句中有否定词few, little, never, no, nobody, nothing, hardly, seldom等时,其后的疑问部分应用肯定形式。如:There is little milk in the fridge, there 几乎没有牛奶了,是吗?—Jim had nothing for breakfast this morning, he 吉姆今天早上没有吃早餐,是吗?—No. He got up too late. 是的,他起床太晚了。③以Let’s开头的反意疑问句,反意疑问部分用shall we;以Let us开头的反意疑问句,反意疑问部分用will you。如:Let’s go and play basketball, we 咱们去打篮球,好吗?Let us have a rest, you 让我们休息一下,好吗?(2)反意疑问句的回答回答反意疑问句时,根据事实回答。如果事实是肯定的,就用yes;事实是否定的,就用no。如:—You’re not good at biology, are you 你不擅长生物,是吗?— , I’m not. 是,我不擅长。—Tim didn't go to school yesterday, did he 蒂姆昨天没有去学校,是吗?— , he did, though he caught a cold. 不,他去了,尽管他感冒了。[注意]陈述句部分是否定结构,反意疑问部分用肯定式提问时,回答yes或no与汉语意思正好相反。这种省略回答的yes要译成“不”,no要译成“是”。(三)感叹句感叹句是用来表达人的特殊情感的句子,可以表达人的喜、怒、哀、乐等情感。感叹句可以是一个单词、一个短语,也可以是由what或how 引导的句子,句末常用“!”。1.what引导的感叹句结构例句What+ a/an+形容词+可数名词单数(+主语+谓语/系动词)! beautiful present it is!多么漂亮的一件礼物啊!What+形容词+可数名词复数(+主语+谓语/系动词)! interesting books they are! 多么有趣的书啊!What+形容词+不可数名词(+主语+谓语/系动词)! nice music it is!多美妙的音乐呀!2.how引导的感叹句 结构例句How+形容词/副词(+主语+谓语/系动词)! fine the weather is!天气真好! well he plays the violin!他小提琴拉得多好啊!How+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数(+主语+谓语/系动词!) good a teacher she is!她是一名多么好的老师啊!How+主语+谓语/系动词! time flies!时间过得真快呀!(四)祈使句1.肯定形式结构例句(Please)+动词原形 your things. 把你的东西收起来。Please to me carefully!请认真听我讲!Do +动词原形(加强语气,表“务必,一定”) come on time! 一定要准时来! look out! 一定要小心!Let+宾语+动词原形Let’s another try. 让我们再试试。2.否定形式 结构例句Don’t +动词原形Don’t the window.不要打开窗子。Please don’t in the sun. 请不要在太阳底下看书。No+名词/动名词No !禁止拍照!No !禁止停车!Don’t let sb. +动词原形=Let sb. not+动词原形Don’t let him there alone. =Let him not there alone. 不要让他独自去那儿。3.应试小秘诀(1)有时为了明确地向对方提出请求或发出命令,会在祈使句前加上称呼,并与句子用逗号隔开。如:Jim, off the light. 吉姆,把灯关掉。【注意】这时,逗号是关键。因为有逗号,可以判断这是对Jim提出的请求的祈使句,所以动词用原形。如果没有逗号,这个句子就变成了一个陈述句,Jim是第三人称做主语,这时动词就要用第三人称单数,句子应为:Jim off the light.(2)有时题目考查动词原形开头的祈使句,会容易被误解为考查非谓语动词。如: up early every day. 每天早起。【注意】这时,判断句子是否缺少谓语动词是关键。如果句子缺少谓语动词,则是考查祈使句。如果句子中不缺少谓语动词,则是考查非谓语动词。如: up early every day makes me healthy. 本句中的makes是谓语动词,所以考查的就是get的非谓语动词形式作主语。(3)回答祈使句时要用一般将来时。如:—Please remember to walk the dog every day. 请记住每天带狗出去散步。—OK, I . 好的,我会的。(4)掌握“祈使句+and/or+结果状语”结构,此种句型可转换成if条件句,如:Work harder, you’ll get good grades. 再努力一些,你就会取得好成绩。=If you work harder, you’ll get good grades. 如果你努力一些,你就会取得好成绩。Hurry up, you’ll be late for class. 快点,不然你上课就要迟到了。=If you don’t hurry up, you’ll be late for class. 如果你不快点,你上课就会迟到。【注意】结果状语部分表示好的结果,通常用and引导;表示的是不好的结果,通常用or引导。(五)倒装句1.so, neither倒装句型结构意思区别谓语例句So+助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语……也依附于肯定句时态与 保持一致; 在数上与 的主语保持一致Lucy is a good student. So you. 露西是个好学生。 你也是个好学生。Neither/Nor+助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语……也不依附于否定句时态与 保持一致;在数上与 的主语保持一致I don’t like watch TV. Neither Jim.我不喜欢看电视。吉姆也不喜欢。2.副词开头引起的倒装句在以here, there, out, down, away等表示方位的副词开头的句子中,如果主语是名词,要用倒装句,谓语动词的形式由位于倒装句句尾的 决定。如果主语是人称代词,就不必倒装。如:There goes the bell. 铃响了。Here is a picture of my family. 这有一张我的家庭照。二、分析与应用完成下列句子。1.[2024·安徽中考改编]The 2024 Paris Olympic Games will be held this July. (not) miss it.2.[2024·吉林长春中考改编] helpful the speech is! It tells us to use the Internet safely.3.[2024·陕西中考改编]Do you like dogs As the saying goes, “Dogs (be)man’s best friends.”4.[2024·四川乐山中考改编]— do you have a swimming class?—Once a week.5.[2024·黑龙江绥化中考改编]—It was sunny several minutes ago, but it’s raining heavily now!— difference a day makes!6.[2024·山东临沂中考改编]The winner has a chance to invent a name for a planet—that’s exciting, it?7.[2024·广西南宁中考改编]“There (come)a wolf! Please help me!”8.[2024·黑龙江绥化中考改编]— does the film ticket cost?—Thirty-five yuan.9.[2024·江苏扬州中考改编]— does this new washing machine work —It’s easy. You just touch this icon(图标).10.[2024·黑龙江齐齐哈尔中考改编]—Tom will have a birthday party next Sunday. Do you want to go?—If you go, so I.11.[2024·黑龙江龙东中考改编]—The old man never feels lonely, ?—No, because he has many friends.12.[2024·黑龙江龙东中考改编]He found very interesting to visit Harbin in winter.13.[2024·甘肃兰州中考改编]Learning (be)a lifelong journey, so learn wisely and learn well.14.[2024·甘肃中考改编]Education (keep)your choice open.15.[2024·福建中考改编]— is the biggest blue whale —As I know, it weighs about 181,000 kilos.
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