Unit 1 What's the matter? 知识点归纳总结 2024-2025学年人教版英语八年级下册

Unit 1 What's the matter
一、词汇与短语
◆ 重点单词
A部分
matter n. 问题；事情 sore adj. 疼痛的；酸痛的
stomachache n. 胃痛；腹痛 foot n. 脚；足
neck n. 颈；脖子 stomach n. 胃；腹部
throat n. 咽喉；喉咙 hurt v. (使)疼痛；受伤
fever n. 发烧 passenger n. 乘客；旅客
lie v. 躺；平躺 break n. 间歇；休息
rest v. & n. 放松；休息 onto prep. 向；朝
X-ray n. X射线；X光 trouble n. 问题；苦恼
toothache n. 牙痛 hit n. (用手或器具)击；打
headache n. 头痛 herself pron. (she的反身代词)她自己
off adv. & prep. 离开(某处)；不工作；从……去掉
B部分
bandage n. 绷带 v. 用绷带包扎 press v. 压；挤；按
sick adj. 生病的；有病的 knee n. 膝；膝盖
breathe v. 呼吸 knife n. 刀
sunburned adj. 晒伤的 blood n. 血
ourselves pron. (we反身代词)我们自己 mean v. 意思是；打算
climber n. 登山者；攀登者 importance n. 重要性；重要
risk n.&v. 危险；风险；冒险 decision n. 决定；抉择
accident n.(交通)事故；意外遭遇 control v.&n. 限制；约束；管理
situation n. 情况；状况 spirit n. 勇气；意志
kilo( = kilogram) n. 千克；公斤 death n. 死；死亡
rock n. 岩石 nurse n. 护士
◆ 重点短语
A部分
have a cold 感冒 lie down 躺下
have a stomachache 胃痛 take one's temperature 量体温
have a fever 发烧 to one's surprise 使……惊讶的是
get off 下车 right away 立即；马上
take breaks (take a break) 休息 talk too much 说得太多
drink enough water 喝足够的水 have a very sore throat 嗓子非常疼
get an X-ray 拍X光片 see a dentist 看牙医
drink some hot tea with honey 喝一些加蜂蜜的热茶 put some medicine on sth. 在……上面敷一些药
feel very hot 感到很热 sound like 听起来像
all weekend 整个周末 in the same way 以同样的方式
go to a doctor 看医生 go along 沿着……走
on the side of the road 在马路边 shout for help 大声呼救
without thinking twice 没有多想 have a heart problem 有心脏病
thanks to 多亏了；由于 in time 及时
save a life 挽救生命 get into trouble 陷入麻烦
hurt oneself 受伤 fall down落下；摔倒
B部分
be used to 习惯于……；适应于…… in a difficult situation 在困境中
take risks (take a risk) 冒险 keep on doing sth. 继续(或坚持)做某事
run out (of) 用尽；耗尽 make a decision 作出决定
cut off 切除 get hit on the head 撞到头部
get out of 离开；从……岀来 be interested in 对……感兴趣
give up 放弃 mean doing sth. 意味着做某事
put a bandage on sth. 用绷带包扎… lose one's life 失去生命
feel sick 感到恶心 mountain climbing 登山运动
have problems breathing 呼吸困难 be in control of 掌管；管理
◆ 重点句子
A部分
What's the matter with you =What's the trouble with you =What's wrong with you 你怎么了？
What should she do 她该怎么办呢？
Did you fall down 你跌倒了吗？
Should I take my temperature 我应该量一下体温吗？
I think I sat in the same way for too long without moving. 我想我以同样的姿势一动不动地坐得太久了。
You need to take breaks away from the computer. 你需要远离电脑休息。
The driver saw an old man lying on the side of the road. 司机看见一位老人正躺在路边。
The bus driver, 24-year-old Wang Ping, stopped the bus without thinking twice. 二十四岁的公交车司机王平，没有多想就停下了车。
But to his surprise, they all agreed to go with him. 但是使他吃惊的是，他们都同意和他一起去。
Thanks to Mr. Wang and the passengers, the man was saved by the doctors in time. 多亏了王先生和乘客们，医生及时挽救了那个人的生命。
It's sad that many people don't want to help others because they don't want any trouble. 这太令人伤心了，许多人不想帮助别人是因为他们不想惹麻烦。
B部分
He has problems breathing. 他呼吸困难。
As a mountain climber, he is used to taking risks. 作为一位登山者，他习惯于冒险。
With his left arm, he bandaged himself so that he would not lose too much blood. 他用左臂把自己包扎好，以便不会失血过多。
His love for mountain climbing is so great that he kept on climbing mountains even after this experience. 他是如此酷爱爬山，以至于即使在这次经历之后，他(仍然)继续爬山。
There were many times when Aron almost lost his life because of accidents. 阿伦有很多次都差点儿因为事故丧命。
This means being in a difficult situation that you cannot seem to get out of. 书名的意思是一个人身陷似乎无法解脱的困境之中。
Aron did not give up after the accident and keeps on climbing mountains today. 阿伦在事故之后没有放弃，现在仍继续登山。
Aron loves mountain climbing and doesn't mind taking risks. 阿伦热爱登山，不介意冒险。
◆ 重点单词变形
A部分
foot—feet(复数) stomach—stomachs(复数)
hurt—hurt(过去式) hit—hit(过去式)
lie(躺)—lay(过去式)—lying(现在分词) she —herself(反身代词)
B部分
sick—ill(同义词) breathe(动词)—breath(名词)
we(主格)—ourselves(反身代词) climb(动词)—climber(名词)攀登者
kilogram—kilo(缩写形式) knife—knives(复数)
cut—cut(过去式)—cutting(现在分词) decide(动词)—decision(名词)
importance(名词)—important(形容词)
mean—meaning(名词)—meant(过去式)
run—ran(过去式)—running(现在分词)
die(动词)—death(名词)—dying(现在分词)
二、语法知识点
A部分知识点
What's the matter
What's the matter (with sb.) “(某人)怎么了？”常用来询问某人患了何种疾病或遇到了何种麻烦。常与What's the trouble with sb. /What's wrong with sb. 互换。此句型中matter，trouble是名词，故前要加冠词the。
eg：— What's the matter with Mike 迈克怎么了？
— He has a fever. 他发烧了。
★ 询问某人患了何种疾病或遇到了何种麻烦时，常用以下几种结构来表达：
What's the matter (with sb.) (某人)怎么了？
What's the trouble (with sb.) (某人)出什么事了？
What's wrong (with sb.) (某人)怎么了？
Is there anything wrong (with sb.) (某人)有什么麻烦吗？
What happened (to sb.) (某人)发生了什么事？
★ 要表达身体疼痛或不舒服，可用以下结构:
某人+have/has/had+病症。
eg：Lucy had a bad cold last week. 露西上个星期患了重感冒。
某人 + have/has/had + a + headache/toothache/stomachache/backache/earache.
eg：She had a toothache last night. 她昨晚牙痛。
某人 + have/has/had + a + sore +发病部位。
eg：He has a sore throat. 他喉咙痛。
There is something wrong with one's + 身体部位。
eg：There is something wrong with my left hand. 我的左手有点毛病。
某部位 + hurt(s).
eg：My throat hurts badly. 我喉咙痛得厉害。
某人+ hurt(s) +身体部位或反身代词。
eg：He hurts his head. 他的头受伤了。
某人 + have/has/had + a pain + in one's + 身体部位。
eg：I have a pain in my leg. 我腿疼
其他表达方式
eg：He got hit on the head. 他的头被击中了。
He cut her finger. 他割破手指了。
情态动词should的用法
should为情态动词，意为"应该;应当"，后接动词原形，无人称和数的变化。常用来表示征询意见、建议、劝告、要求和义务等。
should意为“应该”，表示劝告或建议。
eg：You should stop playing computer games. 你应该停止玩电脑游戏。
should表示要求或命令。
eg：You shouldn't fight with your classmate. 你不应该和同学打架。
should表示预测或可能。
eg：His schoolbag should be in the classroom. 他的书包可能在教室里。
Should有时表示说话人的感情，如惊讶、愤怒、失望等。
eg：Why should I go 为什么是我去？
◆ 基本结构：
★ 肯定句：主语+should +动词原形+其他.
eg：We should obey the traffic rules. 我们应该遵守交通规则。
★ 否定句：主语+shouldn't +动词原形+其他
eg：You shouldn't smoke in the hospital. 你不应该在医院里吸烟。
★ 一般疑问句：Should+主语+动词原形+其他？
eg：Should you come here tonight 今晚你应该来这里吗？
◆ should用于主语为第一人称的疑问句，表示征询意见。
eg：Should I put some medicine on it 我应当给它敷上药吗？
Should we tell her about it 我们应该告诉她这件事吗？
◆ 在英语中，表示建议的说法有很多，主要结构有：
⑴直接性的建议的句子: Let's+do sth. 表示“让我们做某事”。(包括双方在内)
Let us+do sth. 表示“让我们做某事”。(不包括对方在内)
eg：Let s go swimming. 我们去游泳吧。 回答：All right, OK, Good idea
⑵表委婉性建议: Shall we do sth. 我们做某事好吗？
Would you mind (not) doing sth. 你介意(不)做某事吗？
eg：Shall we go shopping now？ 我们现在去购物好吗？ Would you mind opening the window？ 你介意把窗户打开吗？
⑶表征求性建议: What/How about+doing sth. 做某事怎么样？
eg：What about going out for a walk 出去散散步怎么样？
⑷表劝告性建议: You had better (not) do sth. 你最好(不)要做某事
=You d better (not) do sth.
eg：You had better stay at home. 你最好呆在家里。 You'd better go now. 你最好现在就走。
⑸表责备性建议: Why not do sth. 你/他们/我们为什么不做某事呢？
=Why don t you/they/we do sth.
eg：Why don't you ask your parents =Why not ask your parents 你为什么不问你父母呢
⑹表请求性建议: Would you like+短语 你愿意…吗？
Would/Could/Will you please+(not)do sth. 请你(不)做某事好吗？
eg：Would you like another cup of tea 你想再来一杯茶吗？ Would you please wait for me？你能等我一下吗？
too much的用法
too much意为“太多”，有以下三种用法：
用作副词词组，修饰不及物动词。
eg：She talked too much yesterday and didn't drink enough water.
她昨天说话太多，并且没有喝足够的水。
My roommate talks too much. 我的室友说话太多。
用作名词词组。
eg：You have given me too much. 你给我的太多了。
用作形容词词组，修饰不可数名词。
eg：I drank too much beer last night. 我昨天晩上喝了太多啤酒。
too many=many 修饰可数名词复数，意为"太多"。
too much=much 修饰不可数名词，意为"太多"；还可修饰动词，作状语。
much too=too 修饰形容词或副词，意为“太”。
eg：My mother bought too many eggs yesterday. 我妈妈昨天买了太多鸡蛋。
We have too much work to do. 我们有太多的工作要做。
Don t talk too much.不要说得太多。(状语)
The hat is much too big for me.这顶帽子对我来说太大了。(形容词)
You re walking much too fast.你走得太快了。(副词)
enough的用法
enough既可作限定词，也可作副词，用法如下：
作形容词时，作定语，意为“足够的；充分的”，既可修饰可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词。修饰名词很自由，可前也可后。
eg：Are there enough seats for ten persons 有没有足够十人的座位？
We have enough food for a week. 我们有足够维持一周的食物。
只有当主语是代词，数词和“数词+名词”时，enough才可作表语用，如果主语是名词，enough便不能作表语用了。
eg：That s enough. Thank you. 够了，谢谢。
Five is enough. 五个够了。
Will 12 apples be enough 十二个苹果够不够？
当enough修饰形容词和副词，且必须放在它们之后。
eg：This room is large enough for us to sleep in. (不可说enough large)
这个房间足够大，我们可以睡。
He knows the situation well enough. (不可说enough well”)
对他情况了解得非常清楚。
当enough和另一形容词同时修饰一个名词时，有两种不同的位置。
◆ enough放在形容词之后，此时，enough修饰形容词，结构为“adj.+enough+名词”,表示“足够…的…”
eg：a large enough room一间足够大的房间
a deep enough well 一口足够深的井
I don t have big enough nails to mend the cupboard. 我没有足够大的钉子修理柜子。
◆ enough放在形容词之前，此时，enough修饰名词，结构为“enough+adj.+名词”，表示“足够多的…”。
eg：enough large room 足够大的房间
enough deep well 足够深的井
I don’t have enough big nails to mend he cupboard. 我没有足够大的钉子修理柜子。
enough作副词，意为“充分地；足够地；充足地”，置于被修饰的形容词或副词之后，其后可接动词不定式或介词for,但一般不接that从句。enough在句子中作状语，表示程度。enough不能与no构成否定句，只能借助not以及其他否定词。
eg：He didn't practice enough.他练习得不够。
She isn’t good enough for the exam.
=She isn’t good enough to pass the exam. 她的功课不够好参加考试。
We have not enough glasses for everyone.(不能说成no enough glasses)
我们的杯子不够分给每个人。
We had hardly enough food to go around at the picnic.(不能说成no enough food)
我们的食物刚够分给参加野餐的人。
I have a cold.
have a cold“患感冒”，其中cold是可数名词，意为“感冒；伤风”。表示有某种“病症；症状”，常用“have + a(n) +名词”结构，have在此类短语中有“患上”的意思。
eg：I had a bad cold last week. 我上个星期患了重感冒。
类似的短语还有：
have a earache 耳朵疼 have a cough 咳嗽 have a fever 发烧
have a stomachache 胃痛 have a toothache 牙疼 have a sore throat 喉咙疼
have a headache 头痛 have a sore back 背痛
介词with的用法
意为“带有，具有”。其反义词为without
eg：He's a tall boy with short hair. 他是一个留着短发的高个子男孩儿。
We all know and love the black mouse with two large round ears—Mickey Mouse.
我们都知道并喜爱那只长着两个大圆耳朵的黑色老鼠。
I want to drink some hot tea with honey. 我想喝些加蜂蜜的热茶。
“用；以；借”，表示使用工具、手段等。
eg：Cut it with a knife. 用刀把它切开。
“和……在一起”，表示伴随。
eg：Can you go to a movie with me 你能和我一起去看电彩吗？
“与……对立；反对”。
eg：I had an argument with my boss. 我跟我的老板吵了一架。
“关于；对于”，表示某种关系或适用范围。
eg：Are you pleased with the result 你对结果满意吗？
“随着，与……同时”。
eg：With these words, he left the room. 说完这些话，他离开了房间
in＋语言或材料 in English 用英语 in ink 用墨水
with＋有形的具体工具 with your eyes用你的眼睛 with a pen用钢笔
without的用法
without介词，意为“没有；不(做某事)”，其后跟动词-ing形式、人称代词宾格或名词，用来表示伴随或假设的情况。without doing sth. “没有做某事”。without的反义词为with，意为“具有；带有”。
eg：He left the room angrily without (saying) a word.
他一句话也没有说就气冲冲地离开了房间。
Bring Ms. Steen to the party without telling her so that she can be surprised.
在没有告知斯蒂恩女士的前提下，把她带来聚会，以便她会感到惊喜。
need的用法
need用作实义动词，意为“需要”，其后可接名词、代词、动名词或带to的动词不定式作宾语。
eg：You need to take breaks away from the computer. 你需要离开电脑休息休息。
I need an apple. 我需要一个苹果。
She needs to have a try. 她需要试一下。
How many bananas do we need 我们需要多少香蕉？
The house needs painting. 房子需要粉刷。
(need后接动名词时，动名词表被动意义，此时主语常为物。)
◆ need作情态动词，意为“需要”，一般用于否定句或疑问句中，后面必须接动词原形。
eg：You need not go there. 你不必去那里。
You needn't finish that work today. 你今天不必完成那项工作。
away from
away from 意为“远离”。
eg：Stay away from the fire. 离火远一些。
You need to take breaks away from the computer. 你需要离开电脑休息休息。
My home is 20 kilometers away from the hospital. 我家距离医院20公里。
take breaks
break作动词意为“(使)破；裂；碎；损坏”。break还可作可数名词意为“间歇；休息”。take breaks=take a break意为“休息”，常指突然的或短时间的休息。rest作名词也可意为“休息”，常用短语为 take/have a rest，意为“休息一下”。泛指放松、休息
eg：You need to take breaks away from the computer. 你需要离开电脑休息休息。
Let's take a ten minute break. 让我们休息10分钟吧。
I had to take a break for a cup of tea. 我不得不休息一下喝杯茶。
Let's stop working and have a rest. 咱们别干了，休息一下
get on与get off
get on为副词短语，意为“上车”，其反义词短语为get off“下车”。一般指能站立的车，比如公交车的“上下车”。不能站立的“上下车”(比如小汽车，出租车)要用：get into“上车”；get out of“下车”。
eg：He got off and asked the woman what happened. 他下车问那个女人发生了什么事。
When I got on the plane, I found I didn't lock my door.当我上飞机后，我发现我没有锁门
She quickly got into a car and left. 她迅速上了车，走了。
They got out off the taxi and ran to the hall. 他们从出租车上下来，奔向大厅。
lie与lay
◆ lie用作不及物动词，意为“躺，位于”
eg：I think you should lie down and rest. 我认为你应该躺下休息。
My hometown lies in a village. 我的家乡在一个村庄里。
◆ lie用作不及物动词，意为“说谎”
eg：Don't lie to me! 不要对我撒谎!
I know he's lying. 我知道他在说谎
◆ lie用作名词，意为“谎言”
eg：I've had enough of your lies. 我已经受够了你的谎言.
★ lay用作动词，意为“放置”
eg：He laid his hand on my shoulder. 他把他的手放在我的肩膀上。
★ lay用作动词，意为“下蛋，产卵”
eg：The hens don't lay eggs well during the cold weather. 天气冷的时候母鸡不好好下蛋。
原形 过去式 过去分词 现在分词
lie躺；位于/ la / lay /le / lain/le n/ lying/ la /
lie 说谎/ la / lied/la d/ lied/la d/ lying/ la /
lay放置;下蛋/le / laid/le d/ laid/le d/ laying/ le /
口诀记忆：一“赖”到底是撒谎。(发音都有/ la /)
三个不一样是“平躺”。(原形，过去式，过去分词都不一样)
一“累”到底是下蛋。(发音都有/le /)
下蛋，放置变法都一样。
when与while
when意为“当……时候”，引导时间状语从句，在含有when引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句中，如果主句和从句的动作都发生在将来，主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时表示将来，即“主将从现”。
eg：When I go to Tom's party, I'll call you. 我去参加汤姆的聚会时会给你打电话的。
when引导时间状语从句，放在过去进行时构成的主句之后，表示“某事正在进行时，另一件事情发生了。”
eg：He was just getting into the shower when the doorbell rang.
他正要冲澡，这时门铃响了起来。
Bus No. 26 was going along Zhonghua Road when the driver saw an old man lying on the side of the road. 26路公共汽车沿中华路行驶时，司机看见一位老人躺在路边。
when 表示“当……时候”，既可指时间点，又可指时间段，when引导的时间状语从句中的动词可以是终止性的，也可以是延续性的。
while 表示“当……时候”，仅指一段时间，从句中的动词必须是延续性的，一般强调主从句的动作同时发生。while还可作并列连词，意为“而，却”，表示对比关系。
eg：When the teacher came in, the children were talking. 老帅进来时，孩子们止在说话。
Lisa was singing while her mother was playing the piano.莉萨在唱歌，她妈妈在弹钢琴。
Tom is strong while his younger brother is weak. 汤姆很强壮，而他弟弟很瘦弱。
see sb. do sth.与see sb. doing sth.
see sb. doing sth.表示“看到某人正在做某事/正处于某种状态”。
eg：Bus No. 26 was going along Zhonghua Road when the driver saw an old man lying on the side of the road. 26路公共汽车沿中华路行驶时，司机看见一位老人躺在路边。
see sb. do sth. 意为"看到某人做某事”，表示看到做某事的全过程
see sb. doing sth. 意为"看到某人正在做某事”，表示看到某人在做某事的片段，强调动作正在发生。
eg：I'm sad to see her go,and this party is the best way to say “Thank you and goodbye.”
看到她离开我很难过,这个聚会是向她说“谢谢和再见”的最好方式。
I often see the boy play soccer in the park. 我经常看到那个男孩儿在公园里踢足球。
I saw her cleaning the classroom. 我看到她正在打扫教室。
hurt的用法
hurt既可以用作及物动词，也可以用作不及物动词。用作及物动词时，意为“使疼痛”。用作不及物动词时，意为“疼痛”，常用疼痛的具体部位作主语。还可用作名词，意为“伤害；痛苦”。也可用作形容词，意为“受伤的；痛苦的；(受)损坏的”。
eg：If your head and neck still hurt tomorrow, then go to a doctor. (不及物动词)
如果明天你的头和脖子还痛的话，就去看医生。
Mike fell off the stairs and hurt his leg. (及物动词)
迈克从楼梯上跌了下来，摔伤了腿。
I was very much hurt at what he said. (名词)
听了他的话我很痛心。
She was hurt that I had not gone to her party. (形容词)
我没去参加她的晚会，她感到不快。
if引导的条件状语从句
if意为“如果；假如；倘若”，引导条件状语从句，既可放在主句前面，也可放在主句后面。若if条件句放在句首，从句后面要加逗号与主句隔开。
eg：If you go there,I'll go,too. 如果你去那儿，我也会去。
If your head and neck still hurt tomorrow, then go to a doctor.
如果明天你的头和脖子还痛的话，就去看医生。
My mother will take me to the park if she is free. 我妈妈如果有空，就会带我去公园。
◆ if引导的条件状语从句要遵循“主将从现”的规则。即if引导的条件状语从句，主句用一般将来时(will)，从句用一般现在时。
eg：If he comes, he will bring his violin. 他如果来，就会带来他的小提琴。
without thinking twice
without介词，意为“没有；不(做某事)”，其后跟动词-ing形式、人称代词宾格或名词，用来表示伴随或假设的情况。without doing sth. “没有做某事”。think twice是英语中的一种固定表达，意为“认真思考”。without thinking twice意为“三思而后行；毫不犹豫”。
eg：We must think twice before we make decisions. 在我们做决定之前，必须认真思考。
Think twice about it. Maybe you'll change your mind. 好好想想，也许你会改变主意。
The bus driver stopped the bus without thinking twice.
公共汽车司机毫不犹豫地把公共汽车停了下来。
happen 与 take place的用法
happen不及物动词，意为“发生；出现”，一般指偶然发生，其主语常为事，而不能是人。happen常用于下列结构：
Sth. + happen (s)/happened + 地点/时间 “某地/某时发生了某事”。
eg：The moving story happened in 2013. 这个感人的故事发生在2013年。
I like to follow the story and see what happens next.
我喜欢跟随故事情节看接下来发生的事情。
Sth. + happen(s)/happened + to sb. 某人出了某事(常指不好的事)”。
eg：A car accident happened to her this morning. 今天上午她出了车祸。
Sb. + happen(s)/happened + to do sth. “某人碰巧做某事”。
eg：I happened to meet a friend on the street yesterday.昨天我在街上碰巧遇到了一个朋友。
We happened to meet her on the bus. 我们碰巧在公交车上遇到了她。
It happens/happened that+从句. 碰巧/恰巧发生某事”。
eg：It happened that Brian and Peter were at home that day.碰巧那天布莱恩和彼得在家里。
happen 意为"发生；碰巧"，一般用于偶然或突发性事件。
take place 意为"发生；举行，举办"，一般指非偶然性事件的“发生"，即这种事件的发生一定有某种原因或事先安排好的。
eg：A traffic accident happened to him. 一场交通事故发生在他身上。
The meeting will take place next Friday. 会议将在下周五举行。
have to与must
have to 意为“不得不；必须”，后接动词原形。
eg：Mr. Wang knew he had to act quickly. 王先生知道他必须快点儿行动。
不得不 必须 have to 表示客观需要，有人称、数和时态的变化；其否定形式为： don't/doesn't/didn't have to“不必"
must 表示说话人的主观看法，认为有必要或有义务去做某事，没有人称和数的变化
eg：I have to study hard. 我不得不努力学习。(客观需要)
I must study hard. 我必须努力学习。(主观想法)
I had to call the doctor last night, because my younger brother was ill.
昨晚我不得不叫医生，因为我弟弟病了。(客观需要)
They must work hard. 他们必须努力工作。(主观想法)
to one's surprise
surprise作名词，意为“惊奇；惊讶”，其常用结构为：to one's surprise 意为“使/令/让……惊讶的是”，surprise的形容词为surprised/surprising。
eg：To my surprise, all the questions were different. 令我惊讶的是，所有的问题都不一样。
But to his surprise, they all agreed to go with him.
但令他惊讶的是，他们都同意和他一起去医院。
类似的短语还有：
to one's shame 使某人惭愧的是 to one's taste 合某人的口味，称某人的心
to one's joy 使某人高兴的是 to one’s knowledge 就某人所知；确知属实
to one's liking合某人的胃口；合某人的意 to one's mind 依某人之见；合某人的心
to one's regret 使某人感到遗憾的是 to one's satisfaction 使某人满意的是
expect的用法
expect动词，意为“预料；期待”。 expect to do sth. 意为“期待做某事”。
eg：I expect to have a good result. 我期待有一个好结果。
you can expect to learn a lot from them. 你可以期望从它们中学到很多(知识)
expect还可用于下別结构：
expect +名词/代词，意为“期待某事(物)或某人”
eg：I'm expecting Li Lin's letter. 我正盼着李林的来信。
expect sb. to do sth. 意为“期望某人做某事”。
eg：I expect my mother to come back early. 我盼望着我妈妈早点儿回来。
expect +从句，意为“预计……”。
eg：I expect that I'll come back next Monday. 我预计我将在下周一回来。
expect 意为“盼望；期盼”，侧重于相信或认为有可能实现的愿望，其常用结构：expect to do sth. /expect sb. to do sth. /expect+that+从句
wish 意为“希望；但愿”，常用来描述未完成或不能完成的愿望。其常用结构：wish to do sth. /wish sb. to do sth. /wish+that从句(虚拟语气)
hope 意为“希望；期望”，主要用来描述主观上的愿望并对其实现抱有信心。其常用构：hope to do sth./hope for sth. /hope+ that从句
look forward to look forward to意为“期待；盼望”，其中to为介词，其后可跟名词、代词或动词的-ing形式作宾语。
agree/disagree的用法
disagree 为不及物动词，意为“不同意，持不同意见；有分歧”，其反义词为agree。 disagree with sb. 意为“不赞同某人”。
agree 意为“一致认为；同意”，后可以跟从句，其反义词为disagree。
agree+dis=disagree，加前缀dis- 互为反义词的还有:
able(能，会)— disable(使丧失能力) like(喜欢)— dislike(不喜欢)
appear(出现)—disappear(消失) believe(相信)—disbelieve(不相信)
eg：But many scientists disagree with Mr. White. 但许多科学家不同意怀特先生的观点。
Bill and Kate often disagree but they are good friends.
比尔和凯特常常意见不同，但他们是好朋友。
I disagree with you. 我不同意你的意见。
However, they agree(that) it may take hundreds of years.
然而，他们一致认为这可能要花费数百年的时间。
agree to do sth. 意为“同意做某事”。
eg：He agreed to give me more time. 他同意多给我一些时间。
agree with+sb. 表示同意某人的意见、想法、分析、解释等，对象是人或人的观点，意为“同意；赞成”。
eg：I agree with you/your idea. 我同意你的意见/想法。
agree to 后接 plan，idea，suggestion 等，表示同意某计划、观点或建议等。
eg：Please agree to this plan. 请同意这个计划。
agree on表示“就……取得一致意见”。一般后接“日期”或“条款”。
eg：They all agree on the matter. 他们在这个问题上意见一致。
thanks for与thanks to的用法
thanks for thanks for意为“因…而感谢”，后接感谢的原因，后面接名词、代词或动词-ing形式，也可说成“Thank you for…”。
thanks to thanks to意为“多亏，由于，幸亏”并无当面致谢的意思，有时可与with the help of…/because of互换。
◆ Thanks for…的答语常用You're welcome./No problem./That's all right. /Not at all./My pleasure.等
eg：Thanks to Mr. Wang and the passengers, the man was saved by the doctors in time.
多亏了王先生和乘客，医生及时救了那个人。
=With the help of Mr. Wang and the passengers, the man was saved by the doctors in time. 在王先生和乘客的帮助下，该男子被医生及时救了。
Thanks a lot for your help. 非常感谢您的帮助。
Thank you for telling me the news. 感谢你告诉我这个消息。
Thanks for lending me the money. 谢谢你借钱给我。
Everyone knows about it now, thanks to you! 多亏了你，现在大家都知道这件事了
in time与on time
in time意为“及时”，指赶在恰当的时候做了某事，没有迟到、没有耽误事情。on time意为“按时；准时”，指按事先规定的时间点做某事，不早也不晚。
eg：We got to the bus station in time. 我们及时赶到了汽车站。
Thanks to Mr. Wang and the passengers, the man was saved by the doctors in time.
多亏了王先生和乘客，医生及时救了那个人。
Be here tomorrow on time. 明天准时到这儿。
We have to get to school on time every day. 我们每天必须准时到校。
arrive, get与reach的用法
get to意为“到达”，to为介词。
eg：The old man got to the hospital in time 那位老人及时到达了医院。
arrive(in/at) arrive为不及物动词，其后跟表示地点的副词here, there, home，abroad等 时，不需要加任何介词；其后跟地点名词时，则要加介词，即arrive in +大地点(国家、大城市等)，arrive at+小地点(镇、家、店等)”
get(to) get意为“到达"时，为不及物动词，其后跟表示地点的副词here, there,home等时，不需要加任何介词；其后跟地点名词时，则要加介词to,即"get to十地点名词"
reach 及物动词，意为"到达"，其后直接跟地点名词。
eg：He arrived in Jinan yesterday. 他昨天就到济南了。
I arrived at the restaurant an hour ago. 我一个小时前到达了这家餐馆。
When do you get to school 你什么时候到学校？
They reached London last night. 他们非晚到达了伦敦。
fall down的用法
fall用作动词“落下；下落；掉落”；fall down意为“突然倒下;跌倒;倒塌”。fall asleep “入睡”；fall behind “落后”；fall over“跌倒”；fall off…… “从……上掉下来”；fall into “落入”；fall in love with “爱上”。
eg：Did you fall down 你摔倒了吗？
Babies often fall down when they learn to walk. 婴儿在学走路时经常摔倒。
The tower will probably not fall down. 这个塔也许不会倒塌。
If buildings fall down with people inside, these snake robots can help look for people under the buildings. 如果建筑物倒塌，有人被困在里面，这些蛇形机器人能帮助寻找建筑物下面的人。
fall还可用作名词，意为“倒塌；跌倒；掉落”, 还可意为“秋天”。
eg：I had a bad fall from my bike and broke my arm.
我从我的自行车上重重地跌了下来，摔断了手臂。
Leaves turn yellow in fall. 树叶在秋天变黄。
get into trouble
get into trouble为固定短语，意为“陷入困境；遇到困难”。常用短语：get into trouble with sb.意为“与某人发生不快(冲突)”；be in trouble意为“陷入困难或麻烦中；有困难”；have trouble (in) doing sth.意为“做某事有困难”
eg：Do you agree that people often do not help others because they do not want to get into trouble 你同意人们不帮助别人是因为他们不想惹麻烦吗？
He often got into trouble with the police. 他经常和警察闹事。
If you don't try to do your work yourself, you will be in big trouble.
如果你不自己动手，你会有大麻烦的。
Do you have trouble (in) falling asleep at night 你晚上入睡有困难吗？
B部分知识点
hit的用法
hit可用作名词，意为“打击，碰撞，批评等”含义。hit也可用作及物动词和不及物动词，意为“(用手或器具)击打，碰撞，猜中等”含义。
eg：Someone got hit on the head. 有人磕到了头。
He hit the tiger with a stone. 他用石头打那只老虎。
◆ 表示“打某人的某个部位”时，用“hit sb.+介词+ the+部位”结构。若所打部位较硬，用介词on；若所打部位较软，则用介词in。这里的the不能去掉。
eg：hit sb. on the head/nose/back 打某人的头/鼻子/背
hit sb. in the face/eye/stomach 打某人的脸/眼睛/肚子
put on与put……on……
put……on……意为“把……放在……上；在……上面敷上……”；put on为“动词+副词”类短语，意为“穿上；戴上”，代词作其宾语时，必须放在put on的中间。
eg：Put a bandage on it. 在上面绑上绷带。
He put on a coat and went out. 他穿上一件外套就出去了。
She put on her glasses and started to read. 她戴上眼镜开始看书了。
Please put the book on the table. 请把书放在桌子上。
wear “穿(衣物)、戴首饰、假发等”，及物动词，表状态。
dress “给……穿衣服”，作及物动词，宾语只能是人，dress sb 给某人穿衣
(be) in 介词，“穿着”，一般后面接衣服或表示颜色的词，表状态。be in=be dressed in；be in +颜色
put on “穿(衣)；戴(帽)；穿上，试穿”，表动作
have on “穿戴”，不可用于进行时，表状态
try on “试穿”，代词作其宾语时只能放在try on的中间。
breathe与breath
breathe/bri /为动词，意为“呼吸”；breath/breθ/为名词，意为“呼吸；口气；呼吸力”
eg：Your breath smells like lemon. 你的口气闻起来像柠檬的味道。
In winter, I can see my breath. 在冬天，我能看见我呼出的气。
The patient has bad breath. 这个病人有口气。
You can breathe fresh air if you live in the countryside.
如果你住在乡村，你能呼吸新鲜空气。
Close your eyes and breathe deeply. 闭上你的眼睛，然后深呼吸。
He can hardly breathe. 他几乎无法呼吸。
have problems (in) doing sth.
have problems (in) doing sth./have problems with sth. 为固定短语，意为“做某事有困难或问题；在某方面有困难或问题”。同义短语：have trouble (in) doing sth./have difficulty (in) doing sth./have a hard time (in) doing sth.
eg：I have problems learning English. 我学英语有困难。
They have some problems in finishing the work on time.
他们按时完成那项工作有些麻烦。
be interested in
be interested in是固定短语，后接in sb/sth 或者 in doing sth，表示对什么感兴趣，对什么关心。同义短语：take an interest in
◆ be interested in+sb. 表示对某人感兴趣。
eg：I'm interested in you. 我对你很关注哦。
◆ be interested in+sth. 表示对某物感兴趣。
eg：The ants are interested in sugar. 蚂蚁对糖感兴趣。
I'm interested in music. 我对音乐感兴趣。
She began to take an interest in stamp collecting. 她开始对集邮感兴趣。
◆ be interested in+doing sth. 表示对做某事感兴趣。
eg：They are interested in learning drawing. 他们对学绘画感兴趣。
We are interested in playing football. 我们对踢足球感兴趣。
◆ be interested to do sth. 很想做某事
eg：I’d be interested to hear your opinion about this. 我很想听听你对这事的意见。
I shall be interested to know what happens. 我很想知道情况会怎样。
interested 形容词，意为“感兴趣的”，只作表语，主语通常是人
interesting 形容词，意为“有趣的；令人感兴趣的”，只作表语或定语，主语通常是物。
-ed形式的形容词，一般用来形容人的感受，表示“感到……的”，主语通常是人。-ing形式的形容词，一般用来形容事或物本身具有的性质,也可表示某物让人具有的某种感觉,表示“令人……的”,主语通常是物。
eg：My little brother is interested in collecting stamps. 我弟弟对集邮感兴趣。
It's an interesting book for children. 这是一本有趣的儿童读物。
The cartoon is very interesting. 这部卡通片很有意思。
used to do sth./be used to doing sth.
used to do sth. 过去常常做某事 表示过去经常发生的动作或存在的状态，而现在已不再发生或存在。其否定形式常用used not to或didn't use to。反意疑问句中应该用did/didn't或used/usedn't。
be used to do sth. be used for doing sth. 被用来做某事 use表"使用"之意，是被动语态形式，to是动词不定式符号。for是介词短语。
be used to doing sth. be used to sth. 习惯于做某事 表示习惯于某一客观事实或状态，其中to是介词，后面跟名词、代词或动名词。be used可用于多种时态；如强调动作可用get或become替换be。
use sth. to do sth. use sth. for doing sth. 用某物做某事 表示使用东西做什么事。
eg：I used to play football after school. 我过去常常放学后踢足球。
They used to be good friends, didn't they 他们过去是好朋友，是吗？
Old people are used to getting up early in the morning. 老年人习惯早晨很早起床。
Wood can be used to make paper. 树木可以用来造纸。
=Wood can be used for making paper.
The tiger's fur can be used for coats. 老虎皮可当做大衣用
I use the pen to write. 我用钢笔写字
I use a knife to cut apples. = I use a knife for cutting apples. 我用刀切苹果。
because of 与 because
because of 介词短语，其后可跟名词(短语)、代词或动名词。
because 连词，意为“因为”引导原因状语从句，表示直接、明确的原因或理由
eg：And because of the bad weather, we couldn't see anything below.
而且由于糟糕的天气，我们看不见下面的任何东西。
He lost his job because of his age. 由于年龄关系他失去了工作。
I didn't buy the shirt because it was too expensive.
我没有买这件衬衫，因为它太贵了。
There were many times when Aron almost lost his life because of accidents.
有很多次阿龙因为意外险些丧命。
almost的用法
almost 用作程度副词，意为“儿乎，差不多”，与nearly同义，常位于系动词、be、情态动词或助动词之后，实义动词之前。
eg：I almost forget to write to him. 我几乎忘记给他写信。
It was almost like a good dream. 这几乎就像一场美梦。
It's nearly five o'clock. 差不多5点了。
There were many times when Aron almost lost his life because of accidents.
有很多次阿龙因为意外险些丧命。
lose one's life
lose one's life 意为“丧命”。其反义词短语为save one's life意为“挽救某人的生命”。
eg：There were many times when Aron almost lost his life because of accidents.
有很多次阿龙因为意外险些丧命。
Thousands of people lost their lives in the earthquake. 数千人在地震中丧生。
risk的用法
risk用作动词时，为及物动词，意为“冒……的危险”。后接动词作宾语时，要用动名词，不能用不定式。risk也可用作名词，意为“危险，冒险，……的危险”，通常与动词run，take等搭配。take a risk=take risks意为“冒险”。表示“……的危险”，其后通常不接不定式，而接of doing sth。
eg：As a mountain climber, Aron is used to taking risks. 作为一名登山者，阿伦习惯于冒险。
They risked losing everything. 他们冒着失去一切的危险。(动词)
He dare not take the risk of being caught by the police. (名词)
他不敢冒被警察抓住的危险。
free的用法
free 形容词 “空闲的，有空的” be free 有空的，反义词是busy。
形容词 “免费的，自由的” be free to do sth 自由的做某事。
动词 “使自由，使摆脱，解除”
eg：I'll be free tomorrow. 我明天有空。
I've got three free tickets for tonight's film. 我有三张今晚的免费电影票。
You're free to go or to stay. 你想走就走，想留就留。
Because he could not free his arm, he stayed there for five days and hoped that someone would find him. 因为他无法挣脱胳膊，他在那里呆了五天，希望有人能找到他。
run out与 run out of
run out意为“用尽；耗尽”。表示主动语态时，其主语通常是时间、金钱、食物等无生命名词。。run out of意为“用光；耗尽；从……跑出”。表示主动语态时，主语只能是人。run out是不及物短语，而run out of则是及物短语，表示主动。
eg：My money ran out. 我的钱花光了。（不及物短语）
He has run out of red ink. 他的红墨水用完了。（及物短语）
But when his water ran out, he knew that he would have to do something to save his own life 但是当他的水耗尽的时候，他知道他得做点什么来挽救自己的生命。
He ran out of all his money to buy the book. 他花了所有的钱去买这本书。
be/get ready to do sth.
be/get ready to do sth. 意为“准备好做某事；愿意做某事”，同义短语：be/get ready for “为……做准备”。
eg：Tom is always ready to help other people. 汤姆总是乐于帮助他人。
Right, we're ready to go. 对，我们准备好了，可以走了
However, he was always ready to try his best. 然而，他总是准备好去尽其所能。
cut off
cut off为固定短语，意为“切除，切断”。
eg：When was the telephone cut off 电话什么时候被切断了？
How much do you want me to cut off your hair 你的头发要剪掉多少？
● 与cut相关的短语：
cut up cut down cut off cut out cut in
切碎 砍到；砍伐 切断；切除 删除 插嘴
so……that……, so that与in order to
so……that…… 引导结果状语从句，作“如此……以致于……”，常用在“so+形容词/副词+that从句”结构中。
so that 意为“以便；为了” 引导目的状语从句，从句谓语中常用情态动词may, might, can, could等；主从句间连接紧凑，没有逗号相隔。 意为“因此；所以” 引导结果状语从句，从句中一般没有情态动词，主从句间可有逗号相隔
in order to in order to与so that同义，只是后者跟句子，前者跟动词原形。
eg：Then, with his left arm, he bandaged himself so that he would not lose too much blood. 然后，他用左手对伤口进行了包扎，以免失血过多。
I am so busy that I have no time to see my mother. 我工作太忙了，没有时间去看母亲。
I work hard every day so that I can catch up with Tom.
我每天努力学习，以便能赶上汤姆。
I took a bus so that I could get to school on time.
=I took a bus in order to get to school on time.我乘了一辆公共汽车，以便可以按时到校
mean的用法
mean及物动词，意为“意思是”，其后常接名词、v.-ing形式或宾语从句。其名词形式为meaning，意为“含义；意思”。
mean意味，意思→meaning意思→meaningful有意义的→meaningless无意义的
meaningless形容词，意为“毫无意义的；意思不明确的”，其反义词是meaningful “意味深长的；有意义的”。
eg：This means being in a difficult situation that you cannot seem to get out of.
书名的意思是一个人身陷似乎无法解脱的困境之中。
A dictionary tells you what words mean. 词典告诉你词语的含义。
You mean that you can't come tomorrow 你的意思是你明天不能来了？
mean还可意为"打算；意欲”。mean to do sth.意为"打算做某事”。
eg：I mean to talk with him about it. 我打算和他谈谈这件事。
What do you mean by…… = What do/ does……mean = What's the meaning of…… 意为“……是什么意思”，其中by后跟名词、代词或动词-ing形式。
eg：What do you mean by this word = What does this word mean = What's the meaning of this word 这个单词是什么意思？
get out of
get out of意为“离开；从……出来”。
eg：This means being in a difficult situation that you cannot seem to get out of.
书名的意思是一个人身陷似乎无法解脱的困境之中。
He wants to get out of bed. 他想下床。
Walk to the west after you get out of the car. 下车后向西走。
make decisions
make decisions=make a decision意为“做决定”，其中decision为可数名词，意为“决心，决定”。
eg：In this book, Aron tells of the importance of making good decisions, and of being in control of one's life. 在这本书中，阿伦讲述了做出正确决定以及掌控自己生命的重要性。
Let me make decisions myself. 让我自己做决定。
be in control of
be in control of意为“掌握；控制”。
eg：In this book, Aron tells of the importance of making good decisions, and of being in control of one's life. 在这本书中，阿伦讲述了做出正确决定以及掌控自己生命的重要性。
You should be in control of your own life and business. 你应该掌管自己的生活和事业。
keep与keep on的用法
keep on doing sth. “继续做某事”，指中间有休息或停顿，强调时间的间隔性和动作的反复性，或某人做某事的决心。
keep doing sth. “一直做某事”，表示动作或状态的持续, 没有间隔。
eg：Well, I'm going to keep on writing stories, of course. 哦，当然我会继续写故事。
He kept on smoking though we advised him to stop smoking.
尽管我们建议他戒烟，但是他还是继续吸烟。
This old man kept on coming to offer us hot water. 这位老人不断地来给我们送热水。
He kept standing there for an hour without moving.
他在那儿一动不动地站了一个小时。
give up的用法
give up意为“放弃”，可单独使用，也可后跟名词，动词的-ing形式。give up sth/ doing sth.
eg：Aron did not give up after the accident and keeps on climbing mountains today.
阿伦在事故之后没有放弃，现在仍继续登山。
She never gives up learning. 她从不放弃学习。
When did you give up playing computer games 你是何时放弃玩电脑游戏的？