阅读理解-主旨大意题-段落大意 学案（含答案）-2025届高三英语二轮复习专项

专题一 阅读理解
学案1.31 主旨大意题—段落大意
二轮复习
姓名： 班 级： 学号：
【预习要求】
通过预习明确概括段落主旨题的命题方式及解题方法并完成典型例题
【学习目标】
一、考点归纳（高考常考点、核心考点）
对主旨大意的考查通常包括下面三个方面：
1.考查对标题的精确归纳
2.考查对文章/段落大意的概括
3.考查文章写作目的
段落主旨即某一段的中心思想，一般体现在某个句子中，即我们所说的主题句。说明文或议论文的主题句一般出现在句首。采用归纳法的段落，细节表述在前，归纳概括在后。有时候主题句也会出现在段落中间，甚至没有明确的主题句，这就要求我们根据段落的内容进行概括归纳。
二、易错易混选项分析
(1)以偏概全。干扰项只阐述了文章的局部信息。
(2)断章取义。干扰项常常是文章中的个别信息或个别字眼，或者以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点。
(3)主题扩大。干扰项所归纳、概括的范围过大，超过文章实际所讨论的内容。
(4)张冠李戴。命题者有意地把属于A 的特征放在B的身上。
(5)无中生有或似是而非。有的干扰项中的关键词语好像在文章中谈到了，但认真分析之后，你会发现这些内容与文章毫无联系。
(6)那些明显违背科学规律的、语气过于绝对的或明显违背生活常识的选项也不会是正确选项。
三、段落主旨题命题方式及解题方法
1. 题型解读
段落大意题常在说明文和议论文中考查。文章的每一个段落都要围绕一个特定的主题按照一定的逻辑顺序展开，所以，段落的结构也有一定的规律性。相对于标题类试题和文章大意类试题，段落大意类试题考查频率较低。
设问形式常有：
(1)What does the last paragraph talk about
(2)The main idea of the second paragraph probably is .
(3)What is the main idea of the first paragraph
(4)The first paragraph is mainly about .
2. 解题技巧————定位段落主题句，首尾兼顾定段意（更新）
1．段落主题句即段落大意
一般情况下，段落主题句位于段首，也可能位于段中或者段尾。
(1)位于段首。大部分段落的首句即为主题句，后面的扩展句围绕主题句并通过举例或论证的方式，对其加以说明、支持、补充和解释。
(2)位于段中。位于段中的主题句通常起承上启下的作用，这类主题句多和前面的事例有转折关系，一般由but、however、yet、anyhow、nevertheless等语篇标识词引起。
(3)位于段尾。段落开头举例或者进行递进式的论述，主题句位于段尾便于总结全段的内容，给读者以深刻的印象，并会出现总结性的语篇标识词，如 in summary、in a word、as a result、in conclusion等。
2．概括法归纳段落大意
反复出现的高频词汇或表达，往往是关键信息。通过段落内容概括出关键信息，
四、典型例题探究
【典例1】（2023·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读D）
On March 7， 1907， the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases， the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors， those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate， and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together， they cancel each other out， resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors， then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms， the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If， for whatever reasons， people’s errors become correlated or dependent， the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
32.What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about？
A.The methods of estimation. B.The underlying logic of the effect.
C.The causes of people’s errors. D.The design of Galton’s experiment.
【典型2】 (2022·新高考Ⅰ卷阅读D)
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period.Food became easier to chew at this point.The jawbone didn't have to do as much work and so didn't grow to be so large.
　　【5】Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years.These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
34.What is paragraph 5 mainly about？
A．Supporting evidence for the research results.
B.Potential application of the research findings.
C.A further explanation of the research methods.
D.A reasonable doubt about the research process.
【典型 3】 (2022·全国甲·D片段)
Sometime in the early 1960s，a significant thing happened in Sydney，Australia.The city discovered its harbor.Then，one after another，Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there—broad parks，superb beaches，and a culturally diverse population.But it is the harbor that makes the city.
32．What is the first paragraph mainly about
A．Sydney’s striking architecture.
B．The cultural diversity of Sydney.
C．The key to Sydney’s development.
D．Sydney’s tourist attractions in the 1960s.
【典型4】（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读B篇节选）
　　“I am not crazy，” says Dr.William Farber， shortly after performing acupuncture （针灸） on a rabbit.“I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive， it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.But Farber is certain he’ll have the last laugh.He’s one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians （兽医） now practicing “holistic” medicine — combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture， chiropractic （按摩疗法） and herbal medicine.
　　Farber， a graduate of Colorado State University， started out as a more conventional veterinarian.He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain.He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief.Then he tried acupuncture， an ancient Chinese practice， and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments.What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients.So， after studying the techniques for a couple of years， he began offering them to pets.
　　Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition.After Charlie had a heart attack， Tindale says， she was prepared to put him to sleep， but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months.And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse， Nappy， “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.
26.What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about？
A.Steps of a chiropractic treatment.　　　　　　B.The complexity of veterinarians’ work.
C.Examples of rare animal diseases. D.The effectiveness of holistic medicine.
五、训练检测
A(2024·江门二模)
Clair Hughes first began to research money－saving ideas to get out of her ￡3，500 student overdraft (透支额). The shopper started surfing the Internet for discount coupons and cut price offers. Revealing how she seldom pays full price for an item, Ms Hughes says, “Discounts are always there; it's just a matter of being organized. Before starting this, I thought it'd be much work, but now I'm so used to this lifestyle that it's automatic to me. I must have easily saved over ￡15，000.”
Ms Hughes first focused on saving money back in 2010, when she moved in with her partner, Shane Byrne, a phone company trainer. After turning to the web for advice, she tried out a few clever money saving tricks like switching her overdraft to a zero－interest account. Then, several years later, she came across an online community for “couponers” and decided to give it a go.
She started spending hours surfing the web for coupons, printing them all out to take with her whenever she went shopping. Over the years, she has managed to get some impressive catches. Once, two lamps worth ￡140 cost her just ￡35.
Two years ago, Ms Hughes also began using cashback apps where you are given money back on items ranging from beers to toiletries. After each shop, she uploads pictures of her receipts, which are then scanned, and money is given back on certain items.
Among her other top money－saving tips, Ms Hughes recommends taking part in paid online surveys, which have earned her hundreds in discount coupons. She says, “I've heard a lot about collecting other people's abandoned receipts from shopping trolleys to check for missed discounts. I can't believe how much coupons and cashback apps have helped me. The community does benefit me a lot. There will always be someone on hand to explain how it works.”
1．What does saving money mean to Clair Hughes
A.It's part of her daily life.
B.It makes her shop less.
C.It's a way to leave school.
D.It keeps her work organized.
2．What can we know about Clair Hughes
A.She always asks Shane for suggestions.
B.She likes going shopping with her friends.
C.She has bought some goods in low prices.
D.She is good at discussing prices with others.
3．What does the last paragraph mainly show
A.Hughes' feelings of her life.
B.Hughes' ways to get coupons.
C.Hughes' appreciation for society.
D.Hughes' difficulties in saving money.
4．Which of the following can be the best title for the passage
A.A Graduate Enjoys Shopping
B.A Community Collects Coupons
C.A Woman Focuses on Saving Money
D.A Shopper Is Famous for Saving Money
B(2024·杭州二模)
Education in 2080 is distinctive from education in the 2020s. Until about 2035, the main function of education systems was to supply the economy with the next generation of workers. In 2080, the purpose of education is the well－being of society and all its members. To make this a bit more tangible for you, I would like to give an example of what a child's education looks like in 2080. Her name is Shemsy. Shemsy is 13, and she is confident and loves learning.
Shemsy does not go to school in the morning because schools you know no longer exist. The institution was abolished as it was widely thought of as more like a prison or a factory than a creative learning environment. Schools have been replaced with “Learning Hubs” that are not restricted to certain ages. They are where intergenerational learning happens, in line with the belief that learning is a lifelong pursuit.
Every year, Shemsy designs her learning journey for the year with a highly attentive “teacher citizen”. Shemsy is actively engaged in designing her education and has to propose projects she would like to be involved in to contribute to and serve her community. She also spends lots of time playing as the role of play in learning has finally been recognized as essential and core to our humanity. Shemsy works a lot collaboratively. Access to education is universal, and higher education institutions no longer differentiate themselves by how many people they reject yearly. Variability between students is expected and leveraged (利用) as young people teach one another and use their differences as a source of strength. Shemsy naturally explores what she is curious about at a pace she sets. She still has some classes to take that are mandatory for children globally: Being Human and the History of Humanity.
We invite you to think about your vision for education in the year 2080, what does it look like, who does it serve, and how does it transform our societies
5．What does paragraph 1 mainly tell us
A.There are different types of education.
B.The present education needs improvements.
C.Education and economy are closely associated.
D.The goal of future education is fundamentally different.
6．What do we know about the Learning Hub that Shemsy goes to
A.It accepts students of all ages.
B.It promotes competition.
C.It discourages individualized learning.
D.It is all about play based learning.
7．What does the underlined word “mandatory” in paragraph 3 mean
A.Tough.　　　　　　　 B．Satisfactory.
C.Optional. D．Required.
8．What is the suitable title for the passage
A.An Example to All
B.A Vision for Education
C.A Challenge for Education
D.A Journey into the Future
高考必 备词汇 [A篇]　discount n. 打折；折扣　reveal v. 揭示　organized adj.有条理的；系统的　automatic adj. 自动的　try out尝试；试用　trick n. 技巧，窍门　come across遇见　community n. 社区　give it a go尝试　receipt n. 收据；发票　recommend v. 推荐；建议　on hand在场的；现有的 [B篇]generation n. 代　institution n. 机构　restrict v. 限制　in line with与……一致 be engaged in从事……；参与……　contribute to对……作出贡献
四六级 桥梁 词汇 [A篇]　coupon n. 优惠券　toiletry n. 化妆品　trolley n. 小推车 [B篇]distinctive adj. 独特的　tangible adj. 实际的；真实的　abolish v. 废除；废止　pursuit n. 追求　attentive adj. 注意的；留心的　collaboratively adv. 合作地　differentiate v. 区分；区别　variability n. 可变性；易变性
合成词、 派生词 [A篇]money saving adj. 省钱的　zero interest adj. 零利息的　cashback n. 返现　abandoned adj. 抛弃的；遗弃的 [B篇]well being n. 健康　intergenerational adj. 影响几代人的　lifelong adj. 毕生的；终身的
熟词 生义 [A篇]catch (熟义) v. 抓住 (文章义) n. 收获
长难句 分析 [A篇]Before starting this, I thought it'd be much work, but now I'm so used to this lifestyle that it's automatic to me. [分析]　本句是并列复合句。在but前的分句中含有省略连词的宾语从句“it'd be much work”；在后一分句中含有that引导的结果状语从句。 [B篇]Access to education is universal, and higher education institutions no longer differentiate themselves by how many people they reject yearly. [分析]　本句是并列句。前一分句中，名词短语Access to education作主语；后一分句中含有how引导的宾语从句。 [译文]　受教育的机会是普遍的，高等教育机构不再以每年拒绝多少人来区分自己。
学案1.31 主旨大意题—段落大意答案
【典型1】B
第一步　首尾兼顾定段意
第一段铺垫背景，点出了文章话题，即Francis Galton的论文和研究揭示了群体智慧效应的现象。第二段则详细解释了群体智慧效应的形成机制，人们估算的误差并不总是相同，有人倾向于高估，有人倾向于低估，当样本规模足够大的时候，人们之间的误差互相抵消，因此形成了群体智慧效应。因此，第二段借介绍群体智慧效应的形成机制，解释了群体智慧效应的底层逻辑。
第二步　析选项，斟酌判断
A 估计的方法。 原文未提及相关内容。 无中生有， 生搬硬套
B 这一效应的底层逻辑。 精确概括本段核心主旨。 涵盖性强， 覆盖全段
C 人们产生误差的原因。 原文未提及相关内容。 无中生有， 生搬硬套
D Galton实验的设计。 原文未提及相关内容。 无中生有， 生搬硬套
【典型2】A
第一步　首尾兼顾定段意
选段第一段提到人类语音及牙齿咬合的变化与新石器时代农业的发展有关，而选段第二段主要说明了一项语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，因此选段第二段主要是为上文的研究结果提供证据。选段第二段第一句中的confirmed (证实)是关键词。
第二步　析选项，斟酌判断
A 为研究结果提供证据。 选段第二段主要列出一些可以使研究结果更令人信服的证据 涵盖性强， 覆盖全段
B 研究成果的潜在应用。 原文提及研究成果， 但是没有提及潜在应用 以偏概全， 曲解文意
C 进一步说明研究方法。 原文未提及相关内容 无中生有， 生搬硬套
D 对研究过程的合理怀疑。 原文未提及相关内容 无中生有 生搬硬套
【典型3】C 段落大意题。依据“首尾兼顾知段意”原则，即根据第一段中的“Sometime in the early 1960s，a significant thing happened in Sydney，Australia.The city discovered its harbor.”以及“But it is the harbor that makes the city.”可知，本段主要介绍了悉尼发展的关键是港口。故选C。
【典例4】D
第一步　首尾兼顾定段意
本文第三段主要介绍两位主人的宠物经过Farber的治疗后，病情有所好转。通过这两个案例，第三段侧面表达了Farber中西医结合的“整体医学”取得了显著成果。
第二步　析选项，斟酌判断
A 按摩疗法的步骤。原文未提及相关内容 无中生有，生搬硬套
B 兽医工作的复杂性。原文未提及相关内容 无中生有，生搬硬套
C 罕见动物疾病示例。不符合原文文意 偷换概念，歪曲文意
D 整体医学的有效性。精确概括本段核心主旨 涵盖性强，覆盖全段
五、训练检测（更新）
A
【解题导语】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了克莱尔·休斯的省钱妙招。
A　解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Before starting this...it's automatic to me.”可知，省钱已经成为她日常生活的一部分。
C　解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Over the years, she has managed...just ￡35.”可知，她以低价购买了一些商品。
B　解析：段落大意题。根据最后一段中的“Among her other top money－saving tips...earned her hundreds in discount coupons.”可知，最后一段介绍了她获取优惠券的方法。
C　解析：标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文介绍了克莱尔·休斯的省钱妙招，C项适合作文章的最佳标题。
B
【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了对2080年的教育的展望。
D　解析：段落大意题。根据第一段中的“Until about 2035, the main function...all its members.”可知，第一段主要告诉我们未来教育的目标是完全不同的。
A　解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Schools have been replaced with ‘Learning Hubs’ that are not restricted to certain ages.”可知，舍姆西去的学习中心接受所有年龄的学生。
D　解析：词义猜测题。根据画线词后的“Being Human and the History of Humanity”可知，学习如何做人和人类历史应该是全球儿童必修的课程，画线词意为“必修的”，与required意思相近。
B　解析：标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文介绍了对2080年的教育的展望。因此，B项最适合作文章标题。