中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
话题四 动物
语法填空
A
A dog can be a person's best friend, or so the theory goes. But that relationship can be tested when a dog begins barking at an empty corner of a room, at a door, or anywhere ____1____ there doesn't appear to be any activity at all taking place.
If a dog barks seemingly unprovoked at night, it might be because ambient noise is lessened and they're more attuned to the ____2____(variety) howling and barking of other dogs. Because dogs are territorial, one dog barking can turn into many.
If a dog is reacting to _____3____looks to you like an empty backyard at night, it's possible that something has caught their attention, be it a wild animal, a leaf, or a serial killer.
That's not to say that dogs only bark when their canine senses ____4____( trigger). Some dogs might bark spontaneously out of boredom, in which case more exercise or playtime is ____5___(probable) needed. They might also be trying to get their owner's attention.
The AKC recommends that owners avoid _____6____(scold) their dogs for barking, since they're simply trying to remain vigilant. Instead, you can try reassuring the dog to let them know you're aware ____7____their concern.
If they tend ____8_____(bark) while gazing out a window, you can also try to manage their vantage point with curtains. _____9____you suspect the source is an audio cue, some white noise, like a television or radio, can help.
Less often, chronic barking might be ____10_____sign of cognitive issues. If barking is persistent and no fugitive is hiding out in your bushes, then you might consider a trip to the vet.
B
Notorious for raiding bins and preying on pets, foxes are widely considered a nuisance. But they used to be man's best friend, according to a study.
Researchers ____1_____(analysed) remains found at an ancient burial site in Patagonia, Argentina dating back to 450 AD. While it contained the skeletons of 18 adults and six children, there was also evidence _____2____ an ancient fox species was buried alongside the humans.
Analysis revealed foxes were buried in the same graves, and had shared ____3____similar diet to humans, indicating a close relationship. The species of fox _____4_____(discover) - Dusicyon avus - was roughly the size of a German shepherd but is now extinct.
The researchers, which included scientists from the University of Oxford, suggest the fox was _____5____(potential) a companion pet for hunter-gatherers. ______6_____, they believe the introduction of the modern dog led to their decline as companion animals.
The study, published in the journal Royal Society Open Science, reads: "The co-burial of humans and foxes is a rare archaeological record worldwide, and suggests a cultural or symbolic ______7____(significant)."
______8_____the reasons for its inclusion in a mortuary context remain unclear, the most plausible explanation is that this fox was a ______9_____(value ) companion to the hunter-gatherer groups.
Its strong bond with human individuals during its life would have been the primary factor for its placement_____10_____a grave good after the death of its owners or the people with whom it interacted.
C
You can lead a horse to water and, it turns out, convince it to drink if the reward is great enough, researchers have found.
A new study has suggested horses are ______1_____( intelligent) than previously thought, having been observed to quickly adapt to a treat-based game with changing rules.
Researchers from Nottingham Trent University (NTU) said they were surprised _____2___ how the horses quickly grasped the game, busting previous theories_____3____ equine brains respond only to immediate stimuli and are not complex enough to strategies.
The new findings could lead ____4____ more humane horse training regimes and improvements to their welfare, researchers said. The study involved 20 horses, who first were rewarded with a treat for touching a piece of card with their nose.
In the second stage, a "stop light" was introduced, and the rule was changed so that the reward was only given if they touched the card ____5_____the light was off.
This did not alter the ______6____(behave) of the horses, as they were observed touching the card regardless____7____the status of the light. That is, until the rules changed for a third time.
In the final stage, researchers introduced a penalty of a 10-second timeout for touching the card while the stop light was on.
The team observed a rapid adjustment to the horses' behaviour now there was a cost to getting it wrong, all of them quickly learning to play by the rules ______8____( avoid) the timeout, researchers said.
"We were expecting horses' performance to improve when we introduced the time-out, but were surprised by how immediate and significant the improvement was," lead researcher Louise Evans said.
The researchers believe the fact the horses adapted so quickly indicates they understood the rule of the stop light the entire time, but had no reason to follow the rule when there was no consequence for_____9____( get) it wrong.
The study, published in the Applied Animal Behaviour Science journal shows that horses are more cognitively advanced than they are given credit for, Dr Carrie Ijichi, a senior equine researcher at NTU said.
"This teaches us that we shouldn't make assumptions about animal intelligence or sentience based__ _10____ whether they are 'built' just like us," she said.
阅读理解
Drinking alcohol may be far less of a human characteristic than previously thought, according to a new scientific paper arguing that ethanol consumption is widespread in the animal kingdom. While stories of wild animals behaving in a drunken fashion after eating fermented fruits frequently make headlines, such behaviour is mostly assumed to be rare and accidental.
However ecologists have challenged this "anthropocentric" view in a new review of scientific papers, published in the Trends in Ecology & Evolution journal. They argue that since ethanol is naturally present in nearly every ecosystem, it is likely consumed on a regular basis by most animals that eat fruit and nectar.
The researchers found a "diverse coterie" of species previously noted by scientists to have adapted to – rather than avoided – ethanol in their diets, from chimpanzees to treeshrews, and concluded that ethanol "has shaped the evolution of many species and structured symbiotic relationships among organisms".
"We're moving away from this anthropocentric view that ethanol is just something that humans use," said Dr Kimberley Hockings, a behavioral ecologist at the University of Exeter. "It's much more abundant in the natural world than we previously thought, and most animals that eat sugary fruits are going to be exposed to some level of ethanol."
Ethanol first became abundant around 100 million years ago, when flowering plants began producing sugary nectar and fruits that yeast could ferment. Naturally fermented fruits typically only reach 1 to 2 per cent alcohol by volume (ABV), but concentrations as high as 10.2 per cent ABV have been found in over-ripe palm fruit.
While animals had already harboured genes capable of metabolising ethanol before yeasts began producing it, there is evidence that evolution has since fine-tuned this ability for mammals and birds that consume fruit and nectar, the scientists said.
"From an ecological perspective, it is not advantageous to be inebriated as you're climbing around in the trees or surrounded by predators at night – that's a recipe for not having your genes passed on," said Matthew Carrigan, a molecular ecologist at the College of Central Florida.
It's the opposite of humans who want to get intoxicated but don't really want the calories – from the non-human perspective, the animals want the calories but not the inebriation.
However the researchers said that ethanol consumption could carry several benefits for wild animals. In addition to being a source of calories, ethanol could also have medicinal benefits, the scientists said.
They pointed to fruit flies intentionally laying their eggs in substances containing ethanol, which protects their eggs from parasites, and fruit fly larvae increasing their ethanol intake when they become parasitised by wasps.
"On the cognitive side, ideas have been put forward that ethanol can trigger the endorphin and dopamine system, which leads to feelings of relaxation that could have benefits in terms of sociality," said Anna Bowland, a behavioral ecologist at the University of Exeter. "To test that, we'd really need to know if ethanol is producing a physiological response in the wild."
However some cases in insects appeared to point to a social link with ethanol consumption. In one 2012 study, male fruit flies were found to increase their alcohol consumption after being rejected by a mate, while females of a closely-related species were found to be less selective in their choice of mate after consuming ethanol.
And in another theory first proposed in 2014, known as the the "drunken monkey" hypothesis, Berkeley biologist Professor Robert Dudley posited that humans' taste for alcohol dates back millions of years to when primates discovered that the smell of ethanol led them to ripe, fermenting and nutritious fruit.
While he was unable to provide evidence on whether monkeys and apes actually sought out fermented fruits or digested the alcohol, a further study in 2022 of black-handed spider monkeys in Panama suggested that these primates routinely sought out jobo tree fruits which were ripe enough to contain alcohol.
1. According to the article, how do scientists view alcohol consumption in animals
A. As a rare and accidental occurrence
B. As a widespread and natural behavior
C. As a uniquely human characteristic
D. As a dangerous activity for wildlife
2. What potential benefit of ethanol consumption did researchers discover in fruit flies
A. Improved flying abilities
B. Protection of eggs from parasites
C. Enhanced mating opportunities
D. Increased body temperature
3. What do the researchers suggest about animals and alcohol consumption
A. Animals always avoid alcohol
B. Animals prefer to get intoxicated
C. Animals are primarily interested in calories
D. Animals cannot metabolize alcohol
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话题四 动物
语法填空
A
A dog can be a person's best friend, or so the theory goes. But that relationship can be tested when a dog begins barking at an empty corner of a room, at a door, or anywhere ____1____ there doesn't appear to be any activity at all taking place.
If a dog barks seemingly unprovoked at night, it might be because ambient noise is lessened and they're more attuned to the ____2____(variety) howling and barking of other dogs. Because dogs are territorial, one dog barking can turn into many.
If a dog is reacting to _____3____looks to you like an empty backyard at night, it's possible that something has caught their attention, be it a wild animal, a leaf, or a serial killer.
That's not to say that dogs only bark when their canine senses ____4____( trigger). Some dogs might bark spontaneously out of boredom, in which case more exercise or playtime is ____5___(probable) needed. They might also be trying to get their owner's attention.
The AKC recommends that owners avoid _____6____(scold) their dogs for barking, since they're simply trying to remain vigilant. Instead, you can try reassuring the dog to let them know you're aware ____7____their concern.
If they tend ____8_____(bark) while gazing out a window, you can also try to manage their vantage point with curtains. _____9____you suspect the source is an audio cue, some white noise, like a television or radio, can help.
Less often, chronic barking might be ____10_____sign of cognitive issues. If barking is persistent and no fugitive is hiding out in your bushes, then you might consider a trip to the vet.
答案 1. where 2. virious 3.what 4. are triggered 5. probably 6. scolding 7. of 8. to bark 9. If 10. a
从常理上来讲，狗是人类最好的朋友。但是当一条狗对着房间里空荡荡的角落、对着门或对着任何一个没有动静的地方汪汪叫，人与狗的友情可能就要面临考验了。
如果一条狗在夜里似乎无缘无故地叫起来，这可能是因为四周的声音减弱了，让狗可以听到其他狗的叫声。因为狗是有地盘意识的，一只狗汪汪叫会引发很多只狗都开始汪汪叫。
如果一条狗对着夜里在你看起来空荡荡的后院汪汪叫，那么可能是它们注意到了某样东西，也许是一只野生动物，一片叶子，或一个连环杀手。
这并不是说狗汪汪叫都是因为它们的感官察觉到了什么。有些狗可能是因为无聊才自发地叫起来，这时候意味着它们需要更多运动或玩乐时间。它们也可能是在试图引起主人的注意。
美国养犬俱乐部建议，狗主人尽量不要在狗汪汪叫的时候训斥它们，因为它们只是保持警觉而已。你应该试着去安抚狗，让狗知道你已经了解它的担忧。
如果狗总是一边望向窗外一边叫，你可以试着拉上窗帘，让它们看不到窗外的事物。如果你怀疑狗狗是因为听到了某种声音而叫，你可以播放一些白噪音（比如打开电视或收音机）来盖住这种声音。
尽管不太常见，但长期汪汪叫也可能是狗出现认知问题的信号。如果狗不停地叫，而灌木丛里又一无所获，你可能要考虑带狗去看看兽医。
B
Notorious for raiding bins and preying on pets, foxes are widely considered a nuisance. But they used to be man's best friend, according to a study.
Researchers ____1_____(analysed) remains found at an ancient burial site in Patagonia, Argentina dating back to 450 AD. While it contained the skeletons of 18 adults and six children, there was also evidence _____2____ an ancient fox species was buried alongside the humans.
Analysis revealed foxes were buried in the same graves, and had shared ____3____similar diet to humans, indicating a close relationship. The species of fox _____4_____(discover) - Dusicyon avus - was roughly the size of a German shepherd but is now extinct.
The researchers, which included scientists from the University of Oxford, suggest the fox was _____5____(potential) a companion pet for hunter-gatherers. ______6_____, they believe the introduction of the modern dog led to their decline as companion animals.
The study, published in the journal Royal Society Open Science, reads: "The co-burial of humans and foxes is a rare archaeological record worldwide, and suggests a cultural or symbolic ______7____(significant)."
______8_____the reasons for its inclusion in a mortuary context remain unclear, the most plausible explanation is that this fox was a ______9_____(value ) companion to the hunter-gatherer groups.
Its strong bond with human individuals during its life would have been the primary factor for its placement_____10_____a grave good after the death of its owners or the people with whom it interacted.
答案 1. analyse 2. that 3. a 4. discovered 5.potentially 6. However 7. significance 8. Although 9. valuable 10. as
狐狸因去垃圾箱找食物和攻击宠物而臭名远扬，常常遭到人们的非议和指责。然而，一项研究指出，狐狸曾是人类的最好的朋友。
研究人员对位于阿根廷巴塔哥尼亚的一处古代墓地进行了深入分析，该墓地历史可追溯至公元450年，并出土了大量遗骸。这处墓地中发现了18名成年人和6名儿童的骨骼，还有证据表明一种早期的狐狸物种与人类一同埋葬。
分析表明，狐狸被埋在同一墓穴中，与人类的饮食相似，这表明两者关系密切。发现的狐狸物种是Dusicyon avus，体型大致相当于德国牧羊犬，但现已灭绝。
参与研究的科学家包括牛津大学的学者，他们提出，这种狐狸可能是狩猎采集者的宠物。然而，他们认为，现代狗的引入导致它们作为宠物的地位下降。
这项研究发表在《皇家学会开放科学》杂志上，文中写道：“人类与狐狸合葬是一种罕见的考古记录，这显示出两者在文化或象征层面上具有特殊的重要性。”
虽然目前尚不清楚为何要将狐狸与人合葬，但最合理的解释是，这种狐狸曾是狩猎采集者的宠物。狐狸生前与人类个体之间建立的深厚纽带，可能是其主人去世后，它作为随葬品被安置的主要原因。
C
You can lead a horse to water and, it turns out, convince it to drink if the reward is great enough, researchers have found.
A new study has suggested horses are ______1_____( intelligent) than previously thought, having been observed to quickly adapt to a treat-based game with changing rules.
Researchers from Nottingham Trent University (NTU) said they were surprised _____2___ how the horses quickly grasped the game, busting previous theories_____3____ equine brains respond only to immediate stimuli and are not complex enough to strategies.
The new findings could lead ____4____ more humane horse training regimes and improvements to their welfare, researchers said. The study involved 20 horses, who first were rewarded with a treat for touching a piece of card with their nose.
In the second stage, a "stop light" was introduced, and the rule was changed so that the reward was only given if they touched the card ____5_____the light was off.
This did not alter the ______6____(behave) of the horses, as they were observed touching the card regardless____7____the status of the light. That is, until the rules changed for a third time.
In the final stage, researchers introduced a penalty of a 10-second timeout for touching the card while the stop light was on.
The team observed a rapid adjustment to the horses' behaviour now there was a cost to getting it wrong, all of them quickly learning to play by the rules ______8____( avoid) the timeout, researchers said.
"We were expecting horses' performance to improve when we introduced the time-out, but were surprised by how immediate and significant the improvement was," lead researcher Louise Evans said.
The researchers believe the fact the horses adapted so quickly indicates they understood the rule of the stop light the entire time, but had no reason to follow the rule when there was no consequence for_____9____( get) it wrong.
The study, published in the Applied Animal Behaviour Science journal shows that horses are more cognitively advanced than they are given credit for, Dr Carrie Ijichi, a senior equine researcher at NTU said.
"This teaches us that we shouldn't make assumptions about animal intelligence or sentience based__ _10____ whether they are 'built' just like us," she said.
答案 1. more intelligent 2. by 3. that 4. to 5. while 6. behaviour 7. of 8. to avoid 9. getting 10. on
研究发现，如果你带一匹马到水边，如果奖励足够，你可以说服它喝水。
一项新的研究表明，马比人们之前想象的要聪明得多，研究观察到马能够迅速适应基于奖励且规则不断变化的游戏。
诺丁汉特伦特大学（NTU）的研究人员表示，他们对马儿迅速掌握这个游戏的能力感到惊讶，这打破了以往关于马脑只对即时刺激做出反应、不够复杂而无法制定策略的理论。
研究人员表示，这一新发现可能会导致更人性化的马匹训练制度和马匹福利的改善。该研究涉及20匹马，这些马首先被奖励用鼻子触摸一张卡片。
在第二阶段，研究人员引入了一个“停止灯”，并改变了规则，即只有在灯熄灭时触摸卡片才能获得奖励。
但这并没有改变马儿的行为，因为它们无论灯的状态如何都会触摸卡片。直到规则第三次改变。
在最后一阶段，研究人员规定，如果在停止灯亮时触摸卡片，则马儿必须接受10秒的暂停惩罚。
研究人员表示，由于犯错有代价，研究团队观察到马儿的行为迅速调整，它们很快就学会了遵守规则以避免暂停惩罚。
首席研究员路易斯·埃文斯表示：“我们原本预计，在引入暂停惩罚后，马的表现会有所提高，但没想到提高得如此迅速和显著。”
研究人员认为，马儿能够如此迅速地适应，这表明它们一直理解停止灯的规则，但在没有犯错后果的情况下，它们没有理由遵守规则。
这项研究发表在《应用动物行为科学》杂志上，诺丁汉特伦特大学的高级马匹研究员凯丽·伊吉奇博士表示，这项研究表明，马匹的认知能力比人们想象的要先进得多。
她说：“这告诉我们，我们不应该基于动物是否‘像我们一样被塑造’来假定它们的智力或意识。”
阅读理解
Drinking alcohol may be far less of a human characteristic than previously thought, according to a new scientific paper arguing that ethanol consumption is widespread in the animal kingdom. While stories of wild animals behaving in a drunken fashion after eating fermented fruits frequently make headlines, such behaviour is mostly assumed to be rare and accidental.
However ecologists have challenged this "anthropocentric" view in a new review of scientific papers, published in the Trends in Ecology & Evolution journal. They argue that since ethanol is naturally present in nearly every ecosystem, it is likely consumed on a regular basis by most animals that eat fruit and nectar.
The researchers found a "diverse coterie" of species previously noted by scientists to have adapted to – rather than avoided – ethanol in their diets, from chimpanzees to treeshrews, and concluded that ethanol "has shaped the evolution of many species and structured symbiotic relationships among organisms".
"We're moving away from this anthropocentric view that ethanol is just something that humans use," said Dr Kimberley Hockings, a behavioral ecologist at the University of Exeter. "It's much more abundant in the natural world than we previously thought, and most animals that eat sugary fruits are going to be exposed to some level of ethanol."
Ethanol first became abundant around 100 million years ago, when flowering plants began producing sugary nectar and fruits that yeast could ferment. Naturally fermented fruits typically only reach 1 to 2 per cent alcohol by volume (ABV), but concentrations as high as 10.2 per cent ABV have been found in over-ripe palm fruit.
While animals had already harboured genes capable of metabolising ethanol before yeasts began producing it, there is evidence that evolution has since fine-tuned this ability for mammals and birds that consume fruit and nectar, the scientists said.
"From an ecological perspective, it is not advantageous to be inebriated as you're climbing around in the trees or surrounded by predators at night – that's a recipe for not having your genes passed on," said Matthew Carrigan, a molecular ecologist at the College of Central Florida.
It's the opposite of humans who want to get intoxicated but don't really want the calories – from the non-human perspective, the animals want the calories but not the inebriation.
However the researchers said that ethanol consumption could carry several benefits for wild animals. In addition to being a source of calories, ethanol could also have medicinal benefits, the scientists said.
They pointed to fruit flies intentionally laying their eggs in substances containing ethanol, which protects their eggs from parasites, and fruit fly larvae increasing their ethanol intake when they become parasitised by wasps.
"On the cognitive side, ideas have been put forward that ethanol can trigger the endorphin and dopamine system, which leads to feelings of relaxation that could have benefits in terms of sociality," said Anna Bowland, a behavioral ecologist at the University of Exeter. "To test that, we'd really need to know if ethanol is producing a physiological response in the wild."
However some cases in insects appeared to point to a social link with ethanol consumption. In one 2012 study, male fruit flies were found to increase their alcohol consumption after being rejected by a mate, while females of a closely-related species were found to be less selective in their choice of mate after consuming ethanol.
And in another theory first proposed in 2014, known as the the "drunken monkey" hypothesis, Berkeley biologist Professor Robert Dudley posited that humans' taste for alcohol dates back millions of years to when primates discovered that the smell of ethanol led them to ripe, fermenting and nutritious fruit.
While he was unable to provide evidence on whether monkeys and apes actually sought out fermented fruits or digested the alcohol, a further study in 2022 of black-handed spider monkeys in Panama suggested that these primates routinely sought out jobo tree fruits which were ripe enough to contain alcohol.
1. According to the article, how do scientists view alcohol consumption in animals
A. As a rare and accidental occurrence
B. As a widespread and natural behavior
C. As a uniquely human characteristic
D. As a dangerous activity for wildlife
2. What potential benefit of ethanol consumption did researchers discover in fruit flies
A. Improved flying abilities
B. Protection of eggs from parasites
C. Enhanced mating opportunities
D. Increased body temperature
3. What do the researchers suggest about animals and alcohol consumption
A. Animals always avoid alcohol
B. Animals prefer to get intoxicated
C. Animals are primarily interested in calories
D. Animals cannot metabolize alcohol
答案 BBC
根据一篇新的科学论文，饮酒可能远非人们先前认为的那样是人类独有的特性，该论文认为乙醇的摄取在动物界中普遍存在。虽然野生动物食用发酵水果后醉酒行为的报道经常登上新闻头条，但人们普遍认为这种行为十分罕见且出于偶然。
然而，在《生态与进化趋势》期刊上发表的一篇新的科学论文综述中，生态学家对这一“人类中心论”观点提出了质疑。他们认为，由于乙醇几乎存在于每个生态系统中，因此大多数食用水果和花蜜的动物可能都会定期摄入乙醇。
研究人员发现，从黑猩猩到树鼩， 存在“多种多样”的物种，科学家们之前已注意到这些物种已经适应了在其饮食中包含乙醇，而非排斥乙醇，他们因此得出结论，乙醇“已经影响了许多物种的进化，并构建了生物体之间的共生关系”。
埃克塞特大学的行为生态学家金伯利·霍金斯博士说：“我们正在摆脱这种认为乙醇只是人类使用的物质的‘人类中心论’观点。乙醇在自然界中的含量比我们之前认为的要多得多，而且大多数食用含糖水果的动物都会接触到一定程度的乙醇。”
大约1亿年前，开花植物开始产生含糖的花蜜和水果，供酵母发酵，乙醇开始大量出现。自然发酵的水果通常酒精体积百分比（ABV）仅达到1%至2%，但在过熟的棕榈果中，已发现酒精浓度高达10.2% ABV。
科学家们表示，虽然在酵母开始产生乙醇之前，动物就已经拥有了能够代谢乙醇的基因，但有证据表明，自那以后，进化对食用水果和花蜜的哺乳动物和鸟类的这一能力进行了微调。
佛罗里达中部学院的分子生态学家马修·卡里根说：“从生态学的角度来看，当你在树上攀爬或在夜晚被捕食者包围时喝醉是不利的——这注定你的基因无法传递下去。”
这与想要喝醉但不想摄入热量的人类恰恰相反——从非人类的角度来看，动物想要热量但不想喝醉。
然而，研究人员表示，乙醇摄入对野生动物可能带来多种益处。科学家们说，除了作为热量来源外，乙醇还可能具有药用价值。
他们指出，果蝇会故意将卵产在含有乙醇的物质中，从而保护卵免受寄生虫的侵害，而当果蝇幼虫被黄蜂寄生时，它们会增加乙醇的摄入量。
埃克塞特大学的行为生态学家安娜·鲍兰说：“在认知方面，有人认为乙醇可以触发内啡肽和多巴胺系统，从而带来放松感，这可能在社交方面有益。为了验证这一点，我们确实需要了解乙醇是否会在野外产生生理反应。”
然而，昆虫的一些情况似乎表明乙醇摄入与社会联系有关。在2012年的一项研究中，雄性果蝇在被配偶拒绝后会增加酒精摄入量，而密切相关物种的雌性果蝇在摄入乙醇后对配偶的选择变得不那么挑剔。
另一项于2014年首次提出的理论被称为“醉酒猴子”假说，伯克利生物学家罗伯特·达德利教授认为，人类对酒精的喜好可以追溯到数百万年前，当时灵长类动物发现乙醇的气味会引导它们找到成熟、发酵且营养丰富的水果。
虽然他无法提供证据表明猴子和黑猩猩是否真的寻找发酵水果或消化酒精，但2022年对巴拿马黑掌蜘蛛猴的进一步研究表明，这些灵长类动物通常会寻找足够成熟的含有酒精的乔博树果实。
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