GRAMMAR
动词-ing形式作主语
【归纳】
★动词-ing形式作主语，表示一般或抽象的多次性的动作，谓语动词用单数。如：
Reading aloud is v ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ery important for us to learn a foreign language.
Going to bed early an ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d getting up early is considered to be a good habit.
★动词-ing形式常用于“It is / was + 名词/形容词... +动词-ing形式”句型中。其中，常用此句型的名词有no use, no good, fun等；形容词有useless, nice, good, interesting等。如：。如：
It’s no use asking me what I don’t know.
It was useless speaking.
动词-ing形式作宾语
【归纳】
★有些动词（短语）后只能跟 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )动词-ing形式作宾语，而不能跟动词不定式作宾语。常见的有：enjoy, admit, imagine, finish, advise, allow, permit, escape, avoid, appreciate, suggest, keep, practise, consider, mind, give up, look forward to, put off, get used to, insist on等。如：
I want to travel ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )because I enjoy meeting people and seeing new places.
Dana admitted feeling hurt by what I had said.
She imagined herself sitting in her favourite armchair back home.
Have you finished reading that magazine
Why don’t you give up smoking
We’re so much looking forward to meeting you.
★有些动词后既可跟动词-ing形式 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )作宾语，也可跟动词不定式作宾语, 且后接以上两种形式作宾语时意义上没有什么区别。常见的有：begin, start, continue, love, prefer, like, hate等。如：
I began reading ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) / to read this novel last month and I still haven’t finished it.
Everyone in the class started laughing / to laugh.
Sally wanted to continue working / to work after she was married.
We all love talking / to talk about ourselves.
★有些动词（短语）后既可跟动词-ing形式作 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )宾语，也可跟动词不定式作宾语，但用法和意义都有所不同。常见的有：remember, forget, stop, regret, try, mean, go on等。如：
He took a l ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ong look at the girl and finally remembered seeing her at a party somewhere.
Remember to call me when you arrive!
Stop shouting — you’re giving me a headache!
We should stop to get a drink of water.
He went on working until he was 91.
Go on to do the other exercise when you’ve finished this one.
区别如下：
remember doing sth. 记得做过某事
remember to do sth. 记住去做某事
forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事
forget to do sth. 忘记要做某事
stop doing sth. 停止做某事
stop to do sth. 停下来（原来的事）去做某事
regret doing sth. 后悔做过某事
regret to do sth. 遗憾地要做某事
try doing sth. 尝试着做某事
try to do sth. 努力做某事
mean doing sth. 意味着做某事
mean to do sth. 打算做某事
go on doing sth. 继续做同一件事
go on to do sth.（做完某事）接着做另一件事
【拓展】
有些动词后常跟动 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )词不定式作宾语。常见的有：afford, agree, choose, decide, hope, offer, plan, promise, threaten, manage, fail, refuse, seem。如：
They walked because they couldn’t afford to take a taxi.
Helen’s promised to do all she can to help me.
Doctors failed to save the girl’s life.
【即学即练】
I. 根据括号内所给的汉语提示，用动词-ing形式短语补全下列句子。
1. _________________ (在医院做义工) is just one of Helen’s activities.
2. _________________ (懂一门外语和说好它) are two different things.
3. _________________ (表演) in high school and college plays helped prepare Tim for Broadway.
4. _________________ (与我争论) takes much of my little brother’s time.
5. _________________ (抱怨) helps no one.
6. _________________ (鲍勃没完成作业) made his teacher very angry.
II. 用括号内动词的正确形式（包括动词-ing形式和不定式）完成下面对话。
David: When did you begin 1. ________ (study) English
Tony: When I was in ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) high school. I continued 2. ________ (study) it in college.
David: 3. ________ (learn) a language takes a long time. Do you like studying English now
Tony: Yes. But I’m shy, and I avoid 4. ________ (talk) in class.
David: You’ll never learn 5. ________ (speak) if you don’t practise.
Tony: But I’m afraid of 6. ________ (make) mistakes.
David: You can’t hel ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )p 7. ________ (make) some mistakes. It’s only natural. You can’t expect 8. ________ (be) perfect.
Tony: You’re right ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ), of course. How about you Do you enjoy 9. ________ (speak) English
David: Yes. My Engl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ish is not perfect, but I manage 10. ________ (communicate) when I need to. But I dislike 11. ________ (do) homework. I don’t mind 12. ________ (fill) in the blanks in a grammar exercise, but I hate 13. ________ (write) compositions.
Tony: Me too. I ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) always put off 14. ________ (do) them until the night before. Also I need to refer to a dictionary many times to finish a composition.
David: When you lea ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rn more English, you will stop 15. ________ (use) your dictionary so much.
III. 用括号内动词的正确形式完成下面的短文。
1. ________ (find) a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )job in the United States takes specific skills. The following advice will help you find a job there.
★ Write a goo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d resume (简历). Describe your accomplishments (成绩). Avoid 2. ________ (include) unnecessary information. Your resume should be one page, if possible.
★ Find out about av ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ailable jobs. One way is by 3. ________ (look) in the newspaper or on the Internet. Another way is by working means 4. ________ (exchange) information with anyone you know — family, friends, neighbors, classmates, former co-workers, professional groups — who might know of a job. These people might also be able to give you insider information about a company, such as who is in charge and what it is like to work at their company.
★ Practice the inte ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rview. The more prepared you are, the more relaxed you will feel. If you are worried about 5. ________ (say) or 6. ________ (do) the wrong thing, practice will help.
★ Learn something ab ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )out the company. Finding information takes time, but it pays off.
You can get help in th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ese skills — writing a resume, networking, preparing for an interview, researching a company — by 7. ________ (see) a career counselor (顾问). Most high schools and colleges have one who can help you get started.
Finding a job is o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ne of the most difficult jobs. Some people send out hundreds of resumes and go to dozens of interviews before finding a job. And it isn’t something you do just once or twice in your lifetime. For most Americans, 8. ________ (change) jobs many times in a lifetime is not uncommon.
参考答案
I.
1. Volunteering at ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the hospital 2. Understanding a foreign language and speaking it well
3. Acting 4. Arguing with me 5. Complaining 6. Bob’s not finishing his homework
II.
1. studying / to study 2. studying / to study 3. Learning / To learn 4. talking 5. to speak
6. making 7. ma ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )king 8. to be 9. speaking 10. to communicate 11. doing 12. filling 13. writing / to write 14. doing 15. using
III.
1. Finding 2. including 3. looking
4. exchanging 5. saying 6. doing
7. seeing 8. changing WORDS & EXPRESSIONS
struggle
【归纳】struggle既可作名词，也可作动词。
★作名词时，意为：①努力，奋斗；②搏斗，扭打。如：
The people of th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )is country will continue in their struggle for independence.
After a short st ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ruggle, I managed to get the knife away from the thief.
★作动词时，意为：①努力，奋斗；②斗争，抗争；③搏斗，扭打。常用于以下结构：
struggle for sth. 为某事而斗争/奋斗；
struggle to do sth. 努力/争取做某事；
struggle against / with sb. / sth. 和某人/某事斗争；
struggle with sb. 与某人打斗。如：
Millions of people are struggling for survival.
The woman is struggling to bring up a family alone.
John has struggled against / with cancer for two years.
James was hit in the mouth as he struggled with that man.
【即学即练】 根据括号内的汉语提示补全下面句子。
1. Although ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he was terribly injured, he didn’t give up _______________________ (求生的努力).
2. I saw the shopkeeper _______________________ (与那窃贼搏斗起来了).
3. We must _______________________ (与困难作斗争).
4. Don’t _______________________ (努力控制你的感情).
参考答案
struggle
【即学即练】
1. the struggle for life
2. struggle with the thief
3. struggle against / with difficulties
4. struggle to control your feelings
regret
【归纳】
★ regret作动词时，意为“对……感到惋惜﹑ 懊悔﹑ 遗憾”，后可接名词、代词、动词不定式、动词-ing形式以及从句作宾语。
Bob regretted the lost opportunity.
Pick the right style and you won’t regret it.
I regret to tell you that there’s no money left in your account.
How I regret dropping out of school at the age of 16!
I regret that I shall not be able to attend your birthday party.
I regret what I said. Please forgive me, Mrs. Green.
注意：regret to do sth. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) 意为“遗憾要做某事”，表示动作尚未发生；regret doing sth. 意为“后悔做了某事”，表示动作已经发生。
★ regret作名词，意为“懊悔，遗憾”。to one’s regret意为“令某人遗憾的是”。如：
Charlie’s bigges ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t regret was not being there when his father passed away.
Much to our regret, we didn’t win the important game.
【即学即练】翻译下面句子。
1. 我很遗憾地告诉你，你没通过考试。
____________________________
2. 汤姆后悔把事件的真相告诉了他母亲。
____________________________
3. 令我感到遗憾的是，三年前我和她失去了联系。
____________________________
regret
【即学即练】
1. I regret to tell you that you failed / didn’t pass the test.
2. Tom regrets t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )elling / having told / that he has told the truth of the matter to his mother.
3. To my regret, I lost touch with her three years ago.
build up
【语境展示】 阅读下面句子，并从a-c中找出与1-3中的build up相符合的释义。
1. The noise built up until Mary couldn’t stand it any longer.
2. It took her ten years to build up her own business.
3. He soon built up his strength after an illness.
a. 建立，发展 b. 加强（力量），增强体质 c. 逐步增强，变得严重起来
【自我归纳】build up在以上各句中的意思分别为：
1 → ________；2 → ________；3 → ________。
【即学即练】翻译下面句子。
1. Every mor ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ning David spends 45 minutes doing physical exercises to build up his health.
____________________________________________________________
2. He has built up a good business over the years.
____________________________________________________________
参考答案
build up
【自我归纳】1-3 cab
【即学即练】
1. 每天早晨戴维花45分钟锻炼身体，以增强体质。
2. 几年来，他经营的企业日益兴旺。
would rather
【语境展示】 阅读下列句子，并试着归纳would rather的意思及用法。
1. I think at t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he beginning we’d rather have some fairly quiet and peaceful music.
2. Most young people would rather not listen to the Beijing Opera.
3. Would you rather stay here or go home
【自我归纳】would rather意为“________”，其后接动词原形（句1-句3）。
【拓展】would rather ... than ... 意为“宁愿……而不愿……”。如：
Jack would rather buy a bike than a motorbike.
【即学即练】下列每个句子都有一处错误，请找出并改正。
1. This Sunday ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )I would rather staying at home than go to the park. _______________
2. He would rather don’t go with me. _______________
3. I’d rather had the small apple. _______________
参考答案
would rather
【自我归纳】 宁愿，宁可
【即学即练】
1. staying → stay 2. don’t → not
3. had → haveSENTENCE EXPLANATIONS
请和你的同学一起认真分析下面句子，并补全所缺内容。这种学习方式能逐步提高你理解长难句的能力。
1. Although he is one ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )of China’s most famous scientists, Yuan Longping considers himself a farmer, for he works the land to do his research. (P10)
【分析】
①本句是一个主从复合句。
②Although 引导________从句，主句是由for连接的并列句。for在此是连词，表示“因为”。
【句意】尽管是中国最著名的科学家之一，袁隆平仍然认为自己是个农民，因为他在田间耕作，进行科学研究。
【仿写】尽管父母不同意，玛丽仍然决定去法国，因为这是她的梦想。
____________________________________________________________
2. Indeed, hi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s sunburnt face and arms and his slim, strong body are just like those of millions of Chinese farmers, for whom he has struggled for the past five decades. (P10)
【分析】 本句是一个主从复 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )合句。his sunburnt face ... Chinese farmers是主句。for whom he has struggled for the past five decades是非限制性定语从句，修饰Chinese farmers。
【句意】的确，他那被太阳晒得黝黑的脸 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )庞和手臂，以及他那瘦削而又结实的身体，就跟其他千百万的中国农民一样，过去50年来，他一直在努力帮助他们。
【仿写】孩子们肯定会喜欢这个为他们设计的节目的。
____________________________________________________________
3. Dr Yuan searched ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )for a way to increase rice harvests without expanding the area of the fields. (P10)
【分析】
①本句是一个简单句。
②句子的主干是Yuan Longp ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing searched for a way，to increase rice harvests作定语修饰way，without expanding the area of the fields在句中作方式状语。
【句意】袁隆平要在不增加土地面积的基础上寻求达到增收稻谷的途径。
【仿写】迈克决定不告诉父亲真相，独自寻求解决问题的办法。
____________________________________________________________
4. These increase ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d harvests mean that 22% of the world’s people are fed from just 7% of the farmland in the world. (P10)
【分析】
① 本句是一个主从复合句。
② 主句是These inc ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )reased harvests mean，increased为过去分词作定语，修饰harvests；that引导的是宾语从句。
③ “分数或百分数+ of +复 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )数可数名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；“分数或百分数+ of +不可数名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。从句的主语为22% of the world’s people，故谓语用are。
【句意】这一粮食产量的增加意味着仅占世界7%的耕地养活了世界上22%的人口。
【仿写】收集到的资料表明超过20%的野生动物已经在森林里消失。
____________________________________________________________
参考答案
1.【分析】让步状语
【仿写】Although her p ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )arents didn’t agree, Mary still decided to go to Paris, for it was her dream.
2.【分析】The program ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )will surely be enjoyed by the children,for whom it is designed
3.【仿写】Mike decide ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d to find a way to solve the problem by himself without telling his father the truth.
4.【仿写】The collecte ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d information shows that more than 20% of the wild animals have disappeared in the forest.Book 4 Unit 2 A PIONEER FOR ALL PEOPLE
Pre-reading activities
Task I. Do you think people have enough food to eat in the world
Task II. When you eat rice, what do you think of
Task III. Say something about Yuan Longping.
While-reading activities
Task I. Read the text and fill in the blanks in the chart.
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) Task II. Read the text and match the time with the events.
Time Events
1. 1930 A. Only fifty million tons of rice could be produced in China.
2. 1950 B. Yuan Longping became the first person to grow super hybrid rice.
3. 1953 C. Yuan Longping was born.
4. 1973 D. Yuan Longping graduated from college.
Task III. Re ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ad the text and decide whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F).
( ) 1. Yuan Longping was a farmer when he was young.
( ) 2. The super ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) hybrid rice can produce 20% more of the crop without expanding the field.
( ) 3. Yuan Lon ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )gping was determined to find ways to grow more rice as a young man.
( ) 4. Yuan Long ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ping is now teaching his knowledge in many countries to get more honours.
( ) 5. The U ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )N is more confident about getting rid of hunger in the world now.
( ) 6. Yuan Longping is trying to live a comfortable life.
( ) 7. Yuan Lo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ngping is now seeking to realize his dream of growing his rice around the world.
Post-reading activities
Task I. Write a summary of the text.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Task II. Introduce Yuan Longping to your partners.
Task III. What will the super hybrid rice be like in the future
Task IV. Discussion ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ). What would you like to improve to make people’s lives better
参考答案：
Pre-reading activities
Task I. 略
Task II．略
Task III．略
While-reading activities
Task I. 1. strong 2. 50 3. super hybrid 4. output 5. knowledge
6. hobbies 7. mah-jong 8. trouble 9. corn 10. export
Task II. 1-C 2-A 3-D 4-B
Task III. 1-5 FTTFT 6-7 FT
Post-reading activities
Task I.
Yuan Longping is a f ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )amous scientist who considers himself a farmer. Born into a poor farmer’s family in 1930, he graduated from Southwest Agricultural College in 1953. When he was young he saw hunger in the countryside and dreamed of huge rice plants that could feed more people. In 1974 he grew a super hybrid type of rice that could produce a third more rice than other types, which meant harvests could increase without making fields larger. In 1950 farmers in China could produce 50 million tons of rice now with his rice they can produce 200 million tons. He is not interested in money though and gives money to other researchers as he believes people with less money have fewer problems and dreams cost nothing. One of his dreams is to export his rice and feed people all over the world. (By Ray Cama)
Task II. 略
Task III．略
Task IV．略
