中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
Unit 3 Environmental Protection复习学案
单词词组过关
1．__________vi.& vt.(使)挨饿;饿死 __________ n．饥饿;饿死
2．___________ vt.维持;遭受;承受住 __________ adj.可持续的;合理利用的
3．___________adv.频繁地;经常 __________ adj.频繁的 _____________n．频繁;发生率
4．___________vt.限制;限定;束缚 __________ n．限制规定;限制法规;约束 _____________adj.限制性的;约束性的
5．___________ adj.和谐的 ___________ n．和谐
6．____________ vt.& vi.提交;呈递 ___________ n．提交;呈递;屈服
7．___________ adj.敏感的;灵敏的 __________adj.明智的;合理的 __________ n．意思;感官vt.感觉到;察觉到
8．___________n．保护;保持 ____________ adj.保守的;守旧的 ____________ v．保护;保存;节省;节约
9．___________ n．检查;查看;视察 _____________vt.检查;视察;检阅 __________n．检察员;督察员
10．__________vt.忍受;包容;容许 ___________adj.宽容的;容忍的 __________n．容忍
重点短语
1．________________二氧化碳
2．________________化石燃料(如煤或石油)
3．________________代表(代替)某人
4．________________ 许多；很多
重点句型过关
1．There is little doubt that Earth is getting warmer and warmer.
毫无疑问，地球正在不断变暖。
2．Without this process，Earth could not sustain life.
如果没有这个过程，地球就不能维持生命。
3．It is our responsibility to seize every opportunity to educate everyone about global warming，along with its causes and impacts，because this is the most serious issue affecting all of us on this planet.
抓住每个机会来教育大家关于全球变暖的知识以及它的原因和影响是我们的责任，因为这是影响地球上所有人的最严重的问题。
4．Previously，water quality in the Li River had suffered greatly from an increasing volume of tourists，many of whom frequently threw garbage into the river.
以往，漓江的水质因为游客量的增长遭到了严重破坏，许多游客频繁地将垃圾扔入水中。
5．With these measures，it is believed that the beauty of the Li River will be preserved for generations to come.
有了这些措施，人们相信，漓江的美会被保留下来给后代。
知识点精讲
1.shocked adj. 惊愕的，受震惊的
(1)be shocked at/by sth. 对某事感到震惊
be shocked to do sth. 对做某事感到震惊
(2)shock v. 使震惊，使惊愕
n. 令人震惊的事；震惊；休克；
(由爆炸、地震等引起的)剧烈震动
It shocks sb. to see/hear... 看到/听到……使某人震惊
(3)shocking adj. 令人气愤的；令人震惊的
[即学即练] 一句多译
他的母亲听到这个消息感到震惊。
①His mother ______________________ the news.
②It ________________________ to hear the news.
2.remain(1)vi.剩余，遗留，继续存在；逗留，不离去；仍需去做(或说、处理)
(2)linking verb(连系动词)仍然是，保持不变。其后可跟名词、形容词、v ing、过去分词、介词短语等。
remain to be done 尚待……，有待……
There remain/remains... 还有……
It remains to be seen... ……尚不确定/说不准。(It为形式主语)
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The palace caught fire three times in the last century, and little of the original building ________ (remain) now.
②________ remains to be seen whether Jim will be fit enough to take part in the competition.
③This painting was completed in 1888 and is one of the only four ________ (remain) pieces in the world.
④Whether we can raise enough money to carry out the project remains ________________(discuss)．
归纳拓展
remains n．[pl.]剩余物，剩饭菜；遗迹；遗骸
remaining adj.留下的，剩余的；还需处理的(常用作前置定语)
3.starve v．(使)挨饿，饿死；渴望；急切想要
(1)starve to death 饿死
starve sb. into (doing) sth. 断绝食物(或资金)来源以迫使某人做某事
(2)starve for 渴望……
starve to do sth. 渴望做某事
be starved of... 缺乏……；渴望……
(3)starvation n．饥饿，挨饿，饿死
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/用starve的相关短语完成句子
①These critical programmes that provide food access to residents in need are starving ________ both volunteers and donations.
②In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of whose purposes is to relieve worldwide ________ (starve)．
③人们曾在一头饿死的鲸的胃里发现了大量塑料。
A lot of plastic was found in the stomach of a whale which ____________.
④当地政府断绝了这个公司的资金来源以迫使它放弃那个工程。
The local government ________ the company ____________ the project.
[能力提升]
1) 自毕业后，他们一直渴望成功。（一句多译）
2) 最后，我强烈地渴望知道中国传统文化中的哪些方面最能激起你的好奇心。（2021全国甲卷）
_________________________________________________________
归纳拓展
表示“渴望(得到)……”的其他短语：
be thirsty for
be hungry for
be dying for
be eager for
be anxious for
long for
4.increase (1)/In′kri s/ vt. & vi.增加，(使)增长；(2)/′Inkri s/n.[C，U]增长，增加
(1)increase to... 增加到……
increase by... 增加了……
increase from...to... 从……增加到……
(2)an increase in... ……方面的增加
be on the increase 在增加
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/单句写作
①Over many years, there has been an increase ________ the population of towns in many countries.
②The new law has come into effect, and the number of wild animals here is ________ the increase now.
③我们学校的学生人数已经增长到了5 000。
________________________________________________________________________
④去年，这个城市的房屋均价下降了13%。
_________________________________________________________
联想拓展
decrease vi. & vt. & n．[C，U]减少；降低
decrease to... 减少到……
decrease by... 减少了……
decrease from...to... 从……减少到……
be on the decrease 在减少
5.average (1)adj.平均的；普通的；(2)n.平均数
with an average of 平均为……
an average of 平均是……
on average 平均起来；平均来看
above/below average 在平均值以上/以下
[即学即练] 用适当的介词填空。
①Prices have risen by an average ________ four percent over the past year.
②Last year was the warmest year on record, with global temperature 0.68℃ ________ the average.
③________ average, we had four English lessons one week.
6. refer to 涉及，与……相关；提到，谈及，说起；查阅，参考
(1)refer to...as... 称……为……
(2)refer to a dictionary 查词典
(3)reference n. 参与；涉及；提及
in/with reference to 与……有关
reference book 参考书；工具书
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The trend, then, was toward the “penny paper”—a term ________ (refer) to papers made widely available to the public.
②The Pritzker Architecture Prize is often referred to ________ the Nobel Prize in architecture.
③For example，there are huge quantities of ________(refer) books about which I am often confused.
特别提醒
单词 含义 过去式/过去分词 现在分词
refer 提到；提及 referred referring
prefer 更喜欢 preferred preferring
infer 推断；暗示 inferred inferring
7.release vt.排放；释放；发布(新闻等)；上映(电影)；发行(唱片、书等)；n.排放；释放；发行；发布
release sb. from someplace 从某地释放某人
release stress/emotions 释放压力/发泄情感
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①In recent years, a number of Hollywood producers ________ (release) film posters for Chinese audiences, showing their attention to the country's film market and culture.
②________ (release) on 5 February, 2019, The Wandering Earth soon became a great hit.
③The bird ________ (release) from the cage last week.
④Beijing ranked first in terms of the amount of residents' reading among all cities in China this year, as was announced in data ________ (release) on Thursday.
联想拓展：
与release意思相同的词组：
set free (sb.)
give off (energy)
let loose
8.amount(1)n.[C，U]数量，数额；(2)vi. 总计，共计
(1)a large(great/good)/small amount of＋不可数名词 大量的/少量的……(作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式)
large/small amounts of＋不可数名词 大量的/少量的……(作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式)
the amount of＋不可数名词 ……的总数(作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式)
(2)amount to 共计，总计
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Large amounts of my pocket money ________ (be) spent buying new books last year.
②A great amount of homework ________ (have) to be done every day, so large quantities of students' time ________ (be) occupied.
③A great many college students ________ (be) sent to help the children there last month.
④A great number of children whose parents had died in the earthquake ________ (be) sent to live with families in other cities yesterday.
归纳拓展：
“许多，大量”的其他表达法
(1)
(2)many a(n)＋可数名词单数(作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式)
(3)a great/good deal of＋不可数名词(作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式)
(4)a lot of/lots of、plenty of＋可数名词复数/不可数名词(作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式根据of后的名词来确定)
9.result in 引起；导致；造成
result from 因……发生
as a result 结果
as a result of 作为……的结果；由于
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/一句多译
①He broke down completely ________ a result of too much work.
②Faced with this phenomenon, we must take some measures to deal with it; otherwise, it will result ________ great losses in the future.
③The terrible accident resulted ________ his careless driving.
④据说缺乏信心导致他面试失败。
It was said that lack of confidence ________________ his failure in the interview.
It was said that his failure in the interview ________________ lack of confidence.
⑤由于购物太久，珍妮差点儿误了班机。
Jenny nearly missed the fight ______________ doing too much shopping.
Jenny did too much shopping. ____________， she nearly missed the flight.
联想拓展
result in 的近义词(组)有：cause，bring about, lead to, contribute to.
10.restrict vt.限制，限定(数量、范围等)；束缚，妨碍；约束
(1)restrict...to... 将……限定在……内
restrict oneself/sb. to (doing) sth. 限制自己/某人只做某事
(2)restriction n. [C]制约因素；限制规定；[U]限制，约束
a restriction/restrictions on sth. 对某事的限制
without restriction 不受限制
(3)restrictive adj. 限制性的，约束的
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The earliest studies have suggested a link between calorie ________ (restrict) and slowing aging.
②We make no restrictions ________ the kinds of films we show—as long as a film's quality meets our standards.
③Don't restrict yourself to ________ (make) friends—it will help increase your knowledge.
联想拓展
limit...to 将……限定在……内
11.seize vt.夺取；抓住，捉住；把握(机会、时机、主动等)
seize sth.(from sb.) (从某人那里)夺取某物
seize sb. by the arm (＝seize sb.’s arm) 抓住某人的胳膊
seize a chance/an opportunity 抓住机会
[即学即练] 用seize的相关短语完成句子
①这个小男孩抓住我的胳膊向我求助。
The little boy ________________________________ and asked me for help.
②去年他抓住了一次周游世界的机会。He _____________________
__________________ to travel around the world last year.
随手记
其他表示抓住、捉住的词：grab，grasp，snatch，take，get hold of
[能力提升]
鉴于你口语不好，我强烈建议你抓住每个机会说英语。___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2)抓住这个宝贵的机会，能使他很容易得到晋升。（一句多译）
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
11．in search of 寻找；寻求
[归纳拓展] “in＋n.＋of”型的其他短语：
in praise of 称赞，歌颂
in possession of 拥有
in favour of 支持，赞同
in charge of 负责，管理
in need of 需要
in memory of 为纪念，为追悼
in honour of... 为向……表示敬意
[即学即练] 用“in＋n.＋of”型短语完成句子
①The villagers in polluted areas walk very long distances ____________clean water every day.
②My parents aren't ____________ me going abroad for education, fearing that I'm too young to take care of myself.
③The meeting started with three minutes' silence __________ those who had died in the earthquake.
④The manager is now ____________ a capable assistant that he can count on to cope with problems in his absence.
⑤The person who is ____________the factory has been in hospital since last week.
[名师点津] in search of短语中search前不加任何修饰词。
12．on behalf of 代表(或代替某人)；为了(某人)；为帮助(某人)
[即学即练] 完成句子
我代表这里的每个人祝愿你归国途中一切顺利。
____________ everyone here, I wish you a pleasant journey when you go back to your country.
[联想拓展] on behalf of和represent都可以表示“代表”，前者是短语介词，后者是动词。
[能力提升]
(1) 我很高兴在这里代表我们学校进行演出。
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2) 我代表这里的每个人祝愿你归国途中一切顺利。
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
13. contribute vt. & vi 捐献；捐赠；捐助；是……的原因之一；增加；增进(为报纸、杂志等)撰稿，投稿
contribute sth. to 把某物捐献给……；捐助某物给……；
给……撰写某物
contribute to 给……捐款；给……投稿
有助于；是……的原因之一
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Having been an active ___________ (contribute) to our newspaper，he now writes a regular column on life as a Chinese teenager in the United States.
②Several factors contribute ________ the air pollution, and we must take some measures that can make a valuable ________ (contribute) to cleaning the air.
③In addition to world hunger, some environmental problems human activities have contributed ________ need to be solved soon.
④Take care during the holidays! Drinking too much can contribute ________ heart disease and cause high blood pressure.
⑤We hope your suggestion will contribute to________ (solve) the problem.
归纳拓展
contributor n. 撰稿人；捐赠者；促成物
contribution n. [C]捐献物；贡献；投稿；捐款。常见搭配：make a contribution to 对……作贡献
[能力提升]
（1）有规律的锻炼会有助于你的健康。
_________________________________________________________
（2）每天早晨读英语有助于提高你的英语口语。
________________________________________________________________________
14.address vt. 解决，处理；向……说话；对……发表演说；称呼(某人)；提出(陈述、投诉等)；写姓名和地址；n. 地址；演说，演讲
address sb. as... 称呼某人为……
address oneself to 设法解决
[即学即练] 根据汉语提示，用address的相关表达补全句子
①The more details you provide, the more likely it is we can interpret and ________________________(解决这个问题)correctly.
②It is time we ___________________________________ (设法解决)the main item.
③You should __________________(称呼他)“Mr President”．
归纳拓展
表示“解决处理”的单词和短语还有：handle, deal with, solve, dispose。
15．dozen n. (一)打；十二个
dozens of 很多，许多(后接可数名词复数形式)
two/three/... dozen(＋名词) 两/三/……打(……)
by the dozen 成打地
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①I have decided to buy two ________ (dozen) of those wonderful gifts for the children.
②To gather materials for my lectures, I had to read through dozens ________ the books on economics.
特别提醒
(1) dozen前有数词或者具有数词意义的词，如：a，many，several，some，a few等修饰限制时，dozen要用单数形式，后面接可数名词复数，且名词前通常无需用介词of。
I bought three dozen eggs yesterday.我昨天买了三打鸡蛋。
(2)表示“部分与整体”的关系时，dozen即使是单数形式，也要加of，这时of后面多是一个加有限定词(如：these，those，the，my，Tom's等)的复数名词或代词。
I want two dozen of these soup spoons.我想买这些汤匙中的两打。
I want two dozen of them.我要它们中的两打。
16．fine vt.对……处以罚款；n.[C]罚金，罚款；adj.高质量的，美好的；(天气)晴朗的；健康的；(指行为、建议、决定)可接受；adv.可以接受；很好；能行
fine...(for sth./for doing sth.) (因某事/做某事)对……处以罚款
a fine of... ……的罚款
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①In March, the court fined a merchant $7.5 million ________ selling fake bags.
②According to the contract, if we can't meet the deadline, we shall pay _____________________ (10 000美元的罚金)．
③The police ______________________________________________ (因为我闯红灯罚了我100美元)yesterday.
17.in effect 在实施中，有效；实际上，事实上
bring/put...into effect 实行……，实施……，使……生效
come into effect 生效，开始实施
take effect 生效，开始实施；开始起作用
have an effect on... 对……有影响
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①They require a bigger commitment than smaller ones, and they have a more powerful effect ________ the feeling of a space.
②It is said that the recommendations will be put ________ effect next year.
③The new timetable comes ________ effect in November.
④—Are you feeling tired after a long walk
—Not a bit. ________ effect, I feel quite relaxed.
18.tolerate vt.忍受；包容；容许
tolerate doing sth. 忍耐做某事
tolerance n. 宽恕；忍耐
tolerant adj. 宽容的；容忍的
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Nobody can tolerate _______________ (laugh) at in public.
②As leaders, they need to be ________ (tolerate) of different points of view.
③Billy is on the side of the angels when it comes to racial ________ (tolerate) .
联想拓展
表示“忍受，容忍”的词和短语：tolerate，bear，stand，put up with。
语法点精讲
本单元语法：直接引语和间接引语
【基本概念】
（1）直接引语：直接引述别人的话，把它放在引号内，叫直接引语。
（2）间接引语：用自己的话转述别人的话，叫间接引语。
直接引语变为间接引语时，从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间地点状语等一般均要作相应的变化。
一：人称的变化
直接引语变为间接引语时，人称的变化遵循以下原则。
（1）一随主：直接引语中出现的第一人称代词要按照引述动词的主语的人称变化。
She said，“I won’t be frustrated.” → She said that she wouldn’t be frustrated. 她说她不会沮丧的。
（2）二随宾：直接引语中出现的第二人称代词要按照引述动词的宾语的人称变化，若引述动词后没有宾语，也可用第一人称。
I told Mary，“We will protect you from infection.” → I told Mary we would protect her from infection.
我告诉玛丽我们会保护她不受感染。
（3）第三人称不更新：直接引语出现的第三人称代词一般不需要变化。
She said to me，“They want to decrease the amount of fat they eat.”
→ She told me that they wanted to decrease the amount of fat they ate.
她告诉我，他们想减少脂肪的摄入量。
二：时态的变化
直接引语变为间接引语时，如果主句是过去的某种时态，则间接引语的时态应相应向前推一个时态，如下所示：
1. 一般现在时→ 一般过去时
2. 现在进行时→ 过去进行时
3. 现在完成时→ 过去完成时
4. 一般过去时→ 过去完成时
5. 过去完成时→ 过去完成时（不变）
6. 过去进行时→ 过去进行时（不变）
7. 一般将来时→ 过去将来
（1）如果直接引语中有明确的表示过去时间的状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。
My mother said to me，“The museum was completely transformed in 2017.”
→ My mother told me that the museum was completely transformed in 2017.
我母亲告诉我，图书馆在2017 年被彻底改造了。
（2）如果直接引语表述的是客观真理，变为间接引语时，时态不变。
The geography teacher said to us，“The earth travels around the sun.”
→ The geography teacher told us that the earth travels around the sun.
地理老师对我们说：“地球围绕太阳转。”
三：指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化
（1）指示代词：this → that these → those
He said to me，“This is the School Computer Centre.” → He told me that was the School Computer Centre.
（2）时间状语：now → then today → that day
this morning/week → that morning/week
yesterday → the day before
yesterday morning → the morning before
next week → the next week/the following week
last week → the week before two days ago → two days before
tomorrow → the next day/the following day
the day before yesterday → two days before
the day after tomorrow → in two days’ time
（3）地点状语：here → there
（4）动词：come → go bring → take
四：句型的变化
（1）直接引语是陈述句，间接引语用连接词 that 引导，that 可省略。
His mother said to me，“Mr Harry in charge of the work. ”
→ His mother told me that Mr Harry was in charge of the work.
他的母亲告诉我，亨利先生负责这项工作。
（2）直接引语是一般疑问句，间接引语用 whether/if 引导，疑问语序变为陈述语序，谓语动词 say（said）改为 ask（asked）。
Mr Tonny said to me，“Are your injuries severe ”
→ Mr Tonny asked me if/whether my injuries were severe.
托尼先生问我伤势是否严重。
（3）直接引语是特殊疑问句，间接引语用原来的疑问词引导，疑问语序变为陈述语序。
Mary asked me，“When did the British prince become infected with the disease ”
→ Mary asked me when the British prince became infected with the disease.
玛丽问我这位英国王子是什么时候染上这种病的。
（4）直接引语是祈使句，间接引语变为 ask/tell/order sb.（not） to do sth. 句式。
He said，“Don’t subscribe to her view.” → He told me not to subscribe to her view. 他告诉我不要同意她的观点。
写作指导
报告的写作步骤
报告是一种应用文文体。它通常包括调查报告、读书报告、实验报告等具体的报告形式。本单元的写作任务是写一篇有关环境问题的调查报告。它主要包括问题、原因、措施、效果等。调查报告要有明确的中心思想、清晰的段落层次和合理的结构安排。
II．写作步骤
1.审题定调
本写作要求写一篇关于环境问题的报告。报告须如实地反映客观情况，一切叙述、说明、推断须恰如其分。文字、用词应力求准确。
2.谋篇布局
本写作可分为三部分：
第一部分：明确环境问题——垃圾污染；
第二部分：采取的措施；
第三部分：取得的结果。
3.组织语言
第一部分：明确环境问题——垃圾污染。
高级表达
第二部分：采取的措施。
高级表达
★ To tackle this issue, ... introduced the policy of ...
★Domestic waste is classified into ...
★ Accepting the new policy, people have been carrying it out positively and strictly.
★ As a consequence, the waste has been scaled down efficiently.
第三部分：取得的结果。
高级表达
Not only can garbage sorting decrease ... and recycle useful materials, but it can also facilitate a greener lifestyle and build a more eco-friendly city.
21世纪教育网 www.21cnjy.com 精品试卷·第 2 页 （共 2 页）
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
Unit 3 Environmental Protection复习学案
单词词组过关
1．__________vi.& vt.(使)挨饿;饿死 __________ n．饥饿;饿死
2．___________ vt.维持;遭受;承受住 __________ adj.可持续的;合理利用的
3．___________adv.频繁地;经常 __________ adj.频繁的 _____________n．频繁;发生率
4．___________vt.限制;限定;束缚 __________ n．限制规定;限制法规;约束 _____________adj.限制性的;约束性的
5．___________ adj.和谐的 ___________ n．和谐
6．____________ vt.& vi.提交;呈递 ___________ n．提交;呈递;屈服
7．___________ adj.敏感的;灵敏的 __________adj.明智的;合理的 __________ n．意思;感官vt.感觉到;察觉到
8．___________n．保护;保持 ____________ adj.保守的;守旧的 ____________ v．保护;保存;节省;节约
9．___________ n．检查;查看;视察 _____________vt.检查;视察;检阅 __________n．检察员;督察员
10．__________vt.忍受;包容;容许 ___________adj.宽容的;容忍的 __________n．容忍
答案
重点短语
1．________________二氧化碳
2．________________化石燃料(如煤或石油)
3．________________代表(代替)某人
4．________________ 许多；很多
答案
重点句型过关
1．There is little doubt that Earth is getting warmer and warmer.
毫无疑问，地球正在不断变暖。
2．Without this process，Earth could not sustain life.
如果没有这个过程，地球就不能维持生命。
3．It is our responsibility to seize every opportunity to educate everyone about global warming，along with its causes and impacts，because this is the most serious issue affecting all of us on this planet.
抓住每个机会来教育大家关于全球变暖的知识以及它的原因和影响是我们的责任，因为这是影响地球上所有人的最严重的问题。
4．Previously，water quality in the Li River had suffered greatly from an increasing volume of tourists，many of whom frequently threw garbage into the river.
以往，漓江的水质因为游客量的增长遭到了严重破坏，许多游客频繁地将垃圾扔入水中。
5．With these measures，it is believed that the beauty of the Li River will be preserved for generations to come.
有了这些措施，人们相信，漓江的美会被保留下来给后代。
知识点精讲
1.shocked adj. 惊愕的，受震惊的
(1)be shocked at/by sth. 对某事感到震惊
be shocked to do sth. 对做某事感到震惊
(2)shock v. 使震惊，使惊愕
n. 令人震惊的事；震惊；休克；
(由爆炸、地震等引起的)剧烈震动
It shocks sb. to see/hear... 看到/听到……使某人震惊
(3)shocking adj. 令人气愤的；令人震惊的
[即学即练] 一句多译
他的母亲听到这个消息感到震惊。
①His mother ______________________ the news.
②It ________________________ to hear the news.
答案was shocked to hear
shocked his mother
2.remain(1)vi.剩余，遗留，继续存在；逗留，不离去；仍需去做(或说、处理)
(2)linking verb(连系动词)仍然是，保持不变。其后可跟名词、形容词、v ing、过去分词、介词短语等。
remain to be done 尚待……，有待……
There remain/remains... 还有……
It remains to be seen... ……尚不确定/说不准。(It为形式主语)
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The palace caught fire three times in the last century, and little of the original building ________ (remain) now.
②________ remains to be seen whether Jim will be fit enough to take part in the competition.
③This painting was completed in 1888 and is one of the only four ________ (remain) pieces in the world.
④Whether we can raise enough money to carry out the project remains ________________(discuss)．
归纳拓展
remains n．[pl.]剩余物，剩饭菜；遗迹；遗骸
remaining adj.留下的，剩余的；还需处理的(常用作前置定语)
答案remains
It
remaining
to be discussed
3.starve v．(使)挨饿，饿死；渴望；急切想要
(1)starve to death 饿死
starve sb. into (doing) sth. 断绝食物(或资金)来源以迫使某人做某事
(2)starve for 渴望……
starve to do sth. 渴望做某事
be starved of... 缺乏……；渴望……
(3)starvation n．饥饿，挨饿，饿死
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/用starve的相关短语完成句子
①These critical programmes that provide food access to residents in need are starving ________ both volunteers and donations.
②In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of whose purposes is to relieve worldwide ________ (starve)．
③人们曾在一头饿死的鲸的胃里发现了大量塑料。
A lot of plastic was found in the stomach of a whale which ____________.
④当地政府断绝了这个公司的资金来源以迫使它放弃那个工程。
The local government ________ the company ____________ the project.
答案
for
starvation
(had) starved to death
starved into giving up
[能力提升]
1) 自毕业后，他们一直渴望成功。（一句多译）
2) 最后，我强烈地渴望知道中国传统文化中的哪些方面最能激起你的好奇心。（2021全国甲卷）
_________________________________________________________
答案They have been starving to succeed ever since graduation.
They have been starving for success ever since graduation.
归纳拓展
表示“渴望(得到)……”的其他短语：
be thirsty for
be hungry for
be dying for
be eager for
be anxious for
long for
4.increase (1)/In′kri s/ vt. & vi.增加，(使)增长；(2)/′Inkri s/n.[C，U]增长，增加
(1)increase to... 增加到……
increase by... 增加了……
increase from...to... 从……增加到……
(2)an increase in... ……方面的增加
be on the increase 在增加
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/单句写作
①Over many years, there has been an increase ________ the population of towns in many countries.
②The new law has come into effect, and the number of wild animals here is ________ the increase now.
③我们学校的学生人数已经增长到了5 000。
________________________________________________________________________
④去年，这个城市的房屋均价下降了13%。
_________________________________________________________
答案
in
on
The number of the students in our school has increased to 5,000.
Average house prices in this city decreased by 13% last year.
联想拓展
decrease vi. & vt. & n．[C，U]减少；降低
decrease to... 减少到……
decrease by... 减少了……
decrease from...to... 从……减少到……
be on the decrease 在减少
5.average (1)adj.平均的；普通的；(2)n.平均数
with an average of 平均为……
an average of 平均是……
on average 平均起来；平均来看
above/below average 在平均值以上/以下
[即学即练] 用适当的介词填空。
①Prices have risen by an average ________ four percent over the past year.
②Last year was the warmest year on record, with global temperature 0.68℃ ________ the average.
③________ average, we had four English lessons one week.
答案of
above
On
6. refer to 涉及，与……相关；提到，谈及，说起；查阅，参考
(1)refer to...as... 称……为……
(2)refer to a dictionary 查词典
(3)reference n. 参与；涉及；提及
in/with reference to 与……有关
reference book 参考书；工具书
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The trend, then, was toward the “penny paper”—a term ________ (refer) to papers made widely available to the public.
②The Pritzker Architecture Prize is often referred to ________ the Nobel Prize in architecture.
③For example，there are huge quantities of ________(refer) books about which I am often confused.
答案referring
as
reference
特别提醒
单词 含义 过去式/过去分词 现在分词
refer 提到；提及 referred referring
prefer 更喜欢 preferred preferring
infer 推断；暗示 inferred inferring
7.release vt.排放；释放；发布(新闻等)；上映(电影)；发行(唱片、书等)；n.排放；释放；发行；发布
release sb. from someplace 从某地释放某人
release stress/emotions 释放压力/发泄情感
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①In recent years, a number of Hollywood producers ________ (release) film posters for Chinese audiences, showing their attention to the country's film market and culture.
②________ (release) on 5 February, 2019, The Wandering Earth soon became a great hit.
③The bird ________ (release) from the cage last week.
④Beijing ranked first in terms of the amount of residents' reading among all cities in China this year, as was announced in data ________ (release) on Thursday.
答案have released
Released
was released
released
联想拓展：
与release意思相同的词组：
set free (sb.)
give off (energy)
let loose
8.amount(1)n.[C，U]数量，数额；(2)vi. 总计，共计
(1)a large(great/good)/small amount of＋不可数名词 大量的/少量的……(作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式)
large/small amounts of＋不可数名词 大量的/少量的……(作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式)
the amount of＋不可数名词 ……的总数(作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式)
(2)amount to 共计，总计
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Large amounts of my pocket money ________ (be) spent buying new books last year.
②A great amount of homework ________ (have) to be done every day, so large quantities of students' time ________ (be) occupied.
③A great many college students ________ (be) sent to help the children there last month.
④A great number of children whose parents had died in the earthquake ________ (be) sent to live with families in other cities yesterday.
答案were
has
are
were
were
归纳拓展：
“许多，大量”的其他表达法
(1)
(2)many a(n)＋可数名词单数(作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式)
(3)a great/good deal of＋不可数名词(作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式)
(4)a lot of/lots of、plenty of＋可数名词复数/不可数名词(作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式根据of后的名词来确定)
9.result in 引起；导致；造成
result from 因……发生
as a result 结果
as a result of 作为……的结果；由于
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/一句多译
①He broke down completely ________ a result of too much work.
②Faced with this phenomenon, we must take some measures to deal with it; otherwise, it will result ________ great losses in the future.
③The terrible accident resulted ________ his careless driving.
答案as
in
from
④据说缺乏信心导致他面试失败。
It was said that lack of confidence ________________ his failure in the interview.
It was said that his failure in the interview ________________ lack of confidence.
⑤由于购物太久，珍妮差点儿误了班机。
Jenny nearly missed the fight ______________ doing too much shopping.
Jenny did too much shopping. ____________， she nearly missed the flight.
联想拓展
result in 的近义词(组)有：cause，bring about, lead to, contribute to.
答案resulted in
resulted from
as a result of
As a result
10.restrict vt.限制，限定(数量、范围等)；束缚，妨碍；约束
(1)restrict...to... 将……限定在……内
restrict oneself/sb. to (doing) sth. 限制自己/某人只做某事
(2)restriction n. [C]制约因素；限制规定；[U]限制，约束
a restriction/restrictions on sth. 对某事的限制
without restriction 不受限制
(3)restrictive adj. 限制性的，约束的
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The earliest studies have suggested a link between calorie ________ (restrict) and slowing aging.
②We make no restrictions ________ the kinds of films we show—as long as a film's quality meets our standards.
③Don't restrict yourself to ________ (make) friends—it will help increase your knowledge.
联想拓展
limit...to 将……限定在……内
答案restriction
on
making
11.seize vt.夺取；抓住，捉住；把握(机会、时机、主动等)
seize sth.(from sb.) (从某人那里)夺取某物
seize sb. by the arm (＝seize sb.’s arm) 抓住某人的胳膊
seize a chance/an opportunity 抓住机会
[即学即练] 用seize的相关短语完成句子
①这个小男孩抓住我的胳膊向我求助。
The little boy ________________________________ and asked me for help.
②去年他抓住了一次周游世界的机会。He _____________________
__________________ to travel around the world last year.
随手记
其他表示抓住、捉住的词：grab，grasp，snatch，take，get hold of
答案seized me by the arm/seized my arm seized a chance/an
opportunity
[能力提升]
鉴于你口语不好，我强烈建议你抓住每个机会说英语。___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2)抓住这个宝贵的机会，能使他很容易得到晋升。（一句多译）
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
答案Given that you don't get along well with oral English, I strongly suggest you seize/grasp/grab every chance to speak English.
Seizing/Grasping the precious chance enabled him to get promoted quite easily.
11．in search of 寻找；寻求
[归纳拓展] “in＋n.＋of”型的其他短语：
in praise of 称赞，歌颂
in possession of 拥有
in favour of 支持，赞同
in charge of 负责，管理
in need of 需要
in memory of 为纪念，为追悼
in honour of... 为向……表示敬意
[即学即练] 用“in＋n.＋of”型短语完成句子
①The villagers in polluted areas walk very long distances ____________clean water every day.
②My parents aren't ____________ me going abroad for education, fearing that I'm too young to take care of myself.
③The meeting started with three minutes' silence __________ those who had died in the earthquake.
④The manager is now ____________ a capable assistant that he can count on to cope with problems in his absence.
⑤The person who is ____________the factory has been in hospital since last week.
[名师点津] in search of短语中search前不加任何修饰词。
答案in search of
in favour of
in memory of
in need of
in charge of
12．on behalf of 代表(或代替某人)；为了(某人)；为帮助(某人)
[即学即练] 完成句子
我代表这里的每个人祝愿你归国途中一切顺利。
____________ everyone here, I wish you a pleasant journey when you go back to your country.
[联想拓展] on behalf of和represent都可以表示“代表”，前者是短语介词，后者是动词。
答案On behalf of
[能力提升]
(1) 我很高兴在这里代表我们学校进行演出。
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2) 我代表这里的每个人祝愿你归国途中一切顺利。
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
答案I'm very glad to put on a performance here on behalf of our school.
On behalf of everyone here, I wish you a pleasant journey when you go back to your country.
13. contribute vt. & vi 捐献；捐赠；捐助；是……的原因之一；增加；增进(为报纸、杂志等)撰稿，投稿
contribute sth. to 把某物捐献给……；捐助某物给……；
给……撰写某物
contribute to 给……捐款；给……投稿
有助于；是……的原因之一
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Having been an active ___________ (contribute) to our newspaper，he now writes a regular column on life as a Chinese teenager in the United States.
②Several factors contribute ________ the air pollution, and we must take some measures that can make a valuable ________ (contribute) to cleaning the air.
答案contributor
to
contribution
③In addition to world hunger, some environmental problems human activities have contributed ________ need to be solved soon.
④Take care during the holidays! Drinking too much can contribute ________ heart disease and cause high blood pressure.
⑤We hope your suggestion will contribute to________ (solve) the problem.
归纳拓展
contributor n. 撰稿人；捐赠者；促成物
contribution n. [C]捐献物；贡献；投稿；捐款。常见搭配：make a contribution to 对……作贡献
答案to
to
solving
[能力提升]
（1）有规律的锻炼会有助于你的健康。
_________________________________________________________
（2）每天早晨读英语有助于提高你的英语口语。
________________________________________________________________________
答案Regular exercise will contribute to your health .
Reading English every morning will contribute to improving your oral English.
14.address vt. 解决，处理；向……说话；对……发表演说；称呼(某人)；提出(陈述、投诉等)；写姓名和地址；n. 地址；演说，演讲
address sb. as... 称呼某人为……
address oneself to 设法解决
[即学即练] 根据汉语提示，用address的相关表达补全句子
①The more details you provide, the more likely it is we can interpret and ________________________(解决这个问题)correctly.
②It is time we ___________________________________ (设法解决)the main item.
③You should __________________(称呼他)“Mr President”．
归纳拓展
表示“解决处理”的单词和短语还有：handle, deal with, solve, dispose。
答案address the problem
addressed/should address ourselves to
address him as
15．dozen n. (一)打；十二个
dozens of 很多，许多(后接可数名词复数形式)
two/three/... dozen(＋名词) 两/三/……打(……)
by the dozen 成打地
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①I have decided to buy two ________ (dozen) of those wonderful gifts for the children.
②To gather materials for my lectures, I had to read through dozens ________ the books on economics.
答案dozen
of
特别提醒
(1) dozen前有数词或者具有数词意义的词，如：a，many，several，some，a few等修饰限制时，dozen要用单数形式，后面接可数名词复数，且名词前通常无需用介词of。
I bought three dozen eggs yesterday.我昨天买了三打鸡蛋。
(2)表示“部分与整体”的关系时，dozen即使是单数形式，也要加of，这时of后面多是一个加有限定词(如：these，those，the，my，Tom's等)的复数名词或代词。
I want two dozen of these soup spoons.我想买这些汤匙中的两打。
I want two dozen of them.我要它们中的两打。
16．fine vt.对……处以罚款；n.[C]罚金，罚款；adj.高质量的，美好的；(天气)晴朗的；健康的；(指行为、建议、决定)可接受；adv.可以接受；很好；能行
fine...(for sth./for doing sth.) (因某事/做某事)对……处以罚款
a fine of... ……的罚款
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①In March, the court fined a merchant $7.5 million ________ selling fake bags.
②According to the contract, if we can't meet the deadline, we shall pay _____________________ (10 000美元的罚金)．
③The police ______________________________________________ (因为我闯红灯罚了我100美元)yesterday.
答案for
a fine of 10,000 dollars
fined me 100 dollars for running the red light
17.in effect 在实施中，有效；实际上，事实上
bring/put...into effect 实行……，实施……，使……生效
come into effect 生效，开始实施
take effect 生效，开始实施；开始起作用
have an effect on... 对……有影响
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①They require a bigger commitment than smaller ones, and they have a more powerful effect ________ the feeling of a space.
②It is said that the recommendations will be put ________ effect next year.
③The new timetable comes ________ effect in November.
④—Are you feeling tired after a long walk
—Not a bit. ________ effect, I feel quite relaxed.
答案on
into
into
In
18.tolerate vt.忍受；包容；容许
tolerate doing sth. 忍耐做某事
tolerance n. 宽恕；忍耐
tolerant adj. 宽容的；容忍的
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Nobody can tolerate _______________ (laugh) at in public.
②As leaders, they need to be ________ (tolerate) of different points of view.
③Billy is on the side of the angels when it comes to racial ________ (tolerate) .
联想拓展
表示“忍受，容忍”的词和短语：tolerate，bear，stand，put up with。
答案being laughed
tolerant
tolerance
语法点精讲
本单元语法：直接引语和间接引语
【基本概念】
（1）直接引语：直接引述别人的话，把它放在引号内，叫直接引语。
（2）间接引语：用自己的话转述别人的话，叫间接引语。
直接引语变为间接引语时，从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间地点状语等一般均要作相应的变化。
一：人称的变化
直接引语变为间接引语时，人称的变化遵循以下原则。
（1）一随主：直接引语中出现的第一人称代词要按照引述动词的主语的人称变化。
She said，“I won’t be frustrated.” → She said that she wouldn’t be frustrated. 她说她不会沮丧的。
（2）二随宾：直接引语中出现的第二人称代词要按照引述动词的宾语的人称变化，若引述动词后没有宾语，也可用第一人称。
I told Mary，“We will protect you from infection.” → I told Mary we would protect her from infection.
我告诉玛丽我们会保护她不受感染。
（3）第三人称不更新：直接引语出现的第三人称代词一般不需要变化。
She said to me，“They want to decrease the amount of fat they eat.”
→ She told me that they wanted to decrease the amount of fat they ate.
她告诉我，他们想减少脂肪的摄入量。
二：时态的变化
直接引语变为间接引语时，如果主句是过去的某种时态，则间接引语的时态应相应向前推一个时态，如下所示：
1. 一般现在时→ 一般过去时
2. 现在进行时→ 过去进行时
3. 现在完成时→ 过去完成时
4. 一般过去时→ 过去完成时
5. 过去完成时→ 过去完成时（不变）
6. 过去进行时→ 过去进行时（不变）
7. 一般将来时→ 过去将来
（1）如果直接引语中有明确的表示过去时间的状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。
My mother said to me，“The museum was completely transformed in 2017.”
→ My mother told me that the museum was completely transformed in 2017.
我母亲告诉我，图书馆在2017 年被彻底改造了。
（2）如果直接引语表述的是客观真理，变为间接引语时，时态不变。
The geography teacher said to us，“The earth travels around the sun.”
→ The geography teacher told us that the earth travels around the sun.
地理老师对我们说：“地球围绕太阳转。”
三：指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化
（1）指示代词：this → that these → those
He said to me，“This is the School Computer Centre.” → He told me that was the School Computer Centre.
（2）时间状语：now → then today → that day
this morning/week → that morning/week
yesterday → the day before
yesterday morning → the morning before
next week → the next week/the following week
last week → the week before two days ago → two days before
tomorrow → the next day/the following day
the day before yesterday → two days before
the day after tomorrow → in two days’ time
（3）地点状语：here → there
（4）动词：come → go bring → take
四：句型的变化
（1）直接引语是陈述句，间接引语用连接词 that 引导，that 可省略。
His mother said to me，“Mr Harry in charge of the work. ”
→ His mother told me that Mr Harry was in charge of the work.
他的母亲告诉我，亨利先生负责这项工作。
（2）直接引语是一般疑问句，间接引语用 whether/if 引导，疑问语序变为陈述语序，谓语动词 say（said）改为 ask（asked）。
Mr Tonny said to me，“Are your injuries severe ”
→ Mr Tonny asked me if/whether my injuries were severe.
托尼先生问我伤势是否严重。
（3）直接引语是特殊疑问句，间接引语用原来的疑问词引导，疑问语序变为陈述语序。
Mary asked me，“When did the British prince become infected with the disease ”
→ Mary asked me when the British prince became infected with the disease.
玛丽问我这位英国王子是什么时候染上这种病的。
（4）直接引语是祈使句，间接引语变为 ask/tell/order sb.（not） to do sth. 句式。
He said，“Don’t subscribe to her view.” → He told me not to subscribe to her view. 他告诉我不要同意她的观点。
写作指导
报告的写作步骤
报告是一种应用文文体。它通常包括调查报告、读书报告、实验报告等具体的报告形式。本单元的写作任务是写一篇有关环境问题的调查报告。它主要包括问题、原因、措施、效果等。调查报告要有明确的中心思想、清晰的段落层次和合理的结构安排。
II．写作步骤
1.审题定调
本写作要求写一篇关于环境问题的报告。报告须如实地反映客观情况，一切叙述、说明、推断须恰如其分。文字、用词应力求准确。
2.谋篇布局
本写作可分为三部分：
第一部分：明确环境问题——垃圾污染；
第二部分：采取的措施；
第三部分：取得的结果。
3.组织语言
第一部分：明确环境问题——垃圾污染。
高级表达
第二部分：采取的措施。
高级表达
★ To tackle this issue, ... introduced the policy of ...
★Domestic waste is classified into ...
★ Accepting the new policy, people have been carrying it out positively and strictly.
★ As a consequence, the waste has been scaled down efficiently.
第三部分：取得的结果。
高级表达
Not only can garbage sorting decrease ... and recycle useful materials, but it can also facilitate a greener lifestyle and build a more eco-friendly city.
21世纪教育网 www.21cnjy.com 精品试卷·第 2 页 （共 2 页）
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
