Unit 3 Sports and Fitness 知识点总结清单（讲义）-2024-2025学年高中英语人教版（2019）必修第一册

Unit 3 Sports and Fitness
Part 1 词汇分层解析
基础词汇通关
词 汇 含义及拓展
medal n.奖章；勋章 a gold medal 金牌;金质奖章
fitness n.健康；健壮；适合 fit vi. & vt.合身;合适;符合 vt.安装adj.健康的；合适的 unfit adj. 不合适的;(身体)不健康的
soccer n.足球；足球运动 football n. 足球运动;美式橄榄球
stadium n.体育场；运动场
boxing n.拳击(运动)
determination n.决心;决定
championship n.锦标赛;冠军赛;冠军称号 champion n. 冠军;优胜者
determine vt.决定;确定 determined adj. 坚定的;坚决的 be determined to do eth 下决心做某事
captain n.(运动队)队长；船长；机长
audience n.观众；听众
diet n.规定饮食；日常饮食 vi.节食 go on a diet 节食;减肥 a balanced diet 均衡饮食
push-up n.俯卧撑 sit-up n. 仰卧起坐
error n.错误；差错 an error in eth 某方面出现错误
host vt.主办；主持 n.主人；东道主；节目主持人 【派】 hostess n.女主人;女主持人
badminton n.羽毛球运动
marathon n.马拉松赛跑
event n.比赛项目；大事；公开活动
track n.跑道；足迹；铁路轨道 vt. & vi.追踪;跟踪 track and field 田径运动 keep track of 了解……的动态;与……保持联系
gym n.健身房；体育馆 gymnastics n.体操(训练)
legend n.传奇故事(或人物)；传说 【派】 legendary adj. 传奇的
athlete n.运动员；运动健儿 【派】 athletic adj. 体育运动的;擅长运动的；健壮的
master n.高手；主人 vt.精通；掌握 master's degree 硕士学位
glory n.荣誉；光荣；赞美 【派】 glorious adj. 光荣的;辉煌的
sweat vt.使出汗；出汗弄湿 vi.出汗；流汗 n.汗水；出汗【派】 sweaty adj.满是汗的
cheat vi.作弊;舞弊 vt.欺骗;蒙骗 n.欺骗手段；骗子 cheat Sb (out) of eth 从某人处骗得某物
jog vi.慢跑 n.慢跑jogging n.慢跑锻炼 go jogging慢跑
ski adj.滑雪的 vi.滑雪 n.滑雪板 skiing n.滑雪(运动) go skiing 去滑雪
graceful adj.优美的；优雅的 grace n.优雅
positive adj.积极的；正面的；乐观的；肯定的 【反】 negative adj.消极的;负面的
slim adj.苗条的；单薄的 【比较级】 slimmer
apart adv.分离；分开；成碎片 fall apart 破裂;破碎;崩溃
rather adv.相当；有点儿rather than 而不是 or rather更确切地说
million bum.一百万 billion bum.十亿
come along 跟随；到达；进步；赶快
work out 锻炼；计算出；解决；制订出；设法弄懂
set an example (for/to…) (为……)树立榜样
lose heart 丧失信心；泄气
even if/though 即使;虽然
now and then 有时；偶尔
from time to time 有时;偶尔
探究词汇提高
make it获得成功；准时到达
教材原句P37 You can make it! 你可以成功的!
Building such a bridge over the bay was a hard c crack, but the local government made it within years.在海湾上建造这样一座桥是一件困难的事情，但当地政府在两年内完成了。[江苏]
She made it to the airport just in time to catch her plane.她及时赶到机场，刚好搭上了班机。
联想拓展含有 make的其他常用短语
be made from... 由······制成
make up 组成;构成
make up for 弥补;补偿
make out (勉强)看出;听出;辨认出;理解
make fun of 取笑;嘲弄;拿……开玩笑
make use of 利用(use 前可加形容词进行修饰,如good、full等)
I could just make out a figure in darkness. 黑暗中，我只能隐约看见有个人影。
The poem is so complicated that I can't make ousts meaning.这首诗太复杂，我理解不了它的意思。
honour n.荣誉；尊敬；荣幸
教材原句 P38 As a player, Lang Ping brought honour and glory to her country.作为一名运动员，郎平为她的国家带来了荣誉和光荣。
常见用法 in honour of bin Mb's honour 为了表示对某人的崇敬；为了纪念某人
show honour to Sb 向某人表示尊敬
have the honour of doing eth 有幸做某事
it is an honour to do eth 很荣幸做某事
It is a great honour to be invited to attend the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games.被邀请参加奥运会的开幕式是一大荣幸。
vt.尊重；尊敬；给予……荣誉；表彰
常用搭配 be fell honored to do eth 做某事感到荣幸
honourable Sb forthwith eth 用某物表彰某人/因某事表彰某人
be honored as……被尊称为……
● Bhang Chongqing has been honored as a master doctor since the Eastern Han Dynasty.自东汉以来，张仲景一直被尊为医学大师。
联想词 honourable adj.光荣的;值得尊敬的;品德高尚的
injured
adj.受伤的；有伤的
教材原句P38 One of the best players had been injured, and the team captain had to causeless of heart problems.最好的球员之一受伤了，队长也因为心脏问题不得不离队。
Ambulances took the injured to a nearby hospital.救护车把伤者送到了附近的一所医院。
联想词 ①injure vt.使受伤;损害 ②injury n.伤害;损伤
易混辨析 名词 injury, wound, hurt 与 harm 的用法区别
易 混 词 用 法
injury 指对躯体的伤害、损伤。 He escaped from the train wreck without injury.他在这次火车事故中没有受伤。
wound 指身体上的伤口、创伤，尤指刀、枪等武器造成的伤。 ●The soldier received a wound in elegant.这名士兵腿部受伤了。
hurt 尤指情感和心灵上的伤害和痛苦。 There was hurt and real anger in her voice.她的声音里充满了痛苦和愤怒。
harm 在表示某种行为或决定有损人或国家的机会、前景、利益、声誉或形象时 ,harm 可与 hurt互换；harm 还可用于自然界中的事物受到人类活动的影响。 ●Try to choose products that do the least harm to the environment. 尽量选择对环境损害最小的产品。
strength
n.[U]力量；体力；力气；毅力；实力；强度[C]长处；优势
教材原句P38 Jordan's skills were impressive,but the mental strength that he showed handmade unique.乔丹的球技令人赞叹，但他所展现出的精神力量使他与众不同。
常用搭配 strengths and weaknesses 优点和缺点build up strength 增强体力
联想师 ①strong adj.强壮的 ②strongly adv.强烈地;坚决地
③strengthen vi.& vt.(使)增强;加强
方法总结 后缀-en构成动词，意为“使；使成为；变得”，表示使具有某种特征。
①形容词+-en:
wide—— widen(使)变宽 sharp—— sharpen (使)变锋利
bright— brighten 使更明亮 short—— shorten(使)变短,缩短
②名词+-en:
fright—— frighten 使害怕 height—— heighten (使)加强
length—— lengthen(使)延长
failure
n.失败；失败的人(或事物)；衰竭；故障；失灵
教材原句P38 I can accept failure; everlastings at something.我能接受失败;每个人都有失败的时候。
特别注意 failure 可作“失败的人/事”讲，用作可数名词，a failure 表示“一个失败的人/一件失败的事”,与a success相对应。
· He was a failure as a businessman.作为商人他是一个失败者。
联想词 fail
①vi.失败；未做到；(机器或人体器官等)失灵，丧失功能；(视力、记忆、健康等)衰退
fail in eth 在某方面失败
fail to do eth 没有做成某事;未做到某事
Firms that fail to take advantage of the new technology will go out of business.未能利用新科技的公司将会倒闭。
②vi.& vt.不及格;未能通过
fail the exam 考试不及格
give up
放弃；投降；认输
教材原句P38 Losing games taught him practise harder and never give up.输掉比赛教会了他要更加努力地练习，永不放弃。
常用搭配· give up (doing) eth 放弃(做)某事
If we expect people to give up the habit of driving,we must give them an alternative they can rely on.如果我们期望人们放弃开车的习惯，我们就必须给出一个为之信赖的替代方案。
联想拓展·含有 give的其他常用短语
give away 赠送;泄露
give off发出(光、热、气味、声音等)
give out 分发;发出(热、光等)
give in 屈服；认输(为不及物动词短语)
give in to Sb 屈服于某人
give way to 让步;屈服
compete
vi.竞争；对抗；参加比赛
教材原句P41 An athlete should think about honour and Fisher fans if he she is comforting Fisher country.如果一个运动员在为他/她的国家比赛，他/她应该考虑到荣誉和他/她的仰慕者。
常用搭配 compete for……争取/争夺……
compete in... 参加······的比赛;参与………的竞争
compete against... 与······比赛/竞争
Runners from many countries are competing for the international prize.来自许多国家的赛跑运动员正在争夺这一国际奖项。
Life is like a long race, and we compete herewith to go beyond ourselves.生活就像一场长跑，我们和别人竞争，是为了超越自己。
联想词 ①competitor n.竞争者;对手;参赛者
②competition n.竞争;角逐
be in competition with……同……竞争
We are in competition with four other companies for the contract.我们正在与另外四家公司竞争那份合同。
③competitive adj.有竞争力的;竞争性强的;好胜的make sense
有道理；合乎情理；表述清楚
教材原句P41 That doesn't make any sense!那没有任何意义！
联想拓展·含有 sense 的其他常用短语和句式
make no sense 没有意义 make sense of 弄懂;理解
in acne sense= in some senses 在某种意义上
in no sense 决不 common sense 常识
a sense of…………感
it makes sense for Sb to do eth 某人做某事是明智的
there is no sense in doing eth 做某事没有意义
Planning so far ahead makes no sense—— so anything will have changed by next year.提前这么久计划没有意义——许多事情到下一年就会变了。
So how should you try and make sense of the final poll which appeared on Wednesday and Thursday 那么你应该如何尝试理解周三和周四的最终民意调查呢
In a sense, the accent has been considered as an individual symbol.在某种意义上,口音已经被认为是一种个人标志。
pretend
vi. & vt.假装;装扮
教材原句P41 A soccer player should not pretend to fall down even if it helps his/her team.一个足球运动员不应该假装摔倒，即使这对他/她的球队有帮助。
常见用法· pretend (that) 假装……
pretend to be... 假装是……
pretend (not) to do…假装(不)做……
pretend to be doing… 假装正在做……
pretend to have done... 假装做过……
The boy pretended to be doing his homework when his mother came in.当他妈妈进来时,这个男孩假装正在做作业。
He pretended not to have known the news.他假装还不知道这个消息。
make a difference
有作用或影响
教材原句P42I had no idea a letter could make such a difference! 我不知道一个字母能有如此大的影响！
Small acts of kindness can make a great difference.小善举能带来大影响。
联想拓展 make some much no difference (to sabbath)(对某人或某物)有一定/有许多/没有影响或作用
it makes Kano difference (to sabbath)+从句 ………(对某人或某物)有/没有影响
Whether he is here or not will make no difference our work.他在不在这里对我们的工作没有影响。
It makes no difference to me whether he goes or not.不管他去还是不去，对我都没影响。
rather than
而不是
教材原句P42 Once I started thinking about fitness rather than weight, things began autochanger.一旦我开始考虑健康而不是体重，事情就开始改变了。
特别注意 ①rather than 用作并列连词,连接两个平行结构。
● What we expect from you is working hard rather playing computer games.我们希望你努力工作，而不是玩电脑游戏。
●Most people would agree that nuclear conscienceless be developed to benefit the human beings rather than harm them.大多数人赞成核科学的发展应该是为了造福人类，而不是伤害人类。
②主语后插入“rather than+名词(短语)/代词”时，谓语动词应与 rather than 前面的主语在人称和数上保持一致。
●He, rather than you, is to blame for losing honeymoon.是他应为丢钱负责，而不是你。
联想拓展·“宁愿做某事而不愿做某事”的表达
prefer to do eth rather than do eth
would do eth rather than do eth
would rather do eth than do eth
He would rather have a decent death which served some purpose than have a meaningless death.他宁愿死得其所，也不想无谓地死去。
cut... out
停止做(或使用、食用)；剪下
教材原句P42 Rather than cutting out the foods I enjoyed, I added healthy foods to meals.我没有停止吃我喜欢的食物，而是在我的膳食中添加了健康的食物。
Pictures from this magazine can be cut out and used as teaching aids.这本杂志上的图片可以剪切下来作为教具使用。
联想拓展含有 cut 的其他常用短语
cut down 砍倒;削减;缩短 cut up 切碎
cut in 打断(谈话);插嘴
cut off 切掉;切断(供应);中断;使……与外界隔绝
Our water supply has been cut off again.我们的供水又被切断了。
The operator cut him off before he had a chance to talk to me.他还没有来得及和我说话，接线员就把他的电话挂断了。
compare
vt.比较；对比；将……比作
教材原句P42 F anally, I stopped comparing myself with actresses and models and looking farthings that were wrong with my face or body.最后，我不再拿自己与女演员和模特进行比较，也不再对自己的脸蛋或身体挑毛病。
常用搭配 compare A bandwidth B 将 A 和 B 比较compared with... 和······相比(常作状语)
compare A to B 将 A 比作 B
We carefully compared the first report with secondhand.我们仔细地比较了第一份报告和第二份报告。
Compared with other transport in the city, bickerer cheap and clean while also offering health benefits.与城市中的其他交通工具相比，自行车既便宜又环保，同时也对健康有益。
We often compare students to the flowers of motherland.我们经常把学生比作祖国的花朵。
联想访 comparison n.相比;对比
by comparison 比较起来;相比之下
b yin comparison (with eth) (与某物)相比较
there's no comparison 无法相比;根本不能相提并论(强调比较之下的差别)
By comparison with other European countries, caprice in the UK are very high.和其他欧洲国家相比，英国的汽车价格非常高。
差距词汇拔尖
contribute to促成；造成
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries.研究表明,竞走和跑步一样对健康有很多好处，而且很可能造成更少的伤害。[课标全国Ⅰ]
There's just no comparison between canned vegetables and fresh ones.罐装蔬菜和新鲜蔬菜根本没法比。
stress
n.压力；紧张；重音；重要性
You should pay attention to the stress while you are reading.在朗读时,你要注意重音。
常用搭配 under stress 在压力下;承受压力
everyplace stress on eth 强调某事
Janet's been under a lot of stress since her mother's illness.珍妮特自从母亲生病以来承受了很大的压力。
The teacher laid particular stress on the need for discipline.老师特别强调了纪律的必要性。
vt.强调;重读 vt.& vi. (使)焦虑不安
The spokesman stressed that the measures did amount to an overall ban.发言人强调,这些措施并不等同于全面禁止。
常用搭配 stress the importance of…强调……的重要性
stress Sb out 使某人极度焦虑;使某人非常紧张
Studying for exams always stresses me out.复习迎考总是使我非常焦虑。[《朗文当代》]
联想词 ①stressed adj.焦虑的;紧张的
I feel stressed and tired these days.这些日子我感到紧张和疲惫。
②stressful adj.充满压力的;紧张的
Moving to a new house is a very stressful experience.搬新家是件很劳心的事。
potential adj.潜在的;可能的 n.潜能;可能性；潜力
We' re helping athletes reach their athletic potential through speed, strength, and agility training.我们正在帮助运动员们通过速度、力量和敏捷性训练来发挥他们的运动潜力。
standard n.标准;水平
It is necessary for athletes who want to sign unto reach the agreed standards at their events.对于想要报名参赛的运动员来说，达到他们所在比赛项目中的统一标准是必要的。
extraordinary adj. 非凡的;特别的;异乎寻常的
Last Sunday our school held an extraordinarily-country running race, which nearly drew the attention of every student and teacher of our school.上周日，我们学校举行了一场非同寻常的越野赛跑比赛，几乎引起了全校师生的注意。
appeal to 对……有吸引力;呼吁
Sport has become an important form of35entertainment, appealing to both men and women of all ages.运动已经成为一种重要的娱乐形式，吸引了所有年龄段的男女。
there is no denying that…不可否认……
There is no denying that fewer and fewer people engaged in exercise due to the addiction electronic products.不可否认,由于沉迷于电子产品，参加体育锻炼的人越来越少。Part II 句子分类探究
长难句分析
1 ---并列连词
She had faced difficulties before, and she knew主 谓 宾 时间状语 主 谓that her young players could win if they worked宾语从句 条件状语从句together as a team.
句意她曾面对过种种困难，她知道如果这群年轻的球员们能团结起来，她们就能取得胜利。意为“被称为……；以……知名”
The player who became known as“Air Jordan”主 定语从句changed basketball with his graceful moves and谓 宾 状语jumps.P38
句意 这位被称为“飞人乔丹”的球员用他那优雅的动作和跳跃改变了篮球运动。
句意他在芝加哥创办的“男孩女孩俱乐部”自1996年以来一直在帮助年轻人。
知识拓展·现在完成进行时由 have has been doing构成。其用法如下：
(1)表示从过去某一时刻开始，一直持续到现在的动作。这一动作可能刚完成，也可能仍在进行，具有持续性和未完成性。该时态多用于延续性动词。
The manager has been telling the workers how improve the programme since 9 am.从上午九点开始，经理就一直在给工人们讲如何改进这个计划。
(2)所表示的动作有时并不是一直在不停地进行，而是在断断续续地重复，带有感彩。
I have to see the doctor because I have been coughing a lot lately.我得去看医生了,因为最近我一直咳嗽得厉害。
4
I agree with the idea that a soccer player should主句 that引导同位语从句，说明 idea的内容never pretend to fall down even if it helps his or even if引导让步状语从句her team.
P41
何意 我同意这个观点，一个足球运动员不应该假装摔倒，即使这对他/她的球队有帮助。
高频句式句式 “so+be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语”类型的倒装句，意为“……也是如此”
如果前句是肯定句，后句用 so来引导倒装句；如果前句为否定句，则后句应用 neither/nor 来引导倒装句。
Football is very important to me, and so is friendship.足球对我来说非常重要，我们的友谊也是如此。
I hadn't been to Paris before, and neither Haldane.我以前没有去过巴黎，简也没去过。
链接课文 So do I.我也是。[P41]
经典例句
——I don't know about you, but I'm sick and tired
of this weather.我不知道你的感觉如何,但我不喜欢并厌倦这种天气。
—— So am I. I can't stand all this rain.我也一样。我受不了总下雨。
知识拓展如果两句话中主语一致，下句只是对上句所述情况的肯定，表示“的确如此”，则应使用“so+主语+be动词/助动词/情态动词”结构。
—— Our English teacher makes every effort to develop interest in learning English.我们的英语老师尽一切努力来培养我们学习英语的兴趣。
—— Yes, so he does every day.是的,他确实每天都是那样做的。(后句中的 he指代上句中的主语Our English teacher,主语一致;此处强调对事情的赞同与证实，故不用倒装结构 so does he来表述。)Part III 单元语法归纳 附加疑问句
教材原句
①It's not a real sport, is it 这不是真正的运动,是吗 (陈述部分是否定句，附加疑问部分应用肯定形式)[P40]
②That sounds interesting, doesn't it 听起来很有趣，不是吗 (陈述部分是肯定句，附加疑问部分应用否定形式,doesn't 要缩写,主语是 That,反问时应用 it)[P40]
③By the way, our school soccer team won at last, didn't they 顺便问一下,我们学校的足球队最后赢了，不是吗 (陈述部分主语是名词，反问时要用对应的代词)[P40]
附加疑问句(Tag Question),又叫反意疑问句,是疑问句的一种。附加疑问部分对陈述部分的事实提出相反的疑问，形式上是个省略句，附在陈述部分之后，并用逗号与陈述部分隔开。它表示提问者有一定的主见，但没有把握，需要对方证实。
1 附加疑问句的构成
(1)肯定的陈述部分+否定的附加疑问部分
It's a fine day, isn't it 天气不错,不是吗
They work here, don't they 他们在这里工作,不是吗
(2)否定的陈述部分+肯定的附加疑问部分
· You didi t go, did you 你没有去,是吗
It isn't very hot today, is it 今天不是很热,是吗
●He can't ride a bike, can he 他不会骑自行车,是吗
特别注意 附加疑问句的主语以及谓语动词在人称、数和时态上通常与前面的陈述部分保持一致；当前一部分的主语为名词时，后一部分的主语用相应的人称代词形式。在附加疑问部分，否定形式一般用缩写形式。
They held a meeting yesterday, didn't they 他们昨天开了一个会，不是吗
The children are playing, aren't they 孩子们正在玩，不是吗
Her mother is a doctor, isn't she 她的母亲是个医生，不是吗
附加疑问句的回答
附加疑问句的回答与汉语不完全一样，应特别注意。不管问题的提法如何，若事实是肯定的，就要34用 yes作答，若事实是否定的，就要用no作答。
— Ann is a worker, isn't she 安是工人,不是吗
— Yes, she is.是的,她是个工人。
●—— Ann isn't a worker, is she 安不是工人,是吗
— Yes, she is.不,她是个工人。
特殊句式的附加疑问句
(1)陈述部分中含有 few, little, seldom, hardly,never, not, no, no one, nobody, nothing, none,neither等否定词或具有否定意义的词时，疑问部分常用肯定形式。
● John could hardly play the violin when we knew, could he 我们认识约翰时,他几乎不会拉小提琴，对吗
● Few people knew the news, did they 几乎没有人知道那个新闻，是吗
(2)祈使句的附加疑问句，疑问部分通常用 will you, won't you, would you, can you, can't you 等来表达不同的含义。否定祈使句的附加疑问部分通常只用 will you。
●Please turn the light off, will you 请关掉灯,可以吗
附加疑问句的其他情况
(1)陈述部分的主语是 this, that时,疑问部分的主语多用 it;陈述部分的主语是 these, those时,疑问部分的主语多用 they。
●This is a dictionary, isn't it 这是一本词典,不是吗
(2)陈述部分是 there be 结构时,疑问部分用“be动词+ there”。
●There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there 你的手表坏了，不是吗
(3)如果陈述部分的主语是 something, nothing,anything, everything 等不定代词时,疑问部分的主语多用 it;如果陈述部分的主语是 everybody,everyone, anybody, anyone, somebody, someone,nobody, no one, none, neither 时,疑问部分的主语强调全体时用 they，强调个体时用 he。
Something is wrong with the computer, isn't it 电脑坏了，不是吗
Nobody likes to be laughed at, do they 没有人喜欢被嘲笑，是吗
(4)如果陈述部分是含宾语从句的主从复合句，则附加疑问部分的主语和谓语动词应与主句的主语和谓语动词保持一致。但如果主句是 I/bethink(believe, suppose, consider等)时,附加疑问部分的主语和谓语动词应与其从句的主语和谓语动词保持一致，而且要注意陈述部分的否定转移。
He said that she was late for school, didn't he 他说她上学迟到了，不是吗
I don't think that you can do it, can you 我认为你做不了这件事，对吗
(5)若陈述部分为Ⅰam……时，附加疑问部分习惯上用 aren't I
I am a very honest man, aren't I 我是一个很诚实的人，不是吗
(6)当陈述部分含有情态动词 must时，先分析一下 must的含义。must的三种附加疑问句形式：①must 出现在肯定陈述部分，表示“必须”的意思，此时疑问部分通常用 mustn't。
You must take off your shoes when getting into homeroom, mustn't you 进入房间时你必须脱掉鞋子，不是吗
②must 表示“必须”且出现在否定陈述部分(即陈述部分用到 must not 或者 mustn't,意为“不允许;禁止”)，此时疑问部分通常用 must或者用 may。
●You mustn't trample on the grass, must may you 你不能践踏草坪，对吧
③must 出现在陈述部分作为一种肯定的推测，表示“一定；肯定”的意思，此时疑问部分仍用 must形式或根据语境采用其他动词形式。
●He must be angry, isn't he 他肯定生气了,对吗
●You must be hungry, aren't you 你肯定饿了,对吧
●She must have got married, hasn't she 她肯定已经结婚了,对吗 (本句中 She must have got married 是对 she has got married 的肯定性强调,所以附加疑问部分应该用 hasn't she)
● Yo u must have finished your job yesterday, didn't 你肯定昨天就已经把工作做完了，对吗 (本句中 You must have finished your job yesterday是对 you finished your job yesterday的肯定性强调,所以附加疑问部分应该用 didn't you)