广东省2016届高三二轮复习讲义：第八讲 强调及倒装

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第八讲 强调及倒装
一．强调
一般而言，强调可以用以下语法手段：
1. 强调结构表强调，例如：
It was from him that I got to know the news. 我是从他那里得知这个消息的。
2. Do表强调，例如：
Do come early. 一定要早点来。
She did send you a letter last week. 她上周确实把信寄出去了。
You're quite wrong, --- she does love you. 你错了，——她真的爱你。
3. very 表强调，例如：
At that very moment he came. 就在那个时候，他来了。
The very sight of the snake makes the girl shiver. 一看到那条蛇，女孩就颤抖了。
He escaped under their very nose. 他就在他们的鼻子底下逃跑了。
强调结构(It is / was + 被 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )强调部分 + that / who...)由于其实用性强、易与其它句型结合、创新力度大而受到命题者的青睐。对强调结构的易考点进行归纳,希望能帮助同学们攻克这一语法现象。www.21-cn-jy.com
1.考查强调结构的基本形式
强调结构的基本形式是“It is / wa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s + 被强调部分 + that / who...”,可以用来强调主语、宾语、状语等,一般不能强调谓语动词。www-2-1-cnjy-com
It is the ability to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )do the job ________ matters, not where you come from or what you are.【出处：21教育名师】
A. one B. that C. what D. it
2. 考查一般疑问句的强调结构
一般疑问句的强调结构句型为:Is / Was it + 被强调部分 + that / who..."
Was ________ that I saw last night at the concert 【版权所有：21教育】
A. it you B. not you C. you D. yourself
3. 考查特殊疑问句的强调结构
特殊疑问句的强调结构句型为 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ):特殊疑问词( Who / What / When / Where / Why / How...)+is / was it that..."例如:21*cnjy*com
Why was it that Li Lei came late again
这类强调结构置于从句中时应使用陈述语序:
The question is who it is that we can trust.
I have always been ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )honest and straight-forward, and it doesn't matter ________ I'm talking to.2·1·c·n·j·y
A. who is it B. who it is C. it is who D. it is whom
4. 考查对not...until...句式的强调
对not...until...句式的强调有固定的句型,即It is / was not until...that...。
It was not ________ she took off her dark glasses ________ I realized she was a famous film star.
A. when; that B. until; that C. until; when D. when; then
5. 考查强调句型的反意疑问句及回答
强调句型的反意疑问句及回答应与It is / was... that...结构保持一致。
— Wasn't it Dr. Wang who spoke to you just now
— ________.
A. I didn't know ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he was B. Yes, it was C. No, he wasn't D. Yes, he did
6. 考查强调结构与其它相似结构的区别
强调结构与其它含有it 的结构非常相似,很容 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )易混淆。区别的办法是去掉 It is / was... that ...结构后,句子依然成立的是强调结构。
It was evening ________ we reached the little town of Winchester.
A. that B. until C. since D. before
二．倒装
谓语动词放在主语之前的这种 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )语法现象称为倒装。从倒装的形式来看，可分为全部倒装(full inversion)和部分倒装(partial inversion)两种。前者是指整个谓语置于主语之前，而后者仅是指助动词、情态动词或be 动词等功能置于主语这前。
1. 完全倒装　
1) 完全倒装即把整个谓 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )语放到主语之前(是整个谓语动词，而非助动词)。例如：
In came the teacher and the class began. 老师走了进来，然后开始上课。
2) there引出的完全倒装句：除了 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )最常见的there be句型以外，there还可以接appear, exist, lie, remain, seem to be, stand等，一般都译成"有"的含义，构成完全倒装句。例如：
There appeared to be a man in black in the distance.远处有个穿黑色衣服的人。
3) 由地点和时间副词引出的完全倒装句 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )：以地点副词here, there和时间副词now, then 开头，后面的动词是be, come, exist, fall, follow, go, lie, remain, seem, stand等，而主语又是名词时，构成完全倒装句。例如：
Under that tree sits a beautiful girl.那棵树下坐着一位美丽的姑娘。
注意：
1) 在here, there引出 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的倒装句中，当主语是普通名词时用完全倒装句，但当主语是代词时，就要用部分倒装句。例：
Here comes the postman!邮递员终于来了！注意实意谓语动词位于主语之前。
Here we are.我们到了。注意系动词位于主语代词之后。
2) 注意正语序和倒装语序的语气、意义是区别：例：
Here is the picture I love.这正是我所喜爱的画。21教育名师原创作品
The picture I love is here.我所喜爱的画在这里。
3) 当主语是代词，谓语是系动词，表语是 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )说明性的词、词组和定语从句时，可以使用完全倒装句，起强调作用。例：
Lucky is he who has been enrolled into a famous university.他真幸运，被一所名牌大学录取了。
2. 部分倒装
1) 部分倒装即只把谓语的一部分(如助动词、情态动词等)放到主语前，或把句子的强调成分提前。
2) 以否定词开头的句子要求部分倒装。注意下列句子中助动词或情态动词提前、甚至补充助动词的用法：
　例：Not until yesterday did little John change his mind.小约翰直到昨天才改变了主意。
3) 以否定副词开头并加状语的句子要 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )求部分倒装。这些否定副词有barely, hardly, little, seldom, scarcely…… when, never, no sooner…… than, rarely, no more, nor nearly, not only等以及only。21cnjy.com
注意：在部分倒装句中，只有助动词、情态动词或连系动词to be可以置于主语之前，其它部分都要置于主语之后。21教育网
a) 如果含有从句时，只要求主句倒装：
例：Only after he had ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大错误。
b) 如果上述否定副词出现在强调句型中的前半部分，不用倒装：
例： It was not u ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ntil he went abroad that he know the truth of the fact.直到他出国以后才了解到事实真相。　　21*cnjy*com
c) 如果hardly, scarce ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ly后面接的是any, ever, at all时，意义类似almost no/ not/ never(几乎不、从不)，则无须倒装。
例：Hardly any people having been invited went there.几乎没有什么受到邀请的人去那里了。
4) 由no matter how, ho ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )wever和how引导的状语从句要求部分倒装，因为形容词或副词通常紧跟在这三个引导词后面，然后才是主语和谓语，形成形式上的部分倒装句：
例：I know nothi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ng about this river, neither how long, how wide nor how deep it is.我一点也不了解这条河，不知道它有多长，多宽或多深。
5) 由as引导的部分倒装句：
a) 当as引导让步状语时，和although, though一样，当用作“尽管”之义时，可以用于部分倒装句。
例：_______, there was no hope of her being able to sleep.
A) As she was exhausted B) If she was exhausted
C) Exhausted though she was D) Now that she was exhausted
答案是C) Exhausted tho ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ugh she was。从属连词as, though可以用于让步状语从句中。这种从句必须以形容词(或形容词化的分词)、名词或动词原形开头，主语必须位于从句之后。D) Now that she was exhausted里的引导词Now that表示“既然”；B) If she was exhausted表示条件“如果”； A) As she was exhausted表示“由于”(因为使用的是正语序)，都与后面句子的意思不通顺。
b) 表示原因时，为了强调起见，也可以倒装。
例：Tired as he was, we decided not to disturb him.因为他太累了，我们决定不打扰他。
c) 等于so时，意义是“也，也是”
例：She worked hard, so/ as did her husband. 她工作很努力，她的丈夫工作也很努力。21·世纪*教育网
3. 引起倒装的情况多种多样，倒装的表现形式大体有下列几种：
1) 在省略if 的虚拟语气条件状语从 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )句中这类句子中有were, had, should等词时，把were, had或should置于句首。例如：
Were there no air or water, there would be no life in the world.
Had you been mor ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e careful, such spelling mistakes might have been avoided.
2) 在so, nor, neither或no more开头的句子中
此类句子通常表示前面一句话中的谓语所说明的情况，也适用于另一句中的主语。例如：
This problem is not difficult and neither is that one.
Coal is under the ground in some places, and so is oil.
3) 在以具有否定意义的副词、连词及词组开头的句子中
这些词和词组通常有：rarely, neve ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r, scarcely, no sooner, little, few, hardly, seldom, at no time, in no way, on no account, nowhere, nobody, not only等。例如：
Visit our stor ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )es. Nowhere else will you find such magnificent bargains.
Hardly had he finished his work when the telephone rang.
Not only did he ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it.
Little did we th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ink his speech had made so deep an impression on his audience.
4) 在强调状语时
(1)当句首状语为方位词或拟声词，谓语动词为go, come等表示位置转移的动词时句子须倒装。例如：
Up went the plane.
In came the chairman and the meeting began.
注：如果主语是代词则不发生倒装。例如：
Out they rushed!
Lower and lower he bent.
(2) 当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时，句子须倒装。例如：
Round the corner walked a large policeman.
Under the table was lying a half-conscious young man.
(3)当句首状语由“only +副词”，“only +介词词组”，“only +状语从句”构成时，句子须倒装。例如：2-1-c-n-j-y
Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing.
Only because ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) there were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the end.
(4)当句首状语为here, there, now, then等时，句子须倒装，主语是代词时，句子不用倒装。例如：
Here is a ticket for you.
Now comes your tur ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n.
Here he comes.
(5)以关联词so (…that)开头的句子中，句子须倒装。例如：
So small was the mark that I could hardly see it.
So much does he ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) worry about his financial position that he can’t sleep at night.
注：在该结构中，“so +形容词”是表语的前置；“so +副词”是状语的前置。
5) often, many a time等表示频度的状语置于句首时
例如：Often did they think of going there, but they never had a chance.
4. 总结一下：
(1)在以there、here、now、then、such引导的，引起人们注意的招呼句要倒装。
There goes the bell. Here comes the bus.
(2)表示动态的状语，置于句首时，句子要倒装。
Off went the horse. In came the boss.
From the speaker comes the doctor’s voice.
(3)表示地点的词语置于句首或强调地点概念时。
South of the town lie two steel factories.
Between the two buildings stands a tall tree.
注意：句子的主语为人称代词时，句子不倒装。
Here it is. Away they went.
(4)否定词never、se ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ldom、hardly、scarcely、barely、rarely、little、not、nowhere、by no means、at no time、neither、nor等放在句首时，句子常倒装。如：
By no means shall we give up.
Never have I been to the USA.
Seldom does she get up late in the morning.
(5)在not only ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )… but also … no sooner … than …、hardly … when …、scarcely … when …、not until …、so … that …、such … that …句型中，主句倒装，从句不倒装，但要注意：neither … nor …连接的句子前后两个分句都要倒装。
Not only is she smart but also she is beautiful.
Such great progress did he make that he was praised.21世纪教育网版权所有
So heavy is the box that I can’t carry it.
Neither has he a pencil, nor has he a pen.
(6)Only + 状语或状语从句 +其他(only在句首时要倒装)。
Only then did I realize the importance of learning English.21·cn·jy·com
(7)so、as、neither、nor放在句首时，表示前面的情况也适用于另一个人或物时，用部分倒装。【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
(8)表语或状语或动词原形 + as/though + 主语 + 其他时，句子要倒装。(在让步状语从句中)【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
(9)虚拟语气中用倒装代替if。
Were I you, I would go there at once.
Had you come yesterday, you could have helped us.
(10)在一些表示祝愿的句子中。
Long live China!
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