广东省2016届高三二轮复习讲义：第十讲 介词

第十讲 介词
一．介词的定义和特征
介词是一种用来表示词与词, 词与句之间的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )关系的词。在句中不能单独作句字成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作主语, 状语，表语，补语或介词宾语。例如:
　　Most of the students went to the classroom.　大部分学生去了教室。
　　We play basketball on the sports ground.　我们在操场上打蓝球。　　　　　　　　
　　介词常与动词,形容词,名词一起构成固定搭配。
belong to 属于，rely on ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )依靠，talk to 同...谈话，be afraid of 害怕，be strict with对...严格...
介词一般放在名词之前。但它后面的介词宾语是疑问代词,疑问副词或者关系代词时，这些词提到了前面而只剩下介词在后了。　　
　　Where do you come from 　你是哪儿人 　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　Who are you talking to 　你在跟谁谈话呢 　　　　　　　　　　　
　　What do you study for 　你为了什么而学习 　　　　　　　　　　
介词在英语词汇中所占比例很小，但它们的用法却非常灵活,复杂。下列为常用介词及含义:
　　about关于,附近,大约,周围,随身　　　　
　　I have bought a book about Shakespearean.　我买了一本有关莎士比亚的书。
　　There are about fifteen trees in the picture.　图片里大约有十五棵树。
　　above在....上,高出,以上,超过,在...上游　　
　　The plane is flying above the clouds.　飞机在云上飞行。　　　　　　　　　　　
　　I think the man is above sixty years old. 我想那人有六十多岁了。　　　　　　　　
　　across 横过,对面,交叉,在...的对面　　　
　　Can you swim across the river？你能游过河吗？　　　　　　　　　　　
　　We live across the street. 我们住在街的对面。　　　　　　　　　
　　after在...后面,依照　　　　　　　　　
　　He went home after school. 他放学后就回家了。　　　　　　　　　　
　　Read after me, please. 请跟我朗读。　　　　　　　　　　
　　against 撞到，靠着,反对,违背　　　　　
　　The car hit against the tree. 汽车撞了树。　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　He is standing against the wall. 他靠墙站着。　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　along沿着,顺着　　　　　　　　　　　
　　They are walking along the river. 他们沿着河行走。　　　　　　　　　　
　　among在...当中　　　　　　　　　　
　　He is the tallest among them. 他是他们当中个子最高的。　　　　　　
　　around在...的周围,在...那一边　　　　　
　　They sat around the table talking the news.　他们绕桌而坐谈论新闻。
　　There is a drugstore around the corner.　拐角处有一家药店。
　　as 作为　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　He doesn't like people treat him as a child. 他不喜欢人们把他当小孩子对待。
　　at在...时刻,在...点钟,在...岁时, 向，在...之中，按...速度,值(卖)...钱
　　He always gets up at six in the morning. 他时常早上六点钟起床。　　　　　　　
　　He shot at the bird but missed it. 他向鸟射击，但是没射中。　　　　　　
　　The car goes at eighty miles an hour. 汽车以每小时八十公里的速度行驶。　　　
　　before在...的前面(位置),在...之前(时间)　
　　He took a picture before the car. 他在汽车前照了张照片。　　　　　　　　
　　He can't finish his work before supper. 晚饭前他完不成工作。　　　　　　　　
　　behind在...的后面(位置), 落后于，不如，迟于,晚于(时间)
　　Are there any brooms behind the door. 门后有扫帚吗？　　　　　　　　　　　
　　All of us are behind him in mathematics. 我们数学都不如他。　　　　　　　　　　
　　below在...之下,低于...　
　　There are four lights below the ceiling. 天花板下面有四盏灯。　　　　　　　　　
　　The murderer run away below the police's eyes. 杀人犯从警察眼皮底下跑了。
　　beside在...的旁边,在...之外,与...相比　　　
　　He found the body by the river. 他在河边发现了尸体。
　　Beside yours， my computer is too slow. 与你的计算机速度相比，我的就慢多了。　
　　besides除...之外
　　We are all here besides Bowe. 除鲍外，我们也都来了。　　　　　　　　
　　between在...两者之间　　　　　
　　The relations between the two countries has improved since then.
两国的关系从那以后得到了改善。　　　　
　　beyond 在...那边　　　　　　　　　　
　　The shop you are lo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )oking for is beyond the street, you can't miss it.
你要找的商店在街的那边，你不会找不到的。
　　but 除去　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　He has nothing but money. 他除钱以外什么都没有。　　　　　　　　
　　by 被..., 在...的近旁 , 在...之前, 不迟于, 以...为手段。
　　The classroom was cleaned by the students. 教室由学生们打扫干净了。
　　Miss Lucy came to China by air. 露西小姐是乘飞机来中国的。　　　　　　
　　down 沿着...望下　　　　　　　　　
　　She walked down the street. 她沿着街道走。　　　　　　　　　　　
　　during 在...期间,在...时候。　　　　　　　
　　During the holiday, we went to the south.我们假期去了南方。　　　　　　　　　
　　except 除...之外　　　　　　　　
　　He knows nothing except English.他除英语以外什么都不知道。
　　for 为..., 因为..., 至于... 　　　　　　
　　He works for this company. 他为这家公司工作。　　　　　　　　　
　　She came ba ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ck to the classroom for she had left her books in the classroom.
她返回到教室是因为把书留在了那里。　　
　　from 从..., 来自..., 因为...
　　Where are you from 你是哪里人？　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　He died from an accident. 他死于一场事故。　　　　　　　　　　
　　in 在..., 在...之内，从事于..., 按照..., 穿着...
　　He was born in 1992. 他生于1992年。　　　　　　　　　　
　　I could finish the program in two weeks. 我可以用两周时间完成这个项目。
　　He spend less time in reading. 他读书时间很少。　　　　　　　　　　　
　　The man in black jacket is our teacher. 穿黑夹克的那个人是我们的老师。　　　　
　　like 象...，如同...　
　　The twins are like their father. 双胞胎象他们的父亲。　　　　　　　　
　　near 靠近....　　　　　
　　There are some flowers near the house. 房子附近有一些花。　　　　　　　　　
　　of ...的，属于...
　　This is a map of China. 这是一张中国地图。　　　　　　　　　
　　off 离开...，在...之外　　　　　　　　
　　The young man got off the train quickly. 那个年青人很快下了火车。　　　　　　
　　I live in a village a little way off the main road. 我住在离大路不远的一个村庄里。
　　on 在...之上
　　My book is on the table. 我的书在桌子上。　　　　　　　　　　
　　out of从...出来，在...之外
　　The dog run out of the house. 狗从房子里跑出来。　　　　　　　　　　
　　outside ... 外边　　　　　
　　They are waiting outside the gate. 他们在门外等着。　　　　　　　　　　
　　over 在...之上，遍于...之上，越过...
　　There is a light over the desk. 桌子上方有盏灯。　　　　　　　　　　
　　He is over sixty years old. 他有六十多岁。　　　　　　　　　　　
　　past 越过...，过...，超越...
　　The students walked past the post office.学生们走过了邮局。　　　　　　　　　
　　It is ten past two.现在是两点十分。　　　　　　　　　　　
　　round 围着...，绕过...，在...周围　　　
　　We sat round the table.我们围着桌子坐下。　　　　　　　　　　
　　The earth goes round the sun.地球绕着太阳转。　　　　　　　　　　
　　since 自... 以后，自...以来　　　　　　
　　He has made great ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) progress in English since he came into the college.
从他来到大学后，他的英语有了很大进步。
　　through 经过...，穿过...　　　　　　　
　　They went through the forest.他们穿过了森林。　　　　　　　　　　
　　throughout 遍及...，在各处　　　　　　
　　The police sear ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ched for the criminal throughout the mountain.警察搜山寻找犯人。
　　till 直到...，在...以前　　　　　　　　　
　　He didn't come back till eleven o'clock.他直到十一点钟才回来。　　　　　　　
　　We'll be home till six.六点以前我们都会在家。　　　　　　　
　　to 到...，向...，趋于　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　How long is it from here to the station？从这儿到车站有多远？　　　　　　　　
　　under 在...之下，低于　　　　　　　　
　　There are some footballs under the bed.床底下有几颗足球。　　　　　
　　These students are under seventeen years old. 这些学生们不到十七岁。
　　until 直到，在...以前　　　　　　　　
　　Please wait for us until we come back.请等着我们回来。　　　　　　　　　　
　　It was not until last week that I handed in mathematics paper.
直到上周，我才交了数学论文。　　　　
　　up 在...上面，在...上　　　　　　　　
　　He went up the stairs.他上了楼梯。　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　upon 在...之上，迫近...　　　　　　　
　　It's not polite to look down upon him.蔑视他是不礼貌的。　　　　　　　　　　
　　within 在...之内　　　　　　　　　　
　　You must finish the work within two weeks. 你必须两周内完成这项工作。　　　　　
　　without 没有，不，在...之外　　　　　
　　We can't do it better without your help.没有你的帮助，我们就做不好。　　　　　
　　We couldn't live without air and water.没有空气和水，我们就不可能生存。　　　
二、介词的分类与语法功能
1．分类：
(1)介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等)构成介词短语，在句中充当一个成分。
介词分为：简单介词，如at、in、 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )for等；合成介词，如within、inside、onto、througout等；短语介词，如according to、out of、because of、by means of、in spite of、instead of等。双重介词，如from behind / above / under、until after等。分词介词，如considering、including、judging(from / by) 等。
常见的介词宾语：名词、代词、动名词、从句、不定式等。如：
It is going to rain th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )is afternoon according to the weather forecast.
He quarrelled with her yesterday.
He succeeded in passing the final exam.
I'm still thinking of how I can fulfil the task ahead of time.
The professor will give us a talk on how to study English well.
(2)介词短语在句中可作表语、定语、状语和宾补等。如：
This machine is in good condition.(表语)
Where is the key to my bike (定语)
Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(状语)
She always thinks herself above others.(宾补)
2. 介词搭配
(1)“动词+介词”搭配：注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。
①rob sb. of sth. / clear the road of snow(“夺去、除去”意义的动词与of 连用)
②supply us with food / fill the glass with wine(“供给”意义的动词与with连用)
③make a desk ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )of wood / make bread from flour / make the material into a coat(“制作、制造”意义与of、from、into连用)
④介词 + the + 部位与动词的关系(=动词 + sb.'s + 部位，可换用)
strike him on the head(“击，拍，碰，摸”意义与on连用)
catch him by the arm(“抓，拉，拿，扯”意义与by连用)
hit the boy in the face(“肚，胸，眼，脸”等人体前部与in连用)
⑤prevent(stop, keep)sb. from doing sth.(“阻止，禁止”意义与from连用)
⑥persuade(advise, warn)sb. into doing sth.(“说服，建议”意义与into连用)
⑦buy sb. for sth.(leave、get、win、gain、lose等“得失”意义与for连用)
⑧tell sth.to sb.(show、teach、sing、write、read等“告知”意义与to连用)
⑨give sth. to sb.(give、allow、promise、pass、hand等“授予”意义与to连用)
注意：⑦⑧⑨可换成buy sb.sth.双宾结构。
⑩say to sb.( ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )suggest、explain、apologize、murmur、whisper与“对象”连用必须用to)不可说suggest sb.sth.。
请注意以下介词搭配：reply to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the letter回信，sing(dance)to the music和……唱(跳)，amount to 达到，加起来有……，devote to把……贡献给，drink to为……干杯，object to反对，look forward to 渴望，come to苏醒，belong to属于，search for搜……，ask … for …寻找，use … for用作，leave for前往，take … for误以为，call of倡导，wait for等待，care for喜欢，make up for弥补损失，turn to求助(救)于，help oneself to随意，agree to同意，compare … to把……比作，send for派人去请(拿)……，sail for驶向，航向，set out for动身去，go in for爱好…。
(2)“名词 + 介词”要注意习惯搭配和意义区分。
the absence of wate ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r缺水，the hope of success成功的希望，have a chance of (for) entering college上大学的机会，take pride in them为他们感到骄傲，the key to the question问题的答案，a medicine for cough治咳嗽的药，the ticket for tomorrow明天的票，in Beijing去了北京，his absence from Beijing不在北京，to study学习方法，the way of studying maths学习数学的方法...
3. 核心介词用法归纳与辨析
(1)表示时间的介词in的用法如下。
表示在某一较长时间内，如世纪、年、月、季、周等一般用介词in，
如：in the 1990s, i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n the year, in January, in(the) winter / summer / fall / spring, in the first week of May。
还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。如： ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )in a while, in no time, in the daytime, in a short while, in time, in the morning (afternoon, evening)。但要注意：
①at night / at noon, in the day(在白天),in the night(大夜间)。
②in five days(weeks, months, years)中in意思是“在……以后”。
③in和during表一段时间内两词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )可互用。如：in the night, during the night, in the war, during the war。但略有区别：当接表示“活动”的抽象名词时多用during，接“活动”的动名词及短语时用in。如：
during the discussion in discussing the problem
during her stay in Hubei in playing basketball
during the course of in digging the tunnel
(2)在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用on。
on Sunday(s).on Tuesday morning
on Christmas Day(但at Chrismas),on Christmas Eve, on
Children’s Day
on March 8, on the morning (afternoon, evening)of Oct.1
early on the mornin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g of Oct.1(区别：in the late / early morning of Oct.1)
on a rainy night, on warm winter days
(3)表示某一时刻或某一点时间用at,如小时、分钟等
at breakfast(supper, lunch),at six
at noon (sunrise, sunset, midday, night, midnight, dawn)
at the age of 15, at the time of war,但in time of danger/ trouble。
注意：
有些时间名词前不接介词。如：next day、last Sunday、that morning、these years...
one、each、any、ev ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ery、some、all修饰时,一般不用介词,如some day, one day, yesterday / afternoon,the night before ...
(4)till、until、to的用法
①till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中，与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。如：
He waited for me till twelve o’clock.
He didn't get up till(until) 10 a.m.(不可用to).
但注意：在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用until。如：
Not until 9 a.m.did Mr.Smith come back to school.
②to表“终结”时常用和from连用， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )如：from July to September, from six to(till)eight(从……到……为止)，但from morning till night(从早到晚)，不能用to。from … to常构成习惯搭配，不可换用其他介词。
A. 表持久连续、传递、转移的含义。fro ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )m time to time(不时，有时)，from day to day (天天),from hand to hand(不断传下去)，from place to place(处处，到处)，from side to side(左右摇摆)，from door to door(家家户户)，from house to house(挨家挨户)，from shop to shop(一个商店接一个商店)。
B. 表起始终止的全过程或程 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )度加深、状态变化。from beginning to end(从头到尾，自始至终)(from the beginning to the end of…);from hand to mouth(仅能糊口)，from bad to worse(越来越糟)，from head to foot(从头到脚), from top to bottom(整个地，彻底地)，from top to toe(全身)，from start to finish(自始至终，从头到尾)。
C. from one + 名词 + ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )to another表示“依次”。如from one car to another(顺着车厢依次地)。
D. 名词 + by + 同一单数名词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，表示“一个一个地”，要与from … to短语区别开：one by one 一个一个地；little by little(bit)一点一点地；step by step 一步一步地，逐渐地(但by and by 不久以后)；sentence by sentence逐句地；day by day一天一天地；side by side(with…)(和……)并肩，一起；shoulder to shoulder肩并肩地，齐心协力；hand in hand 手拉手，紧紧地;face to face面对面。
(5)in、after、later
①in + 一段时间：表示说话时为起点一段时间之后，与一般将来时连用；但表示“在……之内”时，用于各种时态。
②一段时间 + later(later是副词)：表示某一具体时间或某一方面具体时间算起的一段时间后。
③after + 一段时间表示：“在…… ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )之后”，用于一般过去时；但时间为点时间时，只能用after,即after + 点时间，用于各种时态。
The doctor will be with us in six minutes.
She graduated in 1981, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )and eight years later she became the manager of the factory.
He received her letter after four weeks.
另外，in + 一段时间 + ’s + time 与 within + 一段时间的用法如下：
in a week’s time = in a week
They will arrive in three days' time.(与将来时连用)
My brother's birthday is in two weeks' time.(作表语)
I'll finish the bo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ok within two weeks.(within = in less than…用于各种时态，不超出，在……之内)
(6)地点介词at、on、in、to、across、through、over、under、below。
①at 在较小的场所，in在较大的场所 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，on在……的平面上。如at the door、at the airport、at the station、at 55 Park Street、in China、in the north、in Asia、on the desk、on the wall等。
②on、at、in还可以表示两地相对位置。若A地属于B地，用in; A地位于B地的外面且有边缘衔接用on；无边缘的衔接有to。如：
Japan lies to the east of China.(范围之外)
Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.(范围之外)
Hunan province lies on the west of Hubei province.(毗邻)
The island lies off the coast of China.(相隔一定距离)
③地点介词的引申、比喻意义：in the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) sun在阳光下，in the dark(ness)在黑暗中，in the dark不知道，in freezing weather在严寒天气中，in the mud在泥中，in the earth在地下,in the desert在沙漠中,in a heavy rain 在大雨中，in the snow / wind在雪/风中,in public 当众，in trouble 在困境中，get into trouble陷入困境，out of trouble摆脱困难，beyond hope绝望。
④across在物体表面“穿过”；through则表示在三维空间内部“穿过”。如：
They walked across the playground.
I walked through the forest.
⑤over / under / above / below。
over、above译作“在……之 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )上”；under、below译作“在……的下面”，其区别在于over、under表示一种直接的、垂直的上下关系；而above、below则表示一般的“高于”或“低于”，不一定是垂直“在上”或“在下”。如：
A little boat is now under the bridge.
There is a bridge over the river.
The sun sinks below the horizon(地平线)
The window is well above the tree.
⑥表示地点介词的静态性和动态性
He walked to the station(静态，表示方向和目的地)
He walked towards the station.(动态，只表示方向)
He is kind to (towards)us.(两者通用)
He is at the station.(静态，表示地点)
They arrived at the station.(动态，表示地点)
He swam away from the ship.(动态“离开”)
He stood away from the shop.(静态“远离”)
He fell onto the floor.(动态“到地面”)
The city is on the Changjiang River.(静态“平面”)
Go off the road.偏离了道路(动态“离去”)
Come along the river.沿着河过来(线)
across the fields 跨过田野……，over the desert跨越沙漠
across the river横跨这条河……，over the hill翻过这座山
be in the house(静态，在这里……)stay out of the car(静态，在……外)
go into the house(动态，进入)fly out of the country(动态，离开)
(7)表示方式、手段、工具的介词
①by the year/hour/ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )day按年/小时/天。如He rent a house by the year(day,hour).(按by+the+单位名称)但to the pound按磅算，to the ton按吨计。
②表泛指的方式、手段
by post/mail邮寄，by t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )elephone(radio),但on the phone/on the radio/on TV(电讯器材)，by electricity用电，by machinery用电器，by hard work,learn sth.by heart,through the satellite,through practice,through his own efforts,through experience,through the telescope
③交通工具类
by bus/train/car/taxi(road)
by bike/bicycle,on horse back/on foot
by plane/jet/spaceship,by air
by ship/boat/lifeboat,by sea/by water
另外：by means of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) 用……方法，by way of 经由，取道于，用……方法，with the help (permission)of sb./with sb.'s help (permission)。
④表方式、手段的其他用法
He beat the dog with a whip.(with+工具机器)
One smells with his nose.(with+人体器官，但by hand“手工，用手”)
He stood up with pride.(with+情绪、情感、态度的名词)
注意：使用语言、材料、文字 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )等用in。如in English(ink,pencil)。另外如：in high (good,low)spirits,in anger,in joy,in comfort,in sorrow,in safety,in danger,in need,in debt,in love,in fun,in pain,in tears,in surprise,in good(poor)health,in good order,in flower,in a way,in a low voice,in silence,in(with)satisfaction,in a hurry,in(with)words,live/feed on food,kneel on one’s knee,take(catch)sb.by surprise(出其不意)
(8)表示“除……之外”的几组常用介绍比较
①besides 除……以外，(还有)。作副词时意思是“而且，更何况”。
Well all went to the cinema besides Shaw.除了肖外，我们都去了电影院。
It was too late to see a film, and besides, I was tired.
②except除去，除……之外(不再有)。
We all went except John.我们都去了，约翰没有。
在否定句中，两词可以换用，如：
He has no other hats except / besides this one.
③except for除了……(对句子主题 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )进行细节校正或附加说明)后接名词、代词或what从句，此时与except that + 句子意思相同。
He was very clever except for carelessness.
④except that …除了……一点以外。
He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.
⑤but与except
but和except在表示“除了……以外”时可以通用，但应注意以下三点：
①前面有不定人词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用but。
All but one are here.
Nobody but I likes making model ships.
②后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用but。
He has nothing to do but wait.(前有do,后省to)
③but与一些固定结构连用。
have no choice but to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )do sth.只得做某事，can not but do sth.不得不,can not help but do sth.不得不……，but for …如不是……
(9)between与among
between通常指两者之间。也可以用于三者以上的两者之间。如：
Ann is between Tom and Bill.
Switzer land lies between France, Germany, Australia and Italy.
They soon finished the work between themselves.(共同，合作)
She was busy between c ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ooking, washing, sewing and looking after the baby.(表示接连不断地，一个接一个地忙这忙那)
A horse can be seen between trees now.
among表示三者以上之间。如：
The story is said to have happened in a village among the hills.
He was happy to be among friends again.
We must agree among ourselves.(一起，共同)我们必须达成共识。
London is among the largest cities.( = one of与最高级连用)
(10)表原因的介词for、because of、due to
He didn’t come to the meeting because of his illness.
The reason for his coming late is that he was ill.
He was praised for his bravery and courage.
The accident is due to your careless driving.
(11)不定式复合结构中的for、of
这里所说的不定式复合结构形式指的是for 或of加上人或事，作动词不定式逻辑主语的结构。
It is clever of you to answer it like that.
It is quite hard for me to explain why.
注意：两句中的of和for的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )使用，表语形容词能够说明不定式逻辑主语的性质、特征与面貌时用of,如果说明不定式行为本身的性质、状态等则用for。
(12)兼作连词和副词的介词
①after、since、till / still、before这些词既是介词，又是连词。
The children went home at once after school.
They went to bed after they had finished the job.
②in、on、along、down、up、after、before、along、beyond等介词可兼作副词。
He ran down the hill.(介词)
Can you lift that box down from the shelf for me (副词)
③有的介词可以兼作连词和副词。
All the students got to school before me.(before为介词)
We do want to buy something now before prices go up.(连词)
Haven't I seen you before (before为副词)
(13)介词的省略
①表示时间的介词on、at 、i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n的省略。在next、last、yesterday、tomorrow、each、one、any、every、all等词之前，可以省略，也可以不省略。如(at)last weekend、(on)that day等。
②介词for表示时间的省略要求。
(A)以all开头的名词短语，for要省略。如：I stayed with her all he morning.
(B)表示一段时间的短语之前，for可以省 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )略，也可以不省略。如：I have been waiting here (for) more than three hours.
(C)否定句中，表示时间的短语前的for不能省略。如：I haven’t seen you for thirty years.
(D)时间状语在主句之前，for不能省 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )略。如：For the whole morning,the old man kept reading.
③某些动词短语之后的介词可以省略。
Nothing can prevent me(from)doing the job.
She spent nearly two hours(in)translating it.
(14)某些名词与介词构成的固定搭配
①要求接to的名词有：key、answer、visit、entrance、apology、introduction、road等。
②要求接in 的名词有：interest、satisfaction、expert等。
He is expert in teaching small children.
(15)几个常用的并列连词
①both … and, either … or, neither … nor
both … and“双方都”，连 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )接句子的两个主语时，其后谓语动词通常用使用复数形式。either … or与neither … nor注意采取“就近原则”。
②not only … but also, as well as
注意：两者强调对象不同，not ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )only … but also强调的是but also之后部分，而as well as则强调其前面的部分。not only … but also采取“就近原则”，而as well as只是一个插入语，采取“就远原则”。如：
Mr.Smith, as well a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s his wife and children, has come to Nanjing for a visit.
not only … but also结构中的not only可用于句首，连接两个分句时，第一个从句主谓要倒装。
Not only is he clever ,but also he is hard working.
(16)几个常用的从属连词
①when、while、as都表示 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )“当……时候”，when引导的从句的动作与主句的动词可同时发生，也可先后发生；as、while引导的从句则强调主句和从句的动作同时发生。如：
When I go to the station, the train had already left.
He sang merrily as he was working.
②till、until均表示“到…… ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )时候止”，肯定句中的谓语必须是延续性动作。如：I worked till late at night.若主句谓语是终止性动词，则主句要用否定形式，意为动作“到……才……”开始发生。如：
She didn’t get up until her mother came in.
注意：till和until通常情况下可以互换，只是在句首时until比till更常用。
③though、although均引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然……”，although较正式，though最常用。如：
Thouth (Although)he was tired,he kept on working.
注意：though、although引 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )导的从句不能与but、however连用，但可以与yet、still连用。though还可以与别的词结合使用，如even though、 as though,而although则不能这样搭配。
④no sooner … than、hardly … when、as soon as三者都表示“一……就”，“刚刚……就”的意思。
(A) as soon as 置于主句前后都可以，而且有备各种时态。
如：As soon as ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) she gets here I'll tell her about it. Mary left as soon as the finished the work.
(B)hardly … when、 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )no sooner … than不能表示将来的事，其主句的谓语动词一般用过去完成时，从句用过去时。若将hardly或no sooner放在句首，句子要倒装。
如：No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.
⑤某些表示时间的名词(词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )组)也可用作从属连词。它们是：the moment, the minute, the instant, the day, the time, the first(second, third …)time, the spring (summer, autumn, winter),every(each, next, any) time(day),by the time,都可引导时间状语从句。如：
His mother died the spring he returned.
Call me up the minute he arrives.