2025届高考英语一轮复习 常考的构词法（讲义）

高考常考的构词法
一.前缀（prefix）改变单词词义 ：
（一）表示否定的前缀
1. dis- 加在名词、形容词，动词之前。
advantage(优点)----disadvantage
honorable(光彩的)---- dishonorable
agree(同意)---- disagree
appear(出现)----disappear
2.in- 加在形容词，名词之前
correct(正确的)----incorrect
ability(能力)---- inability
3. im- 加在字母 m,b,p 之前
possible (可能的)---- impossible，
balanced(平衡的)----imbalanced
moral(道德的)---- immoral
4. il- 加在以 l 开头的词前
legal (合法的)----illegal
logical (合逻辑的)---- illogical
5. ir- 加在以 r 开头的词前
regular (规则的)---- irregular
resolvable(能分解的；能解决的)---- irresolvable
6.un- 加在名词，形容词，副词之前
fair（公平的）---- unfair
employment(就业)----unemployment
7. non- 加在形容词，名词前
existence (存在)---- non-existence
electrical(电的)---- non-electrical
8. mis- 加在动词、名词之前
judge (判断)--- misjudge
leading (引导)---- misleading
fortune (运气)---- misfortune
9.anti- 加在名词、形容词之前
Japanese (日本)---- anti-Japanese
social(社交的，社会的)---- anti-social
10. counter- 加在名词、动词前
attack(攻击)---- counterattack
revolution(革命)---- counterrevolution
（二）表示“前”的前缀
1. pre：
history（历史）--- prehistory
war（战争）---- prewar
arrange： (安排)---- prearrange
2. ante：
room(房间) ---anteroom
cessor(行者)---- antecessor
3. fore：
head(头)----forehead
tell(告诉)---- foretell
arm(手臂)---- forearm
4. pro：
gram(写 , 画)---- program
spect(看)---- prospect
5. ex：
president(总统)----ex-president
wife (妻子) ----ex-wife
（三）表示其他含义的前缀
1. post：后
war(战争)----post-war
graduate( 毕业生)---- postgraduate
2. sub/sup/sus-在……下面；次要；低于
way(路)----sub-way
title(标题)---- subtitle
ceed (走)----succeed
fer(拿)---- suffer
3. re：表示“回”“再”“向后”
construct(建设)----reconstruct
write (写)---- rewrite
4.co:表示“共同”
exist(存在)---- co-exist
operate(操作)---- co-operate
5.inter：表示“相互” “之间”
national(国家的)---- international
act(行动)---- interact
6. de-表示"除去"、"否定"、"向下"等意思
frost（霜）---- defrost
grade（等级，分级）----degrade
press(压)----depress
7. tele：表示“（距离）远”
vision(视觉)----television
scope(镜)---- telescope
8. a-加在单词或词根前，表示"去做 ，加强 "
company(伙伴,公司)---- accompany
dress（处理）---- address
9. en-,使…（变动词）
able（能）---- enable
large(大)---- enlarge
10.表示数量
【bi- 二】
cycle(圈，循环)----bicycle
weekly(一周一次的)---- biweekly
【multi- 多】
media(媒体)---- multimedia
cultural（文化的）----multicultural
【centi- 百分之一】
meter(米)---- centimeter)
【kilo-千】
watt (瓦) ----kilowatt
meter(米) ----kilometer
【semi-一半】
final(决赛，最后的)----semifinal
circle(圈，循环)---- semicircle
二．词根（stem）决定单词意思 ：
词根是单词的核心部分，它决定了单词的基本含义。
常考词根1：pose 表示“摆放、放置”
① expose=ex(向外)-pose（放），摆放在外面（让人看到）
He smiled suddenly, exposing a set of amazingly white teeth.
②compose =com(共同，一起)-pose（放）
Mozart(莫扎特) composed his last opera shortly before he died.
③ propose=pro-,向前，-pose,放置
He proposed to the girl and they planned to get married the next year.
④oppose=op（表对立面）-pose,摆放在对面
Our teacher opposed our plan.
⑤opposite= op- 对面 + -posit- 放置 + -e
There's a bus stop opposite the house.
⑥ position -pose,摆放+ tion名词后缀
He left a career in teaching to take up a position in a company.
常考词根2：词根press表示“压”
① depress=de(向下)-press(压)，往下压
Losing his job really depressed him.
② compress=com(共同；一起)-press(压)，一起压下去
All those three books are compressed into one book.
③impress=im(进去；里面)-press(压)，往里压-压进去-印入头脑
Her words impressed themselves on my memory.
④ express =ex(向外)- press表示“压”, 往外压
I have not expressed myself very well.
常考词根3：ject 表示“扔；投”
① project=pro(前)-ject(扔；投)，向前扔；把一个事情往前抛，做好规划，
The project should be completed within a year.
② reject=re(往回；向后)-ject(扔；投)，往回扔
All our suggestions were rejected.
③object=ob(相反；对着)-ject(扔；投)，反着扔；对着目标扔
Her object in life is to become a writer.
A lot of people object to the book because of the bad cover.
④subject =sub(向下)-ject(扔；投)，向下扔
We need the subjects between the ages of 18 and 25 for the experiment.
⑤inject=in (向里)-ject(扔；投)，向里扔
She has been injecting herself with insulin（胰岛素）since the age of 16.
常考词根4：spect 表示“看”
① prospect=pro(向前)-spect (看)，向前看
The prospects for the future are good.
② expect=ex(往外)-spect(看)，往外看
You can't expect to learn a foreign language in a few months.
③ inspect= in 向内+ spect 看 ，进去看
The teacher walked around inspecting their work.
④ respect=re(再次；重新)-spect(看)，反复看
I have the greatest respect for your brother.
⑤ suspect=su 向下 + spect看 , 在下面偷偷看
Police suspect there may be a link between the two murders.
⑥ spectator = spect 看+ ator 表示人
The stadium holds 75 000spectators.
常考词根5：gress-/cess/ ceed表示“走”
① progress=pro(前)-gress(走)，向前走
As the years progressed, we became the best of friends.
② regress=re(往后；往回)-gress(走)，往回走
Such countries are not 'developing' at all, but regressing.
③ aggress=a(朝，向)-gress(走)，径直朝谁走去
In1873, Japan sent its army to aggress China's Liuqiu Islands(琉球群岛).
④ congress=con(一起)-gress(走)，一群人走到一起准备去开会
The Democrats (民主党)will probably lose control of Congress.
⑤ success = suc 下 + cess (走)，从下面走到上面
You can only achieve success through hard work.
⑥ succeed= suc 下 + ceed (走)
Who succeeded Kennedy as President
常考词根6：port，表示carry，拿，带，运，名词“港口”
① import =in/m (向里)-port(运)，运到国内就
The country has to import most of its raw materials from China.
② export=ex(向外)- port(运)，运到国外
Exporting is necessary for our economic survival.
③transport=trans(转移)- port(运),
The seeds are transported by the wind.
④ report=re(往后；往回，重复)- - port(运)，把消息带回来
We will study the report carefully before making a decision.
⑤ support=sup(向下)- - port(拿，持)，在下面拿着支撑
The plan was canceled（取消）because of lack of support.
常考词根7：fer=bring, carry,表示“带来，拿来”
①infer=in(向里) - - fer (拿)
I inferred from what she said that you have not been well
②prefer=pre（在…..之前），在之前拿或者提前拿
I would prefer it if you didn't tell anyone.
③refer=re（又、再）- - fer (拿)，再次拿起、再次引人注意
Writers often refer to a dictionary.
④offer= of- 对面 + -fer- 携带 → 带到面前
If they offer me the job, I'll take it.
⑤suffer =su（在……下方），- - fer (拿)
“ As long as I am here, I won't let the child suffer,” she said.
⑥transfer=trans“越过、转动”+fer，带着东西越过某地区到另外地方。
She transferred to a new school.
⑦ conference=con(一起)- - fer (拿)，一起拿。
She suggested Paris as a good place for the conference.
常考词根8：Serv=serve, keep ,表示“服务,保持”
①conserve=con(com: 表示强调)+serv(keep)+e vt. 保存
The government must take effective measures to conserve the wildlife.
②conservative= con(com: 表示强调)+serv(keep)+ ive adj/n.词尾.
Her style of dress was never conservative.
③preserve= pre(before)+serv(keep)+e -> 提前保存 -> 保存; 保护
Is he really 60 He's well preserved.
④reserve= re(重新)+serv(keep)+e -> keep back -> 保留; 预定，
A double room had been reserved for him.
⑤desert =de否定+ser看管，丢在一旁不管不顾
The heat in the desert was extreme.
⑥observe = ob(in front of/before)+serv(keep or protect)+e,观察以保证其安全
Do they observe Christmas
⑦dessert =de否定+服务 停止正餐服务
This dessert can be served straight from the fridge.
⑧ servant = serv+ ant (人)n.
They treat their mother like a servant.
常考词根9：viv=live词根的含义：生命
①vivid= =viv- 生命 + -id
Her description was so vivid that I could almost see the scene.
②survive= sur- 超过 + viv 生命 + -e
Many birds didn't survive the severe winter.
③survivor= sur- 超过 + -viv- 活 + -or 人
Firefighters searched the buildings for survivors.
④survival= sur- 超过 + -viv- 活 + -al 名词后缀
Nowadays a premature（早产） baby has a very good chance of survival.
⑤revive =re 再+viv+ e→复活
The economy is beginning to revive.
⑥vital = vit 生命 + -al ...的
The police play a vital role in our society.
⑦vitamin n 维生素（vit+a+min 素→生命要素→维生素）
常考词根10：dict, dic词根的含义：say 言，说
① predict = pre- ...前的 + dict 说, 断言
No one could have predicted the final outcome.
② dictation = dictat(e) 口述 + -ion 行为,状态
We have a dictation every English class.
③ indicate= in进入+dicate→说进去
A red sky at night often indicates fine weather the next day.
④ dictionary = dict 说,断言 + -ion 行为,状态 + -ary 场所,地点
This dictionary is also available in electronic form.
⑤ contradict = contra反+dict 反说
She doesn't like to contradict her husband in public.
⑥ dedicate=de加强+dic 说+ate→再说→努力献身
He dedicated his life to helping the poor.
三.后缀（suffix）决定单词词性 ：
（一）常见动词后缀
1. -en
short（短）---- shorten
broad（宽）---- broaden
2. -fy
beauty(美)---- beautify
simple (简单)----simplify
3. -ate
activity(活动)---activate
facility（设施----facilitate
4.-ize
memory(记忆)---- memorize
popular（受欢迎的）---- popularize
（二）常见名词后缀
1. 表示“人”的后缀
① -ive是名词 “人”的后缀
represent（代表）---- representative
detect(探测)---- detective
② -ent名词后缀“人”c
patient(耐心的)----patientstudent
③ -ian/an表示……地方人，精通……的人
music(音乐)---- musicianhistory(历史)----historian
America(美国)---- American
④ -ant 名词后缀“人”
serve(服务) ---- servant
assist(帮助)---- assistant
⑤ -or名词后缀“人”
act(表演) ---- actor
direct(指导)----director
⑥ -er,表示"从事某种职业的人,某地区，地方的人" 或“物品，机器”
sing（唱）----singer
sharpen(使之锋利)----sharpener
⑦ -ee名词后缀 “被动或主动的”
employ(雇佣)----employee
interview(采访，面试)----interviewee
⑧ -ess来表示女性
god （神）----goddess
prince （王子）----princess
⑨ -ist,表示"从事……研究者，信仰……主义者
piano（钢琴）----pianist
special( 特别的，专门的) ----specialist
⑩ -ar 表示人
beg（乞讨）----beggar
school(学校，学派)----scholar
2. 抽象名词后缀
① -ment行为或行为的结果
argue(争论)----argument
manage(管理)----management
② -sion, -tion存在的状态
promote (提拔)----promotion
possess(拥有)----possession
③ -th表示某种情况或性质
warm(温暖)----warmth
true（真的）----truth
④ -ance, -ence 表状态或性质
disturb（打扰）----disturbance
appear（出现）----appearance
④ -al表行动或进程
arrive(到达)----arrival
survive(幸存)---- survival
⑤ -ness性质或状态
kind(善良)----kindness
dark(黑暗)----darkness
⑥ -ity, -ty 性质
equal（平等的）----equality
safe（安全的）---- safety
⑦ -acy 表态或性质
accurate (精确的)---- accuracy
supreme (崇高的)---- supremacy
⑧ -ship 关系或状态
friend----friendship
hard----hardship
⑨ -hood 表示身份、状态或时期
child----childhood
adult----adulthood
⑩ -ism 主义、学说、信仰
social(社会的) ----socialism
ideal（理想的）----idealism
三) 常见形容词副词后缀
使名词变成形容词，表示“能够…的”
comfort(使舒服)---comfortable
eat(吃)----eatable
2.-al 使名词变成形容词，表示“具有某种性质”
nation(国家)----national
act(行动)----actual
3.-ful 使名词变成形容词，表示“有…的”
hope( 希望)----hopeful
skill（技术）---- skillful
4.-ic, -ical 使名词变成形容词，表示“具有某种性质”
music(音乐)----musical
psychology(心理学)----psychological
5.-ous 使名词变成形容词，表示“具有某种性质”
danger(危险)----dangerous
poison （毒药）----poisonous
6.-ish 使名词变成形容词，表示“具有某种性质”
fool（傻子）--- foolish
child（孩子）----childish
7.-ive 使名词变成形容词，表示“具有某种性质”
attract( 吸引)---- attractive
aggress(侵略)----aggressive
8.-less 使名词变成形容词，表示“无…的”
home----homeless
hope----hopeless
9.-y 使名词变成形容词，表示“具有某种性质”
rain----rainy
sleep----sleepy
10.-ly 使形容词变成副词，表示方式、程度或时间
soft(软的）---- softly
slow----slowly