SENTENCE EXPLANATIONS
请和你的同学一起认真分析下面句子，并补全所缺内容。这种学习方式能逐步提高你理解长难句的能力。
1. Only after h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )er mother came to help her for the first few months was she allowed to begin her project. (P2)
【分析】本句是一个复合句。主句是w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )as she allowed to begin her project；after引导时间状语从句。Only与它所修饰的状语从句置于句首，故主句部分倒装。
【句意】她母亲头几个月来帮她的忙，这才使她得以开始自己的计划。
【仿写】只有你的身份验证后，你方可进入。
____________________________________________________________
2. She also di ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )scovered how chimps communicate with each other, and her study of their body language helped her work out their social system. (P2)
【分析】
①本句是一个由________连接的并列复合句。
②前一分句是一个复合句，主句是She also discovered，后跟________引导的宾语从句。
③后一分句是一个简单句，为主谓宾补结构，work out their social system作宾语补足语。
【句意】她还发现了黑猩猩之间是如何交流的，而她对黑猩猩身势语的研究帮助她勾勒出黑猩猩的社会体系。
【仿写】杰克解释了这台机器是如何工作的， 并且使我们了解了它的多种用途。
____________________________________________________________
3. For forty years Jan ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e Goodall has been outspoken about making the rest of the world understand and respect the life of these animals. (P2)
【分析】
① 本句是一个简单句。
② 这个句子的主干是____________。making the rest of the world understand and respect the life of these animals为动词-ing形式短语作about的宾语。
【句意】四十年来，简·古道尔一直在呼吁世人了解并尊重这些动物的生活。
【仿写】多年来，她一直呼吁学生们爱护学校的花木。
____________________________________________________________
4. She has achieved ev ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )erything she wanted to do: working with animals in their own environment, gaining a doctor’s degree and showing that women can live in the forest as men can. (P2)
【分析】
①本句是一个主从复合句。
②主句是She has ach ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ieved everything，she wanted to do是省略了关系词that的定语从句，修饰________。
③三个动词-ing形式结构working w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ith animals in their own environment，gaining a doctor’s degree和showing that women can live in the forest as men can作everything的同位语。
④在showing tha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t women can live in the forest as men can动词-ing形式结构中，that引导的从句作showing的宾语；在宾语从句中又含有一个由as引导的________从句，can后省略了live in the forest。
【句意】 她已经得到了她想要得到的一切：在动物的栖息地工作；获得博士学位；还向世人证明女人和男人一样也能在森林里生活。。
【仿写】 他已经做了他想做的一切：上大学；找一份不错的工作；还向世人证明残疾人和其他人一样也能过正常的生活。
____________________________________________________________
参考答案
1. 【仿写】Only w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hen your identity has been checked, will you be allowed in.
2.【分析】and; how
【仿写】Jack explained ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) how the machine works, and he made us know its many uses.
3. 【分析】Jane Goodall has been outspoken
【仿写】For years, she h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )as been outspoken about making the students take good care of the trees and flowers of the school.
4.【分析】everything；方式状语
【仿写】He has done e ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )verything he wanted to do：going to college, getting a good job and showing that disabled people can live a normal life as other people can.Book 4 Unit 1 A STUDENT OF AFRICAN WILDLIFE
Pre-reading activities
Task I. When you g ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o to the zoo, what animals do you like to watch Why
Task II. What do you know about chimps
Task III. If you ar ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e doing some research in a forest, what difficulties will you meet List some.
While-reading activities
Task I. Read the text and fill in the blanks in the chart.
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Task II. Read the text and decide whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F).
( ) 1. The ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )group began their work before the chimps woke up in the morning.
( ) 2. The group did not feel tired after the whole day’s work.
( ) 3. Jane wanted to work with animals in her childhood.
( ) 4. People ha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d already known that chimps ate meat before Jane’s discovery.
( ) 5. Jane thought it was wrong to put small chimps in cages.
( ) 6. Jane ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) did not achieve much because she was too busy studying chimps.
Post-reading activities
Task I. Write a summary of the text.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Task II. Change Paragraph 1 into a diary.
Task III. Make a dialo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )gue between Jane and one of the group members talking about what Jane did in Gombe.
Task IV. Discussio ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n. Do you think it is right to keep animals in the zoo Give your reasons.
参考答案:
Pre-reading activities
Task I. 略
Task II．略
Task III．略
While-reading activities
Task I. 1. tree 2. move off 3. Feed 4. human 5. meat
6. communicate 7. social system 8. respect 9. wild
10. entertainment 11. places 12. doctor’s degree 13. women
Task II. 1-6TFTFTF
Post-reading activities
Task I.
Guided by Ja ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ne Goodall, visitors to Gombe National Park watch a family of chimps wake up in the trees and wander in the forest. The visitors are tired and dirty at the end of the day but have seen a mother chimp and her babies play in the trees and go to sleep together. They realize that the bond between them is as strong as a human family’s. Jane wanted to work with animals in their natural environment from an early age. She arrived in Gombe in 1960 and changed the way people saw chimps. She showed that chimps hunted and ate meat, for example. For forty years Jane has worked to help people understand chimps and respect them. She has also proved women can live in the forest as well as men can and has therefore been an inspiration to other women. (By Ray Cama)
Task II. 略
Task III．略
Task IV．略GRAMMAR
主谓一致
【归纳】主谓一致是指句子的主语和谓语动词在人称和数上要保持一致。 一般遵循以下原则：
1. 语法一致原则：主语和谓语在人称和数上一致。主语是单数形式，谓语动词也采用单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也采用复数形式。
2. 意义一致原则：谓语的单复数取决于主 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )语的意义。当主语形式上为单数，但意义上却是复数时，谓语根据意义用复数形式；当主语形式上为复数，但意义上却是单数时，谓语根据意义用单数形式。
3. 就近一致原则：谓语动词的形式与邻近的主语在人称和数上一致。
一、名词作主语
1. 集体名词作主语，如果表示整体概念，谓 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )语动词用单数形式；如果强调个体，谓语动词用复数形式。常见的这类名词有 army, audience, class, family, team, crowd, staff, enemy, government等。有些集体名词如 people, police 等，通常看作复数，谓语动词必须用复数。如：
The team is the best in the league.
The team are all lovely people.
I don’t care what people think.
2. 单、复数同形的名词如species, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) deer, fish, sheep, means等作主语时，应根据其意义来决定谓语动词的单复数形式。如：
Several large fish live in the pond.
A large fish was caught during the competition.
3. 表示单数概念的复形名词（如学科、机构、书名、剧名等）作主语，谓语动词通常用单数。如：
Maths is one of the most important courses in the senior school.
The Times is Britain’s oldest national daily.
4. trousers, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )shoes, chopsticks, sunglasses等名词作主语，谓语动词通常用复数形式；但如果其前有a pair of, a kind of等时，谓语动词一般用单数。如：
His trousers were slightly too short.
A pair of trousers is on the bed.
5. 当名词短语的中心词为表示距离、金额、时间等的复数名词时，往往把这些复数名词看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数。如：
Four thousand dollars is more than she can afford.
6. “the +形容词或过去分词”结 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )构作主语时，表示一类可数的人或事物，谓语动词用复数。这类词有 rich, poor, blind, injured 等。如：
Even the poor have their pride.
The injured were taken to several nearby hospitals.
7. 如果主语由 more tha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n one或many a构成，尽管从意义上看是复数，但谓语动词通常用单数形式；在“more +复数名词+ than one”结构之后，谓语动词通常用复数形式。如：
More than one person has been concerned in this.
Many a famous pop star has been ruined by drugs.
More boxes than one have been used at the station.
二、代词作主语
1. 由代词each, eithe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r, neither, another以及合成代词something, anything, nothing, everything, somebody, anybody, nobody, everybody, someone, anyone, everyone作主语时，谓语动词均用单数。如：
Two boys entered. Each was carrying a suitcase.
Everybody was glad to see her back.
2. all, most, none, some等作主语时，谓语动词的形式要根据它们所代替的内容来定。如：
Those boys are my students. All work hard.
I wanted some more coffee but there was none left.
三、由连接词连接的名词或代词作主语
1. 两个名词或代词由and连接作主语时，谓 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )语动词通常用复数。但当and不表示并列意义，而连接两个在意义上表示同一人、物、概念或由两个部件配成的物品时，谓语动词则用单数形式。如：
Both the secretary and the manager have agreed to be present.
Law and order ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) means different things to people with different political opinions.
2. 当主语后跟有说明主 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )语的修饰语，如由 with, as well as, along with, rather than, together with, including, in addition to等引导的短语时，谓语动词与主语保持一致。如：
The missing things, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) as well as the bag, have been found and returned to the owner.
3. 由or, either ... or ..., neither ... nor ..., not only ... but also ...等连接的名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词与邻近的主语相一致。如：
Not only the stud ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ents but also their teacher is going to the exhibition.
四、含数词的短语作主语
“分数或百分数+ of +名词”构成的短语作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于of 后名词的数。如：
Only one third of the work was done yesterday.
Three fourths of the students come to school on time.
五、从句作主语
名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )但如果是两个或两个以上的从句由and连接表示两个概念时，谓语动词用复数。另外，what从句作主语时，谓语动词的数由其表示的意义来决定。如：
Whether we go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.
What caused the sn ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ow slide and how many tourists were injured are still unknown.
What you want is a big bag.
What he left are but a few old books.
【即学即练】
I. 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。
1. ① I think $5,000 ________ (be) too much for a used car.
② 1,000 meters ________ (make) a kilometer.
2. ① The number of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )students in our school ________ (be) increasing year by year.
② A large numbe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r of books ________ (be) borrowed from the library every day.
3. ① My friend and ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )classmate Paul ________ (like) playing computer games.
② A writer and a singer ________ (have) already arrived.
4. ① On the wall ________ (be) two pictures, which attract many people.
② Among the st ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )udents ________ (stand) their teacher, who is in her thirties.
5. ① Three fourths of the peach ________ (have) gone bad.
② Three fourths of the peaches ________ (have) gone bad.
6. ① Betty is one of us who ________ (want) to join the English Club.
② Betty is the only ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) one of us who ________ (want) to join the English Club.
7. ① Everything, in ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )cluding the clothes, ________ (be) stolen that evening.
② All but one ________ (have) passed the exam.
II. 选用括号内合适的选项补全下面短文。
Hi Cathy,
Greetings from Nepal ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )! I’m sending this from an internet café in a small town north of Kathmandu.
The town itself isn’t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )very interesting, but everything around it 1. ________ (is / are) beautiful — I can see the Himalayas through the café window!
The courses here a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )re great, although maths 2. ________ (is / are) certainly not my strong point.
A lot of Nepal’s po ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )pulation lives in the mountainous parts of the country south of the Himalayas, and most of these people 3. ________ (depend / depends) on growing crops and keeping animals. The standard of living in Kathmandu and the other cities 4. ________ (have / has) risen a lot recently, and the number of people likely to move into the cities 5. ________ (is / are) expected to increase. It’s a real problem here. The Himalaya Times, the local English-language newspaper, 6. ________ (has / have) just published a survey showing that most young people would stay in their home villages if jobs were available.
Hope all 7. ________ (is / are) well with you. I’ll send more news when I can.
Nazim
参考答案
I. 1. ① is ② makes 2. ① is ② are 3. ① likes ② have
4. ① are ② stands 5. ① has ② have 6. ① want ② wants
7. ① was ② have
II. 1. is 2. is 3. depend 4. has 5. is 6. has 7. isWORDS & EXPRESSIONS
behave
【语境展示】阅读下面句子，注意并归纳behave的意思及用法。
1. They behaved well / badly / properly towards their guests.
2. Bob behaved like a perfect gentleman at the party.
3. They never ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) greet each other and behave as if / as though they were strangers.
4. Unless you behave yourself, you won’t get any present.
【自我归纳】 behave是动词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，可意为“________” （句1—句3），常与副词well / badly / properly等连用（句1）, 也常用于behave like, behave as if / as though结构（句2、句3）；还可意为“表现得体，有礼貌”， 常用于behave oneself结构（句4）。
【拓展】
behaviour n. 行为，态度
【即学即练】翻译下面句子。
1. 我希望我不在的时候你们乖乖的。
________________________________________________________
2. 汤姆表现得像是什么都没发生过。
________________________________________________________
3. 他一直表现很差。
________________________________________________________
参考答案
behave
【自我归纳】 表现
【即学即练】
1. I want you to behave yourselves while I’m away.
2. Tom behaved as if / though nothing had happened.
3. He has been behaving very badly.
observe
【语境展示】阅读下面句子，注意并归纳observe的意思及用法。
1. As a child, he liked to observe the behaviour of birds.
2. Then Lucy began to observe a curious phenomenon.
3. I observed that Tom locked the door with the windows open.
4. She observed a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) man walking / walk on the opposite side of the street.
5. People must observe the law. Nobody should be an exception.
6. Do they observe Christmas Day in that country
7. “Martin is a fine young man,” observed Stephen.
【自我归纳】 observe是动词， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )意为：①观察(句1)；②注意到，看到，后可接名词(句2)、从句(句3)、复合结构(句4)；③遵守(句5)；④庆祝(句6)；⑤评说，评论(句7)。
【即学即练】翻译下面句子。
1. The old people in the village still observe the local traditions.
_______________________________
2. She observed that he’d left but said nothing.
_______________________________
参考答案
observe
【即学即练】
1. 村子里的老人们仍然遵循着当地的传统。
2. 她看到他离去，但什么都没说。
deliver
【语境展示】阅读下面句子，注意并归纳deliver的意思。
1. We were told the pizza would be delivered in 20 minutes.
2. Dr. Huang deli ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )vered a speech on climate change to 300 attendants at the university.
3. They rushed her to hospital where doctors delivered her baby.
【自我归纳】deliver是动词，意为：①递送(句1)；②发表(演说)(句2)；③接生，助产(句3)。
【拓展】delivery n. 意为“送货，投递，演讲方式，分娩”。如：
This company offers free delivery within the city.
Fred’s speech was interesting but his delivery was poor.
Elaine had a relatively easy delivery.
【即学即练】 根据汉语意思补全下列句子(每空一词)。
1. 这个婴儿是由嘉莉的妈妈接生的。
The baby ________ ________ by Carrie’s mother.
2. 这位教授给他的学生做了一次关于哲学的演讲。
The professor ________ ________ ________ on philosophy to his students.
3. 这些花将会在48小时内送到。
These flowers will ________ ________ ________ 48 hours.
参考答案
deliver
【即学即练】
1. was delivered 2. delivered a speech 3. be delivered within
refer to
【语境展示】阅读下面句子，并从a-d中找出与1-4中的refer to相符合的释义。
1. He gave the speech without referring to his notes.
2. Although she ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )didn’t mention any names, everyone knew who she was referring to.
3. I have examined all the documents referring to the matter.
4. This author begins by referring to the early history of India.
a. 涉及，与……相关 b. 提到，说起 c. 查阅，参考 d. 指的是
【自我归纳】refer to在以上各句中的意思分别为：
1 → ________；2 → ________；3 → ________；4 → ________。
【即学即练】翻译下面句子。
1. The new law does not refer to land used for farming.
____________________________________________________________
2. If you don’t know what it means, refer to the dictionary.
____________________________________________________________
3. Which com ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )panies was she referring to when she spoke of competing firms
____________________________________________________________
参考答案
refer to
【自我归纳】1-4 cdab
【即学即练】
1. 那条新法律并不涉及耕种用地。
2. 如果你不知道它的意思，可以查字典。
3. 她提到所谓竞争的公司时，她指的是哪几家？
