2025届高三下学期英语二轮复习专项：阅读理解题主旨大意题--标题概括 学案（含解析）
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| 名称 | 2025届高三下学期英语二轮复习专项：阅读理解题主旨大意题--标题概括 学案（含解析） |  | |
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| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2025-02-06 21:52:00 | ||
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专题一 阅读理解
阅读理解主旨大意题--标题概括
【预习要求】
通过预习明确主旨大意题的三种考查方式。 2.通过预习概括标题归纳题的命题方式及解题方法； 3.能够辨别正确选项和易混选项之间的区别；
【学习目标】
一、考点归纳
主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目,因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章领会大意的能力,也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求,文章中没有明显的解题依据, 需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括,才能归纳出文章的主旨。此类题目可分为三大类, 即标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。
二、易错易混选项分析—标题概括
(1) 以偏概全：答案只阐述了局部信息或主旨的一部分。
(2) 主题过大：归纳概括过于宽泛,超出了文章要讨论的范围。
(3) 断章取义：以次要的事实细节替代全文的主要观点。
(4) 无中生有：与文章内容毫不相关或与文章内容相悖。
三、标题概括题命题方式及解题方法
1. 命题方式：常见的标题型题干: ① The best title/headline for this passage might be______. ②What is the best title for the passage ③ Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage
2. 最佳标题特点:
① 概括性：覆盖全文或全段的中心思想，准确而简短。
② 针对性：标题的外延正好与文章内容相符。
③ 醒目性：能引发读者的阅读欲望。④ 准确性强：不改变原文的意义和感彩。
3.解题技巧
四、典例探究
典例一 （2024·1月浙江卷阅读D篇）
The Stanford marshmallow （棉花糖） test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s.Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room.A single sugary treat， selected by the child， was placed on a table.Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat， they would be given a second treat.Then they were left alone in the room.Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.
As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day.We’re not tempted （诱惑） by sugary treats， but by our computers， phones， and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world， and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction.But as we’ve reshaped the world around us， dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories， we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago， and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.
A similar process is at work in our response to information.Our formative environment as a species was information-poor， so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information.But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment.We are now ceaselessly bombarded （轰炸） with new information.Therefore， just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption， we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption， resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.
35.Which of the following is the best title for the text？
A.Eat Less， Read More B.The Bitter Truth about Early Humans
C.The Later， the Better D.The Marshmallow Test for Grown-ups
典例二（2023·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读B）
Turning soil， pulling weeds， and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is， says Abby Jaramillo， who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts， a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills， environmental awareness， and healthy lifestyles.
Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores.“The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks，” she says.“They come to us thinking vegetables are awful， dirt is awful， insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt， most are eager to try something new.
Urban Sprouts’ classes， at two middle schools and two high schools， include hands-on experiments such as soil testing， flower-and-seed dissection， tastings of fresh or dried produce， and work in the garden. Several times a year， students cook the vegetables they grow， and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools.
Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes.“We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently，” Jaramillo says.
She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides， working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students， many of whom have emotional control issues.“They get outside，” she says，“and they feel successful.”
27.What can be a suitable title for the text？
A.Rescuing School Gardens B.Experiencing Country Life
C.Growing Vegetable Lovers D.Changing Local Landscape
典例三(2024·全国甲卷，B)
Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed.
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like.
Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take__this__behavior__up__a__notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it!
27．What is a suitable title for the text
A．Tips on Finding a Smart Cat
B．Understanding Your Cat's Behavior
C．Have Fun with Your Cat
D．How to Keep Your Cat Healthy
五、训练检测
A（2024·九省联考）
For lots of kids， toddlerhood （幼儿期） is an important time for friendship.Studies show that the earlier kids learn to form positive relationships， the better they are at relating to others as teenagers and adults.Playing together also helps these kids practice social behaviors， such as kindness， sharing， and cooperation.
Even so， how quickly your child develops into a social creature may also depend on his temperament （性格）.Some toddlers are very social， but others are shy.In addition， the way that toddlers demonstrate that they like other children is markedly different from what adults think of as expressions of friendship.Research at The Ohio State University in Columbus found that a toddler’s way of saying “I like you” during play is likely to come in the form of copying a friend’s behavior.
This seemingly unusual way of demonstrating fondness can result in unpleasant behavior.Regardless of how much they like a playmate， they may still grab his toys， refuse to share， and get bossy.But experts say that this is a normal and necessary part of friendship for kids of this age.Through play experiences， toddlers learn social rules.That’s why it’s so important to take an active role in your toddler’s social encounters by setting limits and offering frequent reminders of what they are.When you establish these guidelines， explain the reasons behind them.
Begin by helping your child learn sympathy （“Ben is crying.What’s making him so sad？”）， then suggest how he could resolve the problem （“Maybe he would feel better if you let him play the ball.”）.When your child shares or shows empathy （同理心） toward a friend， praise him （“Ben stopped crying！You made him feel better.”）.
Another way to encourage healthy social interaction is by encouraging kids to use words — not fists — to express how they feel.It’s also important to be mindful of how your child’s personality affects playtime.Kids are easy to get angry when they’re sleepy or hungry， so schedule playtime when they’re refreshed.
1.What does it indicate when toddlers copy their playmates’ behavior？（ ）
A.They are interested in acting.
B.They are shy with the strangers.
C.They are fond of their playmates.
D.They are tired of playing games.
2.What does the author suggest parents do for their kids？（ ）
A.Design games for them.
B.Find them suitable playmates.
C.Play together with them.
D.Help them understand social rules.
3.What is the function of the quoted statements in Paragraph 4？（ ）
A.Giving examples. B.Explaining concepts.
C.Providing evidence. D.Making comparisons.
4.Which of the following is the best title for the text？（ ）
A.How Children Adapt to Changes
B.How to Be a Role Model for Children
C.How Your Baby Learns to Love
D.How to Communicate with Your Kid
B（2024·南昌模拟）
One year ago， the Colorado State Fair made the headlines for unknowingly awarding first place to an artwork created with help from artificial intelligence （AI）.Now， officials with the 152-year-old fair have revised the contest’s rules：Artists must claim whether they used AI to make their entries， reports The Denver Post’s John Wenzel.
The saga （一长串事件） began last August， when game designer Jason Allen won the top spot in the fair’s digital arts competition.When he shared his victory online， he mentioned that he’d used Midjourney — an AI program that turns text into images — to help create his piece， titled Thé tre D’opéra Spatial.
Allen maintains he was open about using AI from the beginning， though judges say they didn’t know until after the fact.Either way， a claim wasn’t necessary at the time， meaning Allen never broke any rules.
His victory was controversial — and as a result， officials decided to tweak the submission requirements.At last year’s fair， which took place in Pueblo between 25 August and 4 September， artists needed to tell if art or artwork was created by using an Artificial Intelligence Generator， according to the new requirements.
Allen wasn’t happy about the new requirement， telling The Denver Post that it was essentially a “discriminatory mark” against AI artworks.Despite the change， he decided to submit his work once again to the digital arts category.
The fair’s leaders say they plan to continue adapting as technology advances.As Scott Stoller， the fair’s general manager， tells The Denver Post， the digital arts category itself has only been around for a few decades.In the future， officials may even decide to add a separate AI category， depending on how popular tools like Midjourney become.
“That’s the beauty of art — it’s always evolving，” says Stoller.“Art can be anything， and anything can be made into art.”
5.What can be learnt about Jason Allen？（ ）
A.He designed an AI game program.
B.He opposed the use of AI programs.
C.He made the rules of an art contest.
D.He won first place in an art competition.
6.What does the underlined word “tweak” in Paragraph 4 mean？（ ）
A.Select. B.Revise.
C.Continue. D.Create.
7.What’s Stoller’s attitude towards the AI artworks？（ ）
A.Unclear. B.Doubtful.
C.Approving. D.Dismissive.
8.Which of the following can be the best title for the text？（ ）
A.AI Artworks， Rock the World
B.AI Artworks， Lead the Trend
C.AI Artworks， Face New Challenges
D.AI Artworks， Bring New Rules
C（2023·白山市三模）
An inability to stand on one leg for 10 seconds in later life is linked to nearly double the risk of death from any cause within the next decade， according to a new study. The simple balance test may be useful to be included in routine physical exams for people in middle and old age， the research， which was published in British Journal of Sports Medicine， suggested.
While aging leads to a decline in physical fitness， muscle strength and flexibility， balance tends to be reasonably well-preserved until a person’s 50s， when it starts to decline relatively rapidly， the research noted. Previous research has linked the inability to stand on one leg to a greater risk of falls and to cognitive decline.
The study involved 1，702 people aged 51 to 75 living in Brazil， who were asked to balance unsupported on one leg during an initial check. Researchers told the participants to place the front of the free foot behind the standing leg， keeping their arms by their sides and eyes fixed straight ahead. Up to three attempts on either foot were permitted.
The study participants had an average age of 61 and two-thirds of them were men. Around 1 in 5 failed to balance on one leg for 10 seconds at the initial checkup. Researchers monitored the participants after the initial checkup for a period of seven years， during which 7% of the people died. The proportion （比例） of deaths among those who failed the test （17.5%） was significantly higher than deaths among those who were able to balance for 10 seconds （4.5%）.
The research was observational and didn’t reveal the cause and effect. The study didn’t look at any possible biological mechanisms that might explain the link between poor balance and longevity.
The study noted that， overall， those who failed the test were in poorer health， with greater proportion of suffering from obesity， heart disease and high blood pressure. Diabetes was also more common among those who failed to complete the test.
9.What did the participants take during the research？
A.Vision examinations. B.Medical examinations. C.Flexibility tests. D.Balance tests.
10.How did the researchers get the findings？
A.By calculating the participant numbers. B.By comparing the participants’ lifetime.
C.By identifying the participants’ diseases. D.By monitoring the participants’ pressure.
11.What was the research’s shortcoming？
A.It had few participants. B.It didn’t last very long.
C.It lacked in-depth study. D.It was the first research on balance.
12.What may be the best title for the text？
A.Balance Determines A Person’s Lifetime
B.The Balance Test Should Be Promoted to People
C.The Ability to Stand on One Leg Can Reflect Health Levels
D.Being Able to Stand for 10 Seconds Means Being Healthy
主旨大意题--标题概括答案
四、典例探究
典例一 解题导引
第一步 读文章，理清结构
第二步 析选项，斟酌判断
A 少吃多读。不符合全文立意 断章取义，理解片面
B 早期人类痛苦的真相。 本文提及人类祖先的生存环境和大脑反应机制只是为下文服务，并非全文主旨 断章取义，理解片面
C 越晚越好。 本文未提及相关内容 无中生有，生搬硬套
D 成年人面临的棉花糖实验。 本文围绕棉花糖实验展开，先从针对孩子的测试引入，再类比到成年人面临的信息轰炸和不良信息带来的诱惑，因此全文着重介绍了成年人面临的棉花糖实验 涵盖性强，覆盖全文
第三步 对比选项得出答案
参考答案 D
典例二 （2023·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读B）
第一步 读文章，理清结构
第二步 析选项，斟酌判断
A 拯救学校花园。本文提到了学生在学校种植蔬菜，但其目的并不是拯救学校花园，而是培养学生对蔬菜的兴趣。 移花接木， 偷换概念
B 体验乡村生活。本文未提及相关内容。 无中生有， 生搬硬套
C 蔬菜种植爱好者 本文主要讲述了Abby Jaramillo和另一位老师发起Urban Sprouts项目，带领学生种植蔬菜，使学生们开始对园艺感兴趣的故事。C项全面、精炼地概括了文章内容。 涵盖性强， 覆盖全文
D 改变当地风景。本文未提及相关内容。 无中生有，生搬硬套
第三步 对比选项得出答案 C
典例三27．B 解析：标题归纳题。阅读文章可知，第一段介绍了猫的惊人的发声技能，第二段介绍了猫的嗅觉敏锐，能够区分不同的环境，第三段介绍了猫的令人印象深刻的取物习惯，这些都属于对猫的行为的介绍。B项最适合作文章标题。
五：训练检测
A
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了幼儿时期友谊对儿童社交能力发展的重要性，探讨了幼儿表达友谊的方式和可能出现的问题。
1.解析：C 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句中的a toddler’s way of saying “I like you” during play is likely to come in the form of copying a friend’s behavior可知，当蹒跚学步的孩子模仿玩伴的行为时，这意味着他在说“我喜欢你”。
2.解析：D 细节理解题。根据第三段倒数第二句可知，作者建议父母在孩子的社交活动中扮演一个积极的角色，通过设置限制和频繁地提醒他们的身份是非常重要的，即作者建议父母帮助孩子理解社交规则。
3.解析：A 推理判断题。根据第四段内容尤其是括号内引用的表述可知，首先要帮助孩子学会共情，然后建议他如何解决这个问题。再结合生活常识和逻辑关系可推断，每个引用的表述都起到了举例的作用。
4.解析：C 标题归纳题。第一段指出儿童越早学会培养积极的人际关系，他们长大后就会越擅长与人交往；第二段讲述儿童的性格特征和表达差异；第三段讲述在你家孩子的社交活动中扮演一个积极的角色是很重要的；第四、五段讲述鼓励孩子积极交际的方式。综上所述，文章主要讲述了父母要在孩子成长的过程中教会孩子如何与人建立积极的人际关系。因此，C项为文章最佳标题。
【熟词生义】
schedule 熟义：n.工作计划；日程安排
生义：v.安排；为……安排时间
例句：A presidential election is scheduled for December.
一场总统大选计划在12月举行。
【难句分析】
译文：此外，蹒跚学步的孩子展示他们喜欢其他孩子的方式明显不同于成年人所认为的友谊的表达方式。
B
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。Jason Allen使用人工智能创作自己的作品并在比赛中取得了胜利，但他的胜利引发了争议，最终博览会的官员修改了比赛的规则。
5.解析：D 细节理解题。根据第二段中的Jason Allen won the top spot in the fair’s digital arts competition可知，Jason Allen在博览会的数字艺术比赛中赢得了第一名。
6.解析：B 词义猜测题。根据第一段中的Now， officials with the 152-year-old fair have revised the contest’s rules尤其是revised可知，博览会的官员已经修改了比赛规则。此处tweak与revise同义，均表示“修改”。
7.解析：C 观点态度题。根据第六段最后一句可知，官员们未来甚至可能决定增加一个单独的人工智能类别，这取决于像Midjourney这样的工具的流行程度。由此推断，Stoller对人工智能艺术作品的态度是支持的。
8.解析：D 标题归纳题。本文主要讲述了Jason Allen使用人工智能创作的作品在比赛中取得了胜利，却由此引发了争议，博览会的官员们最终制定出了新的规则。由此可知，D项为文章最佳标题。
C
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。研究表明，单脚站立的能力可以反映出中老年人的健康水平。
9.解析：D 细节理解题。根据第三段中的The study involved 1，702 people aged 51 to 75 living in Brazil， who were asked to balance unsupported on one leg during an initial check.可知，参与者们在这项研究中做了平衡能力的测试。
10.解析：B 推理判断题。根据第四段可知， 研究者们通过对比参与者们的寿命得出了研究结论。
11.解析：C 推理判断题。根据第五段可知，这项研究缺乏深入的研究。
12.解析：C 标题归纳题。综合全文内容可知，本文主要告诉我们：单脚站立的能力可以反映出中老年人的健康水平。 因此C项为文章最佳标题。
阅读理解主旨大意题--标题概括
【预习要求】
通过预习明确主旨大意题的三种考查方式。 2.通过预习概括标题归纳题的命题方式及解题方法； 3.能够辨别正确选项和易混选项之间的区别；
【学习目标】
一、考点归纳
主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目,因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章领会大意的能力,也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求,文章中没有明显的解题依据, 需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括,才能归纳出文章的主旨。此类题目可分为三大类, 即标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。
二、易错易混选项分析—标题概括
(1) 以偏概全：答案只阐述了局部信息或主旨的一部分。
(2) 主题过大：归纳概括过于宽泛,超出了文章要讨论的范围。
(3) 断章取义：以次要的事实细节替代全文的主要观点。
(4) 无中生有：与文章内容毫不相关或与文章内容相悖。
三、标题概括题命题方式及解题方法
1. 命题方式：常见的标题型题干: ① The best title/headline for this passage might be______. ②What is the best title for the passage ③ Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage
2. 最佳标题特点:
① 概括性：覆盖全文或全段的中心思想，准确而简短。
② 针对性：标题的外延正好与文章内容相符。
③ 醒目性：能引发读者的阅读欲望。④ 准确性强：不改变原文的意义和感彩。
3.解题技巧
四、典例探究
典例一 （2024·1月浙江卷阅读D篇）
The Stanford marshmallow （棉花糖） test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s.Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room.A single sugary treat， selected by the child， was placed on a table.Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat， they would be given a second treat.Then they were left alone in the room.Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.
As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day.We’re not tempted （诱惑） by sugary treats， but by our computers， phones， and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world， and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction.But as we’ve reshaped the world around us， dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories， we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago， and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.
A similar process is at work in our response to information.Our formative environment as a species was information-poor， so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information.But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment.We are now ceaselessly bombarded （轰炸） with new information.Therefore， just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption， we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption， resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.
35.Which of the following is the best title for the text？
A.Eat Less， Read More B.The Bitter Truth about Early Humans
C.The Later， the Better D.The Marshmallow Test for Grown-ups
典例二（2023·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读B）
Turning soil， pulling weeds， and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is， says Abby Jaramillo， who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts， a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills， environmental awareness， and healthy lifestyles.
Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores.“The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks，” she says.“They come to us thinking vegetables are awful， dirt is awful， insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt， most are eager to try something new.
Urban Sprouts’ classes， at two middle schools and two high schools， include hands-on experiments such as soil testing， flower-and-seed dissection， tastings of fresh or dried produce， and work in the garden. Several times a year， students cook the vegetables they grow， and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools.
Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes.“We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently，” Jaramillo says.
She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides， working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students， many of whom have emotional control issues.“They get outside，” she says，“and they feel successful.”
27.What can be a suitable title for the text？
A.Rescuing School Gardens B.Experiencing Country Life
C.Growing Vegetable Lovers D.Changing Local Landscape
典例三(2024·全国甲卷，B)
Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed.
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like.
Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take__this__behavior__up__a__notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it!
27．What is a suitable title for the text
A．Tips on Finding a Smart Cat
B．Understanding Your Cat's Behavior
C．Have Fun with Your Cat
D．How to Keep Your Cat Healthy
五、训练检测
A（2024·九省联考）
For lots of kids， toddlerhood （幼儿期） is an important time for friendship.Studies show that the earlier kids learn to form positive relationships， the better they are at relating to others as teenagers and adults.Playing together also helps these kids practice social behaviors， such as kindness， sharing， and cooperation.
Even so， how quickly your child develops into a social creature may also depend on his temperament （性格）.Some toddlers are very social， but others are shy.In addition， the way that toddlers demonstrate that they like other children is markedly different from what adults think of as expressions of friendship.Research at The Ohio State University in Columbus found that a toddler’s way of saying “I like you” during play is likely to come in the form of copying a friend’s behavior.
This seemingly unusual way of demonstrating fondness can result in unpleasant behavior.Regardless of how much they like a playmate， they may still grab his toys， refuse to share， and get bossy.But experts say that this is a normal and necessary part of friendship for kids of this age.Through play experiences， toddlers learn social rules.That’s why it’s so important to take an active role in your toddler’s social encounters by setting limits and offering frequent reminders of what they are.When you establish these guidelines， explain the reasons behind them.
Begin by helping your child learn sympathy （“Ben is crying.What’s making him so sad？”）， then suggest how he could resolve the problem （“Maybe he would feel better if you let him play the ball.”）.When your child shares or shows empathy （同理心） toward a friend， praise him （“Ben stopped crying！You made him feel better.”）.
Another way to encourage healthy social interaction is by encouraging kids to use words — not fists — to express how they feel.It’s also important to be mindful of how your child’s personality affects playtime.Kids are easy to get angry when they’re sleepy or hungry， so schedule playtime when they’re refreshed.
1.What does it indicate when toddlers copy their playmates’ behavior？（ ）
A.They are interested in acting.
B.They are shy with the strangers.
C.They are fond of their playmates.
D.They are tired of playing games.
2.What does the author suggest parents do for their kids？（ ）
A.Design games for them.
B.Find them suitable playmates.
C.Play together with them.
D.Help them understand social rules.
3.What is the function of the quoted statements in Paragraph 4？（ ）
A.Giving examples. B.Explaining concepts.
C.Providing evidence. D.Making comparisons.
4.Which of the following is the best title for the text？（ ）
A.How Children Adapt to Changes
B.How to Be a Role Model for Children
C.How Your Baby Learns to Love
D.How to Communicate with Your Kid
B（2024·南昌模拟）
One year ago， the Colorado State Fair made the headlines for unknowingly awarding first place to an artwork created with help from artificial intelligence （AI）.Now， officials with the 152-year-old fair have revised the contest’s rules：Artists must claim whether they used AI to make their entries， reports The Denver Post’s John Wenzel.
The saga （一长串事件） began last August， when game designer Jason Allen won the top spot in the fair’s digital arts competition.When he shared his victory online， he mentioned that he’d used Midjourney — an AI program that turns text into images — to help create his piece， titled Thé tre D’opéra Spatial.
Allen maintains he was open about using AI from the beginning， though judges say they didn’t know until after the fact.Either way， a claim wasn’t necessary at the time， meaning Allen never broke any rules.
His victory was controversial — and as a result， officials decided to tweak the submission requirements.At last year’s fair， which took place in Pueblo between 25 August and 4 September， artists needed to tell if art or artwork was created by using an Artificial Intelligence Generator， according to the new requirements.
Allen wasn’t happy about the new requirement， telling The Denver Post that it was essentially a “discriminatory mark” against AI artworks.Despite the change， he decided to submit his work once again to the digital arts category.
The fair’s leaders say they plan to continue adapting as technology advances.As Scott Stoller， the fair’s general manager， tells The Denver Post， the digital arts category itself has only been around for a few decades.In the future， officials may even decide to add a separate AI category， depending on how popular tools like Midjourney become.
“That’s the beauty of art — it’s always evolving，” says Stoller.“Art can be anything， and anything can be made into art.”
5.What can be learnt about Jason Allen？（ ）
A.He designed an AI game program.
B.He opposed the use of AI programs.
C.He made the rules of an art contest.
D.He won first place in an art competition.
6.What does the underlined word “tweak” in Paragraph 4 mean？（ ）
A.Select. B.Revise.
C.Continue. D.Create.
7.What’s Stoller’s attitude towards the AI artworks？（ ）
A.Unclear. B.Doubtful.
C.Approving. D.Dismissive.
8.Which of the following can be the best title for the text？（ ）
A.AI Artworks， Rock the World
B.AI Artworks， Lead the Trend
C.AI Artworks， Face New Challenges
D.AI Artworks， Bring New Rules
C（2023·白山市三模）
An inability to stand on one leg for 10 seconds in later life is linked to nearly double the risk of death from any cause within the next decade， according to a new study. The simple balance test may be useful to be included in routine physical exams for people in middle and old age， the research， which was published in British Journal of Sports Medicine， suggested.
While aging leads to a decline in physical fitness， muscle strength and flexibility， balance tends to be reasonably well-preserved until a person’s 50s， when it starts to decline relatively rapidly， the research noted. Previous research has linked the inability to stand on one leg to a greater risk of falls and to cognitive decline.
The study involved 1，702 people aged 51 to 75 living in Brazil， who were asked to balance unsupported on one leg during an initial check. Researchers told the participants to place the front of the free foot behind the standing leg， keeping their arms by their sides and eyes fixed straight ahead. Up to three attempts on either foot were permitted.
The study participants had an average age of 61 and two-thirds of them were men. Around 1 in 5 failed to balance on one leg for 10 seconds at the initial checkup. Researchers monitored the participants after the initial checkup for a period of seven years， during which 7% of the people died. The proportion （比例） of deaths among those who failed the test （17.5%） was significantly higher than deaths among those who were able to balance for 10 seconds （4.5%）.
The research was observational and didn’t reveal the cause and effect. The study didn’t look at any possible biological mechanisms that might explain the link between poor balance and longevity.
The study noted that， overall， those who failed the test were in poorer health， with greater proportion of suffering from obesity， heart disease and high blood pressure. Diabetes was also more common among those who failed to complete the test.
9.What did the participants take during the research？
A.Vision examinations. B.Medical examinations. C.Flexibility tests. D.Balance tests.
10.How did the researchers get the findings？
A.By calculating the participant numbers. B.By comparing the participants’ lifetime.
C.By identifying the participants’ diseases. D.By monitoring the participants’ pressure.
11.What was the research’s shortcoming？
A.It had few participants. B.It didn’t last very long.
C.It lacked in-depth study. D.It was the first research on balance.
12.What may be the best title for the text？
A.Balance Determines A Person’s Lifetime
B.The Balance Test Should Be Promoted to People
C.The Ability to Stand on One Leg Can Reflect Health Levels
D.Being Able to Stand for 10 Seconds Means Being Healthy
主旨大意题--标题概括答案
四、典例探究
典例一 解题导引
第一步 读文章，理清结构
第二步 析选项，斟酌判断
A 少吃多读。不符合全文立意 断章取义，理解片面
B 早期人类痛苦的真相。 本文提及人类祖先的生存环境和大脑反应机制只是为下文服务，并非全文主旨 断章取义，理解片面
C 越晚越好。 本文未提及相关内容 无中生有，生搬硬套
D 成年人面临的棉花糖实验。 本文围绕棉花糖实验展开，先从针对孩子的测试引入，再类比到成年人面临的信息轰炸和不良信息带来的诱惑，因此全文着重介绍了成年人面临的棉花糖实验 涵盖性强，覆盖全文
第三步 对比选项得出答案
参考答案 D
典例二 （2023·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读B）
第一步 读文章，理清结构
第二步 析选项，斟酌判断
A 拯救学校花园。本文提到了学生在学校种植蔬菜，但其目的并不是拯救学校花园，而是培养学生对蔬菜的兴趣。 移花接木， 偷换概念
B 体验乡村生活。本文未提及相关内容。 无中生有， 生搬硬套
C 蔬菜种植爱好者 本文主要讲述了Abby Jaramillo和另一位老师发起Urban Sprouts项目，带领学生种植蔬菜，使学生们开始对园艺感兴趣的故事。C项全面、精炼地概括了文章内容。 涵盖性强， 覆盖全文
D 改变当地风景。本文未提及相关内容。 无中生有，生搬硬套
第三步 对比选项得出答案 C
典例三27．B 解析：标题归纳题。阅读文章可知，第一段介绍了猫的惊人的发声技能，第二段介绍了猫的嗅觉敏锐，能够区分不同的环境，第三段介绍了猫的令人印象深刻的取物习惯，这些都属于对猫的行为的介绍。B项最适合作文章标题。
五：训练检测
A
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了幼儿时期友谊对儿童社交能力发展的重要性，探讨了幼儿表达友谊的方式和可能出现的问题。
1.解析：C 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句中的a toddler’s way of saying “I like you” during play is likely to come in the form of copying a friend’s behavior可知，当蹒跚学步的孩子模仿玩伴的行为时，这意味着他在说“我喜欢你”。
2.解析：D 细节理解题。根据第三段倒数第二句可知，作者建议父母在孩子的社交活动中扮演一个积极的角色，通过设置限制和频繁地提醒他们的身份是非常重要的，即作者建议父母帮助孩子理解社交规则。
3.解析：A 推理判断题。根据第四段内容尤其是括号内引用的表述可知，首先要帮助孩子学会共情，然后建议他如何解决这个问题。再结合生活常识和逻辑关系可推断，每个引用的表述都起到了举例的作用。
4.解析：C 标题归纳题。第一段指出儿童越早学会培养积极的人际关系，他们长大后就会越擅长与人交往；第二段讲述儿童的性格特征和表达差异；第三段讲述在你家孩子的社交活动中扮演一个积极的角色是很重要的；第四、五段讲述鼓励孩子积极交际的方式。综上所述，文章主要讲述了父母要在孩子成长的过程中教会孩子如何与人建立积极的人际关系。因此，C项为文章最佳标题。
【熟词生义】
schedule 熟义：n.工作计划；日程安排
生义：v.安排；为……安排时间
例句：A presidential election is scheduled for December.
一场总统大选计划在12月举行。
【难句分析】
译文：此外，蹒跚学步的孩子展示他们喜欢其他孩子的方式明显不同于成年人所认为的友谊的表达方式。
B
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。Jason Allen使用人工智能创作自己的作品并在比赛中取得了胜利，但他的胜利引发了争议，最终博览会的官员修改了比赛的规则。
5.解析：D 细节理解题。根据第二段中的Jason Allen won the top spot in the fair’s digital arts competition可知，Jason Allen在博览会的数字艺术比赛中赢得了第一名。
6.解析：B 词义猜测题。根据第一段中的Now， officials with the 152-year-old fair have revised the contest’s rules尤其是revised可知，博览会的官员已经修改了比赛规则。此处tweak与revise同义，均表示“修改”。
7.解析：C 观点态度题。根据第六段最后一句可知，官员们未来甚至可能决定增加一个单独的人工智能类别，这取决于像Midjourney这样的工具的流行程度。由此推断，Stoller对人工智能艺术作品的态度是支持的。
8.解析：D 标题归纳题。本文主要讲述了Jason Allen使用人工智能创作的作品在比赛中取得了胜利，却由此引发了争议，博览会的官员们最终制定出了新的规则。由此可知，D项为文章最佳标题。
C
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。研究表明，单脚站立的能力可以反映出中老年人的健康水平。
9.解析：D 细节理解题。根据第三段中的The study involved 1，702 people aged 51 to 75 living in Brazil， who were asked to balance unsupported on one leg during an initial check.可知，参与者们在这项研究中做了平衡能力的测试。
10.解析：B 推理判断题。根据第四段可知， 研究者们通过对比参与者们的寿命得出了研究结论。
11.解析：C 推理判断题。根据第五段可知，这项研究缺乏深入的研究。
12.解析：C 标题归纳题。综合全文内容可知，本文主要告诉我们：单脚站立的能力可以反映出中老年人的健康水平。 因此C项为文章最佳标题。