中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
话题一 肥胖
语法填空
A
The obesity rate among Chinese adolescents surged from 0.10 percent to 8.25 percent during the 34 years from 1985 to 2019, with adolescents from rural areas facing greater nutrition and health risks, the Global Times learned from a research team of the Institute of Child and Adolescent Health (ICAH), Peking University, on Tuesday.
According to the team's latest study, _____1______ was published online by The Lancet on Monday, from 1985 to 2014, the average obesity prevalence among urban children and adolescents was consistently_____2______(high) than that of their rural counterparts.
With the exception of 1985 and 1995, rural children persistently exhibited greater number of thinness compared _____3_____their urban counterparts. The study predicts that the prevalence of childhood and adolescent obesity will continue to rise nationwide in both urban and rural areas.
Over the past 30 years, there has been a global shift in the nutritional patterns of children and adolescents from predominantly undernutrition to predominantly overnutrition, a phenomenon ______4_____(close) related to socioeconomic development, Dong said.
In China, obesity of adolescents has also been a major concern of Chinese parents and relevant Chinese authorities in recent years. The National Health Commission recently released China's first authoritative guideline for using different kinds of expert knowledge and treatment of obesity in order to further improve the standardization of obesity diagnosis and ______5______(treat) in the country, People's Daily reported on October 23.
According to People's Daily, from 2015-2019, the overweight rate and obesity prevalence among Chinese adolescents aged 6 to 17 are 11.1 percent and 7.9 percent, respectively, ____6_____ the overweight rate and obesity prevalence among children under 6 years old are 6.8 percent and 3.6 percent, respectively.
Previous studies have revealed narrowing obesity gap between adolescents in urban and rural areas. But there still lacks recent data regarding contemporary______7_____(nutrient) inequities among children and adolescents, particularly in relation to urban-rural residence and regional socioeconomic status, according to Dong.
Our study revealed that, children and adolescents in underdeveloped regions face significant nutritional and health risks, _____8_____(mark) them as a particularly vulnerable group. Notably, these risks are now more closely _____9______(associate) with obesity rather than underweight.
Considering this, there is ______10____ urgent need to take action to eliminate the potential health inequalities related to obesity among current and future Chinese children and adolescents, which requires more comprehensive and extensive preventive health investments, Dong noted.
答案
1. which 2. higher 3. with 4. closely 5. treatment 6.while 7. nutritional 8. marking 9. associated 10. an
翻译
据《环球时报》周二从北京大学儿童青少年卫生研究所的一个研究小组获悉，从1985年至2019年的34年间，中国青少年的肥胖率从0.10%飙升至8.25%，其中农村青少年面临的营养和健康风险更大。
该研究小组的最新研究于周一在线发表于《柳叶刀》杂志。据该研究称，从1985年到2014年，城市和乡村的儿童青少年肥胖平均发生率始终呈现城市高于乡村的趋势。
除1985年和1995年外，农村儿童持续比城市儿童更消瘦。该研究预测，全国城市和乡村的儿童青少年肥胖率将继续上升。
过去30年来，儿童和青少年的营养模式已从主要为营养不良转变为主要为营养过剩，这一现象与经济社会发展密切相关。
据《人民日报》10月23日报道，近年来，中国青少年肥胖问题也引起了中国家长和相关部门的极大关注。国家卫生健康委员会最近发布了中国首个关于肥胖多学科诊治的权威指南，以进一步提高国内肥胖诊治的规范化水平。
据《人民日报》报道，2015年至2019年间，中国6至17岁青少年的超重率和肥胖率分别为11.1%和7.9%，而6岁以下儿童的超重率和肥胖率分别为6.8%和3.6%。
董彦会表示，先前的研究已经揭示出城乡青少年肥胖差距正在缩小。但关于当代儿童和青少年营养不平等，特别是与城乡居住地和区域社会经济地位相关的营养不平等，仍缺乏最新数据。
我们的研究表明，欠发达地区的儿童和青少年面临着严重的营养和健康风险，是一个特别脆弱的群体。值得注意的是，这些风险现在与肥胖的关联更为密切，而非消瘦。董彦会指出，鉴于此，我们迫切需要采取行动，消除当前和未来中国儿童和青少年因肥胖而产生的潜在健康不平等，这需要更全面和广泛的预防性健康投资。
B
A new study estimates more than 1 billion people worldwide are currently living with obesity. People with obesity are considered medically overweight. The study, published in the medical publication The Lancet, said that one in eight people are obese.
Researchers said around 43 percent of adults were overweight in 2022. Worldwide, obesity among adults has more than doubled since 1990, the study found. Among young people aged five to 19, the obesity rate increased _____1_____ four times during the same period.
"_____2____ staggering number of people are living with obesity," declared the lead writer of the study, Majid Ezzati. He is a professor at Imperial College London.
Severe obesity is strongly ______3_____(link) to a long list of health problems and an early death. Researchers used data from more than 3,600 population studies involving 222 million people, The Lancet reported.
"The study measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population," the researchers said. The World Health Organization (WHO) said in a statement_____4_____it shared data with other international researchers and helped to create the report.
WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said the study identifies the "importance of preventing and managing obesity from early life to adulthood". The WHO noted that at the World Health Assembly in 2022, member states agreed to an agency plan ______5_____(fight ) obesity.
So far, 31 governments "are now leading the way" to reduce obesity by carrying ____6_____ goals of the plan. These include government measures to enact new rules on "harmful" marketing of unhealthy food and drinks to children.
In addition, governments are aiming to improve school and nutrition policies. They are also seeking price _____7_____ for healthy foods, to increase public awareness about healthy diets and exercise and to strengthen requirements for physical activity in schools.
Imperial College's Ezzati said that obesity rates are not rising in many wealthier nations. But they are quickly increasing in other countries. He noted that some countries have many underweight people, meaning the nations are facing _____8______he called a "double burden" of nutrition problems.
Francesco Branca is head of nutrition at the WHO. He told reporters, "In the past, we have been thinking of obesity ____9_____ a problem of the rich. Obesity is a problem of the world."
The research represented the first major report on the issue since 2017, with more than 1,500 scientists taking part. That report estimated around 774 million people above the age of five were living with obesity.
Branca and Ezzati suggested that _____10_____(power) new obesity drugs – such as Ozempic and Wegovy – could be helpful tools in reducing obesity. But they noted that the cost and availability of the drugs might increase inequality.
答案1.by 2. A 3. linked 4. that 5. to fight 6. out 7. reductions 8. what 9. as 10. powerful
翻译
一项新研究估计，目前全球有超过10亿人属于肥胖。肥胖的人在医学上被认为超重。这项发表在医学出版物《柳叶刀》上的研究称，每8个人中就有一个肥胖。
研究人员表示，2022年约有43%的成年人超重。该研究发现，自1990年以来，世界范围内的成年人肥胖人数增加了一倍多。在5岁至19岁的年轻人中，肥胖率同期增加了4倍。
该研究的主要作者、伦敦帝国理工学院的教授马吉德·伊扎提宣称：“肥胖人群的数量惊人。”
严重肥胖与一系列健康问题和早逝密切相关。据《柳叶刀》报道，研究人员使用了3600多项涉及2.22亿人的人口研究数据。
研究人员说：“这项研究测量了普通人群代表性样本的身高和体重。” 世界卫生组织在一份声明中表示，它与其他国际研究人员分享了数据，并为这份报告的撰写提供了帮助。世卫组织总干事谭德赛·阿达诺姆·盖布瑞伊塞斯表示，该研究确定了“从生命早期到成年预防和管理肥胖的重要性”。世卫组织指出，在2022年的世界卫生大会上，成员国同意了一项对抗肥胖的机构计划。
到目前为止，31个国家的政府正在“带头”通过执行该计划的目标来减少肥胖。其中包括政府采取措施，对向儿童销售不健康食品和饮料的“有害”营销制定新规则。
此外，各国政府的目标是完善学校和营养政策。它们还在寻求降低健康食品的价格，以提高公众对健康饮食和锻炼的认识，并加强对学校体育活动的要求。
伦敦帝国理工学院的伊扎蒂说，在许多较富裕的国家，肥胖率并没有上升。但在其他国家，这一数字正在迅速增长。他指出，一些国家有许多体重过轻的人，这意味着这些国家正面临他所说的营养问题的“双重负担”。
弗朗西斯科·布兰卡是世界卫生组织营养部主任。他告诉记者：“过去，我们一直认为肥胖是富人存在的问题。肥胖是一个世界性的问题。”
这项研究是自2017年以来关于这一问题的第一份重要报告，有1500多名科学家参与其中。该报告估计，大约有7.74亿5岁以上的人患有肥胖症。
布兰卡和伊扎蒂认为，强效新型减肥药——如索马鲁肽和司美格鲁肽——可能是减少肥胖的有用工具。但他们指出，这两种药物的成本和可获得性可能会加剧不平等。
C
A new study may explain why you gain weight after Chinese New Year, even when your family eats the same amount as you. Researchers have studied how much energy Danish people take from their food, based ______1______ analysis of their feces and the microbes within.
They found roughly 40 percent of the participants have microbes that on average extract more energy from food compared to the other 60 percent. The new study, _____2______(publish ) in the journal Microbiome, was led by experts at the University of Copenhagen's Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports.
"We may have found a key_____3_____ understanding why some people gain more weight than others, even when they don't eat more or any _____4______(different), but this needs to be investigated further," said study author Professor Henrik Roager.
For the study, the experts _____5_____(analyze) the gutmicrobiota – the trillion-strong community of very tiny living things in the gut – from participants' stool samples. The researchers describe the gut microbiota "like an entire galaxy in our gut", with a staggering 100 billion of them per gram of feces.
The researchers also found that those _____6_____extracted the most energy from food weighed 10 percent more on average, amounting to an extra nine kilograms.
The effectiveness of extracting nutrients in B-type people may result_____7______ more calories being available from the same amount of food – possibly ______8______(lead) to obesity.
Although the scientists only used a small sample of Danish participants, it's possible the findings could ______9_____(apply) to other global populations.
Overall, the results indicate that being overweight might not just be ____10______(relate) to how healthily one eats or the amount of exercise one gets, but it may also have something to do with the microbes in our gut.
答案1. on 2. published 3. to 4. differently 5. analyzed 6. who 7. in 8. leading 9. be applied 10. related
翻译
一项新的研究可能解释了为什么你在春节后会变胖，即使你和家人吃得一样多。研究人员通过对丹麦人的粪便及其中微生物的分析，研究了他们从食物中摄取多少能量。
他们发现，大约40%的参与者体内的微生物会从食物中提取更多的能量，而其他60%的参与者则相反。这项新研究发表在《微生物组》杂志上，由哥本哈根大学营养、运动和体育系的专家主导。
研究报告的作者亨里克·罗格教授表示：“我们可能已经找到了理解为什么有些人比其他人增重更多的关键，即使他们吃得不多或吃得一样多，但这还需要进一步调查。”
在这项研究中，专家们从参与者的粪便样本中分析了肠道微生物群——肠道中数万亿强大的微生物群落。研究人员将肠道微生物群描述为“我们肠道中的整个星系”，每克粪便中就有惊人的数千亿个微生物。
研究人员还发现，那些从食物中获取能量最多的人平均体重增加了10%，相当于增重了9公斤。
B型血的人提取营养物质的有效性可能会导致他们从相同质量的食物中获得更多的能量——这可能会导致肥胖。
虽然科学家只研究了一小部分丹麦参与者的样本，但这些发现可能适用于全球其他人群。
总的来说，研究结果表明，超重可能不仅与一个人的饮食健康程度或运动量有关，还可能与我们肠道中的微生物有关。
D
Obesity may damage the brain's ability to recognize the sensation of fullness and be satisfied after eating fats and sugars, a new study found. Further, those brain changes may last even after people considered medically obese lose a significant amount _____1_____weight — possibly explaining why many people often regain the pounds they lose.
As defined medically, people with obesity have a body mass index, or BMI, of over 30, while normal weight is a BMI of between 18 and 25. The study, published Monday in Nature Metabolism, was a controlled clinical trial in _____2_____ 30 people considered to be medically obese and 30 people of normal weight were fed sugar carbohydrates (glucose), fats (lipids) or water (as a control).
Each group of nutrients were fed directly into the stomach via a feeding tube on separate days. The night before the testing, all 60 study _______3_____(participate) had the same meal for dinner at home and did not eat again until the feeding tube was in place the next morning.
As either sugars or fats entered the stomach via the tube, researchers used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) _____4________(capture) the brain's response over 30 minutes.
In people with normal weight, the study found brain signals in the striatum slowed when either sugars _____5____ fats were put into the digestive system — evidence that the brain recognized the body had been fed.
At the same time, levels of dopamine rose in those at normal weight, ____6____(signal) that the reward centers of the brain were also activated. _______7______, when the same nutrients were given via feeding tube to people considered medically obese, brain activity did not slow, and brain chemical levels did not rise.
Next, the study asked people with obesity to lose 10% of their body weight within three months — _____8______ amount of weight known to improve blood sugars, reset metabolism and boost overall health.
Tests were repeated as before — with surprising results. Losing weight did not reset the brain in people with obesity. Much more research is needed to ______9______(full ) understand what obesity does to the brain, and if that is triggered by the fat tissue itself, the types of food eaten, or other _______10_______(environment) and genetic factors.
答案1.of 2. which 3. participants 4. to capture 5. or 6. signaling 7. However 8. an 9. fully 10. environmental
翻译
一项新的研究发现，肥胖可能会损害大脑识别饱腹感、在摄入脂肪和糖分后产生满足感的能力。此外，患有肥胖症的人即使减肥之后，这一大脑变化仍可能会持续——这也许解释了为什么许多人减肥后经常会反弹。
根据医学上的定义，肥胖是指身体质量指数（BMI）超过30，而正常体重的BMI在18到25之间。发表在《自然·代谢》期刊上的这项研究开展了临床对照实验，让30名肥胖症患者和30名体重正常者摄入了糖类碳水化合物（葡萄糖）、脂肪（脂质）或水（作为对照）。
每组营养物分别在不同的日期通过饲管直接输送到受试者的胃里。测试的前一晚，60名受试者都在家中吃相同的晚餐，直到次日早上使用饲管之前都不再进食。
糖或脂肪通过饲管进入胃部后，研究人员使用功能磁共振成像（FMRI）和单光子发射计算机断层扫描（SPECT）来捕捉大脑在30分钟内的反应。
研究发现，在体重正常的人群中，当向其消化系统输入糖类或脂肪时，纹状体中的大脑信号传递会变慢——这证明大脑已经意识到被喂食了。
与此同时，那些体重正常者体内的多巴胺水平会上升，表明大脑的奖励中心也被激活了。然而，当同样的营养物通过饲管进入肥胖患者胃里时，大脑活动并没有减慢，多巴胺水平也没有上升。
接下来，这项研究要求肥胖者在三个月内减掉10%的体重——这个重量可以改善血糖，重启新陈代谢，提升整体健康水平。
之后，研究人员重复了之前的测试，结果令人惊讶。减肥并没有重置肥胖者的大脑。我们需要更多的研究来充分了解肥胖对大脑的影响，研究这种影响是由脂肪组织本身，还是所吃食物的类型，亦或是其他环境和遗传因素引发的。
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21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
话题一 肥胖
语法填空
A
The obesity rate among Chinese adolescents surged from 0.10 percent to 8.25 percent during the 34 years from 1985 to 2019, with adolescents from rural areas facing greater nutrition and health risks, the Global Times learned from a research team of the Institute of Child and Adolescent Health (ICAH), Peking University, on Tuesday.
According to the team's latest study, _____1______ was published online by The Lancet on Monday, from 1985 to 2014, the average obesity prevalence among urban children and adolescents was consistently_____2______(high) than that of their rural counterparts.
With the exception of 1985 and 1995, rural children persistently exhibited greater number of thinness compared _____3_____their urban counterparts. The study predicts that the prevalence of childhood and adolescent obesity will continue to rise nationwide in both urban and rural areas.
Over the past 30 years, there has been a global shift in the nutritional patterns of children and adolescents from predominantly undernutrition to predominantly overnutrition, a phenomenon ______4_____(close) related to socioeconomic development, Dong said.
In China, obesity of adolescents has also been a major concern of Chinese parents and relevant Chinese authorities in recent years. The National Health Commission recently released China's first authoritative guideline for using different kinds of expert knowledge and treatment of obesity in order to further improve the standardization of obesity diagnosis and ______5______(treat) in the country, People's Daily reported on October 23.
According to People's Daily, from 2015-2019, the overweight rate and obesity prevalence among Chinese adolescents aged 6 to 17 are 11.1 percent and 7.9 percent, respectively, ____6_____ the overweight rate and obesity prevalence among children under 6 years old are 6.8 percent and 3.6 percent, respectively.
Previous studies have revealed narrowing obesity gap between adolescents in urban and rural areas. But there still lacks recent data regarding contemporary______7_____(nutrient) inequities among children and adolescents, particularly in relation to urban-rural residence and regional socioeconomic status, according to Dong.
Our study revealed that, children and adolescents in underdeveloped regions face significant nutritional and health risks, _____8_____(mark) them as a particularly vulnerable group. Notably, these risks are now more closely _____9______(associate) with obesity rather than underweight.
Considering this, there is ______10____ urgent need to take action to eliminate the potential health inequalities related to obesity among current and future Chinese children and adolescents, which requires more comprehensive and extensive preventive health investments, Dong noted.
B
A new study estimates more than 1 billion people worldwide are currently living with obesity. People with obesity are considered medically overweight. The study, published in the medical publication The Lancet, said that one in eight people are obese.
Researchers said around 43 percent of adults were overweight in 2022. Worldwide, obesity among adults has more than doubled since 1990, the study found. Among young people aged five to 19, the obesity rate increased _____1_____ four times during the same period.
"_____2____ staggering number of people are living with obesity," declared the lead writer of the study, Majid Ezzati. He is a professor at Imperial College London.
Severe obesity is strongly ______3_____(link) to a long list of health problems and an early death. Researchers used data from more than 3,600 population studies involving 222 million people, The Lancet reported.
"The study measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population," the researchers said. The World Health Organization (WHO) said in a statement_____4_____it shared data with other international researchers and helped to create the report.
WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said the study identifies the "importance of preventing and managing obesity from early life to adulthood". The WHO noted that at the World Health Assembly in 2022, member states agreed to an agency plan ______5_____(fight ) obesity.
So far, 31 governments "are now leading the way" to reduce obesity by carrying ____6_____ goals of the plan. These include government measures to enact new rules on "harmful" marketing of unhealthy food and drinks to children.
In addition, governments are aiming to improve school and nutrition policies. They are also seeking price _____7_____ for healthy foods, to increase public awareness about healthy diets and exercise and to strengthen requirements for physical activity in schools.
Imperial College's Ezzati said that obesity rates are not rising in many wealthier nations. But they are quickly increasing in other countries. He noted that some countries have many underweight people, meaning the nations are facing _____8______he called a "double burden" of nutrition problems.
Francesco Branca is head of nutrition at the WHO. He told reporters, "In the past, we have been thinking of obesity ____9_____ a problem of the rich. Obesity is a problem of the world."
The research represented the first major report on the issue since 2017, with more than 1,500 scientists taking part. That report estimated around 774 million people above the age of five were living with obesity.
Branca and Ezzati suggested that _____10_____(power) new obesity drugs – such as Ozempic and Wegovy – could be helpful tools in reducing obesity. But they noted that the cost and availability of the drugs might increase inequality.
C
A new study may explain why you gain weight after Chinese New Year, even when your family eats the same amount as you. Researchers have studied how much energy Danish people take from their food, based ______1______ analysis of their feces and the microbes within.
They found roughly 40 percent of the participants have microbes that on average extract more energy from food compared to the other 60 percent. The new study, _____2______(publish ) in the journal Microbiome, was led by experts at the University of Copenhagen's Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports.
"We may have found a key_____3_____ understanding why some people gain more weight than others, even when they don't eat more or any _____4______(different), but this needs to be investigated further," said study author Professor Henrik Roager.
For the study, the experts _____5_____(analyze) the gutmicrobiota – the trillion-strong community of very tiny living things in the gut – from participants' stool samples. The researchers describe the gut microbiota "like an entire galaxy in our gut", with a staggering 100 billion of them per gram of feces.
The researchers also found that those _____6_____extracted the most energy from food weighed 10 percent more on average, amounting to an extra nine kilograms.
The effectiveness of extracting nutrients in B-type people may result_____7______ more calories being available from the same amount of food – possibly ______8______(lead) to obesity.
Although the scientists only used a small sample of Danish participants, it's possible the findings could ______9_____(apply) to other global populations.
Overall, the results indicate that being overweight might not just be ____10______(relate) to how healthily one eats or the amount of exercise one gets, but it may also have something to do with the microbes in our gut.
D
Obesity may damage the brain's ability to recognize the sensation of fullness and be satisfied after eating fats and sugars, a new study found. Further, those brain changes may last even after people considered medically obese lose a significant amount _____1_____weight — possibly explaining why many people often regain the pounds they lose.
As defined medically, people with obesity have a body mass index, or BMI, of over 30, while normal weight is a BMI of between 18 and 25. The study, published Monday in Nature Metabolism, was a controlled clinical trial in _____2_____ 30 people considered to be medically obese and 30 people of normal weight were fed sugar carbohydrates (glucose), fats (lipids) or water (as a control).
Each group of nutrients were fed directly into the stomach via a feeding tube on separate days. The night before the testing, all 60 study _______3_____(participate) had the same meal for dinner at home and did not eat again until the feeding tube was in place the next morning.
As either sugars or fats entered the stomach via the tube, researchers used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) _____4________(capture) the brain's response over 30 minutes.
In people with normal weight, the study found brain signals in the striatum slowed when either sugars _____5____ fats were put into the digestive system — evidence that the brain recognized the body had been fed.
At the same time, levels of dopamine rose in those at normal weight, ____6____(signal) that the reward centers of the brain were also activated. _______7______, when the same nutrients were given via feeding tube to people considered medically obese, brain activity did not slow, and brain chemical levels did not rise.
Next, the study asked people with obesity to lose 10% of their body weight within three months — _____8______ amount of weight known to improve blood sugars, reset metabolism and boost overall health.
Tests were repeated as before — with surprising results. Losing weight did not reset the brain in people with obesity. Much more research is needed to ______9______(full ) understand what obesity does to the brain, and if that is triggered by the fat tissue itself, the types of food eaten, or other _______10_______(environment) and genetic factors.
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