2025届高考英语重点语法知识点整理 清单（讲义）

高中重点语法知识点整理
1. 句子成分及基本句型
2. 名词性从句
3. 定语从句
4. 状语从句
5. 虚拟语气
6. 倒装句
7. 非谓语动词
一. 句子成分及基本句型
句子成分
1. 主语：一个句子所叙述的主体，谓语动作的发出者，一般位于句首。(名词)
2. 谓语：说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。（动词）
3. 宾语：表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。 （名词）
4. 表语：用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。（名词，形容词）
5. 宾语补足语：补充说明宾语的动作或特征身份等。<英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整>。（动词，名词，形容词）
6. 定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。（形容词）
7. 同位语：一个名词对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词就是同位语。（名词）
8. 状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。（副词）
基本句型
英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂，但仔细观察不外乎五个基本句式。这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之，绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。这五个基本句式如下：
1. 主谓结构 He runs quickly
2. 主系表结构 He seems interested in the book
（常见的系动词有：look，seem，appear，sound，feel，taste，smell，grow，get，fall ill/asleep， become，turn等）
3. 主谓宾结构 They found their home easily．
4. 主谓双宾结构 He offered me his seat/his seat to me．
（带双宾语的动词有：give，ask，bring，offer，send，pay，lend，show，tell，buy，get；rob，warn等）
5. 主谓宾补结构 They named the boy Charlie．
二. 名词性从句
名词性从句包括： 宾语从句；主语从句；表语从句；同位语从句
一. 宾语从句: 作宾语成分的句子
1. 宾语从句引导词
that： that在从句中不作成分，没有意义，常省略。由直接引语变间接引语，当宾语从句是陈述句时，从句由that引导。
whether, if: 不作成分，但具有意义，意为“是否”, 不省略。由直接引语变间接引语，当宾语从句是一般疑问句时，用if或whether引导.
连接代词和连接副词：既有意义，也作成分，不可省略。由直接引语变间接引语，当特殊疑问句做宾语从句时，用连接代词或连接副词引导。
连接代词：who, whom, whose, which, what在句中担任主语、宾语、定语或者表语。
连接副词：when, where, why, how在句中担任状语的成分。
2. 宾语从句的语序
宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序即：连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分。
e.g. I don’t know what they are looking for.
特殊情况：有的时候连接词可以作从句的主语，或从句某个成分的定语
I don’t know what’s the matter with you = I don’t know what is wrong with you
I wonder which is the way to the bank.
3. 宾语从句的时态
主句是现在时态或将来时态（包括一般现在时，现在进行时，现在完成时，一般将来时等），从句根据实际情况选用任何时态（即不受到主句时态影响）。
主句是过去时态(包括一般过去，过去进行等)，从句须用相对应的过去某种时态。
3. 当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理,定义，定理或者事实时，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时态。
(主现从不限，主过从也过，事实真理永一现)
4. 宾语从句的简化
宾语从句是陈述句时，且主、从句的主语一致，可简化为“动词+ to do sth”. 或“动词+doing sth”
We decided that we would help him. →We decided to help him.
宾语从句是疑问句时，且主、从句的主语一致，或从句的主语与主句的宾语一致。可简化为“疑问词+ to do sth”. (注意to do 前不可以是if)
I don’t know what I should do next. → I don’t know what to do next.
5. 直接引语变间接引语
1. 时态和连接词参考宾语从句
2. 指示代词及表示时间地点的词或词组的变化规则
直接引语变为间接引语时,指示代词以及表示时间和地点的词或词组应作相应变化：
在直接引语中 在间接引语中
3. 引语动词的判定
直接引语变为间接引语,有时候引语动词也要做相应变化
1.) 当从句是祈使句的时候，间接引语可以变成tell/ask sb (not) to do sth 的结构
He said to me, “please open the door.” --- He asked me to open the door.
2.) 当从句是问句的时候，引语动词用 ask.
He said to me: “Do you like English ” ---He asked if I liked English.
3. )主句的谓语动词可直用接引语中的said, 也可用told来代替.
He said, “I have been to the Great Wall.” —>He told us that he had been to the Great Wall.
二. 其他三个从句的用法参照宾语从句即可
重点： 1. That 只在宾语从句可以省略
2. 只用whether的情况： a. or/or not;
b. 介词后
c. 不定式(to do) 前
d. 除了it做形式主语的主语从句
e. 表语从句和同位语从句
3. 可以跟同位语从句的抽象名词通常有news，idea，fact，truth，promise，question，problem，doubt，thought，hope，wish，message，information，suggestion，words，possibility等。
4. 分离式同位语从句：有时候同位语从句可以和同位的名词分开。
The news spread that he had won a car in the lottery.
5. as（如同）, as if（似乎） ， because 也可引导表语从句。
三. 定语从句
1. 关系代词：
人：who（主+宾）， whom（宾）， that （主+宾），whose（定语），as (主+宾)
物：which（主+宾）， that（主+宾）， whose（定语），as (主+宾)
注意：
A. as 只用在且必须用在固定搭配中： as…as…，so...as；such...as；the same+ 名词+as
B. 只用that的情况：
1） 先行词是序数词，形容词最高级或被序数词，形容词最高级修饰时
2）先行词被the only, the very, the last, the same或者every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much，each等修饰时.
3）当先行词是anything, everything, nothing, few, all, none, little, some等表示物的代词时。
4）当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时.
5)当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时
6)先行词是主句的表语或关系代词在从句中作表语.
7）在双重定语从句中，如果一个从句用 which 引导，另一个从句用 that 引导。
8）There be句型中，先行词指物时，用that引导。
9）先行词被 the same 修饰时，如果表示同一事物，应用 the same... that;但如果表示相同的种类，则用 the same... as。
C. 只用who 的情况：
1）当先行词为 those, one, ones, anyone等或者I, you, he ,they等。
2）在 there be 句型中，先行词指人时。
3）当先行词被 all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some 修饰人时。
There are very few people who would not like to do it. (不可以省略)
4）先行词指人且后面有较长的插入语时.
D. 只用whom 的情况：
1）若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，且不可以省略，不可用who或者that。
E. 只用which 的情况：
1) 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指物时用which，且不可以省略，不能用that；
2) 先行词本身是that时。
2. 关系副词：when, where, why
关系副词=介词+关系代词（e.g. why=for which）
既不可以填关系代词也不可以是关系副词的时候，要想到介词+关系代词。
3. 非限制性定语从句： 有逗号隔开，从句不对主句起限制性作用。注意：that不可以用于非限制性定语从句； as 表示“正如”。
四. 状语从句
时间状语从句
1. 当…时候：when, while, as
意义 备注
when 当…的时候 从句用持续或短暂动词，从句动作在主句的前中后发生都可以
while 在…期间 从句只能用持续动词，主从句同时发生
as 当…的时候；随着; 一边一边 从句用持续或短暂动词，强调动作相继发生或同时发生
2. whenever 无论何时： You are always welcome whenever you come.
3. before 在…之前； after 在…之后
Before 从句往往带有否定含义, “还没…就”
He died before I could ask his name. 还没来得及问他姓名，他就死了。
before 常用句型 It is /was/will （not） be …before…。 翻译为“….之后”
It will be five years before we meet again. 五年以后我们才能再见。
It was not long before I realized I was wrong. 不久我就意识到我错了。
4. till until 直到； not…until 直到…才…
I didn't leave until/till she came back. 直到她回来，我才离开的。
当not until位于句首时，主句中的主语、谓语要使用倒装语序。
Not until she stopped crying did I leave.直到她不哭了，我才离开的。
It is/was not until…that… 直到…才…
It was not until midnight that I went to sleep.
5. since, ever since. 自……以来(现完)
since从句中一般用短暂性动词的一般过去时。
It has been just a week since we arrived here. 我们刚到这儿一星期。
有时since 从句中也可以用延续性动词，表示一件事情的终止。
It's two years since he was a college student.
句型： It is/ has been +一段时间+ since+ did
It is/ has been 3 years since he died. 他死了三年了他大学毕业已有两年了。
6. 一…就：
a. as soon as “一……就……” （主将从现，主过从过）
b.副词类： immediately， instantly， directly，presently从句中用一般用一般过去时或过去完成时态。 E.g. We came directly we got your telephone. 我们一接到你的电话就赶来了。
c. the+时间名词：the moment, the minute, the instant, the second, the afternoon/day/morning/week/month/year. 这几个名词短语也可用作连词，直接引导时间状语从句，表示“一…就…”
e.g. Tell him I need to see him the minute he arrives. 告诉他，他一到我就要见他。
d．hardly /scarcely…when； no sooner…than. 这两个短语都表示“刚…就…”，可以互换，主句通常用去完成时。
e.g. He had no sooner started out than he felt homesick. 他刚出发就想起家来。
注意：当hardly, scarcely, no sooner位于句子的开头时，主句须用倒装语序。
Hardly had she fallen asleep when a knock at the door woke her up.
她刚要睡着，忽然敲门声把她吵醒。
e. 一……就……还可以用on/upon doing 结构来表示。
e.g. On arriving home, he called up Lester. = As soon as he arrived home, he called up Lester.
7. once 一旦
once作连词时，也相当于as soon as，但它含有的条件意味更浓，它引导的从句较短。
Once you begin, you must continue. 一旦开了头，你就应当继续下去。
8. time 词组：next time, the first time, the last time, every time...表特定时刻发生的事。
Be sure to call on us next time you come to town. 下次你进城一定来看我们。
9. by the time 到…时为止.( 主句一般要用完成时态)
By the time he was fourteen, Einstein had learned advanced mathematics.
爱因斯坦到十四岁时就学完了高等数学。 (从句为一般过去，主句要用过完)
二. 目的状语从句
1. that, so that(句中), in order that（句中或句首）： 为了…
that , so that，in order that表示“为了，以便”，一般放在主句之后，从句常用情态动词加动词构成。
e.g. They hurried so that they might not miss the train. 他们为了不误火车，才急急忙忙的。
当主从句的主语一致时，so that和in order that引导的目的状语从句可以转换成相对应的动词不定式结构：so as to; in order to…
e.g. They hurried so that they might not miss the train. → They hurried so as not to miss the train.
2. in case, lest, for fear that…几个短语都表示万一，惟恐，含有否定的意义。lest必须用虚拟语气（should）do；for fear that 和in case 后若是不可能发生的事情，也要用虚拟语气。
e.g. Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold. 最好多带些衣服以防天气会冷。
She came in quietly lest she should wake up the baby. 她悄悄进来，以防吵醒宝宝。
三. 结果状语从句
结果状语从句由 so, that, so that, so...that，such that, such...that 引导，意思是“如此...以至于”。
1. so, that, so that: 这三个词都可以引导结果状语从句。so that最为常用，so或that常用于口语或非正式文体中。
e.g. What has happened that you look so worried 发生了什幺事，使你显得如此担心？
The room was packed with people, so that we couldn't get in.房间里挤满了人，我们进不去。
2. such that 引导结果状语从句，such 在主句中作成分，意为（是）这样...以致。
e.g. His progress was such that it surprised his teacher. 他的进步如此大，让老师感到惊讶。
3. so…that; such…. that… 如此…以至于… so修饰形容词，副词； such 修饰名词
e.g. He is so poor that he can’t buy a bike for his son.
She is such a good teacher that everybody likes her.
在so + 形容词副词 + that-从句结构中，如将so + 形容词副词位于句首，主谓语要倒装。
e.g. So excited was he that she could not say a word. 他很激动，一句话都说不出来。
so...that 和 such...that 主从句主语一致时，可以和too...to, enough...to 以及 so…as to…, such…as to…互换。
e.g. She is so young that she can' t go to school.
= She is too young to go to school.
=She is' t old enough to go to school.
=she is so young as not to go to school.
=she is such a young girl as not to go to school.
四. 方式状语从句
方式状语从句是描述动作方式的从句。方式状语从句常由as, as if/ as though，the way等词引导，通常位于主句之后。
1: as, just as 正如，像…一样。 just as 比as 语气要强一些。
e.g. Please do as you are told. （也可说Please do as told.） 请按照人家告诉你做的去做。
注意：
在口语中，还可用like来代替as，引导一个方式状语从句。
e.g. She is doing the work exactly like I want her to. 她正在完全按照我要她的那样在做这项工作。
2: as if, as though： 似乎，好像
由as if 或as though引导的状语从句可以用陈述语气表示可能符合事实的情况，也可以用虚拟语气的过去式表示现在不符的或与事实相反的情况。
She looks as if she is ill. 看上去她好象是生病了。
He acted as if/though nothing had happened。 他装得似乎什么事也未发生过。
3. the way…: … 的方式
Please pronounce the word the way I have shown you in the class. 请按照我课堂上展示的方法来读这个单词。
五、比较状语从句
比较状语从句由as…as…; than; the more…the more…等引导，表示两者之间进行比较。
1．A. as...as, the same as… 表示两者一样…： 这个句型中前一个as是副词，修饰后面的形容词/副词，后一个是连接词，引出后面的比较状语从句。
e.g. Our country is as big as the whole of Europe.我们的国家同整个欧洲一样大。
She works in the same building as my sister. 她和我的妹妹在同一大楼上班。
B. 否定句用not so/as …as, not the same …as，表示前者不如后者。
e.g. The result was not as/so good as I had expected. 结果不如我预料的那么好。
C.当第一个 as 作为副词来修饰形容词，而该形容词同时又修饰一个单数可数名词，那么此时要将形容词置于不定冠词前
as + adj+ a/an+可数名词单数+as
e.g. He has as big a house as I have. = He has a house as big as I have.
2: A. than: 表示不同程度级的比较。 “A比B更…”
e.g. He is two inches taller than his father.
= He is taller than his father by two inches. 他比他爸爸高两英寸。
B. no more...than: “同…一样不” = Not…any more than
e.g. I am no taller than you. = I am not any taller than you. 我和你都不高。
C. 倍数比较的句型: 表示两事物倍数关系的比较，可用以下三种句型.
1:“倍数+比较级”: A is twice bigger than B
2:“倍数+as...as” : A is three times as big as B
3:“倍数+名词” A is three times the size of B
3．the more..., the more...：意思是越……就越……。第一个the more 也可以看成是一个条件, 是从句，后半句是主句。
e.g. The more you read, the better you understand.
你看的书越多，你懂得就越多。（= If you read more, you will understand better.）
e.g. The busier he is, the happier he feels.他越忙越开心。
4、A is to B what/as C is to D 结构 ： A 与 B 之间的关系就类似于 C 和 D 之间的关系。
The people is to the people’s army what water is to fish.
该句型的变体结构:what/as C is to D, so is A to B 或 A is to B
e.g. As perfume is to a flower, so is personality to man.
What perfume is to a flower, personality is to man.
六、原因状语从句
because：因为，语气比较强，表达的是未知的信息，通常表示直接原因。 一般放在主句之后，也可放在主句前，用逗号隔开。
e.g. Because I like it, I do it. 因为我喜欢，所以我才做。
回答why的问句，只能用because.
强调句中只能用because. e.g. It was because I missed the bus that I was late for school.
关联词not …but 引导的原因状语从句中，要用because.
because还常和副词just, merely, only等连用
e.g. You shouldn't get angry only because some people speak ill of you.
你不该仅仅因为有些人说了你的坏话就生气
because等词不能与 so连用。
注意：because否定句的翻译。
主从句间有逗号，not 否定主句动词，翻译为“没有…是因为…”。
主从句间无逗号，not 否定because，翻译为“不是因为”。
e.g. I didn’t visit him, because I wanted to borrow some books。我没去拜访他，因为我想借几本书。
e.g. I didn’t visit him because I wanted to borrow some books. 我拜访他不是因为我想借几本书。
2．for: 表示的是推断解释，常用在句末，与主句用都好隔开。
e.g. It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. 昨晚肯定下雨了，因为地面是湿的。
3. since=now that :既然，语气较弱，强调已知事实。大多置于句首，主从句的时态一般相同。
e.g. Since you are all here, let's try and reach a decision. 既然大家都来了，咱们就设法做出一个决定吧。
4．as: 由于; 一般多用于句首，中间用逗号隔开。表示的原因为人所知，语气弱。as只是对主句的附带说明，重点在主句。
e.g. As it is getting dark，we’d better go home. 天快黑了，我们最好回家。
5.分词作表原因的连词：considering（ that）, seeing （that）…
这两个词和since, now that意思相近，都有鉴于…事实，考虑到…的意思。
e.g. Seeing that quite a few people were absent, we decided to put the meeting off.
由于好些人都没到会，我们决定延期开会。
e.g. Considering that they are just beginners, they are doing quite a good job.
考虑到他们才刚刚学做，他们干得算很不错的了。
6. not that…but that…: 这一结构相当于汉语的不是因为…. 而是因为。
e.g. Not that I don't like the film, but that I have no time for it. 不是因我不喜欢看这部电影，而是因为我没有时间看。
7. in that指某一方面的原因和理由，不用于句首。
e.g. I like Shanghai in that I have many friends there. 我喜欢上海因为那儿有很多我的朋友。
注意：以上表示原因的连接词后只能接句子，不可以接短语和单词；
表示原因的介词词组后只能接短语和单词，不能接句子，这些介词词组有： because of, thanks to, owing to, due to, as a result of, on account of 等
I finished it thanks to/because of your help.
七、地点状语从句
地点状语从句通常由where, wherever（where的强势语）, anywhere(无论何处), everywhere（到处）引导，是表示空间关系的状语从句。
1. where: 在……地方.： Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者，事竟成。
2. wherever= no matter where :在任何……地方，无论哪里
Wherever you go, you should do your work well. 不论到什么地方，都要把工作做好。
You may sit down wherever you like. 你爱坐哪儿就坐哪儿。
3.everywhere: 到处
Everywhere they went, they were kindly received. 他们每到一处都受到了友好接待。
4. anywhere: 无论何处
You can find the sign anywhere you go. 无论在哪儿你都可以看到这个标志。
八.让步状语从句
1. although, though:虽然，尽管。although比though正式。
although 指事实，多用于句首。
e.g. Although he is young, he is very clever. 他尽管年轻，但很聪明。
though既指事实，又指设想。可用于句首、句中或句末。
e.g. Though he is poor, he is happy. 他虽然穷，但很快乐。
有时though= and yet用作副词，放在句子末尾，前面用逗号。
e.g. It was hard work; I enjoyed it, though. 那工作很苦，但是我喜欢干。
= It was hard work, but I enjoyed it. = It was hard work, and yet I enjoyed it.
though从句有时可以倒装，将从句中的一部分提到句首。此时用法等于as
e.g. Child though/as he is, he knows a lot. =Although he is a child, he knows a lot.
尽管他是个孩子，他懂得的东西却很多.
although, though不能与but连用，但是可以与yet, still, nevertheless连用。
e.g. Although /Though he blames me, yet I will trust him.
尽管他责怪我，但我还是愿意信任他。
2: as：同though一样，也可以引导让步状语从句，但从句中要用倒装语序。
e.g. Young as he is, he knows a lot. 他虽然年轻，但懂得很多。(= Though he is young, he…)
3. even if, even though:语气比though, although强，意为“即使”，两者可以通用。
e.g. We won't be discouraged even if though we fail ten times. 我们就是失败十次也不泄气。
4:while， whereas: 突出主句和从句的对比。
e.g. While I understand what you say, I can't agree with you. 虽然我理解你的意思，但我还是不同意。
Some people like fat meat, whereas others hate it. 有些人喜欢肥肉，相反有些人讨厌肥肉。
5: no matter (who, what, where, when, etc) = however, whatever, whenever, wherever…: 这几个词引导的让步状语从句语气十分强烈， 表示 “无论…”
e.g. This is not true, no matter who says so. 不管谁这么说，都不对。
e.g. However (=No matter how) expensive it may be, I'll take it. 无论它有多贵，我也要买下它。
6．whether...or (not) ...: 意思是不管……还是……。
e.g. Whether you believe it or not, it's true. 不管你信不信，这是真的。
7. if 有时也可用于让步状语从句，相当于even if。
e.g. If he is poor, he is at least honest. 尽管他穷，但至少他很诚实。
九、条件状语从句
条件状语从句表示条件，通常由 if(如果)，unless(除非) ，so /as long as（只要），as /so far as（只要）, on condition that （如果）, in case （万一）, suppose （that）, supposing（that）（假如）引导。
1：if 表示正面的条件，unless 表示反面的条件，unless=if not, if= not unless
If you ask him, he will help you. 如果你向他请求，他会帮助你。
They will go tomorrow unless it rains. 除非明天下雨，否则他们会去的。
2：so /as long as， on condition that… 表示“只要，条件是……”
You may use the room on condition that/ so long as you clean it afterwards.
只要你用完后打扫干净，你就可以使用这个房间。
3.in case
in case 既引导目的状语从句，也可以引导条件状语从句，等于if it happens that。
Send us a message in case you have any difficulty. 万一你有什么困难，请给我们一个信儿。
4. 分词表示条件作连词： a. providing/ provided that… 只要; b. supposing/ suppose
that…假如; c. given that… 考虑到，鉴于
Given that they are inexperienced, they've done a good job.
考虑到他们缺乏经验，他们的工作已做得很好了。
Provided /Providing（that）we invite him, he would surely come to dinner.
假如我们邀请他的话，他肯定会来吃饭的。
注意： given可单独使用作介词，后加名词，翻译为“考虑到…”
Given his age, he is really a fast learner.
5. what…if…: 如果…将会怎么样？
What if we don’t have enough time 如果我们没有足够的时间怎么办？
五. 虚拟语气
1. 虚拟条件句：
a. 与现在事实相反: if sb did (be 用were) sth, sb should/would/ could/might do sth.
b. 与过去事实相反: if sb had done sth, sb should/would/ could/might have done
c. 与将来事实相反: if sb did/were to do/ should do sth, sb should/would/ could/might do
特殊情况：
（1） 错综虚拟条件句：主从句时间不同时，动词形式就按照本身时态来调整。
e.g. If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 如果我上学的时候努力的的话，我现在也是个工程师了。
（2）含蓄虚拟条件句：有时假设的情况不以条件句的形式表现出，而是通过一个介词短语或分词或其他方式表现出来，如：but for（若不是），without, under, otherwise, but, or, but that（若不是）,given等。
e.g. But for his help, we would be working now. 如果不是他的帮助，我们现在还在工作中。
2. if only 要是…就好了
a. if only sb did sth 与现在事实相反；
b. if only sb would/could/ might do sth与将来事实相反;
c. if only sb had done sth 与过去事实相反
3. 假如： suppose/Supposing /providing/provided (that)/what if..
+sb did sth. 与现在或将来事实相反
+ sb had done sth. 与过去事实相反
4. 以防万一： for fear that, in case, lest sb should do sth (should不能省略).
5. 在 even if, even though 所引导的让步状语从句中，主句、从句的结构与 if 所引导的条件从句结构相同。
6. 在whatever, whichever, whenever, whoever, wherever, however, no matter wh- 等引导的让步状语从句中
a. may +do (指现在或将来) . e.g. I will wait for him no matter how late he may come.
b. may have done (指过去) . e.g. We must respect him no matter what / whatever mistakes he may have made.
7. as if, as though 引导的方式状语从句.
表示所发生的时间 虚拟语气结构
发生在主句动作之前 had + 过去分词
与主句动作同时发生 过去时(be 用were )
发生在主句动作之后 would / could / might / should+原形动词
e.g. They began to talk warmly as if they had known each other for long.
8. amazed, angry, annoyed, astonished, disappointed, frightened, happy, pleased, proud, sorry, surprised, upset 等后面的状语从句中常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：
a. should do (从句动作发生在主句同时或之后)。
b. should + 完成式, 指过去。（从句动作发生在主句之前）
9. 名词性从句：当主句含有:建议、命令、请求、要求、愿望、主张等意思时，后面的从句用a. (should)+ do （从句动作发生在主句同时或之后）。
b. (should) have done的形式。（从句动作发生在主句之前）。
e.g. The workers demanded that their pay (should) be raised. 工人们要求增加工资。
注意： a. insist作 “力言” 、 “强调” 解时宾语从句不用虚拟语气。
e.g. He insisted that he was a student. 他坚称自己是学生。
b. Suggest作 “暗示” 、 “表明” 解时，宾语从句不用虚拟语气。
e.g. Her pale face suggested that she was ill. 苍白的脸上可以看出，她病了。
10. a. 主语 + wish (that)...did (were)... （表示现在不可能实现的愿望）
b. 主语 + wish (that)...had done… (表示过去不可能实现的愿望)
c. 主语 + wish (that)... could/would/might do (表示将来不可能实现的愿望)
11. would rather/sooner/prefer sb did sth. ( 与现在或将来相反)
would rather/sooner/prefer sb had done sth. ( 与过去相反)
12. It is (high / about/ the very/quite) time that sb+ did/ should do sth. 某人该做某事了。
It is the first time that sb have done sth. / It was the first time that sb had done sth.
六. 倒装句
部分倒装的情况
1. 否定词前置：否定词 + 助动词或情态动词 + 主语 + 谓语
（1）常见的否定词：no, not, never, seldom, hardly, scarcely, rarely, barely, nowhere, not a bit, little, few, neither，no longer, least of all 等。
绝不：in no way, at no time, by no means, in no case, in no time, under/in no circumstances, at no point, on no condition/ account。
e.g. Hardly did I think it possible.
（2）含义为“一…就…”，“刚…就…”，指某事发生的过早。
a. Hardly/Scarcely/Barely + 倒装句(过完)+ when+ 陈述句（过去时）
b. No sooner +倒装句(过完)+ than+陈述句（过去时）
e.g. Hardly had I got to the bus stop when the bus started.
（3）Not only + 倒装句式+ but( also)+ 陈述句语序
e.g. Not only did he clean the room, but also he washed all the clothes.
（4） not until + 句子（陈述句语序）/时间状语+ 倒装句
e.g. Not until yesterday did I learn anything about it.
注意：not until 不放在句首的时候不用倒装。
e.g. It was not until the teacher came in that he finished his homework.
2. only + 状语前置
e.g. Only after he finished the work did he leave the lab.
3. 虚拟条件句中的部分倒装句
对现在虚拟：were + 主语 + 其他 + 虚拟主句
对过去虚拟：had + 主语 + 过去分词 + 虚拟主句
对将来虚拟：should + 主语 + 动词原形 + 虚拟主句
4. 方式/频率副词前置
e.g. Often did he come to my home in the past.
5. 表强调的副词, so， such 置于句首，构成so…that, such…that 时，被强调部分用倒装语序。 结构：so/such +倒装结构 + that结果状语从句
e.g. So fast does he run that he can catch up with a dog.
6. neither…nor句型的部分倒装句， 同 not only…but also…
B. 全部倒装的情况
1. There be等存在句结构。
There (appear, seem, happen, used) + to be +主语+其他
There stand (lie, live, happen，exist) + 主语+其他 = There be +主语+其他
2. 表时间，地点，方位的副词或介词短语在句首时。 （a.主语是人称代词时,主谓不倒装 b. 谓语必须是不及物动词）
3. 直接引语前置时 （a. 主语是人称代词则不倒装； b. 谓语较长或带有间接宾语时不倒装）
4. 有些表语放句首时引起全部倒装
e.g. On the floor were piles of books and paper.
Happy are the rich.
Walking at the head of the line was Tom.
七. 非谓语动词
不定式：
时态语态
一般式 to do ，to be done
进行式 to be doing ，/
完成式 to have done ，to have been done
完成进行式 to have been doing， /
不定式可以做以下成分
a. 主语： It is easy to learn English.
b. 宾语： afford， aim， agree， arrange，bother，determine ，fail ，learn
long ，mean， manage， offer， pretend ，refuse， intend+ to do
c. 补语： advise， allow ，cause， challenge，drive 驱使， enable ，encourage ，forbid ，force， get +sb+ to do
make/ let/ have sb do …让某人做某事。 (省略to的不定式)
d.定语： I have something (to say).
e.表语： His dream is to be a doctor.
f. 状语： 1）目的状语： to do, in order to do, so as to do
e.g. He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.
2）作结果状语，可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果，不定式要放在句子后面。
e.g. He searched the room only to find nothing.
3） 表原因状语
e.g. I'm glad to see you. 见到你很高兴。
动名词
时态/语态
一般式 doing， being done
完成式 having done， having been done
动名词可以做以下成分
a. 作主语：Fighting broke out between the South and the North.
b. 作宾语：admit，appreciate，avoid， complete，consider，delay，deny，detest，enjoy， escape，fancy，finish，imagine，mind，miss ，postpone， practice，resent 讨厌 ，resume， resist， risk，suggest，face，include ，stand ，understand ， forgive，keep，
c. 作表语：Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children.
d. 作定语: 一般表示所修饰名词事物的用途。
a writing desk=a desk for writing 写字台
a swimming pool=a pool swimming 游泳池
分词（现在分词：主动&进行； 过去分词：被动&完成）
时态语态：
现在分词 doing ，being done
过去分词 /， done
完成式 having done， having been done
分词可以做以下成分
a. 定语（相当于定语从句）：the rising sun；a retired worker；
　 a girl sitting there. the question given.
b. 状语（可以表示时间，原因，理由，条件，让步，连续等，相当于一个状语从句）
e.g. Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.=As I didn't receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.
e.g. Given more attention，the trees could have grown better.= If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.
c. 补语 （通常在感官动词和使役动词之后）。
　 I found my car missing.
　 I'll have my watch repaired.
d. 表语 （表示主语的状态等）
　 She looked tired with cooking.
e. 插入语 （分词作插入语的结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语）
　 generally speaking　一般说来 talking of （speaking of） 说道
　 strictly speaking 严格的说 judging from 从…判断
　 all things considered 从整体来看 taking all things into consideration　全面看来
e.g. Judging from his face, he must be ill.
　 Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs.
独立主格结构
如果分词本身有主语，则主动被动要根据本身的主语来看，而不是主句的主语：
e.g. Time permitting, I will go shopping tomorrow. =If time permits, I will go shopping tomorrow.