Unit 1 被动语态(Passive Voice) 语法讲义
2024-2025学年人教版高二英语选择性必修第四册
英语24字整体教学 整体掌握 教师版 7-1-3
目 录
被动语态(Passive Voice)
思维导图 整体掌握
语法精讲 规律探析
基础巩固 透析语法
能力提升 突破考点
被动语态(Passive Voice)
思维导图 整体掌握
语法精讲 规律探析
被动语态的概念
英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示句子主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示句子主语是动作的承受者。被动语态的句子谓语动词的形式是“be＋动词的过去分词”。一般来讲，只有及物动词才有被动语态。有时被动语态中动作的执行者用by短语表示出来。
被动语态的用法
1. 不知道或没必要指出动作的执行者时。
The meeting has been put off for some reason.
会议已因故被推迟了。
2. 强调动作的承受者时，需要说出动作的执行者，用by短语表示出来。
A special class to help poor readers was set up by an expert in the school.
学校的一位专家开办了一个帮助阅读困难者的特色班。
各种时态的被动语态
1. These electric devices are examined and fixed on a monthly basis.
这些电器每月都被检修。
2. The science fiction was published in 2016.
这部科幻小说于2016年出版。
3. The new type of robot will be tested out by some restaurants near the company.
这种新型机器人将会被公司附近的一些餐馆测试。
4. Many animals are being killed and their habitats are being damaged.
许多动物正在被杀害，而且它们的栖息地正在遭到破坏。
5. When I arrived at the garage，my car was still being repaired.
当我到达修理厂的时候，我的汽车仍在修理中。
6. The manager said Tom would be dismissed.
经理说汤姆会被解雇。
7. The book has been translated into thirty languages since it came on the market in 1973.
这本书自1973年上市以来已被译成30种语言。
8. The chairwoman said she had been invited to the party.
女主席说她已经受邀参加晚会了。
9. The project will have been finished by the end of next month.
到下个月末，这项工程将被完成。
[总结]
时态 被动语态的构成
一般现在时 be(am/is/are) done
一般过去时 be(was/were) done
一般将来时 shall/will be done
现在进行时 be(am/is/are) being done
过去进行时 be(was/were) being done
过去将来时 should/would be done
现在完成时 have/has been done
过去完成时 had been done
将来完成时 will have been done
【即学活用】
(1)My English name is Walter. It ___________________________ when I was at the university.
我的英文名是Walter, 它是我上大学时我的英语教授取的。
(2)Her money ___________________________ and her patience is also running out.
她的钱已经用完了, 她的耐心也要耗尽了。
(3)___________________________ by the moving movie.
我被这部感人的电影弄哭了。
【答案】
was given by my English professor
has been run out of
I was made to cry
各种时态的被动语态的特殊情况
1. 否定词not的位置：在第一个助动词或情态动词之后。
The boy breathed a sigh of relief when hearing that he wouldn’t be dismissed.
当听说他不会被开除时，这个男孩松了口气。
2. 主动句的谓语动词带有复合宾语时，变被动句时应将宾语变成被动句的主语，而将宾语补足语保留不动(这时的宾语补足语变为主语补足语)。
(1)We saw him sitting there without doing anything.
→He was seen sitting there without doing anything by us.
我们看见他坐在那儿，什么也没做。
(2)His words made me throw up.
→I was made to throw up by his words.
他的话令我作呕。
[名师点津] 在主动语态中，make，hear，see等词后接不定式作宾补时要省略to，但转换为被动语态时，则不能省略to。
3. 带双宾语的动词作谓语的主动句转换为被动句时，可将表示物的(直接)宾语变为主语，用for或to引出表示人的(间接)宾语，或将表示人的(间接)宾语变为主语。
My father is telling me an interesting story now.
→An interesting story is being told to me by my father now.
→I’m being told an interesting story by my father now.
爸爸正在给我讲一个有趣的故事。
4. 动词短语是一个整体，在主动语态或被动语态中都不可去掉后面的介词或副词。
Kids in the kindergarten are being taken good care of. 幼儿园的孩子们被照顾得很好。
5. 主动形式表示被动意义
(1)连系动词(如look，sound，smell，feel，taste，remain，seem，appear，prove等)后接表语时，一般用主动形式表示被动意义。
The idea sounds great.
这个主意听起来棒极了。
The popcorn they made looked wonderful and tasted delicious.
他们做的爆米花看起来棒极了，吃起来也很美味。
(2)当wash，write，sell，open，close，shut，lock，cook等不及物动词后加副词(easily，well等)时，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。
This kind of cloth washes easily and lasts long.
这种布料很容易洗，并且耐穿。
The pen my father gave me as a birthday gift writes smoothly.
父亲给我作为生日礼物的钢笔写起来很流畅。
(3)need，want，require，deserve等＋doing用主动形式表示被动意义。
His hair needs cutting.
→His hair needs to be cut.
他的头发需要剪了。
(4)be worth doing→be worthy to be done主动形式表示被动意义。
The novel is worth reading again.
→The novel is worthy to be read again.
这部小说值得再读一次。
动词不定式的被动语态
1. I am very happy to be thus praised.
受到如此褒奖我非常高兴。
The magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the library.
这些杂志不允许带出图书馆。
The room seems to have been broken into.
似乎有人闯进过这个房间。
I am proud to have been admitted to Peking University.
我很自豪已被北京大学录取。
[总结] 动词不定式的被动语态由“to＋be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成，当动词不定式所表示的动作与其逻辑主语之间是被动关系时，要用动词不定式的被动式。动词不定式的被动式只有一般式(to be done)和完成式(to have been done)。
2. 动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义的情况
情况 例句
sb. have sth. to do/There be sth. to do 句型中 Before the end of the meeting，I have something important to declare. 会议结束之前，我有很重要的事情要宣布。 There is so much homework to do every day，which almost drives me mad. 每天有那么多家庭作业要做，这几乎让我发疯。
动词不定式跟在性质形容词(difficult，hard，easy，comfortable，good等)后，与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系时(构成sb. /sth. be＋adj. ＋to do) Our headmaster looks hard to get close to，but in fact he is easy to get along with. 我们校长看起来很难接近，但实际上他很容易相处。
动词不定式与疑问词连用时 With so many books at hand，Tom had no idea which to read first. 手头有那么多的书，汤姆不知道先读哪一本。
被动语态和过去分词作表语
1. 意义差别
The window is broken. 窗子破了。
The window is broken by him. 窗子被他打破了。
[总结] 被动语态强调动作；过去分词作表语描写人或事物的特征及状态。
2. 用法差别
He was very interested in science. (系表结构)
他对科学非常有兴趣。
I was so much surprised at the scene that I didn’t know what to do. (被动语态)
我被那种场面搞得大吃一惊，不知所措。
[总结] 过去分词作表语时接近形容词的特征，可以被 so，very，too等程度副词修饰，而被动语态则不能用so，very，too修饰，而需用much，very much，so much，too much修饰。
【即学活用】语法填空
(1)I was pleased __________ (hear)you’ve been promoted.
(2)He was pleased __________ his teacher’s praise.
(3)I was quite surprised __________ the significance of the findings.
(4)Everyone was surprised __________ the speed with which the dispute was settled.
【答案】
to hear
by
with
by
VII. 常见主动表被动的情况
1. 有些动词(cut, sell, read, write, fill, cook, lock, wash, drive, keep等)常用主动形式表被动。如:
*This pen writes smoothly.
这支钢笔写起来很流畅。
*This car sells well.
这车很畅销。
2. 在某些形容词(hard, difficult, easy, heavy, fit, good, comfortable, convenient, impossible, convenient, cheap, expensive等)后的不定式用主动形式表被动。如:
*English is easy to learn.
英语很容易学。
*The box is heavy to carry.
这箱子重得搬不动。
3. “半系动词+形容词”结构, look, smell, taste, sound, feel, prove, turn out等。如:
*The food in this restaurant tastes good.
这家餐馆的饭菜味道很好。
*The news turned out (to be) true.
这消息原来是真的。
4. need, want, require, deserve, be worth后面接动词的-ing形式, 主动表被动。
*The novel is worth reading. 这本小说值得一读。
*The old house requires repairing. 这所旧房子需要修理。
【即学活用】语法填空
(1)This kind of knife __________ (cut)well.
(2)Your writing is really difficult __________(read).
(3)That __________ (sound)great. Deal me in!
(4)All the old carpets need __________ (replace).
【答案】
cuts
to read
sounds
replacing /to be replaced
VIII. 有些及物动词或短语不用于被动语态。如: fit, have, marry, wish, cost, notice, watch, agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等。
【即学活用】完成句子
(1)A person who is truly honest ________________ a straight arrow.
直言不讳的人才是真正诚实的人。
(2)You ________________ a lot of strange questions by them.
他们将问你许多怪题。
(3)By last December three ships ________________ by them.
到去年年底他们已建造了三艘船。
(4)I have some clothes ________________.
我有一些衣服要洗。
(5)Your idea ________________ wrong.
你的想法证实是错的。
(6)The book ________________ quickly.
书销售得快。
(7)Will more gas ________________
需要更多的煤气吗
(8)The music isn’t pleasant ________________.
这音乐不好听。
【答案】
is called
will be asked
had been built
to wash
proved to be
sells
be needed
to listen to
基础巩固 透析语法
Ⅰ. 用所给词的适当形式填空
1. They are going ________________(send)to work in Tibet for two years.
2. —Do you have any problems if you ________________(offer)this job
—Well, I’m thinking about the salary.
3. Though we don’t know what was being discussed, yet we can feel the topic ________________(change).
4. Much progress ________________(make)in China with the help of the people’s hard work.
5. Nowadays, more new technologies ________________(apply)in the field of IT.
6. The shop assistant was dismissed as she ________________(accuse)of cheating customers.
7. You are not allowed to go into the meeting room. A secret plan ________________(discuss)there.
8. The surface of this table feels so smooth. I think it is well worth ________________(buy).
9. The manager was happy to learn that four-fifths of the tickets ________________(book).
10. When and where to go for the on-salary holiday ________________(decide).
【答案】
to be sent
are offered
has been changed
is being made
are being applied
was accused
is being discussed
buying
had been booked
has been decided
Ⅱ. 将下列句子改写为被动语态
1. We have studied English for 3 years at the spare-time school.
→_________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. They had produced 100 tractors by the end of last year.
→__________________________________________________________________________________
3. They have warned us to be careful of rats.
→_________________________________________________________________________________
4. We must keep this in mind.
→_________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. We shall not use the washing machine again.
→_________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.
→_________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. He showed me a ticket.
→______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
→_________________________________________________________________________________________________
8. The nurse is taking care of the sick people.
→_________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】
English has been studied by us for 3 years at the spare-time school.
100 tractors had been produced by the end of last year.
We have been warned to be careful of rats by them.
This must be kept in mind.
The washing machine will not be used again.
My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.
A ticket was shown to me by him；I was shown a ticket by him.
The sick people are being taken care of by the nurse.
III. 请用被动语态介绍你喜欢的一部科幻小说。
1. 《弗兰肯斯坦》(Frankenstein)是玛丽·雪莱(Marry Shelley)写的一篇科幻小说。
2. 这本小说被认为是英国文学史上最早的科幻小说之一。
3. 这本小说出版后, 受到广泛关注。
4. 小说的故事基于科学、想象和自身经历。
5. 这本小说已被翻译成多种语言。
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】
Frankenstein is a science fiction which was written by Marry Shelley. It is regarded as one of the earliest science fictions in English literature. After the novel was published, it drew wide attention. The story of the novel is based on science, imagination and personal experiences. The novel has been translated into many languages.
IV. 完成下列语段，尽可能多地使用被动语态
The Wandering Earth is a science fiction which 1. ___________________________(刘慈欣所写). It 2. ___________________________(被认为是) one of the best science fiction stories. After the novel 3. ___________________________(被出版)，it drew wide attention. The story of the novel 4. ___________________________(基于科学)，imagination and personal experience. The novel 5. ___________________________(已被翻译成许多语言). Now it 6. ___________________________(正被全世界的人们阅读) and it 7. ___________________________(将被未来的几代人珍惜).
【答案】
is written by Liu Cixin
is considered as
was published
is based on science
has been translated into many languages
is being read by people all over the world
will be treasured by future generations
能力提升 突破考点
Ⅰ. 句型转换(变为被动语态)
1. We plant many trees every year.
→__________________________________________________________________________________
2. We planted many trees in the northwest of China last year.
→__________________________________________________________________________________
3. We will plant more trees there to improve the environment.
→__________________________________________________________________________________
4. Cellphone games are damaging people’s eyesight.
→__________________________________________________________________________________
5. Yesterday when I entered my son’s bedroom，he was playing a cellphone game.
→__________________________________________________________________________________
6. Mr Xu had translated many poems into English by 2000.
→__________________________________________________________________________________
7. Many young translators have translated pop songs into English in recent years.
→__________________________________________________________________________________
8. She said that she would finish the task in a day or two.
→__________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】
Many trees are planted by us every year.
Many trees were planted by us in the northwest of China last year.
More trees will be planted by us there to improve the environment.
People’s eyesight is being damaged by cellphone games.
Yesterday when I entered my son’s bedroom，a cellphone game was being played by him.
Many poems had been translated into English by Mr Xu by 2000.
Pop songs have been translated into English by many young translators in recent years.
She said that the task would be finished in a day or two.
Ⅱ. 语法填空
In Alaska，the wolf almost 1. _______________(disappear) a few years ago，because hunters 2. _______________(kill) hundreds of them for sport. However，laws 3. _______________(establish) to protect the wolves from sportsmen and people who caught the animals for their fur. So the wolf population has greatly increased. Now there are so many wolves that they 4. _______________(destroy) their own food supply.
A wolf naturally eats animals in the deer family. People in the wilderness also hunt deer for food. Many of the animals 5. _______________(destroy) by the very cold winters recently and by changes in the wilderness plant life. When the deer can’t find enough food，they 6. _______________(die).
If the wolves continue to kill large numbers of deer，their prey(猎物) 7. _______________(disappear) some day. And the wolves will，too. So we must change the cycle of life in the wilderness to balance the ecology. If we 8. _______________(kill) more wolves，we would save them and protect their prey from dying out. We’d also save some farm animals.
In another northern state，wolves attack cows and chickens for food. Farmers want the government to send biologists to study the problem. They 9. _______________(belief) it necessary to kill wolves in some areas and to protect them in places where there 10. _______________(be) a small wolf population.
【答案】
disappeared
killed
were established
are destroying
have been destroyed
(will) die
will disappear
killed
believe
is
Ⅲ. 阅读理解
(2022·河南焦作高二期末)
We’ve had weather forecasts for years. Forecasting our near-term health is far harder. Yet knowing early that we may be coming down with the flu could be greatly helpful. Wearable technology，such as smart watches，is beginning to provide just such early warnings.
A research team asked 49 volunteers to wear wristbands with sensors before and after they received a cold or flu virus. At least once per second，their wristbands recorded heart rates，body movements，skin temperatures and more. In nine out of every ten participants，these data showed signs of developing illness at least a day before symptoms(症状) appeared.
This early warning can help stop infections(传染) in the beginning. It may head off serious symptoms that otherwise would send weak people into hospital，allowing them to get some rest，reduce their stress and perhaps take drugs. And knowing you’re sick before you have symptoms can warn you to lay low so you can reduce the chance of spreading your disease.
However，these systems aren’t yet ready for the real world. One challenge is that many viral infections have similar symptoms. In fact，many things other than viruses cause the same symptoms. Examples include food poisoning，asthma or seasonal allergies. Similarly，heart rates respond to things that have nothing to do with infections，such as exercise and scary movies. What’s more，in real life，we don’t know who was exposed to some virus and when，so that post-exposure time window won’t be known. Potentially infected people might be those whose data go beyond a certain value in any two-hour window. But the team has not yet tested how well the prediction model would work in this setting.
The study sounds exciting，but much work is left to do. Future systems will likely include other types of bodily changes that pinpoint developing illness. And researchers will be fine-tuning(微调) those systems by analyzing how well they predict effects in thousands of people.
1. What is wearable technology used for in the research
A. Confirming positions.
B. Predicting diseases.
C. Forecasting weather.
D. Refreshing the volunteers.
答案 B
解析 推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句、第二段第一句和最后一句可知，可穿戴技术在研究中被用来预测疾病。故选B。
2. How does early warning benefit weak people
A. It greatly improves their physical condition.
B. It protects them from virus infections.
C. It reminds them to treat diseased earlier.
D. It can completely stop virus from spreading.
答案 C
解析 推理判断题。根据第三段可知，这种早期预警可以阻止严重的症状，在出现症状之前就知道自己生病了，可以提醒他们早治疗，多休息，减少病毒的传播，故选C。
3. What is Paragraph 4 mainly talking about
A. The various responses to the warning systems.
B. The similar symptoms for viral infections.
C. The main purposes of the prediction model.
D. The limitations of the early warning systems.
答案 D
解析 段落大意题。根据第四段第一二句(然而，这些系统还没有准备好进入现实世界。其中一个挑战是，许多病毒感染都有类似的症状。)和第六七句(更重要的是，在现实生活中，我们不知道谁接触了某些病毒以及什么时候接触的，所以接触后的时间窗口不会被知道。潜在的感染者可能是那些在任何两小时窗口期内数据超过一定值的人。)可知，本段主要讲述早期预警系统的局限性。故选D。
4. What does the underlined word “pinpoint” in the last paragraph mean
A. Show. B. Cure.
C. Research. D. Cause.
答案 A
解析 词义猜测题。根据最后一段最后一句可知，这些系统可以预测结果，结合上文“these data showed signs of developing illness at least a day before symptoms”说明系统显示患病迹象，因此推断画线句句意为：未来的系统可能会包括其他类型的显示患病的身体变化。故画线词意为“显示”。故选A。
Ⅳ. 完形填空
Randy happened to be watching the news on TV months ago. The reporter was interviewing a man，whose 1 appeared on the screen. Randy noticed they 2 the same last name Waites—a rather unusual one.
Randy found that 3 ，wondering if there could be any 4 . When Randy’s daughter took a closer look，she 5 a likeness between them. She did some sleuthing(调查) online and 6 Randy and Eddie have the same biological father!
It wasn’t long before Randy 7 Eddie，who lived over 500 kilometers away. Eddie was 8 that the unlikely story was true the moment he saw Randy’s pictures，noticing how much Randy looked like their father.
Randy never knew his father，who 9 his mother and him when he was a baby. Eddie，however，was 10 by his dad and enjoyed a great relationship with him. That fact could have caused problems for the two long lost brothers，but it did not! They reunited after 50 years of 11 .
Eddie 12 to Randy on behalf of their dead father，but Randy held no resentment(怨恨). He said，“I don’t 13 anyone. Eddie and I are both extremely grateful to have made this unexpected 14 and to have the years ahead to be brothers！” The two brothers have really provided a beautiful example of love and 15 for us.
语篇解读 这是一篇记叙文。两个同父异母的人偶然通过电视联系到彼此，并互相接纳成为好兄弟。
1. A. face B. family
C. name D. profession
答案 C
解析 face面部；family家庭；name名字；profession职业。根据后文“the same last name Waites”可知，此处是名字出现在了屏幕上。故选C。
2. A. mentioned B. offered
C. confirmed D. shared
答案 D
解析 mention提到；offer提供；confirm确定；share分享。根据空后“the same last name Waites”可知，他们的姓氏一样，即共用一个姓氏。故选D。
3. A. curious B. familiar
C. natural D. complicated
答案 A
解析 curious稀奇的；familiar熟悉的；natural自然的； complicated复杂的。兰迪在电视上看到一个陌生人与自己有相同的稀有姓氏，对此感到很好奇。故选A。
4. A. difference B. connection
C. alternative D. explanation
答案 B
解析 difference不同；connection联系；alternative选择；explanation解释。根据上文的“the same last name Waites—a rather unusual one”可知，这个姓氏很少见，因此兰迪想知道他们之间是否有什么联系。故选B。
5. A. treasured B. suspected
C. detected D. appreciated
答案 B
解析 treasure珍爱；suspect怀疑；detect查明；appreciate欣赏。根据后文“She did some sleuthing (调查) online”可知，女儿是怀疑两个人有相似之处，然后调查证实。故选B。
6. A. imagined B. determined
C. recalled D. responded
答案 B
解析 imagine想象；determine决定，查明；recall回想起；respond回应。由上文“She did some sleuthing (调查) online” 可知，此处指在网上查明了他们的关系。故选B。
7. A. made friends with B. took pity on
C. caught sight of D. reached out to
答案 D
解析 make friends with与……交朋友；take pity on同情；catch sight of看到；reach out to联系，接触。后文说到两人相见，可知此处是指兰迪联系了埃迪。故选D。
8. A. proud B. convinced
C. upset D. concerned
答案 B
解析 proud骄傲的；convinced确信的；upset失望的；concerned担忧的。后文说兰迪长得很像他们的父亲，所以此处埃迪相信了这个故事是真的。故选B。
9. A. left B. contacted
C. informed D. ignored
答案 A
解析 leave离开；contact联系；inform通知；ignore忽略。兰迪从不认识他的父亲，可知是父亲从小就离开了兰迪和母亲。故选A。
10. A. raised B. adopted
C. influenced D. comforted
答案 A
解析 raise举起，抚养；adopt收养；influence影响；comfort使舒适。因为埃迪跟着父亲，因此是被父亲养大的。故选A。
11. A. absence B. separation
C. adventure D. expectation
答案 B
解析 absence缺席；separation分开；adventure冒险；expectation期待。根据前文reunited可知，是分开后重聚。故选B。
12. A. talked B. admitted
C. apologized D. promised
答案 C
解析 talk谈论；admit承认；apologize道歉；promise承诺。根据后文的“resentment(怨恨)”可知，埃迪怕兰迪怨恨父亲而道歉。故选C。
13. A. trust B. blame
C. forgive D. punish
答案 B
解析 trust信任；blame责怪；forgive原谅；punish惩罚。前文说兰迪不怨恨，所以这里是不责怪任何人。故选B。
14. A. discovery B. encounter
C. achievement D. comparison
答案 B
解析 discovery发现；encounter遇见；achievement成就；comparison比较。两兄弟多年后联系到彼此，是一场相遇。故选B。
15. A. responsibility B. cooperation
C. acceptance D. sympathy
答案 C
解析 responsibility责任；cooperation合作；acceptance接受；sympathy同情。两兄弟多年之后互相联系，这是一种接纳。故选C。
Ⅴ. 语法填空
(2022·河南许昌高二期末质检)
Would you like to be able to see in the dark？One day this might be possible. So far，scientists 1. (perform) experiments on mice. They have given them the ability to see near-infrared(近红外的)light，2. is a kind of light wave mice and humans cannot 3. (common) see. Research teams changed the vision(视力) of the test mice. They injected(注射) special nanoparticles into their eyes. These tiny particles(微粒) let the mice see 4. (well) in the dark than before. The effect of the injections lasted for around ten weeks. The scientists said it would not do harm 5. the eyesight of the mice and the eyes did not suffer from any 6. __________ (harm) side effects.
The research is now published，and the researchers say they hope the same tests could 7. _______ (do) with humans. A researcher explained 8. he hopes for the future. He said，“Human beings have been trying to develop new technology to enable abilities that are beyond our natural abilities. ”He said future tests could let humans see 9. (thing) in the dark that they cannot see now. And this technology wouldn’t require a person 10. (wear) heavy equipment，such as night-vision goggles.
语篇解读 这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项能让人们在黑暗中也能看清东西的技术，该技术现在已经在小白鼠身上被证明是可行的。
1. 答案 have performed
解析 考查时态。空处为句子谓语动词，结合语境和时间状语so far判断为现在完成时，主语scientists是复数，助动词用have。故填have performed。
2. 答案 which
解析 考查定语从句。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词light，指物，在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which。
3. 答案 commonly
解析 考查副词。修饰动词see应用副词。
4. 答案 better
解析 考查副词比较级。根据介词than可知，空处应用副词well的比较级better修饰动词see。
5. 答案 to
解析 考查介词。结合句意表达“对……有害”用do harm to。
6. 答案 harmful
解析 考查形容词。修饰名词词组side effects应用形容词。
7. 答案 be done
解析 考查被动语态。主语tests和do之间为被动关系，且位于情态动词could之后，应用be done表被动。
8. 答案 what
解析 考查宾语从句。空处引导宾语从句，从句缺少宾语，且指代事物，应用连接代词what。
9. 答案 things
解析 考查名词的数。thing“事物”为可数名词，结合语境可知，看到的事物不止一个，应用复数形式。
10. 答案 to wear
解析 考查固定短语。结合句意表达“要求某人做某事”为require sb. to do sth. ，不定式作宾补。Unit 1 被动语态(Passive Voice) 语法讲义
2024-2025学年人教版高二英语选择性必修第四册
英语24字整体教学 整体掌握 学生版 7-1-3
目 录
被动语态(Passive Voice)
思维导图 整体掌握
语法精讲 规律探析
基础巩固 透析语法
能力提升 突破考点
被动语态(Passive Voice)
思维导图 整体掌握
语法精讲 规律探析
被动语态的概念
英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示句子主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示句子主语是动作的承受者。被动语态的句子谓语动词的形式是“be＋动词的过去分词”。一般来讲，只有及物动词才有被动语态。有时被动语态中动作的执行者用by短语表示出来。
被动语态的用法
1. 不知道或没必要指出动作的执行者时。
The meeting has been put off for some reason.
会议已因故被推迟了。
2. 强调动作的承受者时，需要说出动作的执行者，用by短语表示出来。
A special class to help poor readers was set up by an expert in the school.
学校的一位专家开办了一个帮助阅读困难者的特色班。
各种时态的被动语态
1. These electric devices are examined and fixed on a monthly basis.
这些电器每月都被检修。
2. The science fiction was published in 2016.
这部科幻小说于2016年出版。
3. The new type of robot will be tested out by some restaurants near the company.
这种新型机器人将会被公司附近的一些餐馆测试。
4. Many animals are being killed and their habitats are being damaged.
许多动物正在被杀害，而且它们的栖息地正在遭到破坏。
5. When I arrived at the garage，my car was still being repaired.
当我到达修理厂的时候，我的汽车仍在修理中。
6. The manager said Tom would be dismissed.
经理说汤姆会被解雇。
7. The book has been translated into thirty languages since it came on the market in 1973.
这本书自1973年上市以来已被译成30种语言。
8. The chairwoman said she had been invited to the party.
女主席说她已经受邀参加晚会了。
9. The project will have been finished by the end of next month.
到下个月末，这项工程将被完成。
[总结]
时态 被动语态的构成
一般现在时 be(am/is/are) done
一般过去时 be(was/were) done
一般将来时 shall/will be done
现在进行时 be(am/is/are) being done
过去进行时 be(was/were) being done
过去将来时 should/would be done
现在完成时 have/has been done
过去完成时 had been done
将来完成时 will have been done
【即学活用】
(1)My English name is Walter. It ___________________________ when I was at the university.
我的英文名是Walter, 它是我上大学时我的英语教授取的。
(2)Her money ___________________________ and her patience is also running out.
她的钱已经用完了, 她的耐心也要耗尽了。
(3)___________________________ by the moving movie.
我被这部感人的电影弄哭了。
各种时态的被动语态的特殊情况
1. 否定词not的位置：在第一个助动词或情态动词之后。
The boy breathed a sigh of relief when hearing that he wouldn’t be dismissed.
当听说他不会被开除时，这个男孩松了口气。
2. 主动句的谓语动词带有复合宾语时，变被动句时应将宾语变成被动句的主语，而将宾语补足语保留不动(这时的宾语补足语变为主语补足语)。
(1)We saw him sitting there without doing anything.
→He was seen sitting there without doing anything by us.
我们看见他坐在那儿，什么也没做。
(2)His words made me throw up.
→I was made to throw up by his words.
他的话令我作呕。
[名师点津] 在主动语态中，make，hear，see等词后接不定式作宾补时要省略to，但转换为被动语态时，则不能省略to。
3. 带双宾语的动词作谓语的主动句转换为被动句时，可将表示物的(直接)宾语变为主语，用for或to引出表示人的(间接)宾语，或将表示人的(间接)宾语变为主语。
My father is telling me an interesting story now.
→An interesting story is being told to me by my father now.
→I’m being told an interesting story by my father now.
爸爸正在给我讲一个有趣的故事。
4. 动词短语是一个整体，在主动语态或被动语态中都不可去掉后面的介词或副词。
Kids in the kindergarten are being taken good care of. 幼儿园的孩子们被照顾得很好。
5. 主动形式表示被动意义
(1)连系动词(如look，sound，smell，feel，taste，remain，seem，appear，prove等)后接表语时，一般用主动形式表示被动意义。
The idea sounds great.
这个主意听起来棒极了。
The popcorn they made looked wonderful and tasted delicious.
他们做的爆米花看起来棒极了，吃起来也很美味。
(2)当wash，write，sell，open，close，shut，lock，cook等不及物动词后加副词(easily，well等)时，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。
This kind of cloth washes easily and lasts long.
这种布料很容易洗，并且耐穿。
The pen my father gave me as a birthday gift writes smoothly.
父亲给我作为生日礼物的钢笔写起来很流畅。
(3)need，want，require，deserve等＋doing用主动形式表示被动意义。
His hair needs cutting.
→His hair needs to be cut.
他的头发需要剪了。
(4)be worth doing→be worthy to be done主动形式表示被动意义。
The novel is worth reading again.
→The novel is worthy to be read again.
这部小说值得再读一次。
动词不定式的被动语态
1. I am very happy to be thus praised.
受到如此褒奖我非常高兴。
The magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the library.
这些杂志不允许带出图书馆。
The room seems to have been broken into.
似乎有人闯进过这个房间。
I am proud to have been admitted to Peking University.
我很自豪已被北京大学录取。
[总结] 动词不定式的被动语态由“to＋be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成，当动词不定式所表示的动作与其逻辑主语之间是被动关系时，要用动词不定式的被动式。动词不定式的被动式只有一般式(to be done)和完成式(to have been done)。
2. 动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义的情况
情况 例句
sb. have sth. to do/There be sth. to do 句型中 Before the end of the meeting，I have something important to declare. 会议结束之前，我有很重要的事情要宣布。 There is so much homework to do every day，which almost drives me mad. 每天有那么多家庭作业要做，这几乎让我发疯。
动词不定式跟在性质形容词(difficult，hard，easy，comfortable，good等)后，与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系时(构成sb. /sth. be＋adj. ＋to do) Our headmaster looks hard to get close to，but in fact he is easy to get along with. 我们校长看起来很难接近，但实际上他很容易相处。
动词不定式与疑问词连用时 With so many books at hand，Tom had no idea which to read first. 手头有那么多的书，汤姆不知道先读哪一本。
被动语态和过去分词作表语
1. 意义差别
The window is broken. 窗子破了。
The window is broken by him. 窗子被他打破了。
[总结] 被动语态强调动作；过去分词作表语描写人或事物的特征及状态。
2. 用法差别
He was very interested in science. (系表结构)
他对科学非常有兴趣。
I was so much surprised at the scene that I didn’t know what to do. (被动语态)
我被那种场面搞得大吃一惊，不知所措。
[总结] 过去分词作表语时接近形容词的特征，可以被 so，very，too等程度副词修饰，而被动语态则不能用so，very，too修饰，而需用much，very much，so much，too much修饰。
【即学活用】语法填空
(1)I was pleased __________ (hear)you’ve been promoted.
(2)He was pleased __________ his teacher’s praise.
(3)I was quite surprised __________ the significance of the findings.
(4)Everyone was surprised __________ the speed with which the dispute was settled.
VII. 常见主动表被动的情况
1. 有些动词(cut, sell, read, write, fill, cook, lock, wash, drive, keep等)常用主动形式表被动。如:
This pen writes smoothly.
这支钢笔写起来很流畅。
This car sells well.
这车很畅销。
2. 在某些形容词(hard, difficult, easy, heavy, fit, good, comfortable, convenient, impossible, convenient, cheap, expensive等)后的不定式用主动形式表被动。如:
English is easy to learn.
英语很容易学。
The box is heavy to carry.
这箱子重得搬不动。
3. “半系动词+形容词”结构, look, smell, taste, sound, feel, prove, turn out等。如:
The food in this restaurant tastes good.
这家餐馆的饭菜味道很好。
The news turned out (to be) true.
这消息原来是真的。
4. need, want, require, deserve, be worth后面接动词的-ing形式, 主动表被动。
The novel is worth reading. 这本小说值得一读。
The old house requires repairing. 这所旧房子需要修理。
【即学活用】语法填空
(1)This kind of knife __________ (cut)well.
(2)Your writing is really difficult __________(read).
(3)That __________ (sound)great. Deal me in!
(4)All the old carpets need __________ (replace).
VIII. 有些及物动词或短语不用于被动语态。如: fit, have, marry, wish, cost, notice, watch, agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等。
【即学活用】完成句子
(1)A person who is truly honest ________________ a straight arrow.
直言不讳的人才是真正诚实的人。
(2)You ________________ a lot of strange questions by them.
他们将问你许多怪题。
(3)By last December three ships ________________ by them.
到去年年底他们已建造了三艘船。
(4)I have some clothes ________________.
我有一些衣服要洗。
(5)Your idea ________________ wrong.
你的想法证实是错的。
(6)The book ________________ quickly.
书销售得快。
(7)Will more gas ________________
需要更多的煤气吗
(8)The music isn’t pleasant ________________.
这音乐不好听。
基础巩固 透析语法
Ⅰ. 用所给词的适当形式填空
1. They are going ________________(send)to work in Tibet for two years.
2. —Do you have any problems if you ________________(offer)this job
—Well, I’m thinking about the salary.
3. Though we don’t know what was being discussed, yet we can feel the topic ________________(change).
4. Much progress ________________(make)in China with the help of the people’s hard work.
5. Nowadays, more new technologies ________________(apply)in the field of IT.
6. The shop assistant was dismissed as she ________________(accuse)of cheating customers.
7. You are not allowed to go into the meeting room. A secret plan ________________(discuss)there.
8. The surface of this table feels so smooth. I think it is well worth ________________(buy).
9. The manager was happy to learn that four-fifths of the tickets ________________(book).
10. When and where to go for the on-salary holiday ________________(decide).
Ⅱ. 将下列句子改写为被动语态
1. We have studied English for 3 years at the spare-time school.
→_________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. They had produced 100 tractors by the end of last year.
→__________________________________________________________________________________
3. They have warned us to be careful of rats.
→_________________________________________________________________________________
4. We must keep this in mind.
→_________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. We shall not use the washing machine again.
→_________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.
→_________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. He showed me a ticket.
→______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
→_________________________________________________________________________________________________
8. The nurse is taking care of the sick people.
→_________________________________________________________________________________________________
III. 请用被动语态介绍你喜欢的一部科幻小说。
1. 《弗兰肯斯坦》(Frankenstein)是玛丽·雪莱(Marry Shelley)写的一篇科幻小说。
2. 这本小说被认为是英国文学史上最早的科幻小说之一。
3. 这本小说出版后, 受到广泛关注。
4. 小说的故事基于科学、想象和自身经历。
5. 这本小说已被翻译成多种语言。
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
IV. 完成下列语段，尽可能多地使用被动语态
The Wandering Earth is a science fiction which 1. ___________________________(刘慈欣所写). It 2. ___________________________(被认为是) one of the best science fiction stories. After the novel 3. ___________________________(被出版)，it drew wide attention. The story of the novel 4. ___________________________(基于科学)，imagination and personal experience. The novel 5. ___________________________(已被翻译成许多语言). Now it 6. ___________________________(正被全世界的人们阅读) and it 7. ___________________________(将被未来的几代人珍惜).
能力提升 突破考点
Ⅰ. 句型转换(变为被动语态)
1. We plant many trees every year.
→__________________________________________________________________________________
2. We planted many trees in the northwest of China last year.
→__________________________________________________________________________________
3. We will plant more trees there to improve the environment.
→__________________________________________________________________________________
4. Cellphone games are damaging people’s eyesight.
→__________________________________________________________________________________
5. Yesterday when I entered my son’s bedroom，he was playing a cellphone game.
→__________________________________________________________________________________
6. Mr Xu had translated many poems into English by 2000.
→__________________________________________________________________________________
7. Many young translators have translated pop songs into English in recent years.
→__________________________________________________________________________________
8. She said that she would finish the task in a day or two.
→__________________________________________________________________________________
Ⅱ. 语法填空
In Alaska，the wolf almost 1. _______________(disappear) a few years ago，because hunters 2. _______________(kill) hundreds of them for sport. However，laws 3. _______________(establish) to protect the wolves from sportsmen and people who caught the animals for their fur. So the wolf population has greatly increased. Now there are so many wolves that they 4. _______________(destroy) their own food supply.
A wolf naturally eats animals in the deer family. People in the wilderness also hunt deer for food. Many of the animals 5. _______________(destroy) by the very cold winters recently and by changes in the wilderness plant life. When the deer can’t find enough food，they 6. _______________(die).
If the wolves continue to kill large numbers of deer，their prey(猎物) 7. _______________(disappear) some day. And the wolves will，too. So we must change the cycle of life in the wilderness to balance the ecology. If we 8. _______________(kill) more wolves，we would save them and protect their prey from dying out. We’d also save some farm animals.
In another northern state，wolves attack cows and chickens for food. Farmers want the government to send biologists to study the problem. They 9. _______________(belief) it necessary to kill wolves in some areas and to protect them in places where there 10. _______________(be) a small wolf population.
Ⅲ. 阅读理解
(2022·河南焦作高二期末)
We’ve had weather forecasts for years. Forecasting our near-term health is far harder. Yet knowing early that we may be coming down with the flu could be greatly helpful. Wearable technology，such as smart watches，is beginning to provide just such early warnings.
A research team asked 49 volunteers to wear wristbands with sensors before and after they received a cold or flu virus. At least once per second，their wristbands recorded heart rates，body movements，skin temperatures and more. In nine out of every ten participants，these data showed signs of developing illness at least a day before symptoms(症状) appeared.
This early warning can help stop infections(传染) in the beginning. It may head off serious symptoms that otherwise would send weak people into hospital，allowing them to get some rest，reduce their stress and perhaps take drugs. And knowing you’re sick before you have symptoms can warn you to lay low so you can reduce the chance of spreading your disease.
However，these systems aren’t yet ready for the real world. One challenge is that many viral infections have similar symptoms. In fact，many things other than viruses cause the same symptoms. Examples include food poisoning，asthma or seasonal allergies. Similarly，heart rates respond to things that have nothing to do with infections，such as exercise and scary movies. What’s more，in real life，we don’t know who was exposed to some virus and when，so that post-exposure time window won’t be known. Potentially infected people might be those whose data go beyond a certain value in any two-hour window. But the team has not yet tested how well the prediction model would work in this setting.
The study sounds exciting，but much work is left to do. Future systems will likely include other types of bodily changes that pinpoint developing illness. And researchers will be fine-tuning(微调) those systems by analyzing how well they predict effects in thousands of people.
1. What is wearable technology used for in the research
A. Confirming positions.
B. Predicting diseases.
C. Forecasting weather.
D. Refreshing the volunteers.
2. How does early warning benefit weak people
A. It greatly improves their physical condition.
B. It protects them from virus infections.
C. It reminds them to treat diseased earlier.
D. It can completely stop virus from spreading.
3. What is Paragraph 4 mainly talking about
A. The various responses to the warning systems.
B. The similar symptoms for viral infections.
C. The main purposes of the prediction model.
D. The limitations of the early warning systems.
4. What does the underlined word “pinpoint” in the last paragraph mean
A. Show. B. Cure.
C. Research. D. Cause.
Ⅳ. 完形填空
Randy happened to be watching the news on TV months ago. The reporter was interviewing a man，whose 1 appeared on the screen. Randy noticed they 2 the same last name Waites—a rather unusual one.
Randy found that 3 ，wondering if there could be any 4 . When Randy’s daughter took a closer look，she 5 a likeness between them. She did some sleuthing(调查) online and 6 Randy and Eddie have the same biological father!
It wasn’t long before Randy 7 Eddie，who lived over 500 kilometers away. Eddie was 8 that the unlikely story was true the moment he saw Randy’s pictures，noticing how much Randy looked like their father.
Randy never knew his father，who 9 his mother and him when he was a baby. Eddie，however，was 10 by his dad and enjoyed a great relationship with him. That fact could have caused problems for the two long lost brothers，but it did not! They reunited after 50 years of 11 .
Eddie 12 to Randy on behalf of their dead father，but Randy held no resentment(怨恨). He said，“I don’t 13 anyone. Eddie and I are both extremely grateful to have made this unexpected 14 and to have the years ahead to be brothers！” The two brothers have really provided a beautiful example of love and 15 for us.
1. A. face B. family
C. name D. profession
2. A. mentioned B. offered
C. confirmed D. shared
3. A. curious B. familiar
C. natural D. complicated
4. A. difference B. connection
C. alternative D. explanation
5. A. treasured B. suspected
C. detected D. appreciated
6. A. imagined B. determined
C. recalled D. responded
7. A. made friends with B. took pity on
C. caught sight of D. reached out to
8. A. proud B. convinced
C. upset D. concerned
9. A. left B. contacted
C. informed D. ignored
10. A. raised B. adopted
C. influenced D. comforted
11. A. absence B. separation
C. adventure D. expectation
12. A. talked B. admitted
C. apologized D. promised
13. A. trust B. blame
C. forgive D. punish
14. A. discovery B. encounter
C. achievement D. comparison
15. A. responsibility B. cooperation
C. acceptance D. sympathy
Ⅴ. 语法填空
(2022·河南许昌高二期末质检)
Would you like to be able to see in the dark？One day this might be possible. So far，scientists 1. (perform) experiments on mice. They have given them the ability to see near-infrared(近红外的)light，2. is a kind of light wave mice and humans cannot 3. (common) see. Research teams changed the vision(视力) of the test mice. They injected(注射) special nanoparticles into their eyes. These tiny particles(微粒) let the mice see 4. (well) in the dark than before. The effect of the injections lasted for around ten weeks. The scientists said it would not do harm 5. the eyesight of the mice and the eyes did not suffer from any 6. __________ (harm) side effects.
The research is now published，and the researchers say they hope the same tests could 7. _______ (do) with humans. A researcher explained 8. he hopes for the future. He said，“Human beings have been trying to develop new technology to enable abilities that are beyond our natural abilities. ”He said future tests could let humans see 9. (thing) in the dark that they cannot see now. And this technology wouldn’t require a person 10. (wear) heavy equipment，such as night-vision goggles.
