高中英语 外研版（2019）选择性必修四 Unit 5 Into the unknown Using language 课件（共49张，内嵌视频）

(共49张PPT)
Unit 5
Into the unknown
Using language
Review: noun clauses
BY MICHELLE
Grammar
01
Look at the sentences from the reading passage and answer the questions.
a Although his theory has been dismissed by scholars, it shows how powerful the secrets of Ancient Maya civilisation are among people.
b But the greatest mystery of all is what caused the Maya to abandon most of their great cities.
c Why Maya civilisation collapsed remains a mystery.
1 Which sentence contains a clause that serves as the subject of the sentence
2 Which sentence contains a clause that serves as the object of the sentence
3 Which sentence contains a clause that gives further information about the
subject in the sentence
4 What do “how” , “what” and “why” in each sentence refer to
In sentence a, “how” refers to the extent of power of Ancient Maya civilization’s secrets.
In sentence c, “why” refers to the reason that Maya civilization collapsed.
In sentence b, “what” refers to the thing that caused the Maya to abandon most of their great cities.
Now look for more sentences with noun clauses in the reading passage.
1. Intrigued by Maya civilization from a very young age, 15-year-old Canadian William Gadoury thought he had made an incredible discovery from his study of ancient star charts. (OC)
2. Through comparison, he found that the locations of the 117 known Maya cities correspond to the positions of the stars. (OC)
3. Based on this, he believed he had spotted an unknown Maya city buried deep in the jungle. (OC)
Now look for more sentences with noun clauses in the reading passage.
4. What is most extraordinary about these complex structures is how they were built without the use of wheels, metal tools or even animal power. (SC&PC)
5. The fact that Maya society was technologically primitive makes its achievements all the more incredible and mysterious. (AC)
6. By changing the landscape in this way, it is possible that the Maya people unknowingly reduced their ability to deal with natural disasters. (SC)
Now look for more sentences with noun clauses in the reading passage.
7. Some recent studies have found that there were far fewer tropical cyclones than usual between 700 AD and 1000 AD. (OC)
8. Many scientists believe that these droughts were the main reason why Maya civilisation began to collapse at different rates in different places. (OC)
Review: noun clause 名词性从句
概述
定义 在句子中起名词作用的从句 类型 主语从句SC、宾语从句OC、表语从句PC、同位语从句AC 连接词 连接词 that,whether,if
连接代词 what,who,whom,whose,which,whatever,
whoever,whomever,whichever
连接副词 when,where,how,why
名
词
性
从
句
主语从句
宾语从句
表语从句
同位语从句
一个句子放于主语的位置上
一个句子放于宾语的位置上
一个句子放于表语的位置上
一个句子放于同位语的位置上
What’s past is prologue.
Tomorrow or an accident-you never know which will come first.
That it will never come again is what makes life so sweet.
I have a dream that one day little black boys and girls will be holding hands with little white boys and girls.
分类 在从句中的作用 常见词
连接词 连接作用，不充当成分 that, whether, if
连接代词 连接作用 + 充当n.成分 what,who,whom,whose,which,
whatever,whoever,whomever,
whichever
连接副词 连接作用+ 充当状语 when, where, why, how
I don’t know what you’re talking about.
That I miss you is obvious.
Do you know why you’re learning English
从句成分： *不缺任何成分 连接词
*缺主宾表 连接代词
*缺状语意义 连接副词
名词性从句要点
主语从句
that从句位于句首时, that不能省略。
That theory must go hand in hand with practice is a principle we should always keep in mind.
有时可用形式主语it代替主语从句, 将it放在句首, 主语从句放在句末, 以避免句子头重脚轻。
It is not known yet where she has gone.
宾语从句
当宾语从句后有宾语补足语时, 需要用it作形式宾语, 而将宾语从句后置。
I made it clear that we were determined to carry out the plan.
当主句主语是第一人称，且谓语为think, believe, suppose, expect等动词时, 如果宾语从句表示否定意思, 通常否定前移, 即否定主句的谓语。
I don’t think there’s a computer store in the town.
I don’t believe that she’s ever been to Hong Kong.
宾语从句也可用作介词或形容词的宾语。
She was never satisfied with what she had achieved.
宾语从句
引导宾语从句的连词that在口语中可省略, 但在下列情况中，that需保留。
主、从句之间有表示时间等的状语时that不能省略, 否则会产生歧义。
The geography teacher told us yesterday that the nearest neighbour of the earth is the moon.
主、从句之间有插入语时不可省去that。
—It’s thirty years since we last met.
—But I still remember, believe it or not, that we got lost on a rainy night.
引导两个或两个以上的宾语从句时, 第二个以及第二个以后的宾语从句中的连词that不能省略。
From what is written here I can see you had a very bad cold three years ago and that you also had a small operation last year.
表语从句
当主语是reason且后面的表语从句表示原因时通常用that引导; 而当it, this或that作主语, 后面的表语从句常用because或why引导。
My reason is that the cost will be too high.
I had to catch the first train. That / This / It was why I left so early.
表语从句还可由as if/as though引导。as if/as though引导表语从句时, 主句中的动词可用be, seem, appear, look, taste, sound, feel等。
She looks as if / as though she had seen a ghost.
This meat tastes as if / as though it has already gone bad.
同位语从句
同位语从句通常由that引导, 但whether, who, where等有时也可引导同位语从句。
Tears filled her eyes at the thought that she might never see him.
I have no idea whether I should buy a car or not.
可接同位语从句的通常是一些表示抽象意义的名词, 常见的有news, idea, fact, belief, message, conclusion, decision, doubt, hope, chance, thought等。
The fact that the agreement was signed was important.
同位语从句有时不直接跟在它所解释说明的名词后面, 而是被其它成分隔开。
The question came up at the meeting whether we had enough money for our research.
引导名词性从句的连接词辨析
what与that
what引导名词性从句时不仅起连接作用，而在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等。
What makes the school proud is that more than 90% of its students have been admitted to key universities.
He has fully lived up to what he promised.
I want to know what the difficulty is now.
Jack collected what information he could find.
that引导名词性从句时只起连接作用, 在从句中不作任何成分。
whether与if
whether引导的主语从句可位于句首或句尾, 而if不能引导位于句首的主语从句。
Whether it rains or not doesn’t concern me.
It’s still uncertain if / whether he’s coming or not.
whether可引导表语从句和同位语从句, if 则不能。
The question is whether it is worth doing.
We ought to discuss the question whether we should do it.
whether可引导介词后的宾语从句, if则不能。
He was worried about whether he passed the English examination.
whether后可直接跟or not, if 则不能。
I really don’t care whether or not he will stay.
whoever与whomever
在正式语体中, whomever是whoever的宾格形式; 在非正式语体中, 人们用whoever来代替whomever。
Whomever you invite will be welcome.
Give it to whoever / whomever you like.
whatever与whichever
与whatever相比，whichever常有明确的选择范围。
It is generally considered unwise to give a child whatever he or she wants.
All the books are here. You may borrow whichever you like.
考点归纳
名词性从句考查要点主要是连接代词和副词的正确使用，主语、谓语的语序，双重连接词以及特殊句型的使用等。其考点主要包括：
1. 名词性从句的连接词。如：有词义的连接代词who, whose, whom, what, which; 连接副词when, where, why, how; 从属连词that, whether, if, as if; 无词义的that在从句中不担任成分，有时可省略。
2. 名词性从句的语序和时态。
3. it作形式主语、形式宾语的情况。
It+be+形容词+that从句
It+be+过去分词+that从句
It+be+名词+that从句
It+不及物动词(appear, happen等)+that从句
4. 名词性从句中的虚拟语气。
It is (was)+essential (important, natural…)+that…；
It is (was) suggested (demanded, wished, desired…) that…
5. what引导名词性从句时的语义功能和语法功能。
what=the thing that/ anything that…
what=the place that…
what=the time that…
what=the person that…
6. whoever, whatever, whichever引导名词性从句时的语义功能和语法功能。
1（2022新高考II卷）“I don’t know ___________ to thank him.”
2（2022年浙江1月）Cobb, for her party, started to ask conference organizers
who invited her to speak ___________ she could do so remotely.
3（2021新课标I卷）________is so breathtaking about the experience is the
out-of-this-world scenes.
4（2021年北京卷）The poor woman wasn’t able to give him any information
about ________ she lived．
5（2021年天津卷）What puzzles Lily’s friends is ________ she always has
so many crazy ideas.
A. whether B. why C. what D. when
how
whether/if
What
where
B
6（2021年天津卷）It seemed that I had become ________ my parents had
wanted me to be.
A. when B. where C. what D. whether
7 (2019全国卷Ⅰ) While they are rare north of 88°，there is evidence
________ they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as
James Bay in Canada.
8 (2018全国卷Ⅲ) I’m not sure ________ is more frightened, me or the
female gorilla(大猩猩) that suddenly appears out of nowhere.
9 (2020全国新高考I）Write a poem about ________ courage, determination,
and strength have helped you face challenges in your life.
10 (2018全国卷I）Ten years after my chess class with Ashley, I’m still
putting to use ________he taught me.
C
that
who
how
what
Complete the passage using noun clauses with words in brackets.
Look like
<
>
x
DINOSAURS
What did
look like
There are many mysteries about dinosaurs to which we long to find explanations. You may think that dinosaurs were big, green and scaly, right In fact, it seems that they appeared very different form 1 ____________ (think).
In recent years, scientists have worked out 2 ___________________________ _________(look): many of them were small with feathers. However, 3 _______________ (have) feathers still isn’t clear — it might have been for communicating or for staying warm, but not just for flight.
Scientists also believe that many dinosaurs had bright colours. It seems 4 _________________ (depend on) their habitats. That is, dinosaurs which could fly would have had different colours to those living in the sea.
what we think
what they looked like/ how they looked
whether they had
that depended on
Talk about what caused the disappearance of dinosaurs using noun clauses where appropriate. You may use the notes to help you.
Among the many unsolved mysteries about dinosaurs, what really interests me is their disappearance. One possible explanation is that …
The Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event, or the K-T extinction event, is the name given to the die-off of the dinosaurs and other species that took place some 65.5 million years ago.
For many years, paleontologists believed this event was caused by climate and geological changes that interrupted the dinosaurs’ food supply. However, in the 1980s, father-and-son scientists Luis and Walter Alvarez discovered in the geological record a distinct layer of iridium — an element found in abundance only in space — that corresponds to the precise time the dinosaurs died.
This suggests that a comet, asteroid or meteor impact event may have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs. In the 1990s, scientists located the massive Chicxulub Crater at the tip of Mexico’s Yucatán Peninsula, which dates to the period in question.
Do research into another extinct creature. Share your ideas about why it disappeared using noun clauses where appropriate.
The Golden Toad
The American Cheetah
The Eskimo Curlew
The Blackfin Cisco
Schomburgk’s Deer
Broad-Faced Potoroo
Everyone knows that birds
descended from dinosaurs —
and, like dinosaurs, birds have
been subject to the kinds of
ecological pressures (loss of
habitat, climate change, human
predation) that can render a species extinct. In its heyday, the Passenger Pigeon was the most populous bird in the world.
Its vast flocks had billions of birds and literally darkened the skies over North America during their annual migrations. Hunted and harassed by the millions — and shipped in
railroad cars, by the ton, to the starving cities
of the eastern seaboard — the Passenger Pigeon
dwindled before vanishing by the late 19th
century. The last known Passenger Pigeon,
who was named Martha, died in
captivity at the Cincinnati Zoo in 1914.
Vocabulary
Building
02
Facing the unknown
Read the passage and answer the questions. Pay attention to the words and expressions in bold.
When something strange or unfamiliar happens, the flight instinct can kick in. Often, making a quick getaway is a sensible and understandable natural response, dating back to a time when our ancestors were running for their lives from dangers, such as wild animals, lightning and fire. So while you may be tempted to check out a strange object or to test the waters of a new situation, it can be safer to steer clear of the unfamiliar.
快速逃离
为了躲避危险而拼命奔跑
核实，检查
试水，试探
避开，绕开
However, not everyone chooses to follow this instinct.
Instead of retreating to their caves, some of our ancestors
chose to subdue their fears and pursue the unknown - and
this curiosity led them to, for instance, discover the use of fire.
In more recent times, Norwegian explorer, Roald Amundsen endured one of the most hostile environments on Earth when he set out into uncharted territory to reach the South Pole - a region of the planet ripe for exploration.
撤退到
征服
忍耐，忍受
打算，着手
These reactions help humankind delve into the unknown and advance towards a more progressive and civilised society. Of course, exploration doesn’t have to mean blindly throwing ourselves into the unknown, and it’s never wrong to think twice before taking action. While there is no need for us to shrink from new situations, we should always look into things first and consider our options.
钻研，探究
三思而后行
采取行动
回避，避免
调查
考虑我们的选择
What is the flight instinct Why do some people react that way in the face of the unknown
What other reactions could people have when facing the unknown
Flight instinct is our instinctive reaction to get away from a strange, unfamiliar or dangerous situation.
Some people react that way in the face of the unknown because it is a sensible and understandable natural response.
Some people choose to overcome their fears and face the unknown.
Put the words and expressions in Activity 5 into the table. Add any more you can think of.
Avoiding Exploring Overcoming Hesitating
making a quick getaway
running for their lives from
steer clear of
retreating to
shrink from
check out
test the waters of
set out into
delve into
taking action
subdue
endured
think twice
look into
consider our options
Listening&
Speaking
03
Read the passage and answer the questions.
What functions of the brain are mentioned in the passage
What is the current research situation concerning the brain
Do you know any other interesting facts about the brain Share them with the class.
The brain functions mentioned include its being the centre of the nervous system and controlling most of the body’s activities, including vision, memory, speech and rhythm.
There is still a long way to go before we can completely understand the workings of the brain.
Listen to the interview and choose the topic discussed.
Methods to keep the brain healthy and active.
Sleep-related mysteries.
Ways of improving sleep quality.
Methods of interpreting dreams.
Listen again and complete the table.
rest and do maintenance
remain active
makes lots of poisonous chemicals
remove these chemicals
enough data
the most important reason
New connections are formed between different parts
uses them to form new memories
sleep is necessary to this function
Why do some people dream in colour and others don’t
Now use the information in the table to give a lecture to the class. Do further research if necessary.
Complete the boxes with the expressions from the interview.
Asking for more information Explaining
Could you tell us something about...
What other reasons could there be for it
Would you tell us more about...
it’s because...
... prove that...
Talk about the investigations into another scientific mystery using the words and expressions in this section. Do further research if necessary.
Review noun clauses.
Use the new words and expressions to write about the investigations into another scientific mystery.
THANKS FOR WATCHING