GRAMMAR
动词-ing形式作定语
【归纳】
★单个的动词-ing形式作定语常位于被修饰名词的前面，既可以表示被修饰成分的性质或用途，也可以表示被修饰成分的动作或状态。如：
The experiment was an amazing success.
You can find Jennifer in the reading room.
Children in many developing countries can’t get basic medical care.
They quickly moved the sleeping man out of the prison.
★动词-ing形式还可用在名词后作定语，作用相当于一个定语从句。如：
The village is mad ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e up of 490 families belonging (= who belong) to five nationalities.
Do you know the woman talking (= who is talking) to Jim
【拓展】 动词-ing形式的被动式（being done）也可作定语，表示正在发生的被动动作。如：
We must keep the things being discussed a secret.
I knew nothing about the experiment being performed there.
动词-ing形式作状语
【归纳】
★动词-ing形式可作状语，表示时间、条件 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )、原因、让步、结果或伴随情况等，其逻辑主语通常与句子的主语一致，动词-ing形式所表示的动作与主语之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系。如：
Hearing the news, we all jumped with joy.
Working hard, you’ll certainly make your dream come true.
Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave them a note.
Weighing almost one ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) hundred kilos, the stone was moved by the boy alone.
Her husband died in 1960, leaving her with five children.
The little girl was lying in bed crying.
★动词-ing形式的一般式所表示的动作常与谓语动作同时发生，其完成式（having done）所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前。如：
Following Tom, we started to climb.
Having found a hotel, we began to look for a restaurant.
★动词-ing形式的否定形式常在其前面加not。如：
Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.
Not having got an answer, I decided to write him another letter.
★动词-ing形式作状语， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )其前往往可以加when, while, if, unless, once, though, as if等连词，构成“连词+动词-ing形式”结构。如：
John hurt his leg while playing football.
The man turned ro ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )und from time to time as if searching for someone.
【拓展】 动词-ing形式可以有其独立的逻辑主语，二者构成独立主格结构。如：
The day being fine, we decided to go swimming.
We explored the cave, Mike acting as guide.
【即学即练】
I. 把下列短语翻译成汉语。
1. an exciting st ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ory __________ 2. a walking stick __________
3. the rising sun ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) __________ 4. an operating table __________
5. a smiling face __________ 6. a frying pan __________
II. 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。
1. The girl ________ (sit) at the end of the first row is Alice.
2. The boy __ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )______ (represent) the school has a good chance of success in the game.
3. Most of t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he girls ________ (play) on our team are 16 or over, but Susan is only 14.
4. Not _______ (kno ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )w) which road to take, we stopped to look at the map.
5. _______ (finish) her homework, Betty went to bed.
6. He locked the do ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )or, thus _______ (make) sure no one would interrupt him.
III. 用括号内所给动词的正确形式（包括动词-ing形式、不定式和过去分词）完成下面短文。
While in London, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )I just had to go to the British Museum. There’s so much 1. ________ (see) and I only had time to spend a few hours there. First, I went to the collection of clocks and watches. 2. ________ (see) the pocket watches, I was reminded of the old watch my grandfather used to wear. I don’t think I ever saw him without it. Then I went to the Money Gallery. They’ve got an 3. ________ (amaze) collection of coins, some 4. ________ (be) over 2,000 years old. Next stop was the Chinese collection. 5. ________ (live) in Hong Kong for so many years, I was very interested in this. Some of the jade objects were extremely impressive.
After looking at the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) Chinese collection, I had hoped to see the Mexican collection. Unfortunately, when 6. ________ (get) there, I found that it was closed. 7. ________ (spend) the whole morning walking around the museum, I decided that I wanted to do something very different in the afternoon. So I went to the London Eye 8. ________ (get) a bird’s eye view of the city. When 9. ________ (see) from the top of the Eye, some of the biggest buildings appear quite small — even St Paul’s Cathedral, across the river. After that, tired from all the walking, I went back to my room at the hotel 10. ________ (stand) on the riverside and slept for a couple of hours before going out to have dinner.
参考答案
I. 1. 令人激动的故事 2. 拐杖 3. 冉冉升起的太阳 4. 手术台
5. 笑脸 6. 煎锅
II. 1. sitting 2. representing 3. playing 4. knowing 5. Having finished
6. making
III.
1. to see 2. Seein ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g 3. amazing 4. being 5. Having lived 6. getting 7. Having spent 8. to get 9. seen 10. standingBook 4 Unit 4 COMMUNICATION: NO PROBLEM
Pre-reading activities
Task I. How do you greet a new friend for the first time
Task II. What is the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )usual way for Chinese people to greet each other
Task III. As far as you know, how do British people greet each other
While-reading activities
Task I. Read the text and match the characters with their actions.
Characters Actions
1. Tony Garcia and Jul ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ia Smith A. Both moved closer and shook hands.
2. Akira Nagata and Ge ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )orge Cook B. One stepped away when the other tried to touch her shoulder and kiss her on the cheek.
3. Ahmed Aziz ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )and the author C. One bowed when the other tried to shake his hand.
4. Darlence Coul ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )on and Tony Garcia D. Both shook hands and kissed each other’s cheeks.
Task II. Read the tex ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t and fill in the blanks in the chart.
People Body language when meeting for the first time
Colombians Touch 1. ________ and kiss cheeks
2. ________ Keep their distance
Japanese Bow
Canadians 3. ________
Jordanians Stand close to 4. ________ but keep their distance from 5. ________
6. ________ Shake hands and kiss each other’s cheeks
Spanish Stand close and often touch
Task III. Read the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )text and decide whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F).
( ) 1. The autho ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r went to the airport to observe the people’s behavious.
( ) 2. Julia did not like the way Tony greeted her.
( ) 3. George thought Akira would shake hands with him.
( ) 4. The author intended to stand close with Ahmed.
( ) 5. Muslim people like to stand close to each other and touch.
( ) 6. People l ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ike to keep their distance and shake hands in South America.
Post-reading activities
Task I. Write a summary of the text.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Task II. Role pla ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y Paragraph 2 with your partners according to the text.
Task III. Te ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ll a story to your partners about cultural misunderstanding.
Task IV. What should we do to avoid cultural shock
参考答案：
Pre-reading activities
Task I. 略
Task II．略
Task III．略
While-reading activities
Task I. 1-B 2-C 3-A 4-D
Task II. 1. shoulders 2. the British 3. Shake hands 4. men
5. women 6. the French
Task III. 1-6 FTTFFF
Post-reading activities
Task I.
Another student ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )and I from our university’s student association went to the airport to meet some international students who were coming to study at Beijing University. Not all people from different cultures greet each other in the same way. Here’s what happened. Tony Garcia from Colombia tried to kiss Julia Smith from Britain on the cheek but she moved away. George Cook from Canada tried to shake hands with Akira Nagata from Japan, who bowed instead. Ahmed Aziz from Jordan came too close to me, so I stepped back. Darlene Coulon from France and Tony Garcia shook hands and kissed each other on the cheek. Having international friends has helped me to learn more about the “body languages” of different cultures. Studying them can help us avoid difficulties in today’s global society. (By Ray Cama)
Task II. 略
Task III．略
Task IV．略WORDS & EXPRESSIONS
approach
【语境展示】 阅读下面句子，并试着归纳approach的意思及用法。
1. Many kinds of birds fly south at the approach of winter.
2. When learning ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) a foreign language, the best approach is to study the spoken language.
3. Since our resea ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rch has not produced any answers to this problem, we need to use a different approach to it.
4. We could just see the train approaching in the distance.
5. As I approached the house, I noticed a light on upstairs.
6. It might be possible to approach the problem in a different way.
【自我归纳】 approach既可作名词，也可作动词。
★作名词时，意为：①接近（句1）；②方法，手段（后常跟介词________）（句2、句3）。
★作动词时，意为：①接近，靠近（句4、句5）；②着手处理（句6）。
【即学即练】 写出下面句子中画线单词的词性及含义。
1. I see it’s appr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )oaching lunchtime, so let’s take a break. ________ ________
2. Heavy footstep ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s signalled the teacher’s approach. ________ ________
3. Before trying t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o solve the puzzle, let us consider the best way to approach it. ________ ________
4. I don’t think ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )it is a proper approach to the problem. ________ ________
参考答案
approach
【自我归纳】 to
【即学即练】
1. v. 接近
2. n. 接近
3. v. 着手处理
4. n. 方法
likely
【归纳】 likely是 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )形容词，意为“可能的，预料的，有希望的”， 可作定语，也可用于以下结构：be likely to do sth.；be likely + that从句。如：
The most likely cause of the fire was a cigarette.
The study shows some people are more likely to suffer back problems.
It’s quite likely that we’ll be in Spain this time next year.
【即学即练】 根据汉语意思补全下面句子（每空一词）。
1. 简今晚很可能给我打电话。
Jane ________ ________ ________ ________ me tonight.
2. 他们很可能输了这次比赛。
________ ________ ________ ________ they will lose the game.
参考答案
likely
【即学即练】
1. is likely to call / ring
2. It is likely that
represent
【语境展示】阅读下列句子，从A-E中找出与各句中的represent相符合的意思。
1. The picture represents a busy scene. ________
2. A policeman represents the power of law. ________
3. Let me try to represent my ideas to you in another way. ________
4. Mr. Smith ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )was chosen to represent the company at the meeting. ________
5. The red lines on the map represent railways. ________
A. 代表(人、团体、机构等) B. 标志，象征
C. 说明，陈述 D. (画面)描绘 E. (符号等)表示
【拓展】representation n. 表现，描述
representative n. 代表，有代表性的事物
adj. 有代表性的
【即学即练】用represent的适当形式填空。
1. The tiger is a common ________ of the cat family.
2. We ________ our demands to the boss at the meeting yesterday.
3. The painting is a(n) ________ of a storm at sea.
represent
【语境展示】1-5 DBCAE
【即学即练】1. representative 2. represented 3. representation
function
【语境展示】阅读下列句子，并试着归纳function的意思及用法。
1. The machine won’t function well if you don’t oil it.
2. The sofa can also function as a bed.
3. The brain per ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )forms a very important function; it controls the nervous system of the body.
【自我归纳】
★function作不及物动词时，意为：①运转(句1)；②起……的作用，常与介词as连用(句2)。
★function作名词时，意为“作用，功能”(句3)。
【拓展】functional adj. 运转的，有……功能的，起……作用的
【即学即练】用function的适当形式填空。
1. This machine has stopped ________.
2. I’m hardly ________ if I don’t get eight hours’ sleep!
3. What ________ can this programme perform
function
【即学即练】
1. functioning ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) 2. functional 3. functionsSENTENCE EXPLANATIONS
请和你的同学一起认真分析下面句子，并补全所缺内容。这种学习方式能逐步提高你理解长难句的能力。
1. After half an hour ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )of waiting for their flight to arrive, I saw several young people enter the waiting area looking around curiously. (P26)
【分析】
①本句是一个简单句。
②句子的主干是I saw several young people enter the waiting area。
③After half an hour of waiting for their flight to arrive是介词短语作时间状语。
④looking around curiously是动词-ing形式短语作enter的________状语。
【句意】 在等待他们的航班半个小时之后，我看见几个年轻人走进了等候区，好奇地向四周张望。
【仿写】 在等待火车一个小时之后，我们看见一名男子走出了火车站，焦急地向四周张望。
____________________________________________________________
2. They shook h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ands and then kissed each other twice on each cheek, since that is the French custom when adults meet people they know. (P26)
【分析】
①本句是一个主从复合句。
②主句是They shook ha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nds and then kissed each other twice on each cheek，since引导________从句。
③since引导的从句中包含when引导的时间状语从句，其中they know是省略了关系代词的定语从句，修饰先行词people。
【句意】他们握了握手，并且在对方的面颊上吻了两下，因为那是法国成年人见到熟人时的礼节。
【仿写】汤姆害羞地笑了笑然后鞠了个躬，因为那是他见到爸爸请到家里的客人的习惯。
____________________________________________________________
3. In the same ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) way that people communicate with spoken language, they also express their feelings using unspoken “language” through physical distance, actions or posture. P26)
【分析】
①本句是一个主从复合句。
②In the same way that ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )people communicate with spoken language是介词短语作状语，其中that people communicate with spoken language是定语从句，修饰先行词________。
③在they also express . ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ).. actions or posture中，using unspoken “language” through physical distance, actions or posture是动词-ing形式短语作方式状语。
【句意】用口头语言交流的同时，人们还使用不出声的语言——身体间的距离、动作和姿态等，来表达情感。
【仿写】人们与他人相处的同时，他们总会用自己的规则作为标准去批评他人。
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参考答案
1.【分析】伴随
【仿写】After an hour of w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )aiting for the train to arrive, we saw a young man walk out of the railway station, looking around anxiously.
2.【分析】原因状语
【仿写】Tom smiled ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )shyly and bowed, since that is his habit when he meets the guests his father invites to home.
3.【分析】way
【仿写】In the same way th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )at people get along with others, they always criticise others using their own rules as standards.
