2025年高考英语二轮复习 专题1 阅读理解 第2讲 明晰文体——解题快又准 课件（共111张）

(共111张PPT)
第2讲　明晰文体——解题快又准
文体1　应用文
文体2　记叙文
目 录 索 引
01
02
文体3　说明文
03
文体4　议论文
04
考情表解
卷别 新高考Ⅰ卷 新高考Ⅱ卷 年份 2024 2023 2022 2024 2023 2022
体 裁 A 应用文 应用文 应用文 应用文 应用文 应用文
B 夹叙夹议文 记叙文 夹叙夹议文 说明文 说明文 记叙文
C 说明文 说明文 记叙文 说明文 说明文 说明文
D 说明文 说明文 说明文 书评 说明文 说明文
卷别 新高考Ⅰ卷 新高考Ⅱ卷 年份 2024 2023 2022 2024 2023 2022
题 材 A 志愿者招募 自行车 租赁 课程评分 四种徒步活动 护理员项目 博物馆
团游
B 中西医结合 治疗动物 生态设计 食物浪费 短故事小亭 学校园艺项目 新媒体
时代
C 纸质阅读和 数字阅读 书的序言 养鸡项目 巴比伦微型 农场 阅读的艺术 短信监
控器
D 现代生物 数据采样 群体智慧效应 语音发展 以人工智能 为主题的书 接触大自然 有氧运动
文体1　应用文
应用文包括通知、广告、便条、申请书、个人简介、商品说明与介绍、新闻报道等,形式多样,题材各异(如图示、表格等),措辞简洁明了,直截了当,其目的是向读者传输信息。
(2024新课标Ⅰ卷,A)
HABITAT RESTORATION TEAM
Help restore and protect Marin’s natural areas from the Marin Headlands to Bolinas Ridge.We’ll explore beautiful park sites while conducting invasive(侵入的) plant removal,winter planting,and seed collection.Habitat Restoration Team volunteers play a vital role in restoring sensitive resources and protecting endangered species across the ridges and valleys.
GROUPS
Groups of 5 or more require special arrangements and must be confirmed in advance.Please review the List of Available Projects and fill out the Group Project Request Form.
AGE,SKILLS,WHAT TO BRING
Volunteers aged 10 and over are welcome.Read our Youth Policy Guidelines for youth under the age of 15.
Bring your completed Volunteer Agreement Form.Volunteers under the age of 18 must have the parent/guardian approval section signed.
We’ll be working rain or shine.Wear clothes that can get dirty.Bring layers for changing weather and a raincoat if necessary.
Bring a personal water bottle,sunscreen,and lunch.
No experience necessary.Training and tools will be provided.Fulfills(满足) community service requirements.
UPCOMING EVENTS
Time Meeting Location
Sunday,Jan.15 10:00 am-1:00 pm Battery Alexander Trailhead
Sunday,Jan.22 10:00 am-2:30 pm Stinson Beach Parking Lot
Sunday,Jan.29 9:30 am-2:30 pm Coyote Ridge Trailhead
21.What is the aim of the Habitat Restoration Team
A.To discover mineral resources.
B.To develop new wildlife parks.
C.To protect the local ecosystem.
D.To conduct biological research.
22.What is the lower age limit for joining the Habitat Restoration Team
A.5.　　 B.10. C.15. D.18.
23.What are the volunteers expected to do
A.Bring their own tools.
B.Work even in bad weather.
C.Wear a team uniform.
D.Do at least three projects.
语篇解读
本文是一篇应用文。作者介绍了一个生物栖息地修复工作队的工作内容和招募志愿者的相关信息和要求。
语篇图解
思路点拨
21.根据第一段的“Help restore and protect Marin’s natural areas from the Marin Headlands to Bolinas Ridge.”可知,HABITAT RESTORATION TEAM的目的是帮助恢复和保护马林的一些自然区,也就是保护当地的生态系统。故选　 　项。
22.根据AGE,SKILLS,WHAT TO BRING 下面列出的“Volunteers aged 10 and over are welcome.Read our Youth Policy Guidelines for youth under the age of 15.”和“Volunteers under the age of 18 must have the parent/guardian approval section signed.”可知,最低年龄限制为10岁。故选　 　项。
23.根据AGE,SKILLS,WHAT TO BRING 下面列出的第三条“We’ll be working rain or shine.Wear clothes that can get dirty.Bring layers for changing weather and a raincoat if necessary.”可知,不管下雨天还是晴天,志愿者都要工作。故选　 　项。
C
B
B
课堂应用
A(2024浙江1月卷,A)
Tom Sawyer Play Is an Adventure
A 35-minute hand-clapping,foot-stomping musical version of a Mark Twain favorite returns with this Tall Stacks festival.
“Tom Sawyer:A River Adventure” has all the good stuff,including the fence painting,the graveyard,the island and the cave.It is adapted by Joe McDonough,with music by David Kisor.That’s the local stage writing team that creates many of the Children’s Theatre of Cincinnati’s original musicals, along with the holiday family musicals at Ensemble Theatre.
This year Nathan Turner of Burlington is Tom Sawyer,and Robbie McMath of Fort Mitchell is Huck Finn.
Turner,a 10th-grader at School for Creative and Performing Arts,is a familiar presence on Cincinnati’s stages.He is a star actor of Children’s Theatre,having played leading roles in “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” and “The Wizard of Oz”,and is fresh from Jersey Production “Ragtime”.
McMath is a junior at Beechwood High School.He was in the cast of “Tom Sawyer” when it was first performed and is a Children’s Theatre regular, with five shows to his credit.This summer he attended Kentucky’s Governor’s School for the Arts in Musical Theatre.
Note to teachers:Children’s Theatre has a study guide demonstrating how math and science can be taught through “Tom Sawyer”.For downloadable lessons,visit the official website of Children’s Theatre.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍由马克·吐温的作品所改编的音乐剧《汤姆·索亚:河上历险记》。
1.Who wrote the music for “Tom Sawyer:A River Adventure”
A.David Kisor.　　　　 B.Joe McDonough.
C.Nathan Turner. D.Robbie McMath.
答案 A
解析 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“It is adapted by Joe McDonough,with music by David Kisor.”可知,本剧是由大卫·基索作曲的。
2.What can we learn about the two actors
A.They study in the same school.
B.They worked together in “Ragtime”.
C.They are experienced on stage.
D.They became friends ten years ago.
答案 C
解析 推理判断题。根据第四段可知,Turner经常出现在辛辛那提的舞台上,是儿童剧院的明星演员,曾在《断头谷的传说》和《绿野仙踪》中担任主角;根据第五段中的“McMath is a junior at Beechwood High School.He was in the cast of ‘Tom Sawyer’ when it was first performed and is a Children’s Theatre regular,with five shows to his credit.”可知,McMath 也是儿童剧院的老演员;综合以上信息可知,这两位演员在舞台上经验丰富。
3.What does Children’s Theatre provide for teachers
A.Research funding.
B.Training opportunities.
C.Technical support.
D.Educational resources.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据最后一段可知,儿童剧院为教师提供了一份学习指南,展示如何通过《汤姆·索亚》教授数学和科学,可通过儿童剧院的网站下载课程;由此可知,儿童剧院为教师提供了教育资源。
B(2024新课标Ⅱ卷,A)
Choice of Walks for Beginner and Experienced Walkers
The Carlow Autumn Walking Festival is a great opportunity for the beginner,experienced or advanced walker to enjoy the challenges of Carlow’s mountain hikes or the peace of its woodland walks.
Walk 1-The Natural World
With environmentalist anna Lamhna as the guide,this walk promises to be an informative tour.Walkers are sure to learn lots about the habitats and natural world of the Blackstairs.
Date and Time:Saturday,1st October,at 9:00
Start Point:Scratoes Bridge
Walk Duration:6 hours
Walk 2-Introduction to Hillwalking
Emmanuel Chappard,an experienced guide,has a passion for making the great outdoors accessible to all.This mountain walk provides an insight into the skills required for hillwalking to ensure you get the most from future walking trips.
Date and Time:Sunday,2nd October,at 9:00
Start Point:Deerpark Car Park
Walk Duration:5 hours
Walk 3-Moonlight Under the Stars
Walking at night-time is a great way to step out of your comfort zone. Breathtaking views of the lowlands of Carlow can be enjoyed in the presence of welcoming guides from local walking clubs.A torch(手电筒) along with suitable clothing is essential for walking in the dark.Those who are dressed inappropriately will be refused permission to participate.
Date and Time:Saturday,1st October,at 18:30
Start Point:The Town Hall
Walk Duration:3 hours
Walk 4-Photographic Walk in Kilbrannish Forest
This informative walk led by Richard Smyth introduces you to the basic principles of photography in the wild.Bring along your camera and enjoy the wonderful views along this well-surfaced forest path.
Date and Time:Sunday,2nd October,at 11:45
Start Point:Kilbrannish Forest Recreation Area
Walk Duration:1.5 hours
【语篇导读】本文是一篇应用文。卡洛秋季徒步节提供不同难度的徒步活动,适合初学者和有经验的徒步者,包括自然探索、山地技能学习、夜间徒步和森林摄影。
4.Which walk takes the shortest time
A.The Natural World.
B.Introduction to Hillwalking.
C.Moonlight Under the Stars.
D.Photographic Walk in Kilbrannish Forest.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据“Walk 1-The Natural World”中的“Walk Duration: 6 hours”;“Walk 2-Introduction to Hillwalking”中的“Walk Duration:5 hours”;“Walk 3-Moonlight Under the Stars”中的“Walk Duration:3 hours”以及“Walk 4-Photographic Walk in Kilbrannish Forest”中的“Walk Duration:1.5 hours”可知,Photographic Walk in Kilbrannish Forest用时最短。
5.What are participants in Walk 3 required to do
A.Wear proper clothes.
B.Join a walking club.
C.Get special permits.
D.Bring a survival guide.
答案 A
解析 细节理解题。根据“Walk 3-Moonlight Under the Stars”中的“A torch along with suitable clothing is essential for walking in the dark.”可知, Walk 3的参与者需要穿着合适的衣服并携带手电筒。
6.What do the four walks have in common
A.They involve difficult climbing.
B.They are for experienced walkers.
C.They share the same start point.
D.They are scheduled for the weekend.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。通读全文可知,Walk 1和Walk 3在周六进行,而 Walk 2和Walk 4在周日进行。因此文中徒步活动的共同点是都被安排在周末。
文体2　记叙文
记叙文是以写人、记事、状物为主要内容,以记叙和描写为主要表达方式的文章。一篇记叙文,无论长短都应该是一个完全独立的事实,描写人物、地点、事件和发生过程,表达作者的某种情感。
(2023新课标Ⅱ卷,B)
Turning soil,pulling weeds,and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids.And at first it is,says Abby Jaramillo,who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts,a school garden program at four low-income schools.The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness,and healthy lifestyles.
Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores. “The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks,” she says.“They come to us thinking vegetables are awful,dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt,most are eager to try something new.
Urban Sprouts’ classes,at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiments such as soil testing,flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce,and work in the garden.Several times a year, students cook the vegetables they grow,and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools.
Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes.“We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently,” Jaramillo says.
She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition.Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens.Besides,working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students,many of whom have emotional control issues.“They get outside,” she says,“and they feel successful.”
24.What do we know about Abby Jaramillo
A.She used to be a health worker.
B.She grew up in a low-income family.
C.She owns a fast food restaurant.
D.She is an initiator of Urban Sprouts.
25.What was a problem facing Jaramillo at the start of the program
A.The kids’ parents distrusted her.
B.Students had little time for her classes.
C.Some kids disliked garden work.
D.There was no space for school gardens.
26.Which of the following best describes the impact of the program
A.Far-reaching.　　 B.Predictable.
C.Short-lived. D.Unidentifiable.
27.What can be a suitable title for the text
A.Rescuing School Gardens
B.Experiencing Country Life
C.Growing Vegetable Lovers
D.Changing Local Landscape
语篇解读
本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了Abby Jaramillo发起了一个名叫“Urban Sprouts”的学校园艺项目的目的和对学生产生的积极影响。
语篇图解
思路点拨
24.根据第一段中的“And at first it is,says Abby Jaramillo,who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts,a school garden program at four low-income schools.”可知,Abby Jaramillo是Urban Sprouts的发起者。故选　 　项。
25.根据第二段中的“They come to us thinking vegetables are awful,dirt is awful,insects are awful.”可知,项目之初,一些学生不喜欢园艺工作。故
　 　项正确。
26.根据最后一段内容可知,这个项目不仅给学生提供了有营养的食物,而且许多学生回家开创了自己的菜园,对有情绪控制问题的学生也起到了镇静作用,从而推知,该项目的影响是深远的。故　 　项正确。
27.通读全文可知,文章主要讲述了Abby Jaramillo等老师在低收入学校发起的培养学生科学能力、环保意识以及健康生活方式的Urban Sprouts花园项目,对学生影响深远。故　 　项正确。
D
C
A
C
课堂应用
A(2024浙江1月卷,B)
When was the last time you used a telephone box I mean to make an actual phone call—not to shelter from the rain.Ages ago,right The last time I used a phone box for its intended purpose was...2006.I was conducting auditions (试演) for my play in my tiny old shared house in London.Hoping to impress some talented actors to come and work for me for nothing,I spread some throws over the sofas and lit candles to make it seem a bit more “young professional”.
As I rushed outdoors to empty the wastepaper baskets,the door swung shut behind me.Suddenly I was locked outside.My mobile phone was inside, but luckily there was a telephone box across the street.So,I called Directory Assistance,got put through to our landlady’s managing agent,and had a spare key sent to me with just enough time to get back in before the actors arrived.
As it has been many years since I last used one,I should hardly be surprised that there are no longer any public telephones near my house.The last one standing has just been turned into a “mini community library”:any passer-by can “borrow” a book from its shelves,and return it later,or replace it with another title from their own collection.
For a few months after the “library” opened,I didn’t bother taking a look, as I had assumed that it would be stuffed full of cheesy love stories.Then I noticed folk conducting spring cleans dropping boxes of voluminous books on various subjects there.And these books were free.This unbeatable price point encouraged me to experiment with dozens of titles that I would never normally consider buying.And I’ve discovered some great books!
If I ever get trapped outside my house again,my local telephone box will, sadly,no longer be able to connect me with my keys.But it can certainly keep me entertained while I wait for my wife to rescue me.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇记叙文。随着手机的普及,电话亭渐渐地被人们遗忘,作者家附近的最后一个电话亭被改造成了“迷你图书馆”,作者偶然发现那里有很多不错的免费书籍,这让作者觉得很棒。
1.What does the word “it” underlined in the first paragraph refer to
A.The play.　　　　　
B.The shared house.
C.The sofa.
D.The telephone box.
答案 B
解析 词句猜测题。根据第一段中的“...in my tiny old shared house in London.”及“...I spread some throws...‘young professional.’”可知,此处是指使“我”的合租房看起来更“年轻专业”一点,所以it代指“合租房”。
2.Why did the author use the telephone box in 2006
A.To place an urgent call.
B.To put up a notice.
C.To shelter from the rain.
D.To hold an audition.
答案 A
解析 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“So,I called Directory Assistance,got put through to our landlady’s managing agent,and had a spare key sent to me with just enough time to get back in before the actors arrived.”可知,作者在2006年使用电话亭是为了拨打紧急电话。
3.What do we know about the “mini community library”
A.It provides phone service for free.
B.Anyone can contribute to its collection.
C.It is popular among young readers.
D.Books must be returned within a month.
答案 B
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The last one standing has just been turned into a ‘mini community library’:any passer-by can ‘borrow’ a book from its shelves,and return it later,or replace it with another title from their own collection.”可知,任何人都可以为“迷你社区图书馆”捐赠图书。
4.Why did the author start to use the “library”
A.He wanted to borrow some love stories.
B.He was encouraged by a close neighbour.
C.He found there were excellent free books.
D.He thought it was an ideal place for reading.
答案 C
解析 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“This unbeatable pricepoint encouraged me to experiment with dozens of titles that I would never normally consider buying.And I’ve discovered some great books!”可知,作者发现“迷你图书馆”里有很多免费的很棒的书,所以开始使用。
B(2024新课标Ⅱ卷,B)
Do you ever get to the train station and realize you forgot to bring something to read Yes,we all have our phones,but many of us still like to go old school and read something printed.
Well,there’s a kiosk(小亭) for that.In the San Francisco Bay Area,at least.
“You enter the fare gates(检票口) and you’ll see a kiosk that is lit up and it tells you can get a one-minute,a three-minute,or a five-minute story,” says Alicia Trost,the chief communications officer for the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit—known as BART.“You choose which length you want and it gives you a receipt-like short story.”
It’s that simple.Riders have printed nearly 20,000 short stories and poems since the program was launched last March.Some are classic short stories,and some are new original works.
Trost also wants to introduce local writers to local riders.“We wanted to do something where we do a call to artists in the Bay Area to submit stories for a contest,” Trost says.“And as of right now,we’ve received about 120 submissions.The winning stories would go into our kiosk and then you would be a published artist.”
Ridership on transit(交通) systems across the country has been down the past half century,so could short stories save transit
Trost thinks so.
“At the end of the day all transit agencies right now are doing everything they can to improve the rider experience.So I absolutely think we will get more riders just because of short stories,” she says.
And you’ll never be without something to read.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。旧金山湾区BART通过小亭提供不同阅读时长的短故事,以提升乘客体验,从而吸引更多乘客。
5.Why did BART start the kiosk program
A.To promote the local culture.
B.To discourage phone use.
C.To meet passengers’ needs.
D.To reduce its running costs.
答案 C
解析 推理判断题。根据第一段中的提问“Do you ever get to the train station and realize you forgot to bring something to read ”和第三段中Alicia Trost的描述可知,BART的小亭提供不同时长的短故事和诗歌,旨在满足乘客的阅读需求。
6.How are the stories categorized in the kiosk
A.By popularity.　　 B.By length.
C.By theme. D.By language.
答案 B
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段的“it tells you can get a one-minute,a three-minute,or a five-minute story”可知,乘客可以在小亭选择一分钟、三分钟或五分钟阅读时长的故事,由此表明故事是按照时长来分类的。
7.What has Trost been doing recently
A.Organizing a story contest.
B.Doing a survey of customers.
C.Choosing a print publisher.
D.Conducting interviews with artists.
答案 A
解析 细节理解题。根据第五段的“We wanted to do something where we do a call to artists in the Bay Area to submit stories for a contest”和“we’ve received about 120 submissions”可知,最近Trost一直在组织征文竞赛。
8.What is Trost’s opinion about BART’s future
A.It will close down.
B.Its profits will decline.
C.It will expand nationwide.
D.Its ridership will increase.
答案 D
解析 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“So I absolutely think we will get more riders just because of short stories”可推知,她坚信通过提供短故事可以改善乘客体验,从而吸引更多的乘客。
文体3　说明文
说明文通常是通过举例子、作比较、分类别、析结果、列数字和作引用等手段,具体描述一项研究或者介绍一项新产品、新技术的文章,旨在让读者了解信息。
(一)新发明/新产品类
考查要点 方法技巧
1.背景介绍或发明目的 新发明的背景(含目的)多位于首段或前两段。答案信息一般来自本部分“in order to,the market is growing for,to do,to discover,to test out,to find out,to solve the problem of,so that”等字眼后面的陈述,一般是对这些信息的同义转述。
2.新发明介绍 (新发明参数、性能、工作原理或特殊之 处) 新发明的介绍多位于中间段,考查与其工作原理、产品性能等相关的长难句。正确选项是对信息的同义转述,而干扰项多是含有文中某些原词,但是替换了关键信息,或张冠李戴或扩大缩小范围。此类题目需要学生谨慎、认真、有耐性,同时有分析长难句的能力。
考查要点 方法技巧
3.专家或科研人员评论(新发明的前景希望或实践意义) 专家或团队领导的评价多位于结尾段。答案信息多来自“researchers hope,expect,wish,in the future, apply,use”这些词之后的陈述。正确选项也多是这些陈述的同义转换。
4.标题或文章出处 文后第四题还经常考查文章的标题选择、文章出处或者是问题解决所反映的道理。这类题目的正确选项会高度概括文章的中心,或根据文章的中心判断其出处。干扰项通常含有文中的个别原词,但是会替换关键词,混淆学生视线;或扩大缩小指代范围;或只是提及文章某个方面,以偏概全。
[典例](2022全国乙卷,C)
Can a small group of drones(无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and,at the same time,help railway operators save billions of euros each year That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.(提出问题:无人机可以应用到铁路领域吗 )
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points.The more regularly they can be inspected,the more railway safety,reliability and on-time performance will be improved.Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient(高效) across the board.(给出答案28:无人机已经被用于检查高压电线。它们完全可以被用来做同样的事情来检查铁路线和铁路基础设施的其他重要方面)
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety.It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance,including sending maintenance staff,often at night,to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts.(给出答案29:无人机的协助可以避免铁路维修过程中的危险)
By using the latest technologies,drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways,detecting faults in the rail or switches,before they can cause any safety problems.To perform these tasks,drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead.Engineers are now working on a new concept:the rail drones of the future.They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously.Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead,they could signal any problem,so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.(给出答案30:通过最新技术,无人机可以提前预警铁路危险状况,工程师们正在研究一个新概念:未来的铁路无人机)
28.What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible
A.The use of drones in checking on power lines.
B.Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes.
C.The reduction of cost in designing drones.
D.Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas.
29.What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to
A.Personnel safety.
B.Assistance from drones.
C.Inspection and repair.
D.Construction of infrastructure.
30.What function is expected of the rail drones
A.To provide early warning.
B.To make trains run automatically.
C.To earn profits for the crews.
D.To accelerate transportation.
31.Which is the most suitable title for the text
A.What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B.How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C.What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D.How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
语篇解读
本文是一篇说明文。应用今天的“空中之眼”技术,无人机能在保证铁路安全可靠的同时,帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元,无人机将改变铁路的未来。
语篇图解
思路点拨
28.考查新产品性能。 根据第二段中“Drones are already being used...tracks and switching points.”可知,无人机现在已经用来检测高压电力线路,它们可以被用来做同样的事情来检查铁路线路以及铁路基础设施的其他重要方面。故选　 　项。
29.考查新产品性能。根据下文“It is calculated that European...the rail infrastructure.”可知,maintenance指的是下文中的“inspect and repair the rail infrastructure”。故　 　项正确。
A
C
30.考查新产品前景希望。根据最后一段中“Engineers are now working on...would be able to react in time.”可知,铁路无人机有望提前发出警报,使高速列车可以及时采取措施应对危险因素,避免事故发生。故　 　项正确。
31.考查标题归纳。根据第一段第一句“Can a small group of...save billions of euros each year ”和下文对无人机在铁路领域的应用的介绍以及对未来无人机的发展展望可知,在未来,无人机将会保证铁路的安全性和可靠性,或许会成为铁路安全的新未来。故　 　项适合作为本文的标题。
A
D
(二)研究报告类
考查要点 方法技巧
1.研究背景 2.研究内容、方法、结果 3.研究意义、展望、升华主题 1.研究背景多出现在第一段,引入话题。题型多为细节理解题,答案往往是同义转述。
2.研究内容、方法和结果是说明的主体,介绍过程中经常运用数字、举例等说明方法。
3.研究的意义和展望经常出现在文章最后,是文章的点睛所在。
[典例](2023新课标Ⅱ卷,D)
As cities balloon with growth,access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find.If you’re lucky,there might be a pocket park near where you live,but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.(城市中很难接触到自然环境)
Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being.(城市中的原生态自然环境极为重要)
The research team focused on a large urban park.They surveyed several hundred park-goers,asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park.The researchers then examined these submissions,coding (编码) experiences into different categories.(研究的方法)For example,one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.”
Across the 320 submissions,a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge.(研究的结果) After the coding of all submissions,half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors.These include encountering wildlife,walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language,which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them.(研究的意义)For example,the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park.Back downtown during a workday,they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
“We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives.And for that to happen,we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,”(突出保护自然生态的重要性) said Peter Kahn,a senior author of the study.
32.What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text
A.Pocket parks are now popular.
B.Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C.Many cities are overpopulated.
D.People enjoy living close to nature.
33.Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories
A.To compare different types of park-goers.
B.To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C.To analyze the main features of the park.
D.To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries.
34.What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5
A.Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B.Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C.The same nature experience takes different forms.
D.The nature language enhances work performance.
35.What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn
A.Language study.
B.Environmental conservation.
C.Public education.
D.Intercultural communication.
语篇解读
本文是一篇说明文。作者通过对一项新的研究结果及其过程的描述,向读者介绍了与大自然互动对人类健康的重要性,同时也指出要保护大自然。
语篇图解
思路点拨
32.考查研究背景。 根据第一段中的“access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find”以及“it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild”可知,在城市里很难接触大自然。故　 　项正确。
33.考查研究方法。根据第四段第一句话“Across the 320 submissions,a pattern of categories...began to emerge.”可知,研究人员这样做是为了从访客的总结材料中找出类别规律。故　 　项正确。
B
D
34.考查研究的意义。根据第五段所举的例子“the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying...a fountain on their lunch break”可知,年轻的职业人士周末可以在公园徒步旅行,在工作日可以沿着喷泉散步,用不同的形式去体验自然,即同样的与自然的互动体验会有不同的表现形式。故　 　项正确。
35.考查主题的升华。根据最后一段Kahn的话“And for that to happen,we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it”可知,人们在与大自然互动以前需要保护自然,故　 　项正确。
C
B
课堂应用
A(2024浙江1月卷,D)
The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s.Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room.A single sugary treat,selected by the child,was placed on a table.Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat,they would be given a second treat.Then they were left alone in the room.Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.
As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day.We’re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats,but by our computers,phones,and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world,and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction.But as we’ve reshaped the world around us,dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories,we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago,and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.
A similar process is at work in our response to information.Our formative environment as a species was information-poor,so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information.But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment.We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information.Therefore,just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption,we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption,resisting the temptation of mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。在信息化时代,我们作为成年人每天都在面对“棉花糖测试”,信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”,文章对此进行了介绍。
1.What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test
A.Take an examination alone.
B.Show respect for the researchers.
C.Share their treats with others.
D.Delay eating for fifteen minutes.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat,they would be given a second treat.”可知,在米歇尔的测试中,孩子们需要在吃之前等待15分钟才能得到第二次奖励。
2.According to paragraph 3,there is a mismatch between 　　　.
A.the calorie-poor world and our good appetites
B.the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs
C.the rich food supply and our unchanged brains
D.the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“But as we’ve reshaped the world around us,dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories,we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago,and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.”可知,丰富的食物供应和我们不曾改变的大脑之间存在不匹配。
3.What does the author suggest readers do
A.Absorb new information readily.
B.Be selective information consumers.
C.Use diverse information sources.
D.Protect the information environment.
答案 B
解析 细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“Therefore,just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption,we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption,resisting the temptation of mental ‘junk food’ in order to manage our time most effectively.”可知,作者建议读者做有选择性的信息消费者。
4.Which of the following is the best title for the text
A.Eat Less,Read More
B.The Bitter Truth About Early Humans
C.The Later,the Better
D.The Marshmallow Test for Grownups
答案 D
解析 主旨大意题。结合全文,尤其第二段内容可知,文章主要是讲在信息化时代,我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试,信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”。
B(2022全国乙卷,D)
The Government’s sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as Ministers first predicted it would generate,the first official data on the policy has shown.
First announced in April,2016,the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml,was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity(肥胖).It is believed that today’s children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar,putting them at a higher risk of the disease.
Initially the sugar tax was expected to make ￡520m a year for the Treasury.However,data of the first six months showed it would make less than half this amount.At present it is expected to generate ￡240m for the year ending in April 2019,which will go to school sports.
It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers (制造商) so they can avoid paying the tax. Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of manufacturers’ efforts to avoid the charge,according to Treasury figures.Since April drinks companies have been forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import,depending on the sugar content.
However,some high sugar brands,like Classic Coca Cola,have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers.Fruit juices,milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax,as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.
Today’s figures,according to one government official,show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities (设施) and healthier eating in schools.Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance,and the industry is playing its part.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。英国从2016年开始对软饮料制造商征收“糖税”,这个做法是为了确保儿童的身体健康。事实证明,截至目前,该政策已经卓有成效。
5.Why was the sugar tax introduced
A.To collect money for schools.
B.To improve the quality of drinks.
C.To protect children’s health.
D.To encourage research in education.
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句可知,向制造商征收“糖税”的目的是帮助减少儿童肥胖问题,也就是为了保护儿童健康。故选C项。
6.How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax
A.They turned to overseas markets.
B.They raised the prices of their products.
C.They cut down on their production.
D.They reduced their products’ sugar content.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据第四段第一句可知,一些饮料制造商为了避免缴纳“糖税”,设法减少饮料的含糖量。故选D项。
7.From which of the following is the sugar tax collected
A.Most alcoholic drinks.
B.Milk-based drinks.
C.Fruit juices.
D.Classic Coke.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据第五段内容可知,A、B、C三项都是免税的,只有经典可乐接受了要缴纳“糖税”这件事。故选D项。
8.What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy
A.It is a short-sighted decision.
B.It is a success story.
C.It benefits manufacturers.
D.It upsets customers.
答案 B
解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知,推行“糖税”迫使一些软饮料制造商减少了产品中糖的含量,而缴纳的税费被用于增加学校的体育设施和为学生提供更加健康的饮食。由此推断,这种做法非常成功。故选B项。
文体4　议论文
议论文,也叫说理文,是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非等方法,来确定其观点的正确或错误,树立或否定某种主张。议论文的三要素是论点、论据和论证。论点是一篇文章的灵魂、统帅;论据是支撑论点的材料;论证是用论据来证明论点的方法和过程。
(2023新课标Ⅰ卷,D)
On March 7,1907,the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect.The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases,the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors,those errors aren’t always the same.Some people will tend to overestimate,and some to underestimate.When enough of these errors are averaged together,they cancel each other out,resulting in a more accurate estimate.If people are similar and tend to make the same errors,then their errors won’t cancel each other out.In more technical terms,the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.If for whatever reasons,people’s errors become correlated or dependent,the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist(转折) on this classic phenomenon.The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion,the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.For instance,the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students,the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time,but it wasn’t the dominant response.Most frequently,the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.”Somehow,these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.
Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain,the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
32.What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A.The methods of estimation.
B.The underlying logic of the effect.
C.The causes of people’s errors.
D.The design of Galton’s experiment.
33.Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if
　　　.
A.the crowds were relatively small
B.there were occasional underestimates
C.individuals did not communicate
D.estimates were not fully independent
34.What did the follow-up study focus on
A.The size of the groups.
B.The dominant members.
C.The discussion process.
D.The individual estimates.
35.What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A.Unclear.　　　　 B.Dismissive.
C.Doubtful. D.Approving.
语篇解读
没有人是一座孤岛,文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明,在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。
语篇图解
思路点拨
32.根据第二段内容可知,本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的,各不相同的误差平均在一起,相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计,讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而产生更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故　 　项正确。
33.根据第二段的“In more technical terms,the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.”和第三段的“The key finding of the study...the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.”可知,人们在没有独立的情况下,分成更小群体,平均值是更准确的,说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下,提高准确率也是可以做到的。故　 　项正确。
B
D
34.根据第四段的“In a follow-up study with 100 university students,the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion.Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds ”可知,在后续研究中,研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合文中提出的两个问题可知,后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故
　 　项正确。
35.根据最后一段内容“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain,the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.”可知,作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题,但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故　 　项正确。
C
D
课堂应用
A(2024九省联考,C)
In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People,Dale Carnegie wrote:“I have come to the conclusion that there is only one way to get the best of an argument — and that is to avoid it.” This distaste for arguments is common,but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes problems for our personal and social lives — and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.
Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights,which is how we often think of them.Like physical fights,verbal(言语的) fights can leave both sides bloodied.Even when you win,you end up no better off.You would be feeling almost as bad if arguments were even just competitions—like,say,tennis tournaments.Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner comes out from all who entered.Everybody else loses.This kind of thinking explains why so many people try to avoid arguments.
However,there are ways to win an argument every time.When you state your position,formulate(阐述) an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good.When you talk with someone who takes a stand,ask them to give you a reason for their view and spell out their argument fully.Assess its strength and weakness.Raise objections (异议) and listen carefully to their replies.This method will require effort,but practice will make you better at it.
These tools can help you win every argument—not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about what divides people,learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them.If we readjust our view of arguments — from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain respect and understanding from each other—then we change the very nature of what it means to “win” an argument.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇议论文,作者阐述了争论的意义和赢得争论的方法。
1.What is the author’s attitude toward Carnegie’s understanding of argument
A.Critical.　 B.Supportive.
C.Tolerant. D.Uncertain.
答案 A
解析 推理判断题。第一段作者提到卡耐基看待争论的态度是:赢得争论的唯一办法就是避免争论,接着作者说道“This distaste for arguments is common,but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes problems”,即作者认为厌恶争论(或避免争论)是源自对争论有错误的看法,并在第二段分析了这种错误看法,即若把争论看作是打架或竞争,结果只能是两败俱伤,没有赢家。由此可知,作者对卡耐基对争论的看法是批判性的, A项正确。
2.Why do many people try to avoid arguments
A.They lack debating skills.
B.They may feel bad even if they win.
C.They fear being ignored.
D.They are not confident of themselves.
答案 B
解析 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Like physical fights,verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied.Even when you win,you end up no better off.You would be feeling almost as bad if arguments were even just competitions”可知,作者认为把争论看作是打架或竞争的结果是两败俱伤,再结合第二段最后一句“This kind of thinking explains why so many people try to avoid arguments.”可知,很多人尽量避免争论是因为即使赢了也会有糟糕的感受,故B项正确。
3.What does the underlined phrase “spell out” in paragraph 3 probably mean
A.Defend. B.Explain.
C.Conclude. D.Repeat.
答案 B
解析 词句猜测题。根据画线词前面的and可知,spell out their argument与ask them to give you a reason for their view是并列关系,spell out的意思与give a reason的意思接近或顺承give a reason的意思,再结合画线词后面的“Assess its strength and weakness.Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.”以及最后一段尤其是其中的关键词a reasoned exchange可知,双方的交流方式是各自给出自己的观点和理由,然后倾听对方的观点和理由,由此推断spell out的意思与explain最接近。
4.What is the key to “winning” an argument according to the author
A.Sense of logic.
B.Solid supporting evidence.
C.Proper manners.
D.Understanding from both sides.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据最后一段尤其是最后一句“If we readjust our view of arguments — from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain respect and understanding from each other — then we change the very nature of what it means to ‘win’ an argument.”可知,获得彼此的尊重和理解是“赢得”争论的关键,故D项是正确答案。
B(2024全国甲卷,D)
“I didn’t like the ending,” I said to my favorite college professor.It was my junior year of undergraduate,and I was doing an independent study on Victorian literature.I had just finished reading The Mill on the Floss by George Eliot,and I was heartbroken with the ending.Prof.Gracie,with all his patience, asked me to think about it beyond whether I liked it or not.He suggested I think about the difference between endings that I wanted for the characters and endings that were right for the characters,endings that satisfied the story even if they didn’t have a traditionally positive outcome.Of course,I would have preferred a different ending for Tom and Maggie Tulliver,but the ending they got did make the most sense for them.
This was an ah-ha moment for me,and I never thought about endings the same way again.From then on,if I wanted to read an ending guaranteed to be happy,I’d pick up a love romance.If I wanted an ending I couldn’t guess,I’d pick up a mystery(悬疑).One where I kind of knew what was going to happen, historical fiction.Choosing what to read became easier.
But writing the end—that’s hard.It’s hard for writers because endings carry so much weight with readers.You have to balance creating an ending that’s unpredictable,but doesn’t seem to come from nowhere,one that fits what’s right for the characters.
That’s why this issue(期) of Writer’s Digest aims to help you figure out how to write the best ending for whatever kind of writing you’re doing.If it’s short stories,Peter Mountford breaks down six techniques you can try to see which one helps you stick the landing.Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can adapt them for your work.
This issue won’t tell you what your ending should be—that’s up to you and the story you’re telling—but it might provide what you need to get there.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇议论文。本文的作者从自己的阅读体验出发,认识到结局应适合角色而非仅追求快乐,这对写作结局有重要启示。
5.Why did the author go to Prof.Gracie
A.To discuss a novel.
B.To submit a book report.
C.To argue for a writer.
D.To ask for a reading list.
答案 A
解析 推理判断题。根据第一段第一句“I didn’t like the ending”可知,作者跟教授说自己不喜欢一本小说的结尾。结合第一段第三句可知,作者刚刚读完《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》这本小说,其结尾令人心碎。由此推测,作者是为了和教授探讨一本小说。
6.What did the author realize after seeing Prof.Gracie
A.Writing is a matter of personal preferences.
B.Readers are often carried away by characters.
C.Each type of literature has its unique ending.
D.A story which begins well will end well.
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“This was an ah-ha moment for me,and I never thought about endings the same way again.”以及下文所罗列出来的不同文学作品的不同结尾可知,作者意识到每种类型的文学作品都有其独特的结尾。
7.What is expected of a good ending
A.It satisfies readers’ taste.
B.It fits with the story development.
C.It is usually positive.
D.It is open for imagination.
答案 B
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段的第三句“You have to balance creating an ending that’s unpredictable,but doesn’t seem to come from nowhere,one that fits what’s right for the characters.”可知,一个好的结尾不能显得突兀,必须符合人物的设定,必须与故事的发展相匹配。
8.Why does the author mention Peter Mountford and Elizabeth Sims
A.To give examples of great novelists.
B.To stress the theme of this issue.
C.To encourage writing for the magazine.
D.To recommend their new books.
答案 B
解析 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“Peter Mountford breaks down six techniques you can try to see which one helps you stick the landing.Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can adapt them for your work.”可知,这两位作家都提出了关于如何写出最佳结尾的建议——这与本期杂志的主题相关。由此推测,本文作者提到这两位作家的目的是强调本期杂志的主题。