专题一 名词
,怀化五年中考命题规律及趋势
编者按:系统分析怀化近五年试题,重点是单 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )项选择、完形填空、词语运用题,逐命题点统计考查频次,表格直观呈现,并在各命题后批注考情,便于快速把握重点,逐一攻克。
考纲要求 1.可数名词及其单复数 2.不可数名词 3.专有名词 4.名词所有格
考查点 年份 题号 选项设置 分值
名词语法辨析
2015
22 apple/milks/potatoes 1分
31 bike/car/watch 1分
34 money/food/help 1分
2014
22 watch/watchs/watches 1分
31 students/teacher/doctor 1分
34 time/water/money 1分
40 card/T shirt/shorts 1分
2013
22 ball/kite/pens 1分
32 breakfast/lunch/dinner 1分
38 light/window/phone 1分
40 parents/classmates/friends 1分
2012
24 eggs/beefs/banana 1分
34 boxes/candles/kites 1分
37 bread/paper/money 1分
2011
24 sides/side/side's 1分
32 ears/eyes/mouth 1分
34 mind/heart/sight/question/problem/answer 1分
38 shoulder/foot/hand 1分
名词词义辨析
2015 61 镜子→mirror 1分
2014 61 照片→pictures/photos 1分
2013
63 j____→job 1分
64 钱→money 1分
2012
61 t____→time 1分
62 表演→show 1分
2011
61 星期天→Sunday 1分
65 p____→police 1分
分析怀化近5年中考真题可以看出,名词为 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )单项选择题的必考点,且近两年偏向名词词义在语境中的辨析,句子设置的语境贴近学生生活实际。对名词单复数的考查会和词义辨析结合,注重对语境的考查。设题形式均为简单句,以两个单句为主,一个句子提供语境,另一个句子设题,词数在9~12个。另外,完形填空和写作技能的第一节也会涉及对名词的考查,完形填空侧重考查名词的词义辨析,而写作技能的第一节则侧重对短文中名词单复数的拼写的考查。
预计2016年怀化中考的单项选择仍会考查名 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )词词义辨析题,且与语境紧密结合。完形填空也会涉及2~3道名词词义辨析题,且与上下文语境相结合。写作技能的第一节中考查名词变复数的可能性较大。
,怀化中考重难点突破
名词名词的
分类专有名词
普通名词可数名词个体名词
集体名词
不可数名词物质名词
抽象名词
名词
的数可数名词单数
复数规则变化
不规则变化
不可数名词
名词的所有格's所有格的构成及用法
of所有格的构成及用法
双重所有格
名词的句法作用名词作主语、宾语、表语
名词作定语、同位语、补语、
状语
名词辨析
【考点抢测】
( )1.If Pete ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r comes to us by any chance,please ask him to leave a ________.
A.letter B.sentence C.message
( )2.(2015怀化中考模拟)I ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )f you go to visit London,don't forget to bring your ________. Because it rains a lot.
A.passport B.money C.umbrella
( )3.(2015常德中考模拟 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ))It's your ________ as a teacher to protect your students.
A.duty B.hobby C.habit
( )4.Jennifer ta ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )kes a lot of exercise every day and she is always full of ________.
A.knowledge B.energy
C.change
( )5.It's a good ________ to have breakfast every morning.
A.habit B.job C.menu
( )6.I want to write for international ________ to become a writer.
A.chairs B.computers C.magazines
( )7.The Internet is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )very useful. We can get a lot of ________ from it.
A.things B.troubles C.information
( )8.Lin Shuhao is one of the best basketball ________ in NBA.
A.actors B.players C.waiters
( )9.Please ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )pick me up at the ________. My plane arrives at 8:00 a.m.
A.hotel B.airport C.museum
( )10.(2015 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )郴州中考模拟试题)I will stay at ______ when the summer holiday come.
A.house B.home C.family
( )11.It's kind of you to offer your ________ to the old in the bus.
A.seat B.space C.place
( )12.(2015永州中考模拟) ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Now there are more and more new drivers,but they haven't got a correct ________ of direction.
A.idea B.feeling C.sense
【满分点拨】
分析怀化中考近几年单选和完形对名词辨析的考查,主要以语境辨析和近义词辨析为主。
1.语境辨析
分析怀化中考近几年单选和完形,名词辨析 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )侧重于对语境辨析的考查,同时较多涉及单复数。学生在做题时,首先应读懂句意,抓住题干中关键信息,并分析各个选项的意思,结合日常生活的常识及语境,即可选出正确答案。
2.近义词辨析
近义名词在怀化中考中也有涉及如2011怀化中考36题,老师可根据以下所列常见近义名词适当补充。
1.family,home,house与room
2.noise,sound与voice
3.question与problem
4.work与job
5.message,information与news
6.village,city与countryside
7.clothes,cloth与clothing
8.photo,picture与drawing
9.population与people
10.road,street,path与way
11.exercise,exercises与practice
12.class与lesson
13.country,nation,state与land
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
14.police与policeman
15.trip,journey,travel与tour
名词的数
【考点抢测】
一、词语运用
woman foot apple sheep glass
1.The students of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) Grade 7 visited Mike's farm and saw many ________ there.
2.All the ________ teachers in our school enjoyed themselves on March 8th because it was their own holiday.
3.I'm going to the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) supermarket to buy some milk and ________ this afternoon.
4.Is that pair of ________ a little cheaper
5.These shoes are too big for my ________.
二、 单项选择
( )6.(2015郴州中考模拟)H ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )urry up,we just get a few ________ to prepare for the presentation.
A.minute B.minutes C.chance
( )7.I gave a bunch(束) of ________ to my mom on Mother's Day.
A.flowers B.flower C.flour
( )8.(2015衡阳中考 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )模拟)—Mom,I've heard that we can't eat ________ these days. Is it true
—Take it easy. It is safe to eat cooked meat.
A.chicken B.chickens C.a chicken
( )9.—Are there any ________ in your school
—Yes,there are.
A.Germen B.Germans
C.German D.Germany
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
( )10.—Do you have any ________?
—Yes,I like chess and drama best.
A.jobs B.job C.hobbies
【满分点拨】
1.名词的分类
类别 意义 例词
专有名词 表示人、地方、事物、机构、组织等名称的词 Alice,Canada,the Great Wall
普通名词
可数名词
个体名词 表示个体的人或事物的词 book,desk,table,bike,plane
集体名词 表示一群人或一些事物的词 family,class,police,team,group
不可数名词
物质名词 表示构成各种物体的物质或材料的词 glass,water,air,paper,wood
抽象名词 表示状态、品质、行为、感情等抽象概念的词 danger,health,love,success,interest
2.可数名词单复数变化规律
情况 构成方法 例词
一般情况 加 s cap→caps;dog→dogs;bike→bikes;driver→drivers
以字母s,sh,ch,x等结尾 加 es bus→buses;wish→wishes;watch→watches;box→boxes
以“辅音字母+y”结尾 变y为i,再加 es lady→ladies;century→centuries;family→families;story→stories
以f或fe结尾 一般变f,fe为v,再加 es leaf→leaves;life→lives;half→halves;knife→knives
以o结尾 o前为辅音音素时加 es,o前为元音音素时加 s tomato→tomatoes;her ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o→heroes;potato→potatoes;radio→radios;zoo→zoos;例外,photo→photos;piano→pianos
复合名词
将后一个词变为复数 tooth brush→tooth brushes;film goer→film goers
两部分都变复数 man doctor→men doctors;woman teacher→women teachers
特殊名词
改变内部元音字母 foot→feet;tooth→teeth;man→men;mouse→mice
词尾加 ren child→children
单复数同形 Chinese→Chinese;sheep→sheep;deer→deer
注意:(1)由man和woman构成的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )合成词,其复数形式也是把 man改成 men。但German不是合成词,故其复数形式为直接加 s。
(2)man和woman作定语时,其本身的单复数形式与被修饰词的单复数一致。如:
a man teacher→men teachers(男老师)
a woman cook→women cooks(女厨师)
3.常见不可数名词归纳及用法
(1)常见的不可数名词
物质名词
食物 bread面包 meat肉 cheese奶酪
液体 milk牛奶 water水 wine酒 oil油
自然物体 soil土壤 sand沙子 wood木头
抽象名词
情感 joy高兴 friendship友情 peace和平
学科 math数学 geography地理physics物理 chemistry化学
概念 population人口 knowledge知识
(2)不可数名词量化的表示
不可数名词的多少可用以下词组来表示:
a block of一块 a bottle of一瓶
a group of一群 a pair of一组,一双,一对
a piece of一片(张,块) a pile of一堆
短语a pair(piece ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ))of+复数名词作主语时,中心词是pair(piece)(pieces),故谓语动词用单数;若短语是two pairs(pieces)of+复数名词作主语,则中心词是two pairs(pieces),谓语动词用复数。
(3)可数与不可数易混归纳
exercise(锻炼)→some exercises(练习,训练)
work(工作)→works(著作)
glass(玻璃)→a glass(玻璃杯)
paper(纸)→a paper(报纸,证件,试卷)
wood(木头,木材)→a wood(小树林)
room(空间)→a room(房间)
life(生活)→seven lives(七条生命)
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
名词所有格
【考点抢测】
1.One of my ________ homework wasn't handed in today.(classmate)
2.—When is ________ Day
—It's on June 1st,Dave.(child)
( )3.—How far is your home from school
—It's about two ________ walk.
A.hours B.hours' C.hour's
( )4.(娄底中考模拟)On th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e weekend,________ is so crowded that I can not find my friend.
A.the center of the city
B.city's center
C.city's and center's
( )5.(永州中考模拟)Mary is ________,so please treat her as yours.
A.a friend of me B.a friend of mine
C.a friend of you
【满分点拨】
含有and的所有格
用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示两人共同拥有某物,这时只在最后一个名词后加's,用A and B's表示。如:
Mrs. King is Lucy and Lily's mother.金女士是露西和莉莉的母亲。
用and连接两个并列名词,表示分别拥有各自的物品时,两个名词都在词尾加's,用A's and B's表示。如:
These are Tom's and Mary's bags.这些是汤姆和玛丽的包。
双重所有格两种形式:
of+名词所有格。如:
He is a friend of my brother's.他是我哥哥的一个朋友。
of+名词性物主代词。如:
Is she a daughter of yours?她是你的一个女儿吗?