广东省2016届高三二轮复习讲义：第九讲 形容词副词

第九讲 形容词副词
一.形容词的作用
形容词是用来修饰名词的，常被放在名词前作定语，或放在系动词后面作表语。
1. 作定语：特别注意多个形容词作定语时的排列顺序。形容词短语作定语，定语后置。
a language difficult to master, a leaning tower about 180 feet high
2. 作表语：通常与系动词be , ge ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t , grow , become , feel , appear, prove , seem, look, keep, smell, taste, sound , turn, remain 等连用。
如: Our classroom is c ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lean. The weather is getting cooler and cooler.
3. 作宾补:如：The news made every one happy.
4. 与定冠词一起表示某一类人或物，在句中可作主语、宾语。
如:The rich and the poor live very different lives.
5. 作状语，表示伴随状况、原因、结果等。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )如：
He went to bed, cold and hungry.
She stared into the distance, speechless for a moment.
二.副词的作用
副词的定义：副词是一种用来 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念。一般位于形容词之前，动词之后或句子之首。
1. 作状语：通常修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。
如：We should constantly review our lessons.
2. 作表语：Now summer is in.
3. 作定语：如：
The popul ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ation here is getting smaller and smaller.
One my way home, I saw an old lady sitting under a tree alone.
4. 作宾补(副词构成复合宾语的情况较少)
如：I saw Mrs Green ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) out with her husband.
5. 构成短语：表示位置的副词可与动词构成短语，表示特定的意思。
如：pick out (挑选)，turn up (露面)
　副词的分类:
1. 时间和频度副词: now,t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hen,often,always,usually,early,today, lately, next,last,already,generally,frequently, seldom,ever,never,yet,soon,too, immediately, hardly,finally,shortly, before, ago,sometimes, yesterday
2. 地点副词: here, there, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )everywhere, anywhere, in, out, inside, outside, above, below, down, back, forward, home, upstairs, downstairs, across, along, round , around, near, off, past, up, away, on.
3. 方式副词: care ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )fully, properly, anxiously, suddenly, normally, fast, well, calmly, politely, proudly, softly, warmly　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
4. 程度副词: muc ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )h,little, very,rather,so,too,still, quite, perfectly, enough, extremely, entirely,almost, slightly.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
5. 疑问副词: how, when, where, why.　　　　　　　　　
6. 关系副词: when, where, why.　　　　　　　　　　　
7. 连接副词: how, when, where, why, whether.
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
三.容易出错的几个注意点
1. 下列以a-开头的形容词通常只用作表语：
表语形容词(afraid、alike、 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )alone、asleep、awake、alive ashamed , afloat (飘浮的), aware (知道的)等。)作定语，定语后置。如a man alive。 a man afraid (害怕的人)，the greatest man alive (健在的最伟大的人) the only child awake (唯一醒着的孩子)有些表身体健康状况的形容词如well、faint、ill只作表语。sick既可作表语又可作定语。
另外，unable, content ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )(满足的), ill(生病的)，通常不可用作定语；ill 作定语时，通常是"坏的，邪恶的"意思。尽管现在已有人用ill作前置定语表示生病的，well表示健康的，习惯上还是用sick, healthy等作前置定语为好。
注意：
(1)多数以a-开头的形容词不直接 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )用very修饰，通常习惯说法如：
very much alone 非常孤单的/wide awake 十分清醒的/sound / fast asleep 熟睡的
(2)以a-开头的形容词本身带有副词来修饰时，可以用作前置定语，如：
a fast asleep boy 熟睡的男孩；the wide awake soldiers 十分清醒的士兵
(3)用作定语，修饰由不定代词one、n ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o、any、some和every构成的复合词如anything、something等时，通常后置。如：
I have something important to tell you.
(4)else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。
(5)几个并列的形容词作定语，其语序 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )通常为：限定语(The、A)+ 描绘性形容词 + size(大小)+ shape(形状)+ age(年龄、时间)+ color(颜色)+ origin(国籍、来源)+ material(材料)+ purpose(目的)+ 名词。如：
a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella,
the man’s first tow interesting little red French oil paitings
2. 有些形容词(如wooden)通常不能用作表语。
我们不说The table is wo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )oden 而应改为：The table is of wood. 或The table is made of wood.
不能用作表语，只能作定语的常用形容词还有：inner 内部的，outer 外部的， former 较前的, latter 较后的，utter完全的，upper上面的，real真正的，mere仅仅的，live[laiv]活的， only唯一的，aged年老的
3. 有些形容词(如possible)作表语时，通常不用"人"作主语。
我们不说He is possi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ble to attend the meeting. 而应该说It is possible for him to attend the meeting.
这类形容词常见的有： possible ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ), improbable, convenient, inconvenient等
注意：这类句型中当动词不定式与句子主语存在着逻辑动宾关系时，主语用"人"是可以的，如：
He is impossible to teach. = It is impossible to teach him.
这句也是正确的：She is necessary to get along well with.
4. worth, worthwhile 和worthy
1) be worth 表示"价值"时，后面可以直接接名词或-ing形式；
2) 在It is worth while 结构中，it 为形式主语，后面可接-ing形式，也可接动词不定式
3) worthy 可修饰名词作定语，如a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) worthy man 可尊敬的人， a worthy life 有价值的 / 有意义的生活，与 of 连用时可作后置定语，如：
a cause worthy ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) of support 值得支持的事业。
worthy of 作表语时，后面可接名词或-ing形式(常用其被动式)
4) worthy后面也可接动词不定式，被动含义时也须用不定式的被动式。
5. 有些副词与形容词形式相同，表示同一含义，常见的有：early , late , fast , high , straight
6. 副词的位置
1) 修饰形容词和其它副词时，通常放在 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )被修饰词之前，但enough、nearby修饰名词前置或后置，程度副词一般位于形容词、副词前面，enough修饰形容词、副词时，必须后置。
如: This is a very useful tool
He doesn't work hard enough.
2) 频度副词 (often , us ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ually , seldom , hardly , never, sometimes, always等)要放在实义动词的前面， be 动词、助动词、情态动词的后面。如：
We often go to the park.
He is always ready to help others.
3) 地点副词、时间副词、方式副词常位于 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )句末。如：
I remember that I met him somewhere.
Everything went smoothly.
4) 同时出现几种副词时的排列顺序：方式副词→地点副词→时间副词。如：
He made his model plane perfectly there yesterday.
5) 作定语的副词放在被修饰词之后。
People here are very friendly to me.
7. 某些以-ly结尾的词是形容词而不是副词。
如friendly , lively , ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lovely, lonely, likely, deadly , silly , orderly、ugly、brotherly、timely等。
8. 表愿意(无-ly)和引申意(有-ly)的副词：
deep深, wide宽广, hig ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )h高, low位置低； deeply深入地, widely广泛地, highly高度地, lowly地位卑微。
有些副词有两种形式(加-ly后变为另一副词)，但意义不同。
如： late 迟，晚；lately 近来；high 高；highly 高度地
有无-ly意义大不相同的副词：
dead 完全，绝对：be dead asleep
deadly非常：be deadly tired
pretty相当：be pretty certain that
prettily漂亮地：be prettily dressed
close近：Don’t sit close.
closely密切地：Watch closely!
late晚、迟：arrive late, come late
lately最近：I haven’t seen him lately(recently).
9. 复合形容词的构成
(1)形容词 + 名词 + ed ：kind-hearted好心的，white-haired白发的
(2)形容词 + 形容词：red-hot炽热的，dark-blue深蓝的
(3)形容词 + 现在分词：good-looking好看的，easy-going随和的
(4)副词 + 现在分词：hard-working勤劳的，fast-moving快速转动的
(5)副词 + 过去分词：hard-won得来不易的，newly-made新建的
(6)名词 + 形容词：life-long终生的，world-famous世界闻名的
(7)名词 + 现在分词：peace-loving爱好和平的，fun-loving爱开玩笑的
(8)名词 + 过去分词：snow-covered白雪覆盖的，hand-made手工的
(9)数词 + 名词 + ed：four-storeyed 4层楼的，three-legged 3条腿的
(10)数词 + 名词(名词用单数)：ten-year 10年的,two-man两人的
四.形容词和副词的比较级用法
1. 两者相比(A=B)，用"as + 原级 + as"表示。
原级的构成和用法：
构成：形容词、副词的原级即本身。
用法：表示双方在程度、性质、特征等某方面相等时，用“as + 原级形容词/副词 + as”的结构。
Xiao Wang is as tall as Xiao Yu.
Miss Xu speaks English as fluently as you .
2. 两者相比(A表示双方不相等时，用“not so(as) + 原级形容词/副词 + as”的结构；表示一方是另一方的若干倍时，用“倍数 + as + 原级形容词/副词 + as”的结构。如：
This building looks not so (as)high as that one.
This room is three times as large as that one.
3. 两者相比(A>B)，用"比较级+than"表示。
比较级的用法：
①对方比较，表示一方超过另一方时，用“比较级 + than”的结构表示。如：
This picture is more beautiful than that one.
②表示一方不及另一方时，用“less + 原级 + than”的结构表示。如：
This room is less beautiful than that one.
③表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时，可在 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )比较级前加表示程度的状语，如even、a lot、a bit、a little、still、much、far、yet、by far等修饰。如：
He works even harder than before.
注意：英语的比较级前如无even、still或yet等时，译成汉语时可用“较”或“一些”或不译出，一般不可有“更”。如：
She is better than she was yesterday
Please come earlier tomorrow.
另注意：by far通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时，一般放在比较级的后面，如在前面，应在二者中间加“the”。如：
He is taller by far than his brother.
He is by far the taller of the two brothers.
④表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )用“the + 比较级(主语 + 谓语)，the + 比较级(主语 + 谓语)”的结构(意为“越厖越厖”)。如：
The harder he works, the happier he feels.
⑤不与其他事物相比，表示本身程度的改变时，用“比较级 + and + 比较级”的结构。如：
The weather is getting colder and colder.
The girl becomes more and more beautiful.
⑥在比较从句中为了避免重复，我们通常 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )用that(those)、one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。that指物,one既可指人又可指物。that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词，而one只能代替可数名词。
The book on the tab ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )le is more interesting than that(或the one)on the desk.
A box made of steel is stronger than one made of wood.
⑦倍数表达法。
A. A is three(four, etc.)times the size(height, length etc.)of B.
The new buildi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ng is four times the size(the height)of the old one.这座新楼比那座旧楼大三倍(高三倍)。
B. A is three(four, etc.)times as big(high, long, etc.)as B.
Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲比欧洲大三倍。
C. A is three (four, etc.)times bigger(higher, longer, etc.)than B.
Your school is three times bigger than ours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。
用times 表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍可以用twice或double.
4. 比较级的一些常用句型
1) 表示"几倍于 时，用"倍数+as卆s"或"倍数+比较级+than"两种结构。
2) 用"比较级 + and + 比较级"表示"越来越
3) 用"the + 比较级, the + 比较级"表示"越，越 。
4) 表示size , w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )eight , length , width, height等的倍数，用"倍数+the (size , weight +of 结构。
5) 比较级前的修饰语可用表示程度或数量的词或短语，主要有：even, still , much, far, any
(用于否定句或疑问句), a lot , ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )a great deal, by far, a little , a bit , three times, two metres 等。
6) 表示"两者中间的一个"，比较级前要加 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the，即"the + 比较级 + of the two"结构。
7) no more than = only 或 as as 只有，仅仅
not more than = at most 至多，不超过
8) no less than 有之多 not less than 不少于
9) 由as / so组成的形容词或副词短语。
① as much as + 不可数名词数量。
Each stone weighs as much as fifteen tons.
She could earn as much as ten dollars a week.
②as many as + 可数名词数量多达
I have as a many as sixteen reference books.
③as early as早在
As early as the tw ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )elfth century the English began to invade the island.
④as far as远到；就厖而知(论)
We might go as far as (走到)the church and back.
As far as I know(就我所知)，he has been there before.
⑤may (might, could)as well不妨、不如
Then you might as well stay with us here.
⑥as as can be到了最厖的程度，极其
They are as unreliable as they can be.他们极其不可信。
⑦as as one can
He began to run, as fast as he could.
⑧as as possible
Just get them to finish up as quickly as possible.
5. 最高级的用法
①三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度时，用“the + 最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。如：
Zhang Hua is the tallest of the three.
He works(the)hardest in his class.
②最高级可被序数词以及muc ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )h、by far、nearly、almost 、by no means、not quite、not really、nothing like等词语所修饰。如：
This hat is b ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y far / much / nearly / almost / not nearly / by no means / not quite / nothing like the biggest.
How much did the second most expensive hat cost
③表示“最高程度”的形容词，如excellent、extreme、perfect等，没有最高级，也不能用比较级。
④形容词最高级修饰作表语或介词宾语的名词、代词时，被修饰的词往往省略。如：
He is the tallest(boy)in his class.
⑤形容词和副词前面使用冠词的情况。
·形容词最高级前一般要加定冠词，副词最高级前可不加冠词。
Of all the boys he came(the)earliest.
·形容词最高级前有时加不定冠词，或不加冠词，不表比较，表示“非常”。如：
He is a most clever young policeman.(a most=very)
The film is most interesting.(most=very)
·表示两者间“较厖的一个”比较级前加the。如：
who is the older of the tow boys
·在“the + 比较级，the + 比较级”结构中。
·在same前一般要加the。
·有些形容词前加the 成为名词。如the poor、the rich 等。
说明：
(1)用比较级句型表达最高级含义时，应注意避免和包括自身的对象比。
(2)比较级句型和同级比较句型中出现否定词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )no , never , nothing等，也可表达最高级含义。
I love nothing better than swimming . (= I love swimming best.)
I have never seen as old a car as this. (= This is the oldest car I've ever seen.)
(3)最高级可以被序数词以及much ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ), by far , nearly , almost, by no means, not quite , not really , nothing like 等词语所修饰。
五、几组重要的词语辨析
1. very 和much的区别。
(1)可分等级的形容词和副词前使用very不用much。
(2)表示状态的过去分词前用ver ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y。a very frightened boy, a very tired child, a very complicated problem, 一般的情况下，以-ing、-ed结尾的分词多用much、very much / greatly等修饰。如：We were greatly shocked by the news about Tom. I was much amused by Jack’s attitude。
(3)已转化为形容词的现在分词前用very。如：very interesting / worrying / exicting。
(4)too前用much或far ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ),不用very。You are much / far / a lot too nice.另外，在too many / much, too few / little前用far。
There’s far too little opportunity for adventure these days.
We’ve got far too many eggs and far too few egg cups.
(5)关于原级形容词要记住下列固定的修饰结构：
a. 修饰绝对意义的形容词，一般不用v ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ery,而用quite completely、well、entirely。如：quite wrong(mistaken, sure)、completely dead、quite impossible、quite perfect等。
b. 修饰以a-开头的形容词，多有 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )特殊的修饰词：quite alone, very much alone, wide awake, fast asleep, very much afraid。
c. 修饰一些特殊形容词的修饰语有： ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )be well worth, much the same, freezing cold, quite different, terribly cold / frightening。
2. so that 与such that 的区别。
so + 形容词 / 副词 + that
so + 形容词 + a(n)+ 单数可数名词 + that
so + many / much / little / few + 名词 + that
such + a(n)+ 形容词+单数可数名词 + that
such + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + that
such + 形容词 + 复数名词 + that
注意：下列结构中只能用so不可用suc ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )h,当名词前有many、much、little、few等表示“多、少”的词修饰时，如 so much progress、so many people、so little food、so few apples等。但当little表示“小”时用such。如：These are such little boys that they can’t dress themselves.
3. 其他几组词的辨析。
(1)ago、before:
ago表示以现在为起点的“以前”；before指以过去或将来的某时刻为起点的“以前”。泛指“以前”用before而不用ago。
(2)already、y ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )et、still:already表示某事已经发生；yet表示期待某事发生；still表示某事还在进行，主要用于肯定句。
(3)too、also、either:too和also用于肯定句，too多用于口语，also多用于书面语，either用于否定句。
(4)good、well:与good不同的是，well作形容词，只能在系动词后作表语，表示“身体状况好”，也作副词修饰动词。
(5)quick、fast:作形容 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )词皆表“快”。fast多指运动的物体，含持续的意思。quick多指一次动作的敏捷、突然，而且持续的时间较短。
(6)real、true ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ):形容词表“真的”。real强调真实存在的而不是幻想的，在句中常作定语；true指与事实标准和实际情况相符合，在句中作表语或定语。
(7)hard、difficult ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ):均表“困难”，但hard通常指体力上困难；difficult则指智力或技能上的困难，困难程度大于hard。它们都可作定语和表语。