广东省2016届高三二轮复习讲义：第四讲 非谓语动词
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| 名称 | 广东省2016届高三二轮复习讲义：第四讲 非谓语动词 |  | |
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| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2016-04-18 15:33:27 | ||
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第四讲 非谓语动词
非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词形式，而不是作谓语的动词形式。动词的非谓语形式分为动名词，分词，动词不定式。
一．谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别：
1. 谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语，而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语。
Miss Mary teaches us English. 玛丽教我们英语。(teaches 动词作谓语)
Mr.Victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week.
维克托先生上周来到了我们教室和我们谈话。(to have a talk.... 不定式作状语)
2．谓语动词受主语的人称和数的限制，而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制。
Larke likes the pop music. 拉克喜欢流行音乐。(动词用单数第三人称形式)
Larke has nothing to do today. 拉克今天没什么事要做。(do 用原形)
3．非谓语动词的特征：
如果非谓语动词是及物动词，后面须跟宾语。
Studying English is my favorite. 学习英语是我的爱好。(studying 后跟宾语)
To help him is my duty. 帮助他是我的责任。(help 后跟宾语)
4．非谓语动词可以带有自己的状语或逻辑主语。
Working under such a condition is terrible.
在这样的环境下工作太可怕了。(under such a condition 是 working 的状语)
It's too difficult for him to master English in such a short time.
他在这么短的时间内掌握英语太难了。(for him 作不定式的逻辑主语)
5．非谓语动词仍有语态和时态的变化。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting long.对不起让你久等了。
(to have kept...是不定式的完成形式)
Seen from the mountain, the city looks much more beautiful.
从山上看，这座城市美丽多了。(Seen from...是分词的被动形式)
6．非谓语动词在句中可以当成名词或者形容词来使用。
Our coming made him happy. 我们的到来使他很高兴。(coming 起名词作用)
There are two big swimming pools here.这儿有两个大型游泳池。 (swimming 起形容词作用)
二．非谓语动词的形式变化：
不定式的形式：(以动词do为例)
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三．非谓语动词的句法功能
名 称 语 法 功 能
不定式 主语;宾语;宾语补足语;表语;定语;状语
动名词 主语;宾语;表语;定语;状语
现在分词 宾语补足语;表语;定语;状语
过去分词 宾语补足语;表语;定语;状语
(一) 动词不定式
动词不定式 主动 被动
一般式 to do to be done
进行式 to be doing
完成式 to have done to have been done
否定式：not + to do
(1) 一般式：所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后。
To teach English is my job.
We plan to pay a visit.
He seems to know a lot.
The meeting to be held tomorrow is put off.
The teacher ordered the work to be done.
To catch the first bus, he got up early.
(2) 进行式：所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生。
The boy pretended to be working hard.
He seems to be reading in his room.
(3) 完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
He is pleased to have met his friend.
不定式的完成时的特殊用法
① 表示不定式中谓语动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。
The novel was said to have been published.
I regret to have been with you for so many years.
seem、appear、be said、 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )be supposed、be believed、be thought、be known、be reported等动词常用于上面句型。
此外，glad、happy、satisfi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ed、sorry、surprised、disappointed后也接完成时，但要注意与一般时的区别。
I’m sorry to keep you waiting for a minute.对不起，请稍等。(说话时还未等)
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.对不起，让你久等了。(说话时已等了很久)
② 不定式的完成时还可表示“过去本想做某事 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )但未做”的虚拟语气。
(A)should like to / would like to / would love to + 不定式的完成时。
(B)was / were to + 不定式的完成时，表示该做某事或想做但未实现。
(C)expect / hope / mean / promise / suppose / think / want/ wish + 不定式完成时，
表示过去未曾实现的愿望。
不定式的成分：
(1) 作主语
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
To lose your heart means failure.
动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，例如上面两句可用如下形式：
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
(2) 作表语不定式作表语说明主语的内容或性质。
His job is to guard.(说明内容)
be + to do sth.(表示按计划要做的事)
Her job is to clean the hall.
He appears to have caught a cold.
作表语的不定式通常带to，当主语部分含有实义动词do，不定式作表语可省to。
The only thing I can do is (to)wait.
(3) 作宾语：
下列词语常不定式作宾语：a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )fford 、promise、refuse、expect、hope、learn、offer、wish、want、fail、plan、agree、forget、like、prefer、decide、manage、try、arrange、determine、desire、 ask、beg ,choose, help, plan, pretend, prefer, refuse, 如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语(不定式)后置，放在宾语补足语后面。
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
动词不定式也可充当介词宾语
I have no choice but to stay here.
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
There is nothing to do but wait.
动词不定式与疑问词连用作宾语
He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
find , feel, consider, think, make + it + adj./n+to do
I find it possible to ask the question
(4) 作宾语补足语：
① 动词see、watch、notic ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e、hear、listen to、observe、feel、taste、smell、make、let、have等的宾补用动词原形，变被动时要加to,此时的不定式就是主语补足语。
② 常用带不定式作宾补的几种情况：
主语 + ask / requir ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e / tell / order / force / get / want / like + sb.to do sth.
③ 主语 + think / judge / suppose / believe / consider /imagine/
consider / feel + sb. + to be/ to have done
④ 主语 + call on / upon / depend on / wait for / ask for + sb.+ to do sth.
总之以下动词使用不定式作宾补：
want, wish, ask, tell, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
有些动词如make, le ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t, have, see, find, watch, observe, notice, listen to, hear, feel 与不带to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to。
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
get sth / sb. to do
He got the car to start.
(5) 作定语：
动词不定式作定语，与所修饰名词有如下关系：
① 动宾关系：
不定式为不及物动词时，应用介词。
He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
如果句子的主语是不定式的执行者，不定式用主动。
如果句子的主语不是不定式的执行者，不定式用被动。
Have you got anything to send
“Have you got anything to be sent ” said the secretary.
② 说明所修饰名词的内容：
We have made a plan to finish the work.
③ 被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：
He is the first to get here.
不定式作定语的特殊用法：
① 下列词语后常接不定式 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )作定语：chance、wish、right、courage、need、promise、time、opportunity、way、the first、the second、the last、the only等。
② 不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。
There is no one to look after her.
③ 不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。
She is now looking for a room to live in.
(6) 作状语：
不定式作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示行为目的、结果、原因。only to do表示出人意料的结果。
① 表目的：
He worked day and night to get the money.
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
② 表结果：
He arrived late to find the train gone.
I visited him only to find him out.
③ 表程度：
It's too dark for us to see anything.
The question is simple for him to answer.
④ 作独立成分：
To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.
总结：
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特殊用法：remember to do/doing
forget to/doing
regret to do/doing
mean to do/doing
try to do/doing
stop to do/doing
(7) 不定式的省略。
① 同一结构并列由and或or连接。
I want to finish my homework and go home.
I’m really puzzled what to think or say.
特例：To be or not to be,this is a question.
He is better to laugh than to cry.(表示对比)
② 不定式作表语，其前面的主语从句中含有do时，后面的to省略。
What he did was lose the game.
③ 句中含有动词do时，but、except、besides、such as等后面to可省略。即“前有do,后省to”。
Don’t do anything silly, such as marry him.
④ 主句含有不定式，后面有rather than, rather than后省to。
⑤ Why not、had better、would rather、can’t but等词后省to。
如：He could not but walk home.
(8) 不定式的替代。
多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中，为了避 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )免重复，作宾语或主补，宾补的不定式再次出现时，to后的内容常承前省略(只保留to即可)。但如果承前省略的不定式有助动用的have或be任何形式，后应该保留原形be或have。如：
Susan is not what she used to be.
—You came late last night. You ought to have finished your homework.
—I know I ought to have.
常见的有：I’d like / love / be happy to.
注: ①主语的不定式常用 it带代替，不定式放在后面。例：
It is not easy to learn a foreign language.
It is dangerous to play in the street.
②不定式的否定。not +不定式。例：
Tell him not to be late.
The policeman told the boys not to play in the street.
③不定式与疑问词连用,与what, which , how ,where ,when连用。
例：The question is when to start.
I don’t know where to go.
He showed me how to use a computer.
Nobody told us what to do.
(二) 动名词
动名词是由动词原形 + ing 构成，同现在分词形式一样，在句中可作主语，宾语，表语和定语。
1. 动名词作主语：
Talking like that is not polite.那样谈话不礼貌。
Learning from others is important .向别人学习很重要。
Putting on more clothes is not so good .多穿衣服不一定好。
动名词可以象动词不定式一样，用 it 先行祠代替，而把动名词写在后面。
It's no use waiting here, let's go home. 在这儿等着也没用，我们回家吧。
It's very difficult climbing this mountain. 爬这座山很困难。
2. 动名词作表语
The nurse's job is looking after the patients. 护士的工作是护理病人。
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
3. 动名词作宾语
① 下列动词后只能接动名词：sugge ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )st, finish, avoid, stop, can’t help, mind, enjoy, require, practise, miss, escape, pardon, advise, consider, imagine, keep, appreciate, permit。
Please stop smoking in the house. 请不要在家里抽烟。
I like reading in the forest. 我喜欢在树林里读书。
Do you mind my opening the windows 你介意我打开窗户吗？
She is found of collecting stamp. 她喜欢集邮。
② 下列动词短语接动名词：leav ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e off, put off, give up, look forward to, feel like, have trouble / difficulty(in) doing sth. devote to, get used to, pay attention to, be fond of, be worth。
③ 介词后要接动名词。what abou ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t、how about、without、be fond of、be good at等介词后接动名词。
4. 动名词作定语
She is studying in the reading room. 她在阅览室学习。
He slept in the sleeping bag. 他在睡袋里睡觉。
5. 动名词的否定形式：not + 动名词
He pretend not knowing it at all. 他假装全然不知。
We considered not doing it now. 我们考虑现在不做这件事。
6. 动名词的时态：
动名词的一般时动名词的一般时表示动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，或在谓语动词的动作之后发生。
I enjoy swimming in the big river. 我喜欢在大河里游泳。
I am used to watching TV in the evening. 我习惯于晚上看电视。
动名词的完成时动名词的完成时表示动作在谓语动词动作之前发生。
She regret not having studied the computer hard. 她后悔没有努力学习计算机。
Do you remember having promised me that 你记得给我许愿了吗？
7. 动名词的被动形式：
当动名词和它的逻辑主语是被动关系时，用动名词的被动形式来表示。
His being looked down upon made him sick. 他被人冷落使他很伤感。
I can't really stand being treated like that. 我简直受不了这样的对待。
8. 动名词的几个特殊情况：
(1) 有些动词的后面能跟动名词做宾语，有些动词能跟不定式，有些两者都可以，它们的具体含义有时还不一样。
能跟动名词的动词有：avoid, c ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )onsider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, forgive, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, pardon, prevent, resist, suggest, understand, can't help等。
能跟不定式的动词有：decide, d ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )esire, expect, hope, mean, pretend, promise, refuse, undertake, want, wish, agree, manage等。
能跟动名词和不定式的动词有：l ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ove, like, hate, prefer, dislike, begin, continue, intend, attempt, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, try, deserve, start等。
动词后面跟动名词还是不定式，含义不相同，总的来说，表示习惯的，一般性的动作多跟动名词，一次性的具体的被动动作多跟不定式。
I like to go with you. 我想和你一块儿去。
I like reading. 我喜欢阅读。
He promised to help her. 他答应过要帮助她。
We love watching VCD. 我们喜欢看VCD。
(2) remember, forget, regret后面跟动名词时，动名词表示过去的动作，后面跟不定式时，不定式表示将来的动作。
I remember meeting him in the street. 我记得在街上见过他。
I remember to write a letter to my parents. 我想起来要给我父母亲写信。
(3) "stop + 动名词"表示停止动名词所表示的动作，"stop + 不定式"表示停下来 做不定式所表示的动作。
Stop smoking, please. 请不要抽烟。
Let's stop to have a rest. 咱们停下来休息一下吧。
(4) 动名词和分词的区别：
动名词作定语时，动名词和它所修饰的词没有逻辑上的主谓关系，而分词作定语时，分词和它所修饰的词有逻辑上的主谓关系。
reading text 阅读课文〔动名词〕
developing country 发展中国家〔分词〕
a sleeping bag 睡袋〔动名词〕
boiled water 开水〔分词〕
(三) 分词
英语中的分词分两种：现在分词(the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )present participle)和过去分词(the past participle)现在分词的形式同动名词一样，在动词后面加 ing 。而过去分词的形式则在动词后面加 ed. 分词在句中可作定语，状语或表语。虽然它们在句子中都可作名词修饰语、接系动词补足语、宾语补足语等，但是它们形式不同，而且语义也有差别。
现在从四方面举例说明：
(1)现在分词表示动作是主动的和正在进行的(例①-③)；过去分词的动作是被动的和完成的(例④-⑥)：
① The boiling water is hot.
② A sleeping baby is good to look at.
③ She has a smiling face.
④ You can use the boiled water to make tea.
⑤ Where is my lost key
⑥ A broken mirror cannot be repaired.
有时，由于两个动词“异词同义”，其分词也跟着不同，如：
⑦a. Have you seen the man wearing a T-shirt
b. Who is the man dressed in a blue shirt
⑧a. His new book consisting of useful data has been well received.
b. Do you like the book made up of untrue stories
(2)在语义上，现在分词和过去分词反映的心理状态不同。前者有 “令人厖”的含义(见例⑨)；过去分词则有“感到厖”的意思(见例⑩)：
⑨ The soccer match last night was thrilling.(令人紧张)
⑩ The soccer fans were delighted.(感到高兴)
其他例子有：
● amazing, amazed
● annoying, annoyed
● boring, bored
● confusing, confused
● surprising, surprised
● terrifying, terrified
试比较11a和b以及12a和b:
11a. This is the most confusing system I have ever seen.
11b. The children wil ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l get confused if asked to learn too much at a time.
12a. David came with some surprising news.
12b. All were surprised at Sam's sudden quit.
(3)在作宾语补足语时，如果宾语是有关分词逻辑上的主语，就用现在分词，如:
Don't keep the visitor waiting.
如果宾语和有关分词有“动词+宾语”关系，那么这个分词就要是过去分词了，如：
Where did you get your book printed
(4)分词短语相当于副词从句，但现在式表示的是主动的行动，过去式表示被动的行动，如：
Entering the room, she found the wall newly painted.
Written in haste, the essay had some errors.
1. 现在分词
(1)现在分词在句中作时间、原因、伴随、条件、结果等状语。
①时间状语(分词作状语前面可加when, while等)
Hearing the good news, he jumped with greatjoy.
Not having finished her work in time, the boss fired her.
②原因状语
Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave them a note
③伴随状语
The girls came in, following their parents.
④结果状语
The poor old man died, leaving nothing to his children.
注意：现在分词作状语的几个特性。
·时间性。与谓语动词同时发生，用一般时，如发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式having done。
·语态性。与句子的主语之间的关系，是主谓关系或动宾关系。遵循的规则“主动进行，被动完成”。
·人称一致性。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。
例句：
Being a student, he likes to help others. 作为一个学生，他喜欢帮助别人。
Wearing a new pair of glasses, she can read easily.戴了一副新眼镜，她看书就好多了。
She is there waiting for us. 她在那儿等我们呢。
Told by the teacher, she knew she was wrong. 经老师一说，她知道自己不对。
(2)现在分词作表语。
S. + be + 动词-ing：表示主动。
S. + be + 动词-ed：表示被动。
The story is interesting . 故事有趣。
We are interested in computer. 我们对计算机感兴趣。
(3)现在分词作定语
China is a developing country. 中国是一个发展中国家。
That's an interesting story. 这是一个有趣的故事。
The girl singing for us is ten years old. 给我们唱歌的女孩十岁了。
作定语的分词要放在被修饰的名 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )词之前，如果是分词词组则放在被修饰的名词之后，如被修饰的名词是 something, anything, everything, nothing 等，分词放在被修饰名词的后面。
The working people ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )have played a great role in the activity.工人在这次活动中起主要作用。
There is nothing interesting. 没什么有趣的事。
分词和动名词都可以作定语，判断是分词还是动名词，可以根据它们和被修饰词有无逻辑上的主谓关系来判断，有主谓关系的是分词，否则判断为动名词。
a swimming girl 游泳的女孩。(分词)
a swimming pool 游泳的池子(动名词)
(4)现在分词作宾语补足语
可以跟宾语补足语的谓语动词有 see, watch, hear, set, keep, find, have, get 等词。
I saw him walking in the street. 我看见他在街上走。
I heard them singing in the classroom. 我听见他们在教室里唱歌。
We found the boy sleeping. 我们发现小孩睡着了。
(5)分词的时态
分词的一般时表示动作同谓语动词的动作同时发生或之前发生。
Seeing the teacher is coming, the students stopped playing.
看到老师进来，学生们停下来不玩了。
Coming into the room, he lied on his bed. 回到家后，他就躺在床上。
分词的完成时表示的动作在谓语动词的前面发生。
Having received a latter, I knew everything is all right.
收到一封信后，我知道一切都很好。
Having had my supper, I went out for a walk. 晚饭后，我出去散步了。
Having known that he won the match, he threw the cap into the sky.
他知道自己比赛获胜，高兴地把帽子扔上了天。
(6)分词的被动形式
分词的被动形式表示分词动作同所修饰的名词有一种被动关系。
The entertainment building being built will be completed next year.
正在建设的娱乐大楼明年完工。
(7)分词的否定形式：not + 分词
Not knowing what to do next, she stopped to wait.
不知道下一步干什么，她停下来等着。
Not having finished ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the homework, the little girl doesn't dare to go to school.
小女孩没完成作业不敢去学校。
2. 过去分词
1) 过去分词作定语和表语
过去分词是非谓语动词的一种形式,表示完成和被动的动作。它在句子中可以充当表语、定语等成份。
(1)过去分词作定语
①前置定语
单个的过去分词作定语,通常放在被修饰的名词之前,表示被动和完成意义。
A类：被动意义：
an honored guest 一位受尊敬的客人
The injured ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) workers are now being taken good care of in the hospital.
受伤的工人现正在医院受到良好的照料。
B类：完成意义：
a retired teacher 一位退休的教师
They are clea ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ning the fallen leaves in the yard. 他们正在打扫院子里的落叶。
②后置定语
过去分词短语作定语时,通常放在被修饰的名词之后,它的作用相当于一个定语从句。如:
This will be the b ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )est novel of its kind ever written (=that has ever been written).
这将是这类小说中写得最好的。
Who were the so-cal ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )led guests invited (=who had been invited) to your party last night
昨晚被邀请参加你的晚会的那些所谓的客人是谁呀
③过去分词作定语时,所表示的时间概念：
·多表示已完成的动作，例如：
The broken glasses are mine.
The book written in ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )English is about “The differences between American English and British English”.
·表示分词的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，例如：
A letter posted yesterday will probably reach her next week.
He wants to buy a used car.
·没有一定的时间性，例如：
I don’t like to see letters written in pencil.
His spoken English is excellent.
·某些动词的过去分词作定语时, 多 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )半用来修饰人。这类过去分词多是表示人物的心理特征或情感变化的动词。如：delighted , devoted , discouraged , amused , astonished , frightened , moved , inspired , encouraged , puzzled , tired , worried , excited.
例如：The tired boy fell into asleep very soon .
The puzz ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )led mother come to her daughter’s teacher for help .
The frightened baby kept crying .
(2)过去分词作表语
①过去分词做表语与被动语态的差异:
要区别“系动词+过去分词(系表结构)” 和 “系动词+过去分词(被动语态)”。如:
The library is now closed. 图书馆现在关门了。
The library is closed at six. 图书馆经常在六点钟关门。
说明：作表语用的过去分词表示主语的特点 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )或所处的状态,强调主谓关系。这种结构中的过去分词前可加quite, very, rather等修饰词。系动词可有多种,表示不同的意义;被动语态表示动作,强调动宾关系,绝大多数被动结构中的行为执行者还可以用by短语来表示。因此,我们不难看出在上面两句中,A句是系表结构,B句是被动语态。
The store is now closed .(系表)
The library is usually closed at 8:00 p.m. (被动)
The novel is well written . (系表)
The novel is written by LuXun . (被动)
②某些过去分词作表语,多半用 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )来表示人物所处的心理状态或情感变化, 其主语多半是人, 这类过去分词通常为下列过去分词: delighted, devoted, discouraged , astonished, frightened, excited, inspired, encouraged, interested, contented, pleased, puzzled, satisfied, tired, worried, ect .
这些分词几乎都可以看作形容 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )词, 其中很多可以被very修饰. 在口语中, 用very代替much来修饰过去分词的现象, 越来越普遍. 例如:
On hearing the good news everyone was excited .
We are very pleased at the news .
作表语的过去分词主要来自及物动词,在主-系-表句型中,说明主语所处的一种状态。其中系动词有包括be在内的多种形式。如:
You seem frightened. 你看样子受了惊吓。
少数不及物动词(如go, come, set)的过去分词也能作表语,但它们不表示被动意义,只是表示动作完成。如:
They are gone for vacation. 他们度假去了。
2)过去分词作状语
过去分词作状语修饰谓语，大多说明动作发生的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )背景或情况，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随情况等。一般说来，这一结构的逻辑主语是主句的主语。过去分词表示被动，表示动作已经完成。作状语时，可单独使用，也可以在其连词的前面加上适当的连词表示时间、原因、条件、结果、伴随、方式等。
(1)过去分词作原因状语，相当于as, since, because引导的从句,多放在句首。
Greatly inspired by th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e teacher's words, I have made up my mind to work to English even harder。
在老师的鼓励下，我决心更加努力地学习英语。
Greatly moved by the film, they all cried. 他们看了那部电影深受感动，都哭了。
Surrounded by a group ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )of young people, the old man felt happy. 身边围着一群年轻人，老人感到很高兴。
翻译：Confused by ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the stones flying at them from all sides, the boys ran into the building.
Separated at birth, the twins do not know each other.
(2)过去分词作状语，表示伴随情况或方式。
The trainer appeared, followed by six little dogs. 训练员出现了，后面跟着六条小狗。
He walked up and down the room, lost in thought. 他在屋子时走来走去，陷入了沉思。
Filled with extraordinary strength, he raised himself. 他使出全身的力气站了起来。
The teacher came in, followed by his students. 老师进来了, 后面跟着他的学生。
She sat by the window, lost in thought. 她坐在窗前,陷于沉思。
翻译：Seen (表方式) fr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )om a spaceship, the earth looks like a blue green white ball.
She walked ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )out of the house, followed (表伴随) by her little daughter.
(3)过去分词作状语,表示条件，相当于if, unless引导的从句。如:
Given more attentio ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n, the cabbages could have grown better.=If they had been given more attention, the cabbages could have grown better. 如果更精心一点,这些大白菜可以长得更好一些。
Compared with you ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ), we still have a long way to go.=If we are compared with you, we still have a long way to go. 和你相比,我们还有很大的差距。
Given much time, we could do it better.(条件)多给点时间的话，我们会做得更好。
翻译：Given (表条件) more water, the fish couldn’t die.
Compared with you, we still have a long way to go.
(4)作时间状语，相当于when ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )引导的时间状语从句,如果分词表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生,可在分词前用when, while, until等使其时间意义更明确。
When heated, ice can be changed into water.(时间)冰加热时变成水。
Built in 1192, the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )bridge is over 800 years old. 这座桥是1192年建的,已经有八百多年的历史了。
When heated, water can be changed into steam. 水加热后可以变成水蒸汽。
翻译：Once seen (表时间), it can never be forgotten.
Questioned about the murder, he came tense.
(5)作让步状语
Much tired, he st ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ill kept on working.=Though he was tired, he still kept on working. 虽然他很累,他仍然继续工作着。
翻译：Even though defeated (表让步) again, the scientist didn’t give up.
注意：分词短语作状语时,其逻辑主语要 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )与句子的主语保持一致,否则分词短语就要有自己的逻辑主语,构成独立主格结构,在很多情况下,这种结构表示伴随动作或情况。
如: He rushed into t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he room, his face covered with sweat. 他冲进屋内,满脸是汗。(his face covered with sweat为独立主格结构)
总之,当句子的主语和前面分句的非谓语动词构成被动关系时,一般要用过去分词。
3)过去分词作宾补的用法
过去分词在句子中可作表语、定语、状语、补语(主补、宾补)等。下面就过去分词作宾补的用法作一总结。
I. 能够接过去分词作宾补的动词有以下三类：
(1)表示感觉或心理状态 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的动词。如：see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等。
I heard the song sung in English. 我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌。
He found his hometown greatly changed. 他发现他的家乡变化很大。
(2)表示“致使”意义的动词。如：have, make, get, keep, leave等。
I’ll have my hair cut tomorrow.明天我要理发。
He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. 他昨天把牙拔了。
Don’t leave those things undone.要把那些事情做完。
(3)表示“希望”、“要求”意义的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )动词。如：like, order, want, wish, expect等后用 “vt + ( to be )+pp”。
I would like this matter (to be) settled at once. 我希望此事立刻得到解决。
I wish my homework (to be)finished before five o’clock. 我希望5点前完成我的作业。
II. 过去分词作宾补表示的意义。
(1)过去分词作宾补表示被动关系，其动作先于谓语动作。
例句(1)，过去分词sung的动作显然先于谓语动作heard；
例句(2)，过去分词changed的动作显然先于谓语动作found。
(2)过去分词作宾补时，过去分词所表示的动作一定和宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系。如：
例句(4)，动宾关系是pull out his tooth；
例句(6)，动宾关系是settle this matter。
III. 过去分词作宾补时，要注意几种情况。
(1)使役动词have接过去分词作宾补有两种情况。
过去分词所表示的动作由他人完成。如：
He had his money stolen.他的钱给偷了。(被别人偷去了)
过去分词所表示的动作由句中的主语所经历。如：
He had his leg broken.他的腿断了。(自己的经历)
(2)过去分词在原句中作宾补时，如果原句变为被动语态，那么过去分词就在新句中作主补了。如：
The big fire is reported controlled.据报道这场大火已经得到控制。
The meet ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing room was found thoroughly cleaned and everything arranged in good order.
人们发现会议室被彻底打扫了，一切都布置得井井有条。
附一：关于动词不定式的考点
考点一：直接接动词不定式做宾语的动词
这一类动词往往表示请求、要求、选择、决定、打算、企图等。
afford， agree， as ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )k， attempt， beg， begin， bother， care， choose， claim， decide， demand， desire， expect， fail， fear， hate， help， hesitate， intend， learn， manage， neglect， offer， plan， prefer， prepare， pretend， refuse， start， threaten， undertake， volunteer， want
I hesitate to spend so much money on clothes.我对花那么多钱买衣服犹豫不决。
考点二：在下列情况下常用不带(或省略)to的动词不定式：
1. 感官动词后面：feel， listen， hear， look at， notice， see， watch， observe
I saw a man enter the shop.
2. 表示使役意义的动词，如：have， let， make
The teacher has us write a composition every week.
3. 一些情态动词后面：ha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d better， would rather卼han，would sooner卼han，rather than， can not but，can not help but
Rather than wait anyone， I decided to go home by taxi.
4. 在do (did， do ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )es， done) nothing (anything， everything )but (except) do句型中。
I can do nothing but follow your advice.
如果but或except之前没有do，其后的to不能省略。
There is no choice but to wait and see.
5. 由all， what ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )引导的主语从句或者主语被only， first， one， least或形容词最高级修饰时，而且从句中含有do时，其表语如果是动词不定式，则往往省去to.
What I have to do is take a rest.
The only thing I could do was do it myself.
6. 由并列连词and，e ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )xcept， but， than， or连接两个以上的具有相同意义或功能的不定式时，第二个动词不定式不带to。
I‘d like to stay with you， help you and learn from you.
She told us to stay at home and wait till she came back.
To try and fail is better than not to try at all.尝试而失败也比不尝试好。
注意：如果两个不定式表示对照或对比，则不能省略to.
He hasn‘t decided weather to quit or to stay.他还没有决定是去还是留。
To be or not to be， that is a question.是生存还是死亡，这是一个问题。
考点三：有些动词后一般跟带“疑问词+动词不定 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )式”作宾语，如：consider， discover， discuss， explain， guess， know， inquire， observe， show， teach， understand， wonder等。
I wonder who to invite.我不知请谁。
Ask my brother where to put the car.问一下我哥车停在哪儿。
附二：关于动名词的考点
考点一：直接接动名词做宾语的动词和词组
admit， avoid， advi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )se， allow， appreciate， consider， delay， deny， dislike， encourage， enjoy， escape， excuse， fancy， feel like， finish， forbid， forgive， imagine， involve， mind， miss， permit， postpone， practise， prevent， propose， resist， risk， stop， give up， can‘t help， can’t stand， suggest
Forbid smoking on trains.火车上禁止吸烟。
We have to postpone sending our answer to the request.
我们不得不暂缓寄出对申请书的答复。
注意：上述动词中a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )llow， advise， forbid， permit， recommend在有人作宾语时，则后接不定式作宾语补足语。如：allow somebody to do something
I recommended going by subway.我建议坐地铁去。
The doctor recommended me to take a few days‘rest.医生劝我休息几天。
考点二：下列短语中to为介词，后面只能接动名词或名词。
keep to、 app ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ly to、 look forward to 、to be familiar to 、get down to、 live up to 、admit to、 be devoted to、 owing to 、aid to、point to、thanks to 、object to...
I am looking forward to seeing you again.我盼着再见到你。
考点三：在demand， des ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )erve， need， require， want， worth等词后面接动名词表示被动的意思，即用主动形式表示被动意义。如果接不定式，必须用不定式的被动形式。
My socks want mending / to be mended.
This grammatical rule deserves mentioning.
That novel is well worth reading.
考点四：在下列it作形式主语或形式宾语的句型中，用动名词作逻辑主语或逻辑宾语。
It is no use(no g ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ood， no point， no sense， a waste of time等名词)+ doing sth.
It is good (nice， interesting， useless等形容词) + doing sth.；
There is no point (use， sense， good等名词) + doing sth.
It‘s no use crying over spilt milk.后悔没有用。
It‘s simply a waste of time and money seeing that movie.
There is no point in my going out to date someone.现在让我出去和别人拍拖没有用。
I find it no good advising him to go with us.我发现建议他和我们一起去没什么好处。
考点五：在“have difficu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lty (trouble， problem， pleasure， a difficult time)(in) doing sth.”结构中，后接动名词；但注意take the trouble to do sth. ， have no time to do sth.后接不定式。
The teachers have h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ad some problems deciding when they should return the final papers to the students.
I worked so late in ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.
考点六：下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词，但表示的意义不同。不定式一般表示事情尚未发生；而动名词则表示事情已经发生于这些动词之前。
例如：remember to do sth.记得将要去做某事；remember doing sth.记得已经做过某事
Please remember to take the medicine.(还没吃)
I remember taking the medicine.(已经吃过)
forget to do sth.忘记了该做的事情；forget doing sth.忘记了已经做过了的事情
forgot to mail the letter. (没有发信)
I forgot mailing the letter. (忘记曾经发过信)
stop to do sth.停止手中的事去做另一件事；stop doing sth.停止正在做的事情
We stopped to have a rest.
I really must stop smoking.
go on to do sth.继续做另一件事情；go on doing sth.继续作正在做的事
The president w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )elcomed the new students and then went on to explain the college regulations.
Peter went on sleeping despite the noise outside.
try to do sth.努力，试图去做某事；try doing sth.尝试，试着做某事
He tried to climb the tree， but he could not.
She tried cooking the meat in wine instead of water.
mean to do sth.打算做某事；mean doing sth.意味着做某事
I don‘t mean to be rude， but could you stop smoking？
Jumping from job to job means losing some benefit.
regret to do sth.对某事感到遗憾；regret doing sth.后悔做过某事
I regret to tell you that you failed the test.
I regret lending him so much money. He never paid me back.
考点七：下列动词既可接不定式， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )也可接动名词，所表达的意义无太大的差别。考试中一般很少涉及到，这些动词有：
begin， continue， attempt， intend， plan， dislike， fear， hate， like， love， can‘t bear (stand)， prefer
附三：非谓语动词的其他考点
考点一：独立主格结构
分词的独立结构可放在句首或句 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )尾，常常在句中作状语，可以表示时间、原因、条件，方式或伴随情况。分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语是句子的主语。如果分词短语有自己的逻辑主语(一般为名词)，它便是分词的独立结构。该分词与其逻辑主语有着逻辑上的主谓关系，常常用逗号与主句隔开。如果逻辑主语与分词的关系是主谓关系，就用现在分词；如果是动宾关系就用过去分词。至于分词的时态则要看它与句子的谓语动词的关系，如果分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，则用完成式，即having done或having been done.其他情况下，通常用分词的一般式。
分词的独立结构前也可以有with，witho ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ut或there.with本身没有词义，there实际上是引导词，being后面的名词才是分词的逻辑主语。
Weather permitting, we‘ll be going fishing tomorrow.
The students having f ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )inished reading the text, the teacher went on to ask them some questions.
All the money having been spent, we started looking for work.
With her hair beautifu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lly done, the customer left the hair-dresser‘s happily.
With night coming on, they went home.天晚了，他们回家了。
He left home, without a single word said.没说一句话，他就离开了家。
There being nothing to do, we played games.没什么可做的，我们于是玩游戏。
考点二：非谓语动词三种表示被动的结构(语法常考题)
to be done不定式的被动态表示将来的动作
being done用来表示动作的正在(被)进行或者表示原因、条件等
done (having been done)表示动作的被动关系或过去完成状态
Are you going to attend the meeting to be held next morning？
The question being discussed is very important.
Did you attend the conference held in Beijing last week？
All flights having been cancelled, they had to take the train.
考点三：分词短语的固定表达方式，通常作句子状语，一般不受句子主语的限制。如：
according to(根 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )据)， judging from(从厖判断)， talking of(谈到)，owing to(由于)， taking everything into consideration(全盘考虑)， generally speaking (总的说来)， frankly speaking (坦率地说)， roughly speaking (粗略地说)， honestly speaking (老实说)， strictly speaking (严格地说)， theoretically speaking (从理论上说)
非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词形式，而不是作谓语的动词形式。动词的非谓语形式分为动名词，分词，动词不定式。
一．谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别：
1. 谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语，而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语。
Miss Mary teaches us English. 玛丽教我们英语。(teaches 动词作谓语)
Mr.Victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week.
维克托先生上周来到了我们教室和我们谈话。(to have a talk.... 不定式作状语)
2．谓语动词受主语的人称和数的限制，而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制。
Larke likes the pop music. 拉克喜欢流行音乐。(动词用单数第三人称形式)
Larke has nothing to do today. 拉克今天没什么事要做。(do 用原形)
3．非谓语动词的特征：
如果非谓语动词是及物动词，后面须跟宾语。
Studying English is my favorite. 学习英语是我的爱好。(studying 后跟宾语)
To help him is my duty. 帮助他是我的责任。(help 后跟宾语)
4．非谓语动词可以带有自己的状语或逻辑主语。
Working under such a condition is terrible.
在这样的环境下工作太可怕了。(under such a condition 是 working 的状语)
It's too difficult for him to master English in such a short time.
他在这么短的时间内掌握英语太难了。(for him 作不定式的逻辑主语)
5．非谓语动词仍有语态和时态的变化。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting long.对不起让你久等了。
(to have kept...是不定式的完成形式)
Seen from the mountain, the city looks much more beautiful.
从山上看，这座城市美丽多了。(Seen from...是分词的被动形式)
6．非谓语动词在句中可以当成名词或者形容词来使用。
Our coming made him happy. 我们的到来使他很高兴。(coming 起名词作用)
There are two big swimming pools here.这儿有两个大型游泳池。 (swimming 起形容词作用)
二．非谓语动词的形式变化：
不定式的形式：(以动词do为例)
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三．非谓语动词的句法功能
名 称 语 法 功 能
不定式 主语;宾语;宾语补足语;表语;定语;状语
动名词 主语;宾语;表语;定语;状语
现在分词 宾语补足语;表语;定语;状语
过去分词 宾语补足语;表语;定语;状语
(一) 动词不定式
动词不定式 主动 被动
一般式 to do to be done
进行式 to be doing
完成式 to have done to have been done
否定式：not + to do
(1) 一般式：所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后。
To teach English is my job.
We plan to pay a visit.
He seems to know a lot.
The meeting to be held tomorrow is put off.
The teacher ordered the work to be done.
To catch the first bus, he got up early.
(2) 进行式：所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生。
The boy pretended to be working hard.
He seems to be reading in his room.
(3) 完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
He is pleased to have met his friend.
不定式的完成时的特殊用法
① 表示不定式中谓语动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。
The novel was said to have been published.
I regret to have been with you for so many years.
seem、appear、be said、 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )be supposed、be believed、be thought、be known、be reported等动词常用于上面句型。
此外，glad、happy、satisfi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ed、sorry、surprised、disappointed后也接完成时，但要注意与一般时的区别。
I’m sorry to keep you waiting for a minute.对不起，请稍等。(说话时还未等)
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.对不起，让你久等了。(说话时已等了很久)
② 不定式的完成时还可表示“过去本想做某事 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )但未做”的虚拟语气。
(A)should like to / would like to / would love to + 不定式的完成时。
(B)was / were to + 不定式的完成时，表示该做某事或想做但未实现。
(C)expect / hope / mean / promise / suppose / think / want/ wish + 不定式完成时，
表示过去未曾实现的愿望。
不定式的成分：
(1) 作主语
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
To lose your heart means failure.
动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，例如上面两句可用如下形式：
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
(2) 作表语不定式作表语说明主语的内容或性质。
His job is to guard.(说明内容)
be + to do sth.(表示按计划要做的事)
Her job is to clean the hall.
He appears to have caught a cold.
作表语的不定式通常带to，当主语部分含有实义动词do，不定式作表语可省to。
The only thing I can do is (to)wait.
(3) 作宾语：
下列词语常不定式作宾语：a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )fford 、promise、refuse、expect、hope、learn、offer、wish、want、fail、plan、agree、forget、like、prefer、decide、manage、try、arrange、determine、desire、 ask、beg ,choose, help, plan, pretend, prefer, refuse, 如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语(不定式)后置，放在宾语补足语后面。
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
动词不定式也可充当介词宾语
I have no choice but to stay here.
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
There is nothing to do but wait.
动词不定式与疑问词连用作宾语
He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
find , feel, consider, think, make + it + adj./n+to do
I find it possible to ask the question
(4) 作宾语补足语：
① 动词see、watch、notic ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e、hear、listen to、observe、feel、taste、smell、make、let、have等的宾补用动词原形，变被动时要加to,此时的不定式就是主语补足语。
② 常用带不定式作宾补的几种情况：
主语 + ask / requir ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e / tell / order / force / get / want / like + sb.to do sth.
③ 主语 + think / judge / suppose / believe / consider /imagine/
consider / feel + sb. + to be/ to have done
④ 主语 + call on / upon / depend on / wait for / ask for + sb.+ to do sth.
总之以下动词使用不定式作宾补：
want, wish, ask, tell, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
有些动词如make, le ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t, have, see, find, watch, observe, notice, listen to, hear, feel 与不带to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to。
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
get sth / sb. to do
He got the car to start.
(5) 作定语：
动词不定式作定语，与所修饰名词有如下关系：
① 动宾关系：
不定式为不及物动词时，应用介词。
He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
如果句子的主语是不定式的执行者，不定式用主动。
如果句子的主语不是不定式的执行者，不定式用被动。
Have you got anything to send
“Have you got anything to be sent ” said the secretary.
② 说明所修饰名词的内容：
We have made a plan to finish the work.
③ 被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：
He is the first to get here.
不定式作定语的特殊用法：
① 下列词语后常接不定式 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )作定语：chance、wish、right、courage、need、promise、time、opportunity、way、the first、the second、the last、the only等。
② 不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。
There is no one to look after her.
③ 不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。
She is now looking for a room to live in.
(6) 作状语：
不定式作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示行为目的、结果、原因。only to do表示出人意料的结果。
① 表目的：
He worked day and night to get the money.
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
② 表结果：
He arrived late to find the train gone.
I visited him only to find him out.
③ 表程度：
It's too dark for us to see anything.
The question is simple for him to answer.
④ 作独立成分：
To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.
总结：
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
特殊用法：remember to do/doing
forget to/doing
regret to do/doing
mean to do/doing
try to do/doing
stop to do/doing
(7) 不定式的省略。
① 同一结构并列由and或or连接。
I want to finish my homework and go home.
I’m really puzzled what to think or say.
特例：To be or not to be,this is a question.
He is better to laugh than to cry.(表示对比)
② 不定式作表语，其前面的主语从句中含有do时，后面的to省略。
What he did was lose the game.
③ 句中含有动词do时，but、except、besides、such as等后面to可省略。即“前有do,后省to”。
Don’t do anything silly, such as marry him.
④ 主句含有不定式，后面有rather than, rather than后省to。
⑤ Why not、had better、would rather、can’t but等词后省to。
如：He could not but walk home.
(8) 不定式的替代。
多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中，为了避 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )免重复，作宾语或主补，宾补的不定式再次出现时，to后的内容常承前省略(只保留to即可)。但如果承前省略的不定式有助动用的have或be任何形式，后应该保留原形be或have。如：
Susan is not what she used to be.
—You came late last night. You ought to have finished your homework.
—I know I ought to have.
常见的有：I’d like / love / be happy to.
注: ①主语的不定式常用 it带代替，不定式放在后面。例：
It is not easy to learn a foreign language.
It is dangerous to play in the street.
②不定式的否定。not +不定式。例：
Tell him not to be late.
The policeman told the boys not to play in the street.
③不定式与疑问词连用,与what, which , how ,where ,when连用。
例：The question is when to start.
I don’t know where to go.
He showed me how to use a computer.
Nobody told us what to do.
(二) 动名词
动名词是由动词原形 + ing 构成，同现在分词形式一样，在句中可作主语，宾语，表语和定语。
1. 动名词作主语：
Talking like that is not polite.那样谈话不礼貌。
Learning from others is important .向别人学习很重要。
Putting on more clothes is not so good .多穿衣服不一定好。
动名词可以象动词不定式一样，用 it 先行祠代替，而把动名词写在后面。
It's no use waiting here, let's go home. 在这儿等着也没用，我们回家吧。
It's very difficult climbing this mountain. 爬这座山很困难。
2. 动名词作表语
The nurse's job is looking after the patients. 护士的工作是护理病人。
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
3. 动名词作宾语
① 下列动词后只能接动名词：sugge ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )st, finish, avoid, stop, can’t help, mind, enjoy, require, practise, miss, escape, pardon, advise, consider, imagine, keep, appreciate, permit。
Please stop smoking in the house. 请不要在家里抽烟。
I like reading in the forest. 我喜欢在树林里读书。
Do you mind my opening the windows 你介意我打开窗户吗？
She is found of collecting stamp. 她喜欢集邮。
② 下列动词短语接动名词：leav ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e off, put off, give up, look forward to, feel like, have trouble / difficulty(in) doing sth. devote to, get used to, pay attention to, be fond of, be worth。
③ 介词后要接动名词。what abou ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t、how about、without、be fond of、be good at等介词后接动名词。
4. 动名词作定语
She is studying in the reading room. 她在阅览室学习。
He slept in the sleeping bag. 他在睡袋里睡觉。
5. 动名词的否定形式：not + 动名词
He pretend not knowing it at all. 他假装全然不知。
We considered not doing it now. 我们考虑现在不做这件事。
6. 动名词的时态：
动名词的一般时动名词的一般时表示动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，或在谓语动词的动作之后发生。
I enjoy swimming in the big river. 我喜欢在大河里游泳。
I am used to watching TV in the evening. 我习惯于晚上看电视。
动名词的完成时动名词的完成时表示动作在谓语动词动作之前发生。
She regret not having studied the computer hard. 她后悔没有努力学习计算机。
Do you remember having promised me that 你记得给我许愿了吗？
7. 动名词的被动形式：
当动名词和它的逻辑主语是被动关系时，用动名词的被动形式来表示。
His being looked down upon made him sick. 他被人冷落使他很伤感。
I can't really stand being treated like that. 我简直受不了这样的对待。
8. 动名词的几个特殊情况：
(1) 有些动词的后面能跟动名词做宾语，有些动词能跟不定式，有些两者都可以，它们的具体含义有时还不一样。
能跟动名词的动词有：avoid, c ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )onsider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, forgive, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, pardon, prevent, resist, suggest, understand, can't help等。
能跟不定式的动词有：decide, d ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )esire, expect, hope, mean, pretend, promise, refuse, undertake, want, wish, agree, manage等。
能跟动名词和不定式的动词有：l ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ove, like, hate, prefer, dislike, begin, continue, intend, attempt, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, try, deserve, start等。
动词后面跟动名词还是不定式，含义不相同，总的来说，表示习惯的，一般性的动作多跟动名词，一次性的具体的被动动作多跟不定式。
I like to go with you. 我想和你一块儿去。
I like reading. 我喜欢阅读。
He promised to help her. 他答应过要帮助她。
We love watching VCD. 我们喜欢看VCD。
(2) remember, forget, regret后面跟动名词时，动名词表示过去的动作，后面跟不定式时，不定式表示将来的动作。
I remember meeting him in the street. 我记得在街上见过他。
I remember to write a letter to my parents. 我想起来要给我父母亲写信。
(3) "stop + 动名词"表示停止动名词所表示的动作，"stop + 不定式"表示停下来 做不定式所表示的动作。
Stop smoking, please. 请不要抽烟。
Let's stop to have a rest. 咱们停下来休息一下吧。
(4) 动名词和分词的区别：
动名词作定语时，动名词和它所修饰的词没有逻辑上的主谓关系，而分词作定语时，分词和它所修饰的词有逻辑上的主谓关系。
reading text 阅读课文〔动名词〕
developing country 发展中国家〔分词〕
a sleeping bag 睡袋〔动名词〕
boiled water 开水〔分词〕
(三) 分词
英语中的分词分两种：现在分词(the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )present participle)和过去分词(the past participle)现在分词的形式同动名词一样，在动词后面加 ing 。而过去分词的形式则在动词后面加 ed. 分词在句中可作定语，状语或表语。虽然它们在句子中都可作名词修饰语、接系动词补足语、宾语补足语等，但是它们形式不同，而且语义也有差别。
现在从四方面举例说明：
(1)现在分词表示动作是主动的和正在进行的(例①-③)；过去分词的动作是被动的和完成的(例④-⑥)：
① The boiling water is hot.
② A sleeping baby is good to look at.
③ She has a smiling face.
④ You can use the boiled water to make tea.
⑤ Where is my lost key
⑥ A broken mirror cannot be repaired.
有时，由于两个动词“异词同义”，其分词也跟着不同，如：
⑦a. Have you seen the man wearing a T-shirt
b. Who is the man dressed in a blue shirt
⑧a. His new book consisting of useful data has been well received.
b. Do you like the book made up of untrue stories
(2)在语义上，现在分词和过去分词反映的心理状态不同。前者有 “令人厖”的含义(见例⑨)；过去分词则有“感到厖”的意思(见例⑩)：
⑨ The soccer match last night was thrilling.(令人紧张)
⑩ The soccer fans were delighted.(感到高兴)
其他例子有：
● amazing, amazed
● annoying, annoyed
● boring, bored
● confusing, confused
● surprising, surprised
● terrifying, terrified
试比较11a和b以及12a和b:
11a. This is the most confusing system I have ever seen.
11b. The children wil ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l get confused if asked to learn too much at a time.
12a. David came with some surprising news.
12b. All were surprised at Sam's sudden quit.
(3)在作宾语补足语时，如果宾语是有关分词逻辑上的主语，就用现在分词，如:
Don't keep the visitor waiting.
如果宾语和有关分词有“动词+宾语”关系，那么这个分词就要是过去分词了，如：
Where did you get your book printed
(4)分词短语相当于副词从句，但现在式表示的是主动的行动，过去式表示被动的行动，如：
Entering the room, she found the wall newly painted.
Written in haste, the essay had some errors.
1. 现在分词
(1)现在分词在句中作时间、原因、伴随、条件、结果等状语。
①时间状语(分词作状语前面可加when, while等)
Hearing the good news, he jumped with greatjoy.
Not having finished her work in time, the boss fired her.
②原因状语
Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave them a note
③伴随状语
The girls came in, following their parents.
④结果状语
The poor old man died, leaving nothing to his children.
注意：现在分词作状语的几个特性。
·时间性。与谓语动词同时发生，用一般时，如发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式having done。
·语态性。与句子的主语之间的关系，是主谓关系或动宾关系。遵循的规则“主动进行，被动完成”。
·人称一致性。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。
例句：
Being a student, he likes to help others. 作为一个学生，他喜欢帮助别人。
Wearing a new pair of glasses, she can read easily.戴了一副新眼镜，她看书就好多了。
She is there waiting for us. 她在那儿等我们呢。
Told by the teacher, she knew she was wrong. 经老师一说，她知道自己不对。
(2)现在分词作表语。
S. + be + 动词-ing：表示主动。
S. + be + 动词-ed：表示被动。
The story is interesting . 故事有趣。
We are interested in computer. 我们对计算机感兴趣。
(3)现在分词作定语
China is a developing country. 中国是一个发展中国家。
That's an interesting story. 这是一个有趣的故事。
The girl singing for us is ten years old. 给我们唱歌的女孩十岁了。
作定语的分词要放在被修饰的名 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )词之前，如果是分词词组则放在被修饰的名词之后，如被修饰的名词是 something, anything, everything, nothing 等，分词放在被修饰名词的后面。
The working people ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )have played a great role in the activity.工人在这次活动中起主要作用。
There is nothing interesting. 没什么有趣的事。
分词和动名词都可以作定语，判断是分词还是动名词，可以根据它们和被修饰词有无逻辑上的主谓关系来判断，有主谓关系的是分词，否则判断为动名词。
a swimming girl 游泳的女孩。(分词)
a swimming pool 游泳的池子(动名词)
(4)现在分词作宾语补足语
可以跟宾语补足语的谓语动词有 see, watch, hear, set, keep, find, have, get 等词。
I saw him walking in the street. 我看见他在街上走。
I heard them singing in the classroom. 我听见他们在教室里唱歌。
We found the boy sleeping. 我们发现小孩睡着了。
(5)分词的时态
分词的一般时表示动作同谓语动词的动作同时发生或之前发生。
Seeing the teacher is coming, the students stopped playing.
看到老师进来，学生们停下来不玩了。
Coming into the room, he lied on his bed. 回到家后，他就躺在床上。
分词的完成时表示的动作在谓语动词的前面发生。
Having received a latter, I knew everything is all right.
收到一封信后，我知道一切都很好。
Having had my supper, I went out for a walk. 晚饭后，我出去散步了。
Having known that he won the match, he threw the cap into the sky.
他知道自己比赛获胜，高兴地把帽子扔上了天。
(6)分词的被动形式
分词的被动形式表示分词动作同所修饰的名词有一种被动关系。
The entertainment building being built will be completed next year.
正在建设的娱乐大楼明年完工。
(7)分词的否定形式：not + 分词
Not knowing what to do next, she stopped to wait.
不知道下一步干什么，她停下来等着。
Not having finished ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the homework, the little girl doesn't dare to go to school.
小女孩没完成作业不敢去学校。
2. 过去分词
1) 过去分词作定语和表语
过去分词是非谓语动词的一种形式,表示完成和被动的动作。它在句子中可以充当表语、定语等成份。
(1)过去分词作定语
①前置定语
单个的过去分词作定语,通常放在被修饰的名词之前,表示被动和完成意义。
A类：被动意义：
an honored guest 一位受尊敬的客人
The injured ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) workers are now being taken good care of in the hospital.
受伤的工人现正在医院受到良好的照料。
B类：完成意义：
a retired teacher 一位退休的教师
They are clea ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ning the fallen leaves in the yard. 他们正在打扫院子里的落叶。
②后置定语
过去分词短语作定语时,通常放在被修饰的名词之后,它的作用相当于一个定语从句。如:
This will be the b ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )est novel of its kind ever written (=that has ever been written).
这将是这类小说中写得最好的。
Who were the so-cal ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )led guests invited (=who had been invited) to your party last night
昨晚被邀请参加你的晚会的那些所谓的客人是谁呀
③过去分词作定语时,所表示的时间概念：
·多表示已完成的动作，例如：
The broken glasses are mine.
The book written in ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )English is about “The differences between American English and British English”.
·表示分词的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，例如：
A letter posted yesterday will probably reach her next week.
He wants to buy a used car.
·没有一定的时间性，例如：
I don’t like to see letters written in pencil.
His spoken English is excellent.
·某些动词的过去分词作定语时, 多 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )半用来修饰人。这类过去分词多是表示人物的心理特征或情感变化的动词。如：delighted , devoted , discouraged , amused , astonished , frightened , moved , inspired , encouraged , puzzled , tired , worried , excited.
例如：The tired boy fell into asleep very soon .
The puzz ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )led mother come to her daughter’s teacher for help .
The frightened baby kept crying .
(2)过去分词作表语
①过去分词做表语与被动语态的差异:
要区别“系动词+过去分词(系表结构)” 和 “系动词+过去分词(被动语态)”。如:
The library is now closed. 图书馆现在关门了。
The library is closed at six. 图书馆经常在六点钟关门。
说明：作表语用的过去分词表示主语的特点 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )或所处的状态,强调主谓关系。这种结构中的过去分词前可加quite, very, rather等修饰词。系动词可有多种,表示不同的意义;被动语态表示动作,强调动宾关系,绝大多数被动结构中的行为执行者还可以用by短语来表示。因此,我们不难看出在上面两句中,A句是系表结构,B句是被动语态。
The store is now closed .(系表)
The library is usually closed at 8:00 p.m. (被动)
The novel is well written . (系表)
The novel is written by LuXun . (被动)
②某些过去分词作表语,多半用 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )来表示人物所处的心理状态或情感变化, 其主语多半是人, 这类过去分词通常为下列过去分词: delighted, devoted, discouraged , astonished, frightened, excited, inspired, encouraged, interested, contented, pleased, puzzled, satisfied, tired, worried, ect .
这些分词几乎都可以看作形容 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )词, 其中很多可以被very修饰. 在口语中, 用very代替much来修饰过去分词的现象, 越来越普遍. 例如:
On hearing the good news everyone was excited .
We are very pleased at the news .
作表语的过去分词主要来自及物动词,在主-系-表句型中,说明主语所处的一种状态。其中系动词有包括be在内的多种形式。如:
You seem frightened. 你看样子受了惊吓。
少数不及物动词(如go, come, set)的过去分词也能作表语,但它们不表示被动意义,只是表示动作完成。如:
They are gone for vacation. 他们度假去了。
2)过去分词作状语
过去分词作状语修饰谓语，大多说明动作发生的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )背景或情况，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随情况等。一般说来，这一结构的逻辑主语是主句的主语。过去分词表示被动，表示动作已经完成。作状语时，可单独使用，也可以在其连词的前面加上适当的连词表示时间、原因、条件、结果、伴随、方式等。
(1)过去分词作原因状语，相当于as, since, because引导的从句,多放在句首。
Greatly inspired by th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e teacher's words, I have made up my mind to work to English even harder。
在老师的鼓励下，我决心更加努力地学习英语。
Greatly moved by the film, they all cried. 他们看了那部电影深受感动，都哭了。
Surrounded by a group ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )of young people, the old man felt happy. 身边围着一群年轻人，老人感到很高兴。
翻译：Confused by ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the stones flying at them from all sides, the boys ran into the building.
Separated at birth, the twins do not know each other.
(2)过去分词作状语，表示伴随情况或方式。
The trainer appeared, followed by six little dogs. 训练员出现了，后面跟着六条小狗。
He walked up and down the room, lost in thought. 他在屋子时走来走去，陷入了沉思。
Filled with extraordinary strength, he raised himself. 他使出全身的力气站了起来。
The teacher came in, followed by his students. 老师进来了, 后面跟着他的学生。
She sat by the window, lost in thought. 她坐在窗前,陷于沉思。
翻译：Seen (表方式) fr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )om a spaceship, the earth looks like a blue green white ball.
She walked ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )out of the house, followed (表伴随) by her little daughter.
(3)过去分词作状语,表示条件，相当于if, unless引导的从句。如:
Given more attentio ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n, the cabbages could have grown better.=If they had been given more attention, the cabbages could have grown better. 如果更精心一点,这些大白菜可以长得更好一些。
Compared with you ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ), we still have a long way to go.=If we are compared with you, we still have a long way to go. 和你相比,我们还有很大的差距。
Given much time, we could do it better.(条件)多给点时间的话，我们会做得更好。
翻译：Given (表条件) more water, the fish couldn’t die.
Compared with you, we still have a long way to go.
(4)作时间状语，相当于when ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )引导的时间状语从句,如果分词表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生,可在分词前用when, while, until等使其时间意义更明确。
When heated, ice can be changed into water.(时间)冰加热时变成水。
Built in 1192, the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )bridge is over 800 years old. 这座桥是1192年建的,已经有八百多年的历史了。
When heated, water can be changed into steam. 水加热后可以变成水蒸汽。
翻译：Once seen (表时间), it can never be forgotten.
Questioned about the murder, he came tense.
(5)作让步状语
Much tired, he st ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ill kept on working.=Though he was tired, he still kept on working. 虽然他很累,他仍然继续工作着。
翻译：Even though defeated (表让步) again, the scientist didn’t give up.
注意：分词短语作状语时,其逻辑主语要 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )与句子的主语保持一致,否则分词短语就要有自己的逻辑主语,构成独立主格结构,在很多情况下,这种结构表示伴随动作或情况。
如: He rushed into t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he room, his face covered with sweat. 他冲进屋内,满脸是汗。(his face covered with sweat为独立主格结构)
总之,当句子的主语和前面分句的非谓语动词构成被动关系时,一般要用过去分词。
3)过去分词作宾补的用法
过去分词在句子中可作表语、定语、状语、补语(主补、宾补)等。下面就过去分词作宾补的用法作一总结。
I. 能够接过去分词作宾补的动词有以下三类：
(1)表示感觉或心理状态 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的动词。如：see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等。
I heard the song sung in English. 我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌。
He found his hometown greatly changed. 他发现他的家乡变化很大。
(2)表示“致使”意义的动词。如：have, make, get, keep, leave等。
I’ll have my hair cut tomorrow.明天我要理发。
He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. 他昨天把牙拔了。
Don’t leave those things undone.要把那些事情做完。
(3)表示“希望”、“要求”意义的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )动词。如：like, order, want, wish, expect等后用 “vt + ( to be )+pp”。
I would like this matter (to be) settled at once. 我希望此事立刻得到解决。
I wish my homework (to be)finished before five o’clock. 我希望5点前完成我的作业。
II. 过去分词作宾补表示的意义。
(1)过去分词作宾补表示被动关系，其动作先于谓语动作。
例句(1)，过去分词sung的动作显然先于谓语动作heard；
例句(2)，过去分词changed的动作显然先于谓语动作found。
(2)过去分词作宾补时，过去分词所表示的动作一定和宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系。如：
例句(4)，动宾关系是pull out his tooth；
例句(6)，动宾关系是settle this matter。
III. 过去分词作宾补时，要注意几种情况。
(1)使役动词have接过去分词作宾补有两种情况。
过去分词所表示的动作由他人完成。如：
He had his money stolen.他的钱给偷了。(被别人偷去了)
过去分词所表示的动作由句中的主语所经历。如：
He had his leg broken.他的腿断了。(自己的经历)
(2)过去分词在原句中作宾补时，如果原句变为被动语态，那么过去分词就在新句中作主补了。如：
The big fire is reported controlled.据报道这场大火已经得到控制。
The meet ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing room was found thoroughly cleaned and everything arranged in good order.
人们发现会议室被彻底打扫了，一切都布置得井井有条。
附一：关于动词不定式的考点
考点一：直接接动词不定式做宾语的动词
这一类动词往往表示请求、要求、选择、决定、打算、企图等。
afford， agree， as ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )k， attempt， beg， begin， bother， care， choose， claim， decide， demand， desire， expect， fail， fear， hate， help， hesitate， intend， learn， manage， neglect， offer， plan， prefer， prepare， pretend， refuse， start， threaten， undertake， volunteer， want
I hesitate to spend so much money on clothes.我对花那么多钱买衣服犹豫不决。
考点二：在下列情况下常用不带(或省略)to的动词不定式：
1. 感官动词后面：feel， listen， hear， look at， notice， see， watch， observe
I saw a man enter the shop.
2. 表示使役意义的动词，如：have， let， make
The teacher has us write a composition every week.
3. 一些情态动词后面：ha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d better， would rather卼han，would sooner卼han，rather than， can not but，can not help but
Rather than wait anyone， I decided to go home by taxi.
4. 在do (did， do ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )es， done) nothing (anything， everything )but (except) do句型中。
I can do nothing but follow your advice.
如果but或except之前没有do，其后的to不能省略。
There is no choice but to wait and see.
5. 由all， what ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )引导的主语从句或者主语被only， first， one， least或形容词最高级修饰时，而且从句中含有do时，其表语如果是动词不定式，则往往省去to.
What I have to do is take a rest.
The only thing I could do was do it myself.
6. 由并列连词and，e ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )xcept， but， than， or连接两个以上的具有相同意义或功能的不定式时，第二个动词不定式不带to。
I‘d like to stay with you， help you and learn from you.
She told us to stay at home and wait till she came back.
To try and fail is better than not to try at all.尝试而失败也比不尝试好。
注意：如果两个不定式表示对照或对比，则不能省略to.
He hasn‘t decided weather to quit or to stay.他还没有决定是去还是留。
To be or not to be， that is a question.是生存还是死亡，这是一个问题。
考点三：有些动词后一般跟带“疑问词+动词不定 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )式”作宾语，如：consider， discover， discuss， explain， guess， know， inquire， observe， show， teach， understand， wonder等。
I wonder who to invite.我不知请谁。
Ask my brother where to put the car.问一下我哥车停在哪儿。
附二：关于动名词的考点
考点一：直接接动名词做宾语的动词和词组
admit， avoid， advi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )se， allow， appreciate， consider， delay， deny， dislike， encourage， enjoy， escape， excuse， fancy， feel like， finish， forbid， forgive， imagine， involve， mind， miss， permit， postpone， practise， prevent， propose， resist， risk， stop， give up， can‘t help， can’t stand， suggest
Forbid smoking on trains.火车上禁止吸烟。
We have to postpone sending our answer to the request.
我们不得不暂缓寄出对申请书的答复。
注意：上述动词中a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )llow， advise， forbid， permit， recommend在有人作宾语时，则后接不定式作宾语补足语。如：allow somebody to do something
I recommended going by subway.我建议坐地铁去。
The doctor recommended me to take a few days‘rest.医生劝我休息几天。
考点二：下列短语中to为介词，后面只能接动名词或名词。
keep to、 app ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ly to、 look forward to 、to be familiar to 、get down to、 live up to 、admit to、 be devoted to、 owing to 、aid to、point to、thanks to 、object to...
I am looking forward to seeing you again.我盼着再见到你。
考点三：在demand， des ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )erve， need， require， want， worth等词后面接动名词表示被动的意思，即用主动形式表示被动意义。如果接不定式，必须用不定式的被动形式。
My socks want mending / to be mended.
This grammatical rule deserves mentioning.
That novel is well worth reading.
考点四：在下列it作形式主语或形式宾语的句型中，用动名词作逻辑主语或逻辑宾语。
It is no use(no g ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ood， no point， no sense， a waste of time等名词)+ doing sth.
It is good (nice， interesting， useless等形容词) + doing sth.；
There is no point (use， sense， good等名词) + doing sth.
It‘s no use crying over spilt milk.后悔没有用。
It‘s simply a waste of time and money seeing that movie.
There is no point in my going out to date someone.现在让我出去和别人拍拖没有用。
I find it no good advising him to go with us.我发现建议他和我们一起去没什么好处。
考点五：在“have difficu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lty (trouble， problem， pleasure， a difficult time)(in) doing sth.”结构中，后接动名词；但注意take the trouble to do sth. ， have no time to do sth.后接不定式。
The teachers have h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ad some problems deciding when they should return the final papers to the students.
I worked so late in ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.
考点六：下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词，但表示的意义不同。不定式一般表示事情尚未发生；而动名词则表示事情已经发生于这些动词之前。
例如：remember to do sth.记得将要去做某事；remember doing sth.记得已经做过某事
Please remember to take the medicine.(还没吃)
I remember taking the medicine.(已经吃过)
forget to do sth.忘记了该做的事情；forget doing sth.忘记了已经做过了的事情
forgot to mail the letter. (没有发信)
I forgot mailing the letter. (忘记曾经发过信)
stop to do sth.停止手中的事去做另一件事；stop doing sth.停止正在做的事情
We stopped to have a rest.
I really must stop smoking.
go on to do sth.继续做另一件事情；go on doing sth.继续作正在做的事
The president w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )elcomed the new students and then went on to explain the college regulations.
Peter went on sleeping despite the noise outside.
try to do sth.努力，试图去做某事；try doing sth.尝试，试着做某事
He tried to climb the tree， but he could not.
She tried cooking the meat in wine instead of water.
mean to do sth.打算做某事；mean doing sth.意味着做某事
I don‘t mean to be rude， but could you stop smoking？
Jumping from job to job means losing some benefit.
regret to do sth.对某事感到遗憾；regret doing sth.后悔做过某事
I regret to tell you that you failed the test.
I regret lending him so much money. He never paid me back.
考点七：下列动词既可接不定式， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )也可接动名词，所表达的意义无太大的差别。考试中一般很少涉及到，这些动词有：
begin， continue， attempt， intend， plan， dislike， fear， hate， like， love， can‘t bear (stand)， prefer
附三：非谓语动词的其他考点
考点一：独立主格结构
分词的独立结构可放在句首或句 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )尾，常常在句中作状语，可以表示时间、原因、条件，方式或伴随情况。分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语是句子的主语。如果分词短语有自己的逻辑主语(一般为名词)，它便是分词的独立结构。该分词与其逻辑主语有着逻辑上的主谓关系，常常用逗号与主句隔开。如果逻辑主语与分词的关系是主谓关系，就用现在分词；如果是动宾关系就用过去分词。至于分词的时态则要看它与句子的谓语动词的关系，如果分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，则用完成式，即having done或having been done.其他情况下，通常用分词的一般式。
分词的独立结构前也可以有with，witho ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ut或there.with本身没有词义，there实际上是引导词，being后面的名词才是分词的逻辑主语。
Weather permitting, we‘ll be going fishing tomorrow.
The students having f ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )inished reading the text, the teacher went on to ask them some questions.
All the money having been spent, we started looking for work.
With her hair beautifu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lly done, the customer left the hair-dresser‘s happily.
With night coming on, they went home.天晚了，他们回家了。
He left home, without a single word said.没说一句话，他就离开了家。
There being nothing to do, we played games.没什么可做的，我们于是玩游戏。
考点二：非谓语动词三种表示被动的结构(语法常考题)
to be done不定式的被动态表示将来的动作
being done用来表示动作的正在(被)进行或者表示原因、条件等
done (having been done)表示动作的被动关系或过去完成状态
Are you going to attend the meeting to be held next morning？
The question being discussed is very important.
Did you attend the conference held in Beijing last week？
All flights having been cancelled, they had to take the train.
考点三：分词短语的固定表达方式，通常作句子状语，一般不受句子主语的限制。如：
according to(根 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )据)， judging from(从厖判断)， talking of(谈到)，owing to(由于)， taking everything into consideration(全盘考虑)， generally speaking (总的说来)， frankly speaking (坦率地说)， roughly speaking (粗略地说)， honestly speaking (老实说)， strictly speaking (严格地说)， theoretically speaking (从理论上说)