2016《中考王》英语命题研究（怀化）中考英语题型突破：题型三阅读技能

题型三　阅读技能
类型一　回答问题型
,怀化五年中考命题规律及趋势
年份 文体 话题 具体内容 段落 词数 生词数量
2015 记叙文 哲理故事 父亲带儿子去旅行，想让儿子了解人们过得多么穷，但之后却达到了相反的目的 7 约220词 3
2014 记叙文 人物经历 彼特梦想拥有一个大马场，终成现实 6 约280词 1
2013 记叙文 寓言故事 狐狸拥有100个计策，而猫只有一个，但在狗面前，猫逃生了，而狐狸却落入狗口 10 约230词 5
2012 说明文 热点话题 中国食品浪费现象很严重，倡议减少食物浪费并提出建议 8 约200词 5
2011 记叙文 生活经历 讲述了我做错事后主动承认，老师不但没惩罚我，还给我奖励，告诉人们诚实最重要 8 约180词 3
　　回答问题型阅读技能是怀化每年中考的必 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )考题之一，文体以记叙文为主，少量涉及说明文，围绕哲理故事、热点话题和人物生活经历话题展开，引导学生多读书多思考，关注社会热点，增强学生的学习兴趣。
回答问题型阅读技能主要以考查细节理解题为主 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，其次少量涉及推理判断题和词义猜测题。文章难易程度适中，生词数量不超过5个，词数在140～220词之间。设问方式为3～5道特殊疑问句，会涉及1～2道一般疑问句。
,解题方法与技巧
回答问题型阅读技能题要求考生根据问题在文章 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )中找出能回答问题的关键信息，考生需要组织语言回答问题。既考查考生的阅读技能，又考查考生在文章中提取信息的能力。考生可以从以下几方面进行答题：
1．考生在答题之前，可先浏览短文之后的问题，这样可以在阅读的时候，有意识地留意文中出现的与问题有关的信息。
2．快速阅读短文，初步了解短文的主题及主旨大意。
3．认真细读全文，了解短文 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )中的细节性内容，包括人物、时间、地点、事件、原因、过程、步骤、结果等，即who，which，when，where，what，why和how等基本要素信息，并作出不同的标记，以备答题时一目了然，提高答题速度和效率。
4．阅读试题中的问题，在理解题意的基础 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )上，从文中提取所需要的相关信息进行逐一回答，认真组织语言，注意书写的清晰度与正确性，注意语言表达的逻辑性与严密性。
5．对于具有归纳性的问题，需要对短 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )文中的信息材料进行甄别与筛选，综合相关信息，进行必要的转换、归纳，概括性作答，避免语言表达的繁琐与含糊，力求简洁明了。
(回答问题型阅读技能的考查方式主要为细节理解题和推理判断题，具体的方法突破可参考选择型阅读技能)
类型二　选择型
,怀化五年中考命题规律及趋势
年份 文体 话题 具体内容 段落 词数 生词数量
2015
A说明文 咨询建议 普及中小学生安全教育知识 7 约187词 6
B图表 时政新闻 国家主席习近平访问莫斯科，参加二战胜利日阅兵式 1 约31词 4
C图示标志 公共场所规章 禁止游泳的标志 1 2 /
D说明文 热点话题 介绍怀化的高铁建设 2 约100词 4
2014
A说明文 咨询建议 18岁之前让你的生活充满乐趣，要做的事情 5 约250词 4
B图表 新闻 马来西亚航班失事 1 22词 /
C图表 新闻 南亚前总统曼德拉逝世 1 47词 3
D图示标志 公共场所规章 湿地提醒 1 3词 /
E图表 广告图表 学生营养午餐食物指南 1 29词 3
2013
A说明文 咨询建议 乱闯马路者也要受到惩罚 5 约220词 5
B图表 新闻 钓鱼岛问题使中日关系变得更遭 1 30词 2
C图示标志 公共场所规章 禁止左拐 1 4词 /
D图示标志 节日广告 中秋节吃月饼 1 8词 /
E图表 广告图表 琼天电影院的放映 3 22词 /
2012
A说明文 咨询建议 校车安全受到国家重视 7 约220词 8
B图示标志 公共场所规章 禁止狗在这儿散步 1 2词 /
C图表 新闻 泰坦尼克号失事周年纪念 1 52词 2
D图表 人物生平 中国人民解放军领导人之一滕代远的生平简历 4 48 5
2011
A记叙文 童话故事 通过松树和玫瑰花的对话，告诉人们不可以以貌取人的道理 7 约240词 10
B图示标志 公共场所规章 禁止游泳的标志 1 2 /
C图表 考试安排表 这是一张考试日程安排表 1 36 /
D图表 人物生平简历 中国妇女解放运动的先驱向警予的相关情况 1 37 3
　　怀化近5年考查选择型的阅读技能 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )均在第二节，2013和2014有五篇，其他年份有四篇，选择型阅读技能文体丰富，涉及到应用文和说明文，也有记叙文(如2011年)，话题多样，涉及到学生安全、健康问题，广告图表热点话题等。选择型阅读技能以考查细节理解题为主，少量涉及推理判断题。文章词性不定，主要取决于文体，应用文词数大约在2～50词之间，说明文和记叙文词数在100～240之间，生词数量在10个以内，但有的已在短文中注出翻译。
,解题方法与技巧
阅读技能是考查学生能力的一种重要方式，主要考 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )查考生对阅读材料的理解能力、对材料中有效信息的捕捉能力等。考生只有较快地读懂材料，抓住短文大意，获取关键信息，才能对阅读问题作出正确的判断。要高效地做好阅读技能题，必须分清类型、对症下药，还要运用一定的解题技巧，才能将各类阅读问题轻松搞定。
一、阅读原文，理解大意
首先通读原文，捕捉文中所提供的信息，抓住文章大意，理清文章脉络。
二、审读题目，正确判断
读懂短文内容后再审读题目， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )把握每个问题的含义，通过寻读法在原文中找出与每个问题相关的关键词，然后寻找该关键词在文章中所在的句子及段落，依据短文内容对试题所给出的问题判断得出正确答案。常见阅读技能的考查方式有以下几种形式：细节理解题；推理判断题；词义猜测题；主旨大意题；标题归纳题。
三、重读原文，复读检查
完成各个小题后必须将短文重读一遍，加深对短文的理解，在此基础上对每一道题中似是而非的句子，一定要重新认真识别。
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
Every year s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ince 1996, on the last Monday of the last week in March, the National Day of Education on the Safety of Elementary and Middle School Students(全国中小学安全教育日) is held. This year it falls on March 30. It offers us a chance to learn more rules about school safety.
A survey shows that ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the worst accidents were a result of stampedes, fires and traffic.
Experts suggest th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )at right safety ways could avoid 80% of these accidents.
When facing an ac ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )cident, the first and most important rule is to stay calm(冷静). But different accidents mean different ways of dealing with them.
A stampede happens i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n a place where a lot of people are gathered(聚集). When students around you begin to push, stand still(不动地) and hold onto something, or stay in a corner.
When there's a fir ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e, stay calm and follow teachers' instructions. Leave the classroom and use a piece of cloth to cover your mouth and nose so that you don't breathe in smoke.
If you take a schoo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l bus on your way home or to school, remember to fasten(系牢) your seatbelt and don't walk around when the bus is moving. If you walk to school or go by bike, follow traffic rules.
(　　)1.When is t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he National Day of Education on the Safety of Elementary and Middle School Students held every year
A．On the last Monday of the last week in March.
B．On the last Monday of the first week in March.
C．On March 30.
(　　)2.When facing a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n accident, the first and most important rule is that you should ________．
A．run away　　　B．stay calm　　　C．stand still
(　　)3.The underlined word “stampede” in the passage means ________．
A．踩踏 B．溺水 C．房屋倒塌
(　　)4.Which of the following is True according to the passage
A．You should deal with different accidents in the same way.
B．Stand still and hol ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d onto something, or stay in a corner if a stampede happens.
C．Experts sugg ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )est that right safety ways could cause 80% of these accidents.
(　　)5.What's the best title of this passage
A．The worst accidents in school
B．Traffic rules to follow
C．Rules to remember to stay safe in school
【主旨大意】本文是一篇说明文，主要说 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )明了国家设立全国中小学安全教育日，并介绍了一份关于最严重事故的调查(如踩踏、火灾、车祸等)以及防止这些事故发生的一些建议。
1．A　【解析】细节理解题①。题干意为 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )：全国中小学安全教育日在每年什么时候举行，根据第一段内容：Every year since 1996, on the last Monday of the last week in March，the National Day of Education on the Safety of Elementary and Middle School Students is held.(自从1996以来每年3月份最后一周的最后一个星期日举行全国中小学安全教育日)故A项正确
2．B　【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：当 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )面对一个事故，第一和最重要的规则是你应该保持冷静。根据第四段内容：When facing an accident，the fist and most important rule is to stay calm.故B项正确。
3．A　【解析】词义猜测题③。 本题考查“stampede”的意思，A.踩踏，B.溺水，C.房屋倒塌。根据句意可知：A项正确
4．B　【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：根据文 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )章，下列哪种说法是正确的？根据第五段内容：When students around you begin to push，stand still and hold onto something, or stay in a corner.可知B项正确。
5．C　【解析】标题归纳题⑤。题干意 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )为：这篇文章最好的标题是什么？A.学校里最糟的事故，B.交通规则要遵守，C.学校里需要记住的保持安全的规则，从整篇文章看，主要是讲学校安全规则。,考点：细节理解题①
方法突破：细节题要小心同义不同句。利用 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )题目的关键词，寻找文中对应词，在对应词周围找答案或直接在文中搜索答案，对号入座。这类试题是针对文章中的细节而设计的，如文章中某一个特定的细节，也可能涉及若干个细节，或者针对文章的主要事实，或利用图表、图形来表示信息等。要求学生根据对短文的理解，直接选择正确答案，一般在通读短文后可直接找出答题依据，难度较小，属浅层理解题。
考点：推理判断题②
方法突破：根据文中某些词、句子或段落进行推理或根据句子的语气、文章论调和倾向进行推断：
(1)要以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，忠 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )实于原文，由已知推及未知，遵循“词不离句，句不离段，段不离篇”的原则。(2)考生在吃透文章字面意思的基础上，再从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索。(3)了解文章的体裁、题材和文章的基调，揣摩作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展方向，悟出作者的言外之意，要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构等。
考点：词义猜测题③
方法突破：根据前后的比较对照关系， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )对它的定义(插述)、重述以及举例等进行猜测或者利用同位语，同义词及构词法等进行猜测。解答这类题目时需要一些猜词技巧：(1)根据上下文来猜测词义；(2)通过同义词或反义词来猜测词义；(3)通过构词法来猜测词义；(4)通过定义或释义来猜测词义；(5)通过句法功能来猜测词义；(6)根据转折、因果关系等来猜测词义；(7)根据生活常识来猜测词义等。对于这类题目采取“代入法”也十分有效，即将备选答案逐一代入文中，哪一个选项能使句子的意思通顺、连贯，且与上下文的内容一致，那个选项就是该题的正确答案。
考点：主旨大意题④
方法突破：从文章的首、尾句(段)寻找 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )主题句或纵观全文归纳总结出文章的主旨大意。做主旨大意题，要求在理解全文后归纳短文要点，概括中心意思。在文章的段落中往往由开头的一句作为主题句来概括该段的中心意思。但在不少文章或段落中如本篇文章，中心思想贯穿在全文中。此类题主要针对主题、中心思想、文章的结构层次(主题句或主题段)、作者的写作目的等方面，要求考生在准备理解全文后，归纳短文要点、概括中心思想。
考点：标题归纳题⑤
方法突破：对于标题归纳题，此类题型主要考查考生对文章主题或中心思想的领会和理解能力。
(1)以原文为依据，不掺杂个人意见；( ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )2)不选对的，只选最适合本篇文章的；(3)注意绝对化的词；(4)答案要避免以点带面，以偏概全；(5)“傻瓜”原则，文章中没有提到的就当作不知道，不要妄自猜测，一切以文章内容为准。
怀化近5年没有考查过数字计算题，此处省略不讲。
◆现学现用
Passage 1(2014衡阳模拟)
如何避免厌学
Lots of kids h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ate school, a new study found. Usually this kind of feeling doesn't last long. But what happens if you feel this way too much School is a fact of life and getting a good education can help you build the kind of future life you want. So let's talk about school and what to do when you don't like it．
If you don't ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )like school, the first step is to find out why. You might not like school because you don't have enough friends, or maybe you don't get along with your teacher. Sometimes it's a big problem with your classes and school work. You may be getting farther and farther behind, and it may seem like you'll never catch up.
When you know why you ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) don't like school, you can start taking steps to make things better. It's a good idea to talk to someone about your problems with school. Your mum, dad, teacher or school counselor(顾问) will be able to help you. Another good idea is to write down your feelings about school in a notebook. It's a great way to let out emotions(情绪). Remember, you don't have to share what you've written with others.
(　　)1.Lots of kids ________， according to the writer.
A．are good at reading and writing　　　B．don't like doing homework
C．have the thought of hating school
(　　)2.What does the un ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )derlined word“it” refer to(指的是) in the first paragraph.
A．A good education.
B．School.
C．Future life.
(　　)3.If you don't like school, the first step is to ________．
A．find out why
B．go to see a doctor
C．ask your parents for help
(　　)4.How many reasons ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) why you don't like school are given by the writer
A．Two.　　　B．Three.　　　C．Four.
(　　)5.When you ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) start taking steps to make things better, one of the good ideas is to ________．
A．keep silent about your problems
B．share what you've written with others
C．write down your feelings about school
Passage 2(2014怀化中考)
摆脱无聊的建议
Are you bored wi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )th your daily life Here are some things you should try before you are 18.
Learn to swim
This is so important ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )that it could save your life. If you can't swim well, you won't be able to do water sports like surfing. Even taking a boat trip will be dangerous for you. Make sure you do it.
Try at least one kind of team sports
Being a good team p ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )layer is an important skill in life. You can't just think of yourself, but have to work well with other people. Other advantages(优势) of team sports like football and basketball are that they keep you healthy, and they are also great fun.
Collect something
One of the best h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )obbies for under 18s is collecting things. You could collect stamps, film tickets or letters. The best way to collect is to have a special album to put your collection in and to write what each thing means to you. That way you won't forget.
Camp out in the garden
If you don't hav ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e your own garden, find a friend who has one! You will need：Two or three friends, a small tent(帐篷) , sleeping bag and warm blankets(地毯). Take a lot of food and drink with you into the tent and play games. When it gets dark, tell ghost__stories，and it might get too scary.
(　　)1.The most impo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rtant reason for learning to swim is that ________．
A．you might feel well
B．it could save your life
C．you might easily do lots of things
(　　)2.What does t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he writer think is one of the best hobbies for under 18s
A．Collect something.
B．Do some water sports.
C．Camp out in the garden.
(　　)3.The underlin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ed phrase“ghost stories”in this passage means“________”in Chinese.
A．笑话　　B．悄悄话　　C．鬼故事
(　　)4.Which of the following is True according to the passage
A．Although you can't swim well, it is safe to take a boat trip.
B．When we play foot ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ball or basketball, we have to work well with other people.
C．You can camp out in the garden with a big bed.
(　　)5.What's the best title(标题) for the passage
A．Learn to swim
B．Sports to play
C．Things to do
◆现学现用
Passage 1(2014黔东南中考)
助人为乐的故事
The clock st ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ruck(敲) eight, but I was still on the bed. I could hear it was blowing strongly. “It must be windy outside.” I thought.
I came to the sma ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ll town a week ago. I sold some clothes to a shop. Christmas was coming and I hoped to buy some presents for my family and friends. So I tried to meet the manager and ask him to pay for the clothes. I was out of luck. He went to London and I had to wait for him here. There was no theater here but a cinema. The films were all too old. I preferred staying in the small hotel to sitting in the cold cinema.
Half an hour ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) later, I felt hungry. I had to get up. It was white everywhere and some children were skiing down the hill. On my way to a small restaurant, I saw a boy fall onto a rock. I ran to him quickly and carried him to a hospital. Soon his parents came here. Now I knew the boy was just the manager's son. He thanked me very much and gave me the money after we had a dinner.
1．What was the weather like today
________________________________________________________________________
2．What did the writer come to the town for
________________________________________________________________________
3．Did the writer prefer sitting in the cinema
________________________________________________________________________
4．When did the writer get up
________________________________________________________________________
5．Why did the manager thank the writer
________________________________________________________________________
Passage 2(2015怀化中考)
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
Jimmy came from a very ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) rich family. One day, his father took him on a trip to the countryside. He wanted to show his son how poor people lived. They spent a few days and nights with the farmers in the countryside. After they came back from their trip, the father asked his son：“How did you like our trip？”
“It was great, Dad.”
“Did you see how poor people live？”the father asked.
“Oh yeah，”said the son.
“So, tell me, what did you learn from the trip？” asked the father.
“I saw that we hav ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e one dog and they have four. We have a pool that reaches to the middle of our garden, and they have a river that has no end. We have beautiful lights in our garden, and they have the stars at night. Our patio(平台) reaches the front yard，and they have the whole horizon(视野). We have a small piece of land to live on, and they have fields that go beyond their sight. We have servants who serve us, but they serve others. We buy our food, and they grow theirs. We have fences(栅栏) to protect us, and they have friends to protect them.”
The boy's fa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ther was speechless. “Thanks, Dad, for showing me how poor we are，” said the son. The father thought，“Maybe my son is right. Only those people with rich mind can live a wonderful life.”
1．Did Jimmy come from a poor family
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2．Where did Jimmy and his father spend a few days and nights
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3．What did Jimmy think of the trip
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4．How many differenc ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )es are mentioned between Jimmy's and the farmers' families
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5．What can you learn from the story
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