阅读理解-推理判断题（文章出处读者对象题）学案（含答案）-2025届高三英语二轮复习专项
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| 名称 | 阅读理解-推理判断题（文章出处读者对象题）学案（含答案）-2025届高三英语二轮复习专项 |  | |
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| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 人教版（2019） | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2025-01-26 12:45:26 | ||
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专题一 阅读理解
学案1.22推理判断--文章出处/读者对象
二轮复习
姓名： 班 级： 学号：____________
【预习要求】1.通过预习明确8类文体判断文章出处并运用解题策略完成典例
2.能够辨别正确选项和易混选项之间的区别；
一、学习目标
【考点归纳】
文章出处题要求考生具备一定的常识，能够根据文章的体裁和题材来推断文章的出处或类别。读者对象推断题要求考生根据短文内容和文中的措辞推断文章的读者对象，即作者预定的读者对象是什么人。
该题型常见的设问方式有：
1．From which is the text probably taken
2．In which of the following would this passage most likely be found
3．Where is the passage most probably taken from
4．Where is this text most likely from
5．The passage is probably intended for .
6．The text is written mainly for .
7．Who are the intended readers of the passage
8．In which section of a newspaper may this text appear
9．Where does this text probably come from
10．The passage is likely to appear in .
【易错易混点归纳】
判断文章出处的题目应从文章的体裁和内容来着手。一般来说，报纸上的新闻前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称等；广告类文章因其格式特殊，容易辨认；产品说明类文章如器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等；来自网络的文章一般比较新颖，时效性强。
推断文章出处：题干中常有come from, most probably appear, most likely to be taken from等，解答此类题应在了解文章的内容或结构的基础上，结合文体常识来判断。常用的文体有a news report, an advertisement, a geography book, a booklet 等。
推断文体类型：要求考生根据文章的结构和措辞等去判断文章属于哪类文体，如广告 (an advertisement)、书评(a book review)、新闻特写或专题报道(a feature story)、新闻报道(a news report)、科技新闻(science news)、科幻故事(science fiction story)、展览指南(an exhibition guide)、通知或公告(an announcement)等。
解题策略
1．判断依据：根据文章话题、主题和语言，推断文章出处或读者对象，依据语篇文本特征做出判断。（更新优化设计）
语篇特征 文章出处/读者对象
文章前有日期、地点或通讯社名 newspaper；news report
推销新产品，并有促销用语或煽动性语言 advertisement；promotion
出现网址或典型网络用语，如“click here”或图标“ like” website；post；online forum
介绍景点、艺术馆、博物馆或名胜古迹 travel guide；brochure；guide
时尚、名人或娱乐方面的介绍等 magazine；journal； entertainment section
科普类(科学原理、科学知识) magazine；science section in a newspaper/magazine；science report
含有research、researcher(s)、study、finding(s)、 experiment等 science report；scientific paper
文化教育类 education section in a newspaper/magazine
活动介绍和安排(含时间、地点或参与者) notice；announcement
介绍药品(含针对症状、服药时间、次数及药量等) drug instructions
机器、设备操作步骤、注意事项等 handbook；manual； directions
介绍或评价书、电影或文艺作品 book/film review； comment
介绍营养健康的美食 recipe book; health magazine; health section in a newspaper/magazine
人物事迹/成就 biography; autobiography
确定读者对象
三、典例探究
【典例1】（2023·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读C）
Reading Art： Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the book， represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history， in art made long before books as we now know them came into being.In artists’ representations of books and reading， we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.
In this “book of books，” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures.We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school， with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed （描绘） alone in many settings and poses — absorbed in a volume， deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure.These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago， but they record moments we can all relate to.
28.Where is the text most probably taken from？
A.An introduction to a book. B.An essay on the art of writing.
C.A guidebook to a museum. D.A review of modern paintings.
【典例2】 （2022·1月浙江卷阅读B）
The United States rose to global power on the strength of its technology， and the lifeblood of that technology has long been electricity.By providing long-distance communication and energy， electricity created the modern world.Yet properly understood， the age of electricity is merely the second stage in the age of steam， which began a century earlier.
“It is curious that no one has put together a history of both the steam and electric revolutions，” writes Maury Klein in his book The Power Makers：Steam， Electricity， and the Men Who Invented Modern America.Klein， a noted historian of technology， spins a narrative （叙述） so lively that at times it reads like a novel.
The story begins in the last years of the 18th century in Scotland， where Watt perfected “the machine that changed the world”.Klein writes，“America did not invent the steam engine， but once they grasped its possibilities they put it to more uses than anyone else.”
Meanwhile， over the course of the 19th century， electricity went from mere curiosity to a basic necessity.Morse invented a code for sending messages over an electromagnetic circuit.Bell then gave the telegraph a voice.Edison perfected an incandescent bulb （白炽灯泡） that brought electric light into the American home.
Most importantly， Edison realized that success depended on mass electrification， which he showed in New York City.With help from Tesla， Westinghouse’s firm developed a system using alternating current （交流电）， which soon became the major form of power delivery.
To frame his story， Klein creates the character of Ned， a fictional witness to the progress brought about by the steam and electric revolutions in America during one man’s lifetime.It’s a technique that helps turn a long narrative into an interesting one.
26.What is the text？
A.A biography. B.A book review. C.A short story. D.A science report.
四、训练检测：（更新教师用书）
（2024·昆明“三诊一模”）Why do we universally appreciate cartoons？Because they are visual — the humor unfolds right before our eyes.As writers， we have a unique challenge to craft worlds， including humorous ones， using only words.
At first glance， writers and cartoonists have vastly different toolboxes and skill sets.But if you look closely， you will notice similar devices， such as simplification， exaggeration （夸张） and contrast.
In many literary forms， decoration enriches a piece.That’s not true for humor writing — humor can get lost with too many details.Adding a bit of shading will give depth to an illustration， yet there’s usually no need to detail every feature.There’s a thin line between plain and funny， and the difference often lies in whether a writer adheres to the universal comedic principle， “less is funnier”. By simplifying complex situations， characters， plots and reactions， your work becomes more digestible and humorous.
Exaggeration is one of the most straightforward and effective comedic tools.As a humor writer， don’t shy away from every chance to stretch the truth， whether by understatement or overstatement.However， effective humor is truth-based.The relationship between exaggeration and realism in humor is like stretching a rubber band （橡皮筋）.A little stretching， even repeated stretching， is no problem.However， overstretching the band will cause it to break， as well as the humor and the readers’ trust.
Contrasting is the juxtaposition （并列） of elements not usually coupled， a technique that cartoonists use to create humorous mismatches by placing significantly different elements side by side.As writers， we can use juxtaposition to brainstorm new humor angles and create funny mismatches.
Humor is at its funniest when it’s visual， and writers can craft more humorous material by employing the same techniques used by cartoonists.By thinking and writing visually， you can show the funny to readers.
1.What do writers and cartoonists have in common in expressing humor？（ ）
A.They craft worlds literally.
B.They focus closely on details.
C.They employ techniques alike.
D.They get through to readers easily.
2.What does the underlined phrase “adheres to” in Paragraph 3 probably mean？（ ）
A.Break. B.Follow.
C.Revise. D.Challenge.
3.What is a way to achieve humor according to the author？（ ）
A.Overstating simple situations.
B.Shying away from the truth.
C.Reducing the number of characters.
D.Combining uncoupled elements.
4.Where is the text most probably taken from？（ ）
A.A review of modern cartoons.
B.An essay on the art of writing.
C.An introduction to painting skills.
D.A guidebook for passionate readers.
B
（2024·东北三省四市联考）German physicist Albert Einstein is one of the most famous scientists of all time， the personification of a genius and the subject of a whole industry of scholarship.In The Einsteinian Revolution， two experts on Einstein’s life and his theory of relativity — Israeli physicist Hanoch Gutfreund and German historian of science Jürgen Renn — offer an original and penetrating （精辟的） analysis of Einstein’s revolutionary contributions to physics and our view of the physical world.
For the first time ever， by setting Einstein’s work in the long course of the evolution of scientific knowledge， Gutfreund and Renn discover the popular misconception about Einstein as an unconventional scientific genius who created modern physics single-handedly and by pure thought alone.
As a large part of the book explains， Einstein typically argued that science progresses through steady evolution， not through revolutionary breaks with the past.He saw his theory of relativity not as something from scratch， but a natural extension of the classical physics developed by pioneers such as Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei and English physicist Isaac Newton in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries， as well as nineteenth-century physicists.
The authors highlight how classical physics cannot be separated cleanly from modern Einsteinian physics.The book also includes substantial sections on Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus and Galileo whose methods inspired Einstein.When Einstein considered himself as standing on their shoulders， he meant that， without their contributions， he would not have formulated （创立） the theory of relativity.
The Einsteinian Revolution is an important and thought-provoking contribution to the scholarly literature on Einstein and his surprising scientific creativity between 1905 and 1925.Gutfreund and Renn might not have given the final answer as to why Einstein， of all people， revolutionized physics in the way that he did.But they argue in fascinating detail that， to understand his genius， one must take into account not just the earlier history of physics but also the history of knowledge more broadly.Although not always an easy read， the book will interest physicists and historians alike.
5.What’s the attitude of Gutfreund and Renn to the popular viewpoint on Einstein？（ ）
A.Opposing. B.Favorable.
C.Ambiguous. D.Indifferent.
6.What does the underlined phrase “from scratch” in Paragraph 3 probably mean？（ ）
A.From nothing.
B.Up to a certain standard.
C.By learning from others.
D.With previous knowledge.
7.What does the author try to say by mentioning the famous physicists？（ ）
A.Their ideas were rejected by Einstein.
B.Their devotion to physics impressed Einstein.
C.Their research contributed to Einstein’s success.
D.Their hard work deserved the worldwide respect.
8.Where is the text most probably taken from？（ ）
A.A guidebook to a course.
B.An introduction to a book.
C.An essay on Albert Einstein.
D.A review of physics development.
【熟词生义】
1.craft 熟义：n.工艺，手艺
生义：v.（尤指用手工）精心制作
例句：All the furniture is crafted from natural materials.
所有的家具均采用天然材料精心制作而成。
2.employ 熟义：v.雇用 生义：v.运用，应用，使用
例句：The police had to employ force to enter the building.警察不得不强行进入大楼。
【难句分析】
译文：当爱因斯坦认为自己站在了他们的肩膀上时，他的意思是如果没有他们的贡献，他就不可能创立相对论。
学案1.22推理判断--文章出处/读者对象答案 典例一：A 根据全文内容尤其是第一段第一句Reading Art：Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of ...three hundred artworks from museums around the world.可知，《阅读艺术：书籍爱好者的艺术》这本书里展示了来自世界各地博物馆的近300件艺术品，本文主要是对该书内容的介绍。据此可以推知，本文最有可能摘自一本书的简介。 典例二：B文章首段通过电力和蒸汽引出Maury Klein的书，接下来对该书内容进行了介绍；最后一段提到为了构建他的故事，Klein创造了Ned这个虚构的角色，Ned在他的一生中见证了蒸汽和电力革命给美国带来的进步，这是一种有助于将长篇故事变得有趣的技巧。由此可推知，本文是一篇书评。 训练检测： A篇 CBDB 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。作者建议作家使用简化、夸张和对比的方式达到幽默的效果，并通过视觉化的思考和写作，向读者展示有趣的东西。 1.解析：C 细节理解题。根据第二段可知，乍一看，作家和漫画家的工具箱和技能组合大不相同，但如果你仔细观察，你会注意到类似的手段，如简化、夸张和对比。因此他们采用的技法是相似的。 2.解析：B 词义猜测题。根据画线短语后的comedic principle，“less is funnier”并结合语境可推知，此处表示平淡和滑稽之间只有微妙的区别，该区别往往在于作家是否遵循普遍的喜剧原则，“越少越有趣”。通过简化复杂的情况、人物、情节和反应，你的作品变得更加易于理解和幽默。由此推知，画线短语应该是“遵循”的意思，与follow的意思最为接近。 3.解析：D 细节理解题。倒数第二段谈到，对比是将通常不匹配的元素并列，这是漫画家使用的一种技巧，通过将显著不同的元素并排放置来制造幽默的效果。 4.解析：B 文章出处题。第一段最后一句谈到，作为作家，我们面临着一个独特的挑战，即只用文字来创造世界，包括幽默的世界，接下来谈到如何做到完美的幽默，最后一段又建议作家可以通过采用与漫画家相同的技术来制作更多的幽默素材，通过视觉化的思考和写作，向读者展示有趣的东西。这些都与写作艺术有关。由此推断，本文最可能出自一篇关于写作艺术的文章。 B篇 AACB 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一本书，在书里面两位专家对爱因斯坦所取得的辉煌成就进行了另外一种诠释——爱因斯坦所取得的成就离不开先驱者们的研究成果。 5.解析：A 观点态度题。根据第二段内容可知，这两个专家首次通过整理爱因斯坦的作品，发现对于爱因斯坦大家都有一个错误的观点，大家都错误地以为爱因斯坦单独地、完全靠个人的想法创造了现代物理学。由此推知，这两个专家对关于爱因斯坦的流行观点持否定态度。 6.解析：A 词义猜测题。根据第三段内容可知，这本书有很大一部分解释了爱因斯坦认为科学的进步是通过稳定的发展，而不是对过去革命性的突破。他认为他的相对论不是横空出世，而是一批先驱者研发的经典物理学的自然延伸。 7.解析：C 推理判断题。根据第三段内容可知，爱因斯坦认为自己的相对论不是横空出世，而是十六世纪和十七世纪意大利天文学家伽利略和英国物理学家牛顿等先驱以及十九世纪物理学家发展起来的经典物理学的自然延伸。由此推断，作者提到这些著名的物理学家是为了说明爱因斯坦的成功受益于他们的研究成果。 8.解析：B 文章出处题。根据全文尤其是第四段中的The authors highlight ...The book also includes和第五段最后一句可知，全文主要为读者介绍了The Einsteinian Revolution这本书，所以本文最有可能摘自图书导语。
学案1.22推理判断--文章出处/读者对象
二轮复习
姓名： 班 级： 学号：____________
【预习要求】1.通过预习明确8类文体判断文章出处并运用解题策略完成典例
2.能够辨别正确选项和易混选项之间的区别；
一、学习目标
【考点归纳】
文章出处题要求考生具备一定的常识，能够根据文章的体裁和题材来推断文章的出处或类别。读者对象推断题要求考生根据短文内容和文中的措辞推断文章的读者对象，即作者预定的读者对象是什么人。
该题型常见的设问方式有：
1．From which is the text probably taken
2．In which of the following would this passage most likely be found
3．Where is the passage most probably taken from
4．Where is this text most likely from
5．The passage is probably intended for .
6．The text is written mainly for .
7．Who are the intended readers of the passage
8．In which section of a newspaper may this text appear
9．Where does this text probably come from
10．The passage is likely to appear in .
【易错易混点归纳】
判断文章出处的题目应从文章的体裁和内容来着手。一般来说，报纸上的新闻前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称等；广告类文章因其格式特殊，容易辨认；产品说明类文章如器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等；来自网络的文章一般比较新颖，时效性强。
推断文章出处：题干中常有come from, most probably appear, most likely to be taken from等，解答此类题应在了解文章的内容或结构的基础上，结合文体常识来判断。常用的文体有a news report, an advertisement, a geography book, a booklet 等。
推断文体类型：要求考生根据文章的结构和措辞等去判断文章属于哪类文体，如广告 (an advertisement)、书评(a book review)、新闻特写或专题报道(a feature story)、新闻报道(a news report)、科技新闻(science news)、科幻故事(science fiction story)、展览指南(an exhibition guide)、通知或公告(an announcement)等。
解题策略
1．判断依据：根据文章话题、主题和语言，推断文章出处或读者对象，依据语篇文本特征做出判断。（更新优化设计）
语篇特征 文章出处/读者对象
文章前有日期、地点或通讯社名 newspaper；news report
推销新产品，并有促销用语或煽动性语言 advertisement；promotion
出现网址或典型网络用语，如“click here”或图标“ like” website；post；online forum
介绍景点、艺术馆、博物馆或名胜古迹 travel guide；brochure；guide
时尚、名人或娱乐方面的介绍等 magazine；journal； entertainment section
科普类(科学原理、科学知识) magazine；science section in a newspaper/magazine；science report
含有research、researcher(s)、study、finding(s)、 experiment等 science report；scientific paper
文化教育类 education section in a newspaper/magazine
活动介绍和安排(含时间、地点或参与者) notice；announcement
介绍药品(含针对症状、服药时间、次数及药量等) drug instructions
机器、设备操作步骤、注意事项等 handbook；manual； directions
介绍或评价书、电影或文艺作品 book/film review； comment
介绍营养健康的美食 recipe book; health magazine; health section in a newspaper/magazine
人物事迹/成就 biography; autobiography
确定读者对象
三、典例探究
【典例1】（2023·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读C）
Reading Art： Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the book， represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history， in art made long before books as we now know them came into being.In artists’ representations of books and reading， we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.
In this “book of books，” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures.We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school， with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed （描绘） alone in many settings and poses — absorbed in a volume， deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure.These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago， but they record moments we can all relate to.
28.Where is the text most probably taken from？
A.An introduction to a book. B.An essay on the art of writing.
C.A guidebook to a museum. D.A review of modern paintings.
【典例2】 （2022·1月浙江卷阅读B）
The United States rose to global power on the strength of its technology， and the lifeblood of that technology has long been electricity.By providing long-distance communication and energy， electricity created the modern world.Yet properly understood， the age of electricity is merely the second stage in the age of steam， which began a century earlier.
“It is curious that no one has put together a history of both the steam and electric revolutions，” writes Maury Klein in his book The Power Makers：Steam， Electricity， and the Men Who Invented Modern America.Klein， a noted historian of technology， spins a narrative （叙述） so lively that at times it reads like a novel.
The story begins in the last years of the 18th century in Scotland， where Watt perfected “the machine that changed the world”.Klein writes，“America did not invent the steam engine， but once they grasped its possibilities they put it to more uses than anyone else.”
Meanwhile， over the course of the 19th century， electricity went from mere curiosity to a basic necessity.Morse invented a code for sending messages over an electromagnetic circuit.Bell then gave the telegraph a voice.Edison perfected an incandescent bulb （白炽灯泡） that brought electric light into the American home.
Most importantly， Edison realized that success depended on mass electrification， which he showed in New York City.With help from Tesla， Westinghouse’s firm developed a system using alternating current （交流电）， which soon became the major form of power delivery.
To frame his story， Klein creates the character of Ned， a fictional witness to the progress brought about by the steam and electric revolutions in America during one man’s lifetime.It’s a technique that helps turn a long narrative into an interesting one.
26.What is the text？
A.A biography. B.A book review. C.A short story. D.A science report.
四、训练检测：（更新教师用书）
（2024·昆明“三诊一模”）Why do we universally appreciate cartoons？Because they are visual — the humor unfolds right before our eyes.As writers， we have a unique challenge to craft worlds， including humorous ones， using only words.
At first glance， writers and cartoonists have vastly different toolboxes and skill sets.But if you look closely， you will notice similar devices， such as simplification， exaggeration （夸张） and contrast.
In many literary forms， decoration enriches a piece.That’s not true for humor writing — humor can get lost with too many details.Adding a bit of shading will give depth to an illustration， yet there’s usually no need to detail every feature.There’s a thin line between plain and funny， and the difference often lies in whether a writer adheres to the universal comedic principle， “less is funnier”. By simplifying complex situations， characters， plots and reactions， your work becomes more digestible and humorous.
Exaggeration is one of the most straightforward and effective comedic tools.As a humor writer， don’t shy away from every chance to stretch the truth， whether by understatement or overstatement.However， effective humor is truth-based.The relationship between exaggeration and realism in humor is like stretching a rubber band （橡皮筋）.A little stretching， even repeated stretching， is no problem.However， overstretching the band will cause it to break， as well as the humor and the readers’ trust.
Contrasting is the juxtaposition （并列） of elements not usually coupled， a technique that cartoonists use to create humorous mismatches by placing significantly different elements side by side.As writers， we can use juxtaposition to brainstorm new humor angles and create funny mismatches.
Humor is at its funniest when it’s visual， and writers can craft more humorous material by employing the same techniques used by cartoonists.By thinking and writing visually， you can show the funny to readers.
1.What do writers and cartoonists have in common in expressing humor？（ ）
A.They craft worlds literally.
B.They focus closely on details.
C.They employ techniques alike.
D.They get through to readers easily.
2.What does the underlined phrase “adheres to” in Paragraph 3 probably mean？（ ）
A.Break. B.Follow.
C.Revise. D.Challenge.
3.What is a way to achieve humor according to the author？（ ）
A.Overstating simple situations.
B.Shying away from the truth.
C.Reducing the number of characters.
D.Combining uncoupled elements.
4.Where is the text most probably taken from？（ ）
A.A review of modern cartoons.
B.An essay on the art of writing.
C.An introduction to painting skills.
D.A guidebook for passionate readers.
B
（2024·东北三省四市联考）German physicist Albert Einstein is one of the most famous scientists of all time， the personification of a genius and the subject of a whole industry of scholarship.In The Einsteinian Revolution， two experts on Einstein’s life and his theory of relativity — Israeli physicist Hanoch Gutfreund and German historian of science Jürgen Renn — offer an original and penetrating （精辟的） analysis of Einstein’s revolutionary contributions to physics and our view of the physical world.
For the first time ever， by setting Einstein’s work in the long course of the evolution of scientific knowledge， Gutfreund and Renn discover the popular misconception about Einstein as an unconventional scientific genius who created modern physics single-handedly and by pure thought alone.
As a large part of the book explains， Einstein typically argued that science progresses through steady evolution， not through revolutionary breaks with the past.He saw his theory of relativity not as something from scratch， but a natural extension of the classical physics developed by pioneers such as Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei and English physicist Isaac Newton in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries， as well as nineteenth-century physicists.
The authors highlight how classical physics cannot be separated cleanly from modern Einsteinian physics.The book also includes substantial sections on Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus and Galileo whose methods inspired Einstein.When Einstein considered himself as standing on their shoulders， he meant that， without their contributions， he would not have formulated （创立） the theory of relativity.
The Einsteinian Revolution is an important and thought-provoking contribution to the scholarly literature on Einstein and his surprising scientific creativity between 1905 and 1925.Gutfreund and Renn might not have given the final answer as to why Einstein， of all people， revolutionized physics in the way that he did.But they argue in fascinating detail that， to understand his genius， one must take into account not just the earlier history of physics but also the history of knowledge more broadly.Although not always an easy read， the book will interest physicists and historians alike.
5.What’s the attitude of Gutfreund and Renn to the popular viewpoint on Einstein？（ ）
A.Opposing. B.Favorable.
C.Ambiguous. D.Indifferent.
6.What does the underlined phrase “from scratch” in Paragraph 3 probably mean？（ ）
A.From nothing.
B.Up to a certain standard.
C.By learning from others.
D.With previous knowledge.
7.What does the author try to say by mentioning the famous physicists？（ ）
A.Their ideas were rejected by Einstein.
B.Their devotion to physics impressed Einstein.
C.Their research contributed to Einstein’s success.
D.Their hard work deserved the worldwide respect.
8.Where is the text most probably taken from？（ ）
A.A guidebook to a course.
B.An introduction to a book.
C.An essay on Albert Einstein.
D.A review of physics development.
【熟词生义】
1.craft 熟义：n.工艺，手艺
生义：v.（尤指用手工）精心制作
例句：All the furniture is crafted from natural materials.
所有的家具均采用天然材料精心制作而成。
2.employ 熟义：v.雇用 生义：v.运用，应用，使用
例句：The police had to employ force to enter the building.警察不得不强行进入大楼。
【难句分析】
译文：当爱因斯坦认为自己站在了他们的肩膀上时，他的意思是如果没有他们的贡献，他就不可能创立相对论。
学案1.22推理判断--文章出处/读者对象答案 典例一：A 根据全文内容尤其是第一段第一句Reading Art：Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of ...three hundred artworks from museums around the world.可知，《阅读艺术：书籍爱好者的艺术》这本书里展示了来自世界各地博物馆的近300件艺术品，本文主要是对该书内容的介绍。据此可以推知，本文最有可能摘自一本书的简介。 典例二：B文章首段通过电力和蒸汽引出Maury Klein的书，接下来对该书内容进行了介绍；最后一段提到为了构建他的故事，Klein创造了Ned这个虚构的角色，Ned在他的一生中见证了蒸汽和电力革命给美国带来的进步，这是一种有助于将长篇故事变得有趣的技巧。由此可推知，本文是一篇书评。 训练检测： A篇 CBDB 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。作者建议作家使用简化、夸张和对比的方式达到幽默的效果，并通过视觉化的思考和写作，向读者展示有趣的东西。 1.解析：C 细节理解题。根据第二段可知，乍一看，作家和漫画家的工具箱和技能组合大不相同，但如果你仔细观察，你会注意到类似的手段，如简化、夸张和对比。因此他们采用的技法是相似的。 2.解析：B 词义猜测题。根据画线短语后的comedic principle，“less is funnier”并结合语境可推知，此处表示平淡和滑稽之间只有微妙的区别，该区别往往在于作家是否遵循普遍的喜剧原则，“越少越有趣”。通过简化复杂的情况、人物、情节和反应，你的作品变得更加易于理解和幽默。由此推知，画线短语应该是“遵循”的意思，与follow的意思最为接近。 3.解析：D 细节理解题。倒数第二段谈到，对比是将通常不匹配的元素并列，这是漫画家使用的一种技巧，通过将显著不同的元素并排放置来制造幽默的效果。 4.解析：B 文章出处题。第一段最后一句谈到，作为作家，我们面临着一个独特的挑战，即只用文字来创造世界，包括幽默的世界，接下来谈到如何做到完美的幽默，最后一段又建议作家可以通过采用与漫画家相同的技术来制作更多的幽默素材，通过视觉化的思考和写作，向读者展示有趣的东西。这些都与写作艺术有关。由此推断，本文最可能出自一篇关于写作艺术的文章。 B篇 AACB 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一本书，在书里面两位专家对爱因斯坦所取得的辉煌成就进行了另外一种诠释——爱因斯坦所取得的成就离不开先驱者们的研究成果。 5.解析：A 观点态度题。根据第二段内容可知，这两个专家首次通过整理爱因斯坦的作品，发现对于爱因斯坦大家都有一个错误的观点，大家都错误地以为爱因斯坦单独地、完全靠个人的想法创造了现代物理学。由此推知，这两个专家对关于爱因斯坦的流行观点持否定态度。 6.解析：A 词义猜测题。根据第三段内容可知，这本书有很大一部分解释了爱因斯坦认为科学的进步是通过稳定的发展，而不是对过去革命性的突破。他认为他的相对论不是横空出世，而是一批先驱者研发的经典物理学的自然延伸。 7.解析：C 推理判断题。根据第三段内容可知，爱因斯坦认为自己的相对论不是横空出世，而是十六世纪和十七世纪意大利天文学家伽利略和英国物理学家牛顿等先驱以及十九世纪物理学家发展起来的经典物理学的自然延伸。由此推断，作者提到这些著名的物理学家是为了说明爱因斯坦的成功受益于他们的研究成果。 8.解析：B 文章出处题。根据全文尤其是第四段中的The authors highlight ...The book also includes和第五段最后一句可知，全文主要为读者介绍了The Einsteinian Revolution这本书，所以本文最有可能摘自图书导语。