2016中考王 中考英语命题研究（冀教专版）语法突破：专题一名词

第二部分　语法专题突破篇
专题一　名词
,河北中考五年命题规律及趋势
编者按：系统分析河北近5年试题，重点是单 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )项选择、完形填空、词语运用题，逐命题点统计考查频次，表格直观呈现，并在各命题后批注考情，便于快速把握重点，逐一攻克。
考纲要求 1.可数名词及其单复数　2.不可数名词　3.专有名词　4.名词所有格
考查点 年份 题号 选项设置 分值
名词词义辨析
2015
29 printer/radio player/camera 1分
43 glass/weight/water/height 1分
44 minute/night/day/week 1分
45 mother/teacher/doctor/friend 1分
2014
30 ice/soup/salt/sugar 1分
46 boys/girls/men/women 1分
50 town/market/garden/school 1分
55 pay/time/advice/love 1分
2013
29 color/size/smell/shape 1分
49 fear/trouble/surprise/danger 1分
50 titles/orders/stories/questions 1分
51 discussion/practice/meeting/review 1分
2012
30 potato/banana/candy/pie 1分
53 results/films/prizes/drawings 1分
55 chance/practice/difference/experience 1分
2011
30 prize/prizes/hobby/hobbies 1分
48 advice/picture/idea/card 1分
52 note/word/address/letter 1分
名词单复数
2015
79 river→rivers 1分
80 wish→wishes 1分
2013 81 foot→feet 1分
2012 85 festival—festivals 1分
名词转换
2011
82 science——scientist 1分
82 play——players 1分
　　分析河北近5年中考真题可以看出，名词为 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )单项选择题的必考点，且近两年偏向名词词义在语境中的辨析，句子设置的语境贴近学生生活实际。对名词单复数的考查会和词义辨析结合，注重对语境的考查。对名词所有格的考查也会和单复数结合，侧重于不规则变化的名词复数。设题形式均为简单句，以两个单句为主，一个句子提供语境，另一个句子设题，词数在9～12个。另外，完形填空和词语运用中也会涉及对名词的考查，完形填空侧重考查名词的词义辨析，而词语运用则侧重对名词单复数的所有格的考查。
预计2016年河北中考的单项选择仍会考查名 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )词词义辨析题，且与语境紧密结合。完形填空也会涉及2～3道名词词义辨析题，且与上下文语境相结合。词语运用中考查名词变复数的可能性较大。
,河北中考重难点突破
名词名词的
分类专有名词
普通名词可数名词个体名词
集体名词
不可数名词物质名词
抽象名词
名词
的数可数名词单数
复数规则变化
不规则变化
不可数名词
名词的所有格's所有格的构成及用法
of所有格的构成及用法
双重所有格
名词的句法作用名词作主语、宾语、表语
名词作定语、同位语、补语、
状语
　名词辨析
【考点抢测】
(　　)1.If Pete ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r comes to us by any chance，please ask him to leave a ________．
A．letter　　　　　　　B．sentence
C．message D．notice
(　　)2.(2015石家庄42中模拟 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ))If you go to visit London，don't forget to bring your ________. Because it rains a lot.
A．passport B．money
C．map D．umbrella
(　　)3.(2015石家庄28中 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )模拟)It's your ________ as a teacher to protect your students.
A．duty B．hobby
C．habit D．manner
(　　)4.(2015保定13中模 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )拟)Jennifer takes a lot of exercise every day and she is always full of ________．
A．knowledge B．energy
C．change D．courage
(　　)5.It's a good ________ to have breakfast every morning.
A．habit B．job
C．menu D．skill
(　　)6.I want to write for international ________ to become a writer.
A．chairs B．computers
C．doors D．magazines
(　　)7.The Internet is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )very useful. We can get a lot of ________ from it.
A．things B．troubles
C．questions D．information
(　　)8.(2015唐山 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )友谊中学模拟)Lin Shuhao is one of the best basketball ________ in NBA.
A．actors B．players
C．waiters D．writers
(　　)9.Please ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) pick me up at the ________. My plane arrives at 8：00 a．m.
A．hotel B．airport
C．museum D．theatre
(　　)10.(2015保定17中模拟 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ))I will stay at ______ when the summer holiday come.
A．house B．home
C．family D．flat
(　　)11.It's kind of you to offer your ________ to the old in the bus.
A．seat B．space
C．place D．room
(　　)12.(2015张家口9中模拟 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ))Now there are more and more new drivers，but they haven't got a correct ________ of direction.
A．idea B．feeling
C．experience D．sense
【满分点拨】
分析河北中考近几年单选和完形对名词辨析的考查，主要以语境辨析和近义词辨析为主。
1．语境辨析
分析河北中考近几年单选和完形，名词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )辨析侧重于对语境辨析的考查，同时较少涉及单复数、固定搭配。学生在做题时，首先应读懂句意，抓住题干中关键信息，并分析各个选项的意思，结合日常生活的常识及语境，即可选出正确答案。学生可结合河北试题研究话题词汇分类速记表中常见名词基本词义，并背诵教材中常见的固定搭配。
2．近义词辨析
近义名词在河北中考中没有涉及，老师可根据以下所列常见近义名词适当补充。
1．family，home，house与room
2．noise，sound与voice
3．question与problem
4．work与job
5．message，information与news
6．village，city与countryside
7．clothes，cloth与clothing
8．photo，picture与drawing
9．population与people
10．road，street，path与way
11．exercise，exercises与practice
12．class与lesson
13．country，nation，state与land
14．police与policeman
15．trip，journey，travel与tour
　名词的数
【考点抢测】
一、词语运用
woman　foot　apple　sheep　glass
1．The students of Gr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ade 7 visited Mike's farm and saw many ________ there.
2．All the ________ teachers in our school enjoyed themselves on March 8th because it was their own holiday.
3．I'm going to the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )supermarket to buy some milk and ________ this afternoon.
4．Is that pair of ________ a little cheaper
5．These shoes are too big for my ________．
二、 单项选择
(　　)6.(2015唐山友谊 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )中学模拟)Hurry up，we just get a few ________ to prepare for the presentation.
A．minute　　　　B．minutes
C．chance D．chances
(　　)7.(2015沧州14中模拟) ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )I gave a bunch(束) of ________ to my mom on Mother's Day.
A．flowers B．flower
C．flour D．flours
(　　)8.(2015保定13中模拟)—M ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )om，I've heard that we can't eat ________ these days. Is it true
—Take it easy. It is safe to eat cooked meat.
A．chicken B．chickens
C．a chicken D．the chicken
(　　)9.—Are there any ________ in your school
—Yes，there are.
A．Germen B．Germans
C．German D．Germany
(　　)10.—Do you have any ________？
—Yes，I like chess and drama best.
A．jobs B．job
C．hobby D．hobbies
【满分点拨】
1．名词的分类
类别 意义 例词
专有名词 表示人、地方、事物、机构、组织等名称的词 Alice，Canada，the Great Wall
普通名词
可数名词
个体名词 表示个体的人或事物的词 book，desk，table，bike，plane
集体名词 表示一群人或一些事物的词 family，class，police，team，group
不可数名词
物质名词 表示构成各种物体的物质或材料的词 glass，water，air，paper，wood
抽象名词 表示状态、品质、行为、感情等抽象概念的词 danger，health，love，success，interest
2.可数名词单复数变化规律
情况 构成方法 例词
一般情况 加 s cap→caps；dog→dogs；bike→bikes；driver→drivers
以字母s，sh，ch，x等结尾 加 es bus→buses；wish→wishes；watch→watches；box→boxes
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾 变y为i，再加 es lady→ladies；century→centuries；family→families；story→stories
以f或fe结尾 一般变f，fe为v，再加 es leaf→leaves；life→lives；half→halves；knife→knives
以o结尾 o前为辅音音素时加 es，o前为元音音素时加 s tomato→tomatoe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s；hero→heroes；potato→potatoes；radio→radios；zoo→zoos；例外，photo→photos；piano→pianos
复合名词
将后一个词变为复数 tooth brush→tooth brushes；film goer→film goers
两部分都变复数 man doctor→men doctors；woman teacher→women teachers
特殊名词
改变内部元音字母 foot→feet；tooth→teeth；man→men；mouse→mice
词尾加 ren child→children
单复数同形 Chinese→Chinese；sheep→sheep；deer→deer
　　注意：(1)由man和woman构 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )成的合成词，其复数形式也是把 man改成 men。但German不是合成词，故其复数形式为直接加 s。
(2)man和woman作定语时，其本身的单复数形式与被修饰词的单复数一致。如：
a man teacher→men teachers(男老师)
a woman cook→women cooks(女厨师)
3．常见不可数名词归纳及用法
(1)常见的不可数名词
物质名词
食物 bread面包　meat肉　cheese奶酪
液体 milk牛奶　water水　wine酒　oil油
自然物体 soil土壤　sand沙子　wood木头
抽象名词
情感 joy高兴　friendship友情　peace和平
学科 math数学　geography地理physics物理　chemistry化学
概念 population人口　knowledge知识
　　(2)不可数名词量化的表示
不可数名词的多少可用以下词组来表示：
a block of一块　　　a bottle of一瓶
a group of一群 a pair of一组，一双，一对
a piece of一片(张，块) 　　a pile of一堆
短语a pair(piece)of＋复 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )数名词作主语时，中心词是pair(piece)(pieces)，故谓语动词用单数；若短语是two pairs(pieces)of＋复数名词作主语，则中心词是two pairs(pieces)，谓语动词用复数。
(3)可数与不可数易混归纳
exercise(锻炼)→some exercises(练习，训练)
work(工作)→works(著作)
glass(玻璃)→a glass(玻璃杯)
paper(纸)→a paper(报纸，证件，试卷)
wood(木头，木材)→a wood(小树林)
room(空间)→a room(房间)
life(生活)→seven lives(七条生命)
　名词所有格
【考点抢测】
1．One of my ________ homework wasn't handed in today.(classmate)
2．—When is ________ Day
—It's on June 1st，Dave.(child)
(　　)3.—How far is your home from school
—It's about two ________ walk.
A．hours　 B．hours'　 C．hour's　 D．hour
(　　)4.(2015石家庄41中模拟) ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )On the weekend，________ is so crowded that I can not find my friend.
A．the center of the city
B．city's center
C．city's and center's
D．cities's center
(　　)5.(2015石家庄28中模拟)Mary is ________，so please treat her as yours.
A．a friend of me 　B．a friend of mine
C．a friend of you 　D．a friend of yours
【满分点拨】
含有and的所有格
用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示两人共同拥有某物，这时只在最后一个名词后加's，用A and B's表示。如：
Mrs. King is Lucy and Lily's mother.金女士是露西和莉莉的母亲。
用and连接两个并列名词，表示分别拥有各自的物品时，两个名词都在词尾加's，用A's and B's表示。如：
There are Tom's and Mary's bags.这些是汤姆和玛丽的包。
双重所有格两种形式：
of＋名词所有格。如：
He is a friend of my brother's.他是我哥哥的一个朋友。
of＋名词性物主代词。如：
Is she a daughter of yours？她是你的一个女儿吗？
,河北中考考点精练
(　　)1.(2015德州中考)The New York Times is a popular daily ________.
A．dictionary　　　　B．magazine
C．newspaper D．guidebook
(　　)2.(2015广安中考)—How many ________ can you see in the picture
—Two.
A．dog　　　B．child　　　C．sheeps　　　D．sheep
(　　)3.(2015凉山中考)—________fathers didn't come to the meeting.Why
—Because they have gone to Beijing.
A．Jeff's and Amy's B．Jeff and Amy
C．Jeff's and Amy D．Jeff and Amy's
(　　)4.(2015温州中考)Annie ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )has a ________，and she is going to see her dentist today.
A．cold　B．fever　C．cough　D．toothache
(　　)5.(2015重庆中考A卷) ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Dave really likes driving.I think being a ________ is just right for him.
A．doctor B．teacher
C．farmer D．driver
(　　)6.(2015临沂中考)I l ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ive near the station.It's only about five ________ walk.
A．minute's B．minute
C．minutes' D．minutes
(　　)7.(2015天津中考)In 1 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )998，Liu Xiang's ________ in hurdling was noticed by Sun Haiping.
A．ability B．trade
C．electricity D．memory
(　　)8.(2015承德2中模拟)—Are all the students from ________in your class
—No，there are onl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y 3 ________in our class.The others are from other countries.
A．Germany；Germen
B．Germany；Germans
C．German；Germans
D．German；Germany
(　　)9.(2015武威中考)He ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) has a collection of ________．He can not only enjoy them but also use them to mail letters.
A．stamps B．novels
C．instruments D．magazines
(　　)10.(2015兰州中考)You paid ￥10 for ________this morning.
A．4 bottle milks
B．4 bottles of milk
C．4 bottles of milks
D．4 milk
(　　)11.(2015邯郸25中模拟 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ))None of them talked.They finished their meal in ________．
A．silence B．order
C．place D．public
(　　)12.(2015保定8中模拟)—What's your favorite，Jim
—My favorite is ________.I often listen to it on MP3.
A．sports B．dance
C．science D．music
(　　)13.(2015河南中考)—Is this photo taken in Tibet
—Yes.You can s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ee beautiful snow mountain in the ________ of the photo.
A．form B．background
C．shape D．instruction
(　　)14.(2015邢 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )台金华中学模拟)Nowadays schools should care for the full ________ of a student's talents.
A．satisfaction B．development
C．communication D．preparation
(　　)15.(2015济南中考)I'm ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )a little hungry now.I only drank some ________ before I came to school.
A．bread B．milk
C．banana D．noodle
(　　)16.(2015宁夏中考)—Listen! Who is singing
—It's Betty.She has a sweet ________.
A．sound B．voice
C．noise D．speech
(　　)17.(2015石家庄40中模拟)T ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )here are fifty ________ in our school.They are all friendly to us.
A．woman teachers B．women teacher
C．woman teacher D．women teachers
(　　)18.(2015张家口9中模拟)—You look so young! How old are you
—Aha! It's a________.
A．suggestion B．reason
C．secret D．problem
(　　)19.(2015保定17中模拟)Th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e customers are pleased with the________ of the restaurant.
A．balance B．experience
C．surface D．service
(　　)20.(2016原创 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )预测)Knowledge can help open up the ________ eyes to the outside world and give them a good start in life.
A．students' B．student's
C．students D．student'