中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
话题二 睡眠与熬夜
A
A multi-institutional team of researchers conducted the first study_____1______(evaluate) how the duration of nightly sleep early in the semester affects first year college students end-of-semester grade point average (GPA).
Using Fitbit sleep trackers, they found that students on average sleep 6.5 hours a night, ______2______negative outcomes accumulate when students received less than six hours of sleep a night. The results are available in the Feb. 13 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Sleep guidelines recommend teenagers get 8 to 10 hours of sleep every night. Many college students experience irregular and ______3______(sufficient) sleep.
David Creswell, the William S. Dietrich II Professor in Psychology and Neuroscience at the Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences, _______4_______(lead) a team of researchers to evaluate the relationship between sleep and GPA.
"Animal studies have shown how critical sleep is for learning and memory," said Creswell. "Here we show ______5_____this work translates to humans. The less nightly sleep a first year college student gets ______6______ the beginning of the school term predicts lower GPA at the end of the term. Lack of sleep may be hurting students' ability to learn in their college classrooms."
The study evaluated more than 600 first-year students across five studies at three universities. The students wore wrist Fitbit devices _______7______(monitor) and record their sleep patterns. The researchers found that students in the study sleep on average 6.5 hours a night.
More surprisingly, the researchers found that students _______8_____ receive less than six hours of sleep experienced a pronounced decline in academic performance. In addition, each hour of sleep lost corresponded to a 0.07 decrease in end-of-term GPA.
"Once you start dipping below six hours, you are starting to accumulate massive sleep debt that can impair a student's health and study habits, ______9______(compromise) the whole system," said Creswell. "Most surprising to me was that no matter what we did to make the effect go away, it persisted."
"A popular ______10_______(believe) among college students is value studying more or partying more over nightly sleep," said Creswell. "Our work here suggests that there are potentially real costs to reducing your nightly sleep on your ability to learn and achieve in college. There's real value in budgeting for the importance of nightly sleep."
答案 1. to evaluate 2. but 3. insufficient 4. led 5. how 6. at 7. to monitor 8. who 9. compromising 10.belief
翻译
一支由多机构组成的研究团队首次评估了学期初夜间睡眠时间对大一新生期末平均绩点的影响。
研究人员通过 Fitbit 睡眠追踪器发现，学生平均每晚睡眠时间为 6.5 小时，当学生每晚睡眠时间少于6小时时，负面效应就会累积。该研究结果发表在2月13日的《美国国家科学院院刊》上。
睡眠指南建议青少年每晚睡8-10个小时。许多大学生都存在睡眠不规律和睡眠不足的问题。
卡内基梅隆大学迪特里希人文与社会科学学院心理学和神经科学教授威廉·S·迪特里希二世和大卫·克雷斯维尔带领一组研究人员评估了睡眠与平均绩点之间的关系。
克雷斯维尔说：“动物研究表明睡眠对学习和记忆至关重要。我们的研究论证了睡眠对人类学习和记忆的影响。大一学生在学期初的夜间睡眠越少，预示着学期结束时平均绩点越低。睡眠不足可能损害了大学生的学习能力。”
该研究对三所大学600多名大一学生进行了评估。学生在手腕上佩戴 Fitbit 设备来监测和记录他们的睡眠模式。研究人员发现，参与研究的学生平均每晚睡眠仅为6.5小时。
更令人惊讶的是，研究人员发现，睡眠不足6小时的学生学习成绩出现明显下滑。此外，睡眠每减少1小时，期末平均绩点下降0.07。
克雷斯维尔说：“一旦你的睡眠时间开始低于 6 小时，就会开始积累大量的睡眠债，这会损害学生的健康和学习习惯，从而危及全局。最令我惊讶的是，无论我们采取什么措施来消除这种影响，它都会持续存在。”
克雷斯维尔说：“很多大学生认为，晚上多学习或多参加聚会很重要。但我们的研究表明，减少夜间睡眠的代价可能是影响你的学习能力和学业表现。在安排时间时有必要考虑夜间睡眠的重要性。”
B
A lab-based sleep study found that people who were sleeping fewer than six hours a night for two weeks – and who thought they were doing just fine – functioned as badly on cognitive and reflex tests as people who were deprived of any sleep for two full nights.
That’s because the brain needs uninterrupted sleep cycles to absorb fresh skills, form key memories, and repair the body from the day’s wear and tear. During sleep, your body is _____1_____(literal) repairing and restoring itself on a cellular level.
A chronic lack ____2____sleep therefore impacts your ability to pay attention, learn new things, be creative, solve problems and make decisions. Even skipping sleep for just one night disrupts functioning. Mounting evidence shows that sleep influences the long-term risks of memory issues, cognitive decline and severe problems with thinking and living.
A research suggests that recovery from sleep deprivation (many days of it, in particular) may not be so easy. The effects of sleep deprivation on the brain’s attention and cognitive processing abilities may linger as long _____3____ a week after we’ve returned to a regular sleep routine, warns a study.
Want to live longer Then prioritize sleep in your life: Following five good sleep habits added nearly five years to a man’s life _____4____(expect) and almost 2.5 years to a woman’s life, a new study found.
Falling asleep easily, _____5______(stay )asleep, getting seven to eight hours of zzz’s, waking up rested and foregoing sleep meds — People were scored on how many of the five habits they had.
Compared to individuals _____6_____had zero to one favorable sleep factors, those who had all five were 30% less likely to die for any reason, 21% less likely to die from cardiovascular disease, 19% less likely to die from cancer, and 40% less likely to die of causes other than heart disease or cancer.
Make sure you get _____7______ full seven to eight hours of sleep each night. That’s tough for many people. But you have to do more than just lay in bed longer — you also need have to have an uninterrupted, restful sleep more often than not.
That means you don’t wake up during the night or have trouble _____8______(fall) asleep more than two times a week. You also have to feel well rested at least five days a week when you wake up. And finally, you can’t be using sleep medications to achieve your sleep.
It’s important_____9_____( go) to bed at the same time on most nights and get up at the same time most mornings — even on weekends and holidays. Make sure your sleeping environment is optimal — cooler and darker is better — and block noise.
Avoid booze before bed — it may seem like you’re falling asleep more easily, but when your liver finishes metabolizing the alcohol at 3 am, your body will wake up, experts say. Set up a sleep routine, with no blue lights or distractions ____10_____ least an hour before bedtime. Try meditation, yoga, tai chi, warm baths — anything that relaxes you is great.
答案 1. literal 2. of 3. as 4. expectancy 5. stay 6. who 7. a 8. falling 9. to go 10. at
翻译
一项基于实验室的睡眠研究发现，连续两周每晚睡眠不足6小时且认为自己睡得还不错的人，在认知和反射测试中的表现与连熬两晚没睡的人一样糟糕。
这是因为大脑需要不间断的睡眠周期来消化新技能、形成关键记忆并修复身体一天的损耗。在睡眠期间，身体在通过细胞进行自我修复和恢复。
因此，长期缺乏睡眠会影响注意力、学习能力、创造力、解决问题和做出决定的能力，即使只熬一晚也有影响。越来越多的证据表明，睡眠会影响记忆力、造成认知能力下降和患痴呆症的长期风险。
有研究表明，从睡眠不足中恢复过来（特别是连续多日）可能并不那么容易的。一项研究警告称，睡眠不足对大脑注意力和认知处理能力的影响可能会在我们恢复正常睡眠后持续一周之久。
想活得更久？你需要保障你的睡眠：一项新的研究发现，遵循5个良好的睡眠习惯可以使男性的预期寿命增加近5年，女性的预期寿命增加近2.5年 。
根据5个习惯对人们的睡眠进行评分——容易入睡；睡眠不中断；每天睡足7至8小时；睡醒时觉得获得充足休息；未服用任何助眠药物。
与没有或仅拥有1个良好睡眠习惯的人相比，拥有全部良好睡眠习惯的人整体而言死亡的可能性降低30%，死于心血管疾病的可能性降低21%，死于癌症的可能性降低19%，死于非心血管疾病和癌症等其他疾病的机率降低40%。
确保每晚有七到八个小时的充足睡眠，这对许多人来说很难。你要做的不是在床上躺更长时间，而是有一个不被打扰的、安宁的睡眠。
这意味着不会在夜间醒来或难以入睡的情况每周小于两次。当醒来时，每周至少有五天感到休息良好。并且这些都不能通过服用安眠药实现。
保持按时睡觉、按时起床很重要，即使是在周末和假期也是如此。确保拥有舒适的睡眠环境，卧室凉快、阴暗点比较好，同时隔绝噪音。
睡前避免饮酒。专家表示，酒精虽然看起来可以让你更好入睡，但事实上，你的肝一直工作到凌晨3点以代谢酒精，那时你就会醒来。此外，也可以制定睡前常规活动，至少在睡前一小时没有蓝光或其他事干扰。尝试冥想、瑜伽、太极拳、热水澡都可以，任何能让你放松的事情都很棒。
C
People who do not get enough sleep every night are more likely____1___(suffer) a pot belly, a new study suggests.
An international team of scientists gathered health data from more than 5,000 adults - half male, half female, ____2_____ participated in two rounds of the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2011 and 2013.
____3_____average age of participants was about 37, and the average amount of sleep they got was a little less than seven hours. Getting enough sleep, ideally about eight hours per night, was associated ____4____ a lower concentration of dangerous visceral fat that forms around the organs.
The benefit appeared to plateau at eight hours. Visceral fat is the most dangerous type, ____5_____(leak) fatty acids into the bloodstream. It differs from the less dangerous below the skin fat that accumulates just below the skin's surface and is responsible______6______ wobbly fat and cellulite.
______7______(get) too little sleep leads to abnormal regulation of activity in different parts of the brain that affect the reward center, sleep, and appetite, which may explain the link between sleep deprivation and visceral body fat ____8______(store).
Insufficient sleep leads to insulin resistance, which many scientists have suggested is _____9____(link) to high visceral fat. Dr Panagiotis Giannos said: "Our study adds to emerging evidence suggesting a prominent link between sleep deprivation and weight gain, which could be _____10____(clinic ) significant."
答案 1. to suffer 2. who 3. The 4. with 5. leaking 6. for 7. Getting 8. storage 9. linked 10. clinically
翻译
一项新的研究表明，每晚睡眠不足的人更容易长啤酒肚。
一个国际科学家团队收集了5000多名成年人的健康数据，其中一半是男性，一半是女性，他们在2011年和2013年参加了两轮美国国家健康和营养调查。
参与者的平均年龄约为37岁，他们的平均睡眠时间略少于7小时。有充足睡眠时间的人（理想情况是每晚8小时左右）在器官周围形成具有威胁性的内脏脂肪浓度较低。
这一益处似乎在8个小时后趋于稳定。内脏脂肪是最危险的脂肪类型之一，会将脂肪酸泄漏到血液中。它不同于危险性较小的皮下脂肪，后者积聚在皮肤表面以下，是造成脂肪和脂肪团不稳定的原因。
睡眠太少会导致大脑不同部位活动的异常调节，从而影响奖励中心、睡眠和食欲，这可能解释了睡眠不足和体内内脏脂肪储存之间的联系。
睡眠不足会导致胰岛素抵抗，许多科学家认为这与内脏脂肪过多有关。帕纳乔蒂斯·吉安诺斯博士说：“我们的研究进一步证明，睡眠不足和体重增加之间存在显著联系。这可能在临床上具有重要意义。”
D
Regularly finding time _____1____ a little snooze is good for our brain and helps keep it bigger for longer, say University College London researchers.
The team showed nappers' brains were 15 cubic centimetres (0.9 cubic inches) larger - equivalent to delaying ageing by between three and six years. _____2_____, the scientists recommend keeping naps to less than half an hour.
The brain naturally shrinks with age, but _____3_____naps could help prevent diseases like Alzheimer's will still need extra research. Overall brain health is important for protecting _____4_____ dementia and the condition is linked to disturbed sleep.
The researchers suggest poor sleep is damaging the brain over time by causing inflammation and _____5_____(affect) the connections between brain cells. "Thus, regular napping could protect against neurodegeneration by compensating for deficient sleep," researcher Valentina Paz said.
Napping might boost health, but the reverse is also true ____6____ your health can leave you so tired you need to nap more. So the researchers used a clever technique to prove that napping is _____7_____(benefit).
They used a gigantic natural experiment based on the DNA. Previous studies have identified 97 snippets of our DNA that either make us more likely to be nappers ______8____to power through the day.
So the team took data from 35,000 people, aged 40 to 69,_____9______( take ) part in the UK Biobank project and simply compared those genetic "nappers" and "non-nappers". The results, published in the journal Sleep Health, showed ____10____ 15 cubic centimetre difference - equivalent to 2.6 to 6.5 years of ageing.
答案 1. for 2. However 3. whether 4. against 5. affecting 6. as 7. beneficial 8. or 9. taking 10. a
翻译
英国伦敦大学学院的研究人员指出，定期午睡对大脑有好处，有助于延缓大脑萎缩。
该研究团队发现，有午睡习惯的人的大脑比不午睡的人的大脑要大出15立方厘米（约合立方英寸），相当于延缓衰老3至6年。不过，科学家建议，午睡时间不要超过半小时。
随着年龄的增长，大脑会自然萎缩，但是午睡能否预防阿尔茨海默症等疾病仍需要进一步研究。大脑健康对于预防痴呆症十分重要，而痴呆症和睡眠紊乱有关。
研究人员指出，长时间睡眠不足会损害大脑，引起大脑炎症，从而影响脑细胞之间的联系。研究员瓦伦蒂娜·帕兹说：“因此，定期午睡能够弥补睡眠不足，从而预防神经退行性疾病。”
午睡可能有利于健康，但是反过来，你的身体如果特别累，也会需要更多的小憩。所以研究人员使用了一种聪明的方法来证明午睡的益处。
他们采用了基于 DNA 的超大型自然实验的数据。先前的研究发现，人类 DNA 中有97个片段决定你是否喜欢午睡（要么让我们更容易打盹，要么让我们一整天都精力充沛）。
因此该团队抽取了参加英国生物样本库计划的年龄在40岁和69岁之间的3.5万人的数据，并将天生的“午睡者”和“不午睡者”做了比较。发表在《睡眠健康》期刊上的这项研究结果显示，二者大脑体积相差了15立方厘米，相当于前者比后者晚衰老2.6至6.5年。
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话题二 睡眠与熬夜
A
A multi-institutional team of researchers conducted the first study_____1______(evaluate) how the duration of nightly sleep early in the semester affects first year college students end-of-semester grade point average (GPA).
Using Fitbit sleep trackers, they found that students on average sleep 6.5 hours a night, ______2______negative outcomes accumulate when students received less than six hours of sleep a night. The results are available in the Feb. 13 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Sleep guidelines recommend teenagers get 8 to 10 hours of sleep every night. Many college students experience irregular and ______3______(sufficient) sleep.
David Creswell, the William S. Dietrich II Professor in Psychology and Neuroscience at the Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences, _______4_______(lead) a team of researchers to evaluate the relationship between sleep and GPA.
"Animal studies have shown how critical sleep is for learning and memory," said Creswell. "Here we show ______5_____this work translates to humans. The less nightly sleep a first year college student gets ______6______ the beginning of the school term predicts lower GPA at the end of the term. Lack of sleep may be hurting students' ability to learn in their college classrooms."
The study evaluated more than 600 first-year students across five studies at three universities. The students wore wrist Fitbit devices _______7______(monitor) and record their sleep patterns. The researchers found that students in the study sleep on average 6.5 hours a night.
More surprisingly, the researchers found that students _______8_____ receive less than six hours of sleep experienced a pronounced decline in academic performance. In addition, each hour of sleep lost corresponded to a 0.07 decrease in end-of-term GPA.
"Once you start dipping below six hours, you are starting to accumulate massive sleep debt that can impair a student's health and study habits, ______9______(compromise) the whole system," said Creswell. "Most surprising to me was that no matter what we did to make the effect go away, it persisted."
"A popular ______10_______(believe) among college students is value studying more or partying more over nightly sleep," said Creswell. "Our work here suggests that there are potentially real costs to reducing your nightly sleep on your ability to learn and achieve in college. There's real value in budgeting for the importance of nightly sleep."
B
A lab-based sleep study found that people who were sleeping fewer than six hours a night for two weeks – and who thought they were doing just fine – functioned as badly on cognitive and reflex tests as people who were deprived of any sleep for two full nights.
That’s because the brain needs uninterrupted sleep cycles to absorb fresh skills, form key memories, and repair the body from the day’s wear and tear. During sleep, your body is _____1_____(literal) repairing and restoring itself on a cellular level.
A chronic lack ____2____sleep therefore impacts your ability to pay attention, learn new things, be creative, solve problems and make decisions. Even skipping sleep for just one night disrupts functioning. Mounting evidence shows that sleep influences the long-term risks of memory issues, cognitive decline and severe problems with thinking and living.
A research suggests that recovery from sleep deprivation (many days of it, in particular) may not be so easy. The effects of sleep deprivation on the brain’s attention and cognitive processing abilities may linger as long _____3____ a week after we’ve returned to a regular sleep routine, warns a study.
Want to live longer Then prioritize sleep in your life: Following five good sleep habits added nearly five years to a man’s life _____4____(expect) and almost 2.5 years to a woman’s life, a new study found.
Falling asleep easily, _____5______(stay )asleep, getting seven to eight hours of zzz’s, waking up rested and foregoing sleep meds — People were scored on how many of the five habits they had.
Compared to individuals _____6_____had zero to one favorable sleep factors, those who had all five were 30% less likely to die for any reason, 21% less likely to die from cardiovascular disease, 19% less likely to die from cancer, and 40% less likely to die of causes other than heart disease or cancer.
Make sure you get _____7______ full seven to eight hours of sleep each night. That’s tough for many people. But you have to do more than just lay in bed longer — you also need have to have an uninterrupted, restful sleep more often than not.
That means you don’t wake up during the night or have trouble _____8______(fall) asleep more than two times a week. You also have to feel well rested at least five days a week when you wake up. And finally, you can’t be using sleep medications to achieve your sleep.
It’s important_____9_____( go) to bed at the same time on most nights and get up at the same time most mornings — even on weekends and holidays. Make sure your sleeping environment is optimal — cooler and darker is better — and block noise.
Avoid booze before bed — it may seem like you’re falling asleep more easily, but when your liver finishes metabolizing the alcohol at 3 am, your body will wake up, experts say. Set up a sleep routine, with no blue lights or distractions ____10_____ least an hour before bedtime. Try meditation, yoga, tai chi, warm baths — anything that relaxes you is great.
C
People who do not get enough sleep every night are more likely____1___(suffer) a pot belly, a new study suggests.
An international team of scientists gathered health data from more than 5,000 adults - half male, half female, ____2_____ participated in two rounds of the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2011 and 2013.
____3_____average age of participants was about 37, and the average amount of sleep they got was a little less than seven hours. Getting enough sleep, ideally about eight hours per night, was associated ____4____ a lower concentration of dangerous visceral fat that forms around the organs.
The benefit appeared to plateau at eight hours. Visceral fat is the most dangerous type, ____5_____(leak) fatty acids into the bloodstream. It differs from the less dangerous below the skin fat that accumulates just below the skin's surface and is responsible______6______ wobbly fat and cellulite.
______7______(get) too little sleep leads to abnormal regulation of activity in different parts of the brain that affect the reward center, sleep, and appetite, which may explain the link between sleep deprivation and visceral body fat ____8______(store).
Insufficient sleep leads to insulin resistance, which many scientists have suggested is _____9____(link) to high visceral fat. Dr Panagiotis Giannos said: "Our study adds to emerging evidence suggesting a prominent link between sleep deprivation and weight gain, which could be _____10____(clinic ) significant."
D
Regularly finding time _____1____ a little snooze is good for our brain and helps keep it bigger for longer, say University College London researchers.
The team showed nappers' brains were 15 cubic centimetres (0.9 cubic inches) larger - equivalent to delaying ageing by between three and six years. _____2_____, the scientists recommend keeping naps to less than half an hour.
The brain naturally shrinks with age, but _____3_____naps could help prevent diseases like Alzheimer's will still need extra research. Overall brain health is important for protecting _____4_____ dementia and the condition is linked to disturbed sleep.
The researchers suggest poor sleep is damaging the brain over time by causing inflammation and _____5_____(affect) the connections between brain cells. "Thus, regular napping could protect against neurodegeneration by compensating for deficient sleep," researcher Valentina Paz said.
Napping might boost health, but the reverse is also true ____6____ your health can leave you so tired you need to nap more. So the researchers used a clever technique to prove that napping is _____7_____(benefit).
They used a gigantic natural experiment based on the DNA. Previous studies have identified 97 snippets of our DNA that either make us more likely to be nappers ______8____to power through the day.
So the team took data from 35,000 people, aged 40 to 69,_____9______( take ) part in the UK Biobank project and simply compared those genetic "nappers" and "non-nappers". The results, published in the journal Sleep Health, showed ____10____ 15 cubic centimetre difference - equivalent to 2.6 to 6.5 years of ageing.
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