专题-S341阅读理解 人教版必修三 题型特训
UNIT 4 Space Exploration
学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________
一、 初阶练手 Passage 1 - 5
二、 进阶练习 Passage 6 -10
三、 高阶提升 Passage 11-15
一、 初阶练手
Passage 1
（23-24高一下·重庆·期末）Instant Expert: Wonders of Space
Saturday 17th July, 10 a.m. — 5 p.m. Cavendish Conference Centre, London
Join us for a day of exploring the wonders of outer space with six leading scientists. You will start where everything began — at the Big Bang. Throughout the day, you will hear about everything from the exploration of Mars to the discovery of liveable planets.
Who should attend
Anyone interested in the secrets of space, whatever your age or background. Whether you’re a scientist,a student or simply an attracted human being, our event offers the chance to learn directly from the experts at our one-day masterclass.
Benefits of attending:
·Open your mind and be inspired.
·Talk with like-minded people through the informal set-up.
·Meet our six speakers and ask your burning questions.
What’s included in your ticket:
·In-depth and interesting talks from six leading scientists.
·A buffet lunch, including morning and afternoon drinks and snacks.
·An Instant Expert certificate (证明书) provided by event organizers.
Booking information:
We will email you your ticket immediately after your payment. Please remember to bring your ticket with you as you’ll need it to enter. We can scan (扫描) tickets from a printout, or off the screen of a phone.
A Limited number of discounted early bird tickets priced at 129 will be offered. You can save 20 per ticket.
1. Who is the event intended for
A．Science students. B．Space fans.
C．Leading scientists. D．Research experts.
2. What can people expect from the event
A．Parties with event organizers. B．Free meals throughout the day.
C．Certificates from famous schools. D．Face-to-face meetings with scientists.
3. What should people do if they want to save money
A．Buy tickets early. B．Choose digital tickets.
C．Reserve tickets online. D．Print tickets in advance.
【答案】1. B 2. D 3. A
【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了一场关于太空奇迹的会议，包括进行演讲的科学家、与会人员以及如何预订票等相关信息。
1. 细节理解题。根据文章Who should attend 部分中的“Anyone interested in the secrets of space, whatever your age or background. Whether you’re a scientist,a student or simply an attracted human being, our event offers the chance to learn directly from the experts at our one-day masterclass.(任何对太空秘密感兴趣的人，无论你的年龄或背景如何。无论你是科学家、学生还是被吸引的人，我们的活动都提供了在为期一天的大师班上直接向专家学习的机会。)”可知，所有的太空迷都可以参加这次会议。故选B项。
2. 推理判断题。根据第二段“Join us for a day of exploring the wonders of outer space with six leading scientists.（加入我们，与六位顶尖科学家一起探索外太空的奇迹。）”以及jBenefits of attending部分中的“Meet our six speakers and ask your burning questions.(与我们的六位演讲者见面，并提出你迫切需要解决的问题。)”可知，与会者可以拥有与科学家们面对面交流的机会。故选D项。
3. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“A Limited number of discounted early bird tickets priced at 129 will be offered. You can save 20 per ticket.(将提供数量有限的折扣早鸟票，价格为129英镑。每张票可以节省20英镑。)”可推断，想要省钱可以尽早购买早鸟票。故选A项。
Passage 2
（23-24高一下·黑龙江鸡西·阶段练习）The most wonderful space museumsNational Museum of the U.S. Air Force | Dayton
If your main interests lie in military aviation, this museum will have everything you’ve ever wanted to see. It features exhibits on World War II, the Korean War, the Southeast Asia War and the Cold War. They’ve also got a Missile Gallery as well as a Space Gallery where visitors can walk inside a full-size reproduction of a NASA shuttle (航天飞机). Most impressively, it is totally free to visitors.Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum | Washington
Housing 60,000 air and space collections, the museum enables visitors to learn about the rich history of aviation (航空) by viewing the first successful aircraft (飞机) — the 1903 Wright Flyer — and everything that came next. From pilot uniforms to NASA spacesuits, engines and equipment, you’ll find it all at this museum.U.S. Space and Rocket Center | Huntsville
Space fans know this museum to be the site of the original Space Camp, including the film by the same name, but there’s plenty more to see here. The Center has a number of exhibits both indoors and out and many play areas for younger kids. 3D movies and live science shows add to the appeal.Pima Air & Space Museum | Tucson
The privately funded museum has been in operation for over 40 years and has over 300 historic aircraft on display. You’ll also find several exhibits that range from seaplanes and aircraft carriers to paper airplanes and women in flight. One of the biggest draws, though, is its extensive “boneyard”, a collection of over 4,000 U.S. government and military aircraft that are either being recycled or regenerated.
1. Which museum houses the first aircraft in history
A．Pima Air & Space Museum.
B．Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum.
C．National Museum of the U.S. Air Force.
D．U.S. Space and Rocket Center.
2. What do we know about the National Museum of the U.S. Air Force
A．It has a history of 40 years.
B．It charges a small entrance fee.
C．It organizes space camps every year.
D．It has a shuttle of the same size as a real one.
3. Where is the museum famous for its “boneyard”
A．Huntsville. B．Dayton. C．Tucson. D．Washington.
【答案】1. B 2. D 3. C
【导语】本文是一篇应用文，主要介绍了四个最精彩的太空博物馆。
1. 细节理解题。根据“Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum | Washington”下面的“Housing 60,000 air and space collections, the museum enables visitors to learn about the rich history of aviation (航空) by viewing the first successful aircraft (飞机) — the 1903 Wright Flyer — and everything that came next.(博物馆收藏了60000件航空和航天藏品，游客可以通过观看第一架成功的飞机——1903年的莱特飞行器——以及接下来的一切来了解航空的丰富历史。)”可知，史密森尼国家航空航天博物馆中收藏了历史上的第一架飞机。故选B。
2. 细节理解题。根据“National Museum of the U.S. Air Force | Dayton”下面的“They’ve also got a Missile Gallery as well as a Space Gallery where visitors can walk inside a full-size reproduction of a NASA shuttle (航天飞机). (他们还有一个导弹画廊和一个太空画廊，游客可以在这里走进美国国家航空航天局航天飞机的全尺寸复制品。)”可知，美国空军国家博物馆中有一架全尺寸复制的航天飞机。故选D。
3. 细节理解题。根据“Pima Air & Space Museum | Tucson”下面的“One of the biggest draws, though, is its extensive “boneyard”, a collection of over 4,000 U.S. government and military aircraft that are either being recycled or regenerated.(然而，最大的吸引力之一是其庞大的“飞机坟场”，它汇集了4000多架正在回收或重建的美国政府和军用飞机。)”可知，位于图森的皮马航空航天博物馆以其巨大的“飞机坟场”而出名。故选C。
Passage 3
（23-24高一下·福建福州·期末）Make Space in Your Summer for Free Fun
You don’t have to go to the moon to meet an astronaut; You can do it at the Air and Space Museum on July 16.
Pioneering pilot Amelia Earhart disappeared on a flight around the globe in 1937. But she’ll be at the National Air and Space Museum on July 16 — the museum’s first Family Day of the season — to tell you all about her adventures. (Okay, it’s actually an actress pretending to be Earhart.) NASA astronaut Patrick Forrester will be there to answer your questions, e and learn how space exploration changed the world.
Another Family Day event takes place on July 25. At “Discover the Moon Day!” you can steer (驾驶) a robotic rover (a vehicle for exploring the surface of a planet), examine meteorites (陨石) that were found on the moon, see the capsule (太空舱) that took the Apollo 11 astronauts there and back and view photos of the lunar surface using 3-D glasses.
You can create lunar art and take a moon quiz. We’ll give you one example: July 20, 1969.. Do you know what happened that day
National Air and Space Museum
Independence Avenue at Sixth Street SW
Open daily 10 am to 7: 30 pm through September 1 (with a few early closings at 5: 30 pm; visit our website for details).
Family Day programmes are from 10 am to 3 pm.
Information specialists are available Monday through Friday from 9 am to 5 pm and Saturday from 9 am to 4 pm. All ages, but best for age 7 and older.
For more information, call202-633-2214 or go www.airandspace.si.edu.
1. What can museum visitors do on July 16
A．Create lunar art. B．Step into an unusual capsule.
C．Learn about a missing woman pilot’s life. D．See a movie about Earhart’s adventures.
2. What do we know about “Discover the Moon Day!”
A．It includes a moon quiz competition.
B．It’s the first Family Day at the museum.
C．It features a famous astronaut’s explanations.
D．It gives people first-hand experience of space.
3. What’s the closing time for the Family Day programmes
A．3 pm. B．4 pm.
C．5:30 pm. D．7:30 pm.
【答案】1. C 2. D 3. A
【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了美国国家航空航天博物馆活动的相关信息。
1. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Pioneering pilot Amelia Earhart disappeared on a flight around the globe in 1937. But she’ll be at the National Air and Space Museum on July 16 — the museum’s first Family Day of the season —to tell you all about her adventures.(1937年，先驱飞行员阿梅莉亚·埃尔哈特在环球飞行中失踪。但她将于7月16日，也就是博物馆本季的第一个家庭日，来到国家航空航天博物馆，向你讲述她的冒险经历)”可知，7月16日，博物馆游客可以了解一名失踪女飞行员的生平。故选C。
2. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“At “Discover the Moon Day!” you can steer (驾驶) a robotic rover (a vehicle for exploring the surface of a planet), examine meteorites (陨石) that were found on the moon, see the capsule (太空舱) that took the Apollo 11 astronauts there and back and view photos of the lunar surface using 3-D glasses.(在“发现月球日”，你可以驾驶机器人漫游车（一种探索行星表面的工具），检查在月球上发现的陨石，观看阿波罗11号宇航员乘坐的太空舱，并使用3D眼镜来回观看月球表面的照片)”可知，该活动给人们提供亲身体验太空的机会。故选D。
3. 细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“Family Day programmes are from 10 am to 3 pm.(家庭日节目时间为上午10时至下午3时)”可知，家庭日节目于下午3时结束。故选A。
Passage 4
（23-24高一下·河北邢台·阶段练习）It was the 54th anniversary(周年)of the moon landing last year. Astronomy lovers were not the only ones that were excited about it; publishers also offered a number of books to mark the event.
Shoot for the Moon
James Donovan
Little, Brown and Company, $30m
This retelling of the space race begins with the Soviet Union's Sputnik satellite in 1957 to the historic Apollo 11 program twelve years later. The book offers details about the characters of the spacemen, engineers and others who made the U. S: space program a success.
One Giant Leap
Charles Fishman
Simon & Schuster, $29.99
Getting to the moon required a million hours of work, this book says. Accordingly, the story centers on the engineers, project managers and others who worked long and hard to get the Apollo program off the ground.
Picturing Apollo 11
J. L. Pickering and John Bisney
The University Press of Florida, $45
Packed with hundreds of photos(some are published for the first time), this book reads like a photo book of the Apollo 11 program. The photos are moments of spacemen training, as well as the excitement of lift-off, the historic landing and the return of the three men.
Apollo's Legacy
Roger D．Launius
Smithsonian Books, $27.95
A space historian examines the Apollo program in different ways; as a political machine in the Cold War and an important cultural moment. The book explores different views on the US moonshot project from scientists, politicians, the media and the public during the space race and beyond.
1. What is Shoot for the Moon mainly about
A．The history of the space race. B．The lift-off of two satellites.
C．The cooperation of different countries. D．Humans' understanding of the moon.
2. Whose book shows the Apollo 11 program through pictures
A．James Donovan's. B．Charles Fishman's.
C．J. L. Pickering and John Bisney's. D．Roger D．Launius's.
3. Which book talks about different views on the Apollo program
A．Shoot for the Moon. B．One Giant Leap.
C．Picturing Apollo 11. D．Apollo's Legacy.
【答案】1. A 2. C 3. D
【导语】这是一篇应用文，主要介绍了几本与登月周年相关的书籍。
1. 细节理解题。根据 Shoot for the Moon 中的“This retelling of the space race begins with the Soviet Union’s Sputnik satellite in 1957 to the historic Apollo 11 program twelve years later.（这本关于太空竞赛的复述从 1957 年苏联的人造卫星“伴侣号”开始，到 12 年后具有历史意义的阿波罗11号计划。）”可知，Shoot for the Moon 主要是关于太空竞赛的历史。故选A。
2. 细节理解题。根据Picturing Apollo 11中的“Packed with hundreds of photos(some are published for the first time), this book reads like a photo book of the Apollo 11 program.（这本书里有数百张照片（有些是首次出版），读起来就像一本阿波罗 11 号计划的相册。）”可知，J. L. Pickering和John Bisney的书通过图片展示了阿波罗 11 号计划。故选C。
3. 细节理解题。根据Apollo’s Legacy中的“The book explores different views on the US moonshot project from scientists, politicians, the media and the public during the space race and beyond.（这本书探讨了在太空竞赛期间及以后，科学家、政治家、媒体和公众对美国登月计划的不同看法。）”可知，Apollo’s Legacy 这本书谈到了对阿波罗计划的不同看法。故选 D。
Passage 5
（23-24高一下·上海·阶段练习）How many things can you see in the night sky A lot! On a clear night you can see the moon, some planets, and thousands of sparking stars. You can see even more with a telescope. You might see that many stars look larger than others. You might see that some stars that look white are really red or blue. With bigger and bigger telescopes you can see more and more objects in the sky. And you can see those objects in more and more detail.
But scientists believe there are some things in the sky that we will never see. We won’t see them with the biggest telescope in the world, on the clearest night of the year. That’s because they’re invisible. They’re the mysterious dead stars called black holes.
You might find it hard to imagine that stars die. After all, our sun is a star. Year after year we see it up in the sky, burning brightly and giving us heat and light. The Sun certainly doesn’t seem to be getting old or weak. But stars do burn out and die after billions of years.
As a star’s gases burn, they give off light and heat. But when the gases run out, the star stops burning and begins to die.
As the star cools, the outer layers of the star pull in toward the center.The star squashes into a smaller and smaller ball.If the star was very small, the star ends up as a cold, dark ball called a black dwarf.If the star was very big, it keeps squashing inward until it’s packed together tighter than anything in the universe.
Imagine if the Earth were crushed until it was the size of a tiny marble.That’s how tightly this dead star, a black hole, is packed.What pulls the star in toward its center with such power It’s the same force that pulls you down when you jump-the force called gravity.A black hole is so tightly packed that its gravity sucks in everything — even light.The light from a black hole can never come back to your eyes.That’s why you see nothing but blackness.
So next time you stare up at the night sky, remember: there’s more in the sky than we can see! Scattered in the silent darkness are black holes-the great mystery of space.
1. According to the article, how will a star begin to die
A．As it gets hotter and hotter, it explodes.
B．It collides with other stars.
C．It can only live for about a million years.
D．As its gases run out, it cools down.
2. Which of the following is NOT a feature of a black dwarf
A．It is packed most tightly. B．It is dark.
C．It is smaller in size than a common star. D．It is cold.
3. Why can’t you see light when you look at a black hole
A．Because most black holes are so far away.
B．As the star’s gases burn, it stops giving off heat and light.
C．As a star cools, its outer layers pull in towards its center.
D．The gravity of a black hole is so strong that it sucks the light inward.
【答案】1. D 2. A 3. D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲了科学家相信有些东西我们永远不会看到，他们是神秘的叫做黑洞的死亡恒星。
1. 细节理解题。根据第五段“But when the gases run out, the star stops burning and begins to die. (但当气体耗尽时，恒星停止燃烧并开始死亡)”可知，当气体耗尽时，恒星会冷却下来，开始死亡。故选D。
2. 细节理解题。根据倒数第三段的“If the star was very small, the star ends up as a cold, dark ball called a black dwarf.(如果恒星非常小，恒星最终会变成一个寒冷、黑暗的球，称为黑矮星)”和倒数第二段的“A black hole is so tightly packed that its gravity sucks in everything — even light.The light from a black hole can never come back to your eyes.That’s why you see nothing but blackness.(黑洞是如此的紧密包裹在一起，以至于它的引力可以吸收一切——甚至包括光。黑洞发出的光永远不会回到你的眼睛里。所以你只能看到黑暗)”可知，黑矮星是很小的，因此可知比普通星星小，是黑的，冰冷的，紧密堆积在一起的，但不是最紧密的。故选A。
3. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的“A black hole is so tightly packed that its gravity sucks in everything — even light. The light from a black hole can never come back to your eyes.That’s why you see nothing but blackness.(黑洞是如此的紧密包裹在一起，以至于它的引力可以吸收一切——甚至包括光。黑洞发出的光永远不会回到你的眼睛里。所以你只能看到黑暗)”可知，黑洞是如此紧密地包裹着，以至于它的引力会吸收所有的东西，即使是光，黑洞里的光也不会再回到你的眼睛里，可见黑洞的引力很强它会把光线吸进去，因此我们看不到光。故选D。
二、 进阶练习
Passage 6
（23-24高一下·山东济南·期末）We can see the moon every day, but in fact, humans have not been able to see the true face of the moon. For example, we all view the same side of it — the near side. So why don’t we ever see the far side of the moon
The secret behind this fascinating mystery is “tidal locking (潮汐锁定)”. To better understand it, let’s imagine two friends holding hands and turning around. As they turn, they always face each other because they’re locked in position by their hands. Similarly, the moon is locked to Earth by tidal force, which means it takes just as long for the moon to turn about its axis (轴) as it does to go around Earth. As a result, we always see the same side of the moon from our position on Earth, while the opposite side, known as the far side or the dark side, remains hidden from view.
Now, you might be wondering why people use the term “dark side” when referring to the far side of the moon. Contrary to popular belief, the far side isn’t always in darkness. Like the near side, it experiences day and night. However, since we can’t observe it from Earth, it often lies in mystery, and thus it gets this name.
Although we’ll never see the far side of the moon directly from Earth, humanity has found ways to explore it. Several spacecrafts have taken photos which furthered our understanding of the lunar far side. In June 2024, China’s Chang’e 6 made a soft landing on the far side of the moon and sent back more closeup photos. It brought back soil and rocks collected from there, opening a new chapter in lunar exploration and enabling scientists to discover what they didn’t know about the moon.
There is still so much more to explore on the lunar far side. For example, the far side of the moon is a rare and quiet place free from radio signals reflecting from our planet, which allows scientists to study space phenomena with greater clarity, making it a perfect location for studying space using radio waves.
1. How does the writer explain “tidal locking” in Paragraph 2
A．By analyzing data. B．By quoting a study.
C．By giving an example. D．By comparing findings.
2. What is a common misunderstanding of the far side of the moon
A．There lives unknown life. B．It shouldn’t be disturbed.
C．It is visible from Earth. D．There is no sunlight.
3. Why is Chang’e 6 mentioned in Paragraph 4
A．To share a well-known legend. B．To explain its working principle,
C．To promote an advanced technology. D．To show efforts of lunar exploration.
4. What is the last paragraph mainly about
A．Hidden value of the lunar far side. B．Detailed information of mysteries.
C．Special advantages of radio waves. D．Brief reviews of moon exploration
【答案】1. C 2. D 3. D 4. A
【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人类无法看到月球背面的原因。
1. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“To better understand it, let’s imagine two friends holding hands and turning around. As they turn, they always face each other because they’re locked in position by their hands. Similarly, the moon is locked to Earth by tidal force, which means it takes just as long for the moon to turn about its axis (轴) as it does to go around Earth. (为了更好地理解它，让我们想象两个朋友手牵着手转过身来。当他们转身时，他们总是面对着对方，因为他们的手被锁在了位置上。同样地，月球被潮汐力锁定在地球上，这意味着月球绕其轴旋转(轴)所需的时间与月球绕地球旋转所需的时间一样长。)”可知，通过举两个朋友牵手转身过来的例子，来说明潮汐锁定。故选C。
2. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Now, you might be wondering why people use the term “dark side” when referring to the far side of the moon. Contrary to popular belief, the far side isn’t always in darkness. Like the near side, it experiences day and night. (现在，你可能想知道为什么人们在提到月球的背面时使用“暗面”这个词。与普遍的看法相反，月球背面并不总是黑暗的。和近地面一样，它也经历白天和黑夜。)”可知，普遍的看法是月球的背面总是黑暗的，没有阳光的。故选D。
3. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段“In June 2024, China’s Chang’e 6 made a soft landing on the far side of the moon and sent back more closeup photos. It brought back soil and rocks collected from there, opening a new chapter in lunar exploration and enabling scientists to discover what they didn’t know about the moon. (2024年6月，中国的嫦娥六号在月球背面软着陆，并发回了更多的特写照片。它带回了从那里收集的土壤和岩石，开启了月球探索的新篇章，使科学家们能够发现他们对月球的不了解。)”可知，嫦娥六号通过特写照片以及带回收集的土壤和岩石来展示月球探索的成果。故选D。
4. 主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“For example, the far side of the moon is a rare and quiet place free from radio signals reflecting from our planet, which allows scientists to study space phenomena with greater clarity, making it a perfect location for studying space using radio waves. (例如，月球背面是一个罕见而安静的地方，没有来自我们星球的无线电信号反射，这使得科学家能够更清晰地研究太空现象，使其成为使用无线电波研究太空的理想地点。)”可知，最后一段主要说明的是月球背面的隐藏价值。故选A。
Passage 7
（23-24高一下·湖北·期末）The documentary Space: The Longest Goodbye explores the important role of psychologists in preparing astronauts for missions to the moon and Mars. Even though NASA carefully plans and analyzes technical aspects of space travel, such as launch windows and flight orbits, the mental health of astronauts remains hard to measure.
The necessity for psychological support became obvious as astronauts started spending more time away from Earth, particularly with the construction of the International Space Station in 1994. With future missions aiming for longer periods of time, such as the scheduled three-year journey to Mars, the emotional stress of separation from loved ones becomes a major concern.
Directed by Ido Mizrahy, the documentary investigates the history of NASA’s psychological team while following the experience of astronauts like Cady Coleman, a key member of NASA’s Artemis program. Coleman’s story, especially the painfully-moving moments of her video chats with her son, uncovers the emotional sufferings experienced by astronauts and their families due to space travel. In addition, astronauts are also observed day and night while on board the space station, adding to their psychological stress.
The film describes the strategies the team applied to deal with these challenges, such as developing companion robots to ease loneliness, conducting desert simulations to study interpersonal stress during long space missions and so on. There is a shocking large number of ideas being tested for the astronauts.
Throughout the documentary, viewers are treated to breathtaking photos of space, presented together with the personal struggles of the astronauts. This creates a mixture of both fear and hope, reflecting the difficult reality of being an astronaut.
In nature, Space: The Longest Goodbye offers an impressive exploration of the emotional and psychological journey of astronauts as they explore the vast space, wrestling with the challenges of loneliness and longing while fighting for the promise of discovery and exploration.
1. What influences the mental health of the astronauts most
A．Nonstop observations in the space station.
B．Insufficient training before their missions.
C．Physical sufferings from long space travel.
D．Emotional stress of being apart from family.
2. How did NASA’s psychological team solve the difficulties
A．By increasing video chats. B．By developing robots for company.
C．By doing research into deserts. D．By improving communication skills.
3. What does “this” in paragraph 5 refer to
A．The records of space scenery. B．The challenges of longer mission.
C．The contrast of film contents. D．The struggle of personal emotions.
4. What is the author’s attitude towards the documentary
A．Negative. B．Unclear. C．Appreciative. D．Doubtful.
【答案】1. D 2. B 3. C 4. C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了纪录片Space: The Longest Goodbye对长期在太空执行探索任务的NASA宇航员的心理探究及为宇航员心理健康所采取的一些措施。
1. 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“With future missions aiming for longer periods of time, such as the scheduled three-year journey to Mars, the emotional stress of separation from loved ones becomes a major concern.”（由于未来的任务目标是更长的时间，比如计划中的三年火星之旅，与亲人分离的情绪压力成为一个主要问题。）可知，与亲人分离的情绪压力是影响宇航员心理健康最主要的因素。故选D项。
2. 细节理解题。根据第四段第一句“The film describes the strategies the team applied to deal with these challenges, such as developing companion robots to ease loneliness, conducting desert simulations to study interpersonal stress during long space missions and so on.”（影片描述了团队应对这些挑战的策略，比如开发伴侣机器人来缓解孤独感，进行沙漠模拟来研究长期太空任务中的人际压力等等。）可知， NASA通过开发伴侣机器人来缓解宇航员面临的情绪问题。故选B项。
3. 词义猜测题。根据第五段“Throughout the documentary, viewers are treated to breathtaking photos of space, presented together with the personal struggles of the astronauts. This creates a mixture of both fear and hope, reflecting the difficult reality of being an astronaut.”（在整个纪录片中，观众可以看到令人惊叹的太空照片，以及宇航员的个人挣扎。这产生了恐惧和希望的混合，反映了作为一名宇航员的艰难现实。）可知，“this”指前文提到的电影将宇宙的浩瀚和宇航员的内心挣扎相结合，造成一种强烈的对比感，从而产生了恐惧和希望的混合。故选C项。
4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“In nature, Space: The Longest Goodbye offers an impressive exploration of the emotional and psychological journey of astronauts as they explore the vast space, wrestling with the challenges of loneliness and longing while fighting for the promise of discovery and exploration.”（本质上，《太空：最长的再见》提供了一场令人印象深刻的探索宇航员的情感和心理之旅，他们探索广阔的太空，在为发现和探索的承诺而战的同时，与孤独和渴望的挑战作斗争。）可知，作者高度评价了该纪录片的深远意义，故作者对这部纪录片是持肯定、欣赏的态度的，故选C项。
Passage 8
（23-24高一下·福建厦门·期末）NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope has discovered a planet where it rains sand, in ground-breaking observation.
The planet, WASP-107b, lying 200 light years away, was discovered in 2017 after astronomers spotted a distinct periodic light going on and off like a candle from its host star each time the planet passed in front of it. “It’s like a fly in front of a street lamp,” said Leen Decin, a professor at Institute of Astronomy of KU Leuven. “You see a slight dimming (变暗) of the light.”
While Webb’s instruments found signs of water vapour (水蒸气) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) on WASP-107b, they also found clouds of silicon dioxide (SiO2) that behave similar to water clouds on Earth, meaning that on WASP-107b, it rains sand.
The planet’s atmosphere would feature something like Earth’s water cycle, but instead with sand cycling between solid and gas states. From the hotter, lower levels of the atmosphere, silicate vapour would rise up, cool and form tiny sands, too small to see. Eventually, these clouds of sand dust would become thick enough that they begin to rain back down to the lower layers of the atmosphere. Below a certain level, the sand would transform into vapour, completing the cycle.
A central aim of the James Webb Space Telescope is to analyse the atmospheres of distant planets and search for biosignature gases that could show the presence of life. WASP-107b is not regarded as a likely candidate (候选), given its 1,000℃ climate and lack of a solid surface. However, the level of detail being got from targets like WASP-107b is seen as an encouraging sign. It’s the first time that we have been able to identify the chemical composition of clouds in the atmosphere of a distant planet, marking a significant leap in our understanding of the distant worlds.
“The universe has so many surprises,” said Decin. “I do imagine that there may be various different choices for life to form on another planet. It might be very different from something you know here on Earth. We have to broaden our imaginations.”
1. How did astronomers discover the planet WASP-107b
A．By monitoring the movement of a fly.
B．By studying the brightness of a street lamp.
C．By comparing the distance of planets.
D．By observing light change of its host star.
2. What is paragraph 4 mainly about
A．The cycle of sand rain. B．The development of vapour.
C．The feature of clouds. D．The temperature of atmosphere.
3. What can we know about WASP-107b according to paragraph 5
A．It has the same atmosphere as the Earth’s.
B．It has signs indicating the presence of water.
C．Its climate and surface conditions can’t support life.
D．Its chemical composition disables cloud formation.
4. What is Decin’s attitude to the possibility of life in the universe
A．Negative. B．Positive. C．Cautious. D．Doubtful.
【答案】1. D 2. A 3. C 4. B
【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲述美国宇航局太空望远镜发现了一颗下沙雨的行星。
1. 细节理解题。根据第二段“The planet, WASP-107b, lying 200 light years away, was discovered in 2017 after astronomers spotted a distinct periodic light going on and off like a candle from its host star each time the planet passed in front of it. ‘It’s like a fly in front of a street lamp,’ said Leen Decin, a professor at Institute of Astronomy of KU Leuven. ‘You see a slight dimming (变暗) of the light.’ (这颗名为WASP-107b的行星位于200光年之外，是在2017年被发现的，此前天文学家发现，每当这颗行星从它的主星前面经过时，它都会发出一种独特的周期性光，就像蜡烛一样忽明忽暗。‘这就像路灯前的一只苍蝇，’鲁汶大学天文学研究所教授Leen Decin说。‘你会看到光线轻微变暗。’)”可知，天文学家是通过观察主行星的光变化发现WASP-107b行星的。故选D。
2. 主旨大意题。根据第四段“The planet’s atmosphere would feature something like Earth’s water cycle, but instead with sand cycling between solid and gas states. From the hotter, lower levels of the atmosphere, silicate vapour would rise up, cool and form tiny sands, too small to see. Eventually, these clouds of sand dust would become thick enough that they begin to rain back down to the lower layers of the atmosphere. Below a certain level, the sand would transform into vapour, completing the cycle. (这颗行星的大气特征类似于地球的水循环，但沙子在固体和气体状态之间循环。从较热的低层大气中，硅酸盐蒸汽会上升，冷却并形成微小的沙子，小得看不见。最终，这些沙尘云会变得足够厚，以至于它们开始向低层大气中降雨。在一定的高度以下，沙子会变成水蒸气，完成这个循环。)”可知，本段主要介绍沙雨的循环，故选A。
3. 推理判断题。根据第五段中“A central aim of the James Webb Space Telescope is to analyse the atmospheres of distant planets and search for biosignature gases that could show the presence of life. WASP-107b is not regarded as a likely candidate (候选), given its 1,000℃ climate and lack of a solid surface. (詹姆斯·韦布太空望远镜的一个中心目标是分析遥远行星的大气，寻找可能表明生命存在的生物特征气体。WASP-107b不被认为是可能的候选者，因为它的气候温度为1000℃，而且缺乏固体表面。)”可知，WASP-107b行星的气候和地表条件不适合生命生存，故选C。
4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“I do imagine that there may be various different choices for life to form on another planet. It might be very different from something you know here on Earth. We have to broaden our imaginations. (我确实认为，在另一个星球上形成生命可能有各种不同的选择。它可能与你在地球上所知道的非常不同。我们必须拓宽我们的想象力。)”可知，Decin对宇宙生命的可能性持积极态度，故选B。
Passage 9
（23-24高一下·江西·期末）A private company is working with the American space agency NASA to develop a new rocket that could greatly reduce space travel times. The engine for such a rocket will be designed to sharply increase the amount of force to speed up space travel and improve rocket efficiency.
The new design, called Pulsed Plasma Rocket (PPR), is being developed by Arizona-based company Howe Industries. The company is currently in the early stages of studying the technology before building working engine models.
In a recent statement, Howe Industries said such rocket technology will be needed to shore up NASA’s plans to send humans to the moon and after that, possibly Mars. The space agency has also set a goal to build a long-term base in space. But one barrier to all these plans is the long travel times necessary with current spacecraft systems. For example, a trip to Mars with existing spacecraft would take at least 200 days each way. Developers of the proposed Pulsed Plasma Rocket have said it could reduce travel time to the Red Planet to about two months each way.
Howe Industries said its new design gives the rocket the ability to reach extremely high speeds to complete“ reasonable” space travel times. NASA has described its Space Launch System(SLS) as the most powerful ever built. The agency has said the SLS rocket system is expected to provide nearly 53 N of force during space travel. Developers of PPR say that in addition to a huge increase in force, the new design will provide a “specific impulse (推力)” rate of 5,000. The higher this rate is, the more efficient the rocket system will be.
The team said if chosen by NASA to continue with Phase (阶段) Ⅱ, it will be centered on improving the performance of the proposed engine, as well as carrying out experiments on major engine systems. The last phase will involve completing a spaceship design for carrying humans to Mars.
1. What is the new rocket for
A．Loading heavy items.
B．Promoting space tourism.
C．Shortening the traveling time to space.
D．Providing energy for a long-term space base.
2. What does the underlined phrase “shore up” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Support. B．Reject. C．Reflect. D．Claim.
3. Why are the figures mentioned in paragraph 4
A．To tell the rocket’s unique structure.
B．To prove the rocket’s potential power.
C．To uncover the rocket’s possible risks.
D．To show the rocket's tough development.
4. What does the last paragraph suggest
A．The engine entered the second phase.
B．The engine met the requirement of NASA．
C．The team planned the rocket’s further improvement.
D．The team are worried about the future of the rocket.
【答案】1. C 2. A 3. B 4. C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一家公司与NASA合作研发出能缩减从地球到达月球或火星的时间的新火箭。
1. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“A private company is working with the American space agency NASA to develop a new rocket that could greatly reduce space travel times. (一家私人公司正在与美国宇航局 NASA 合作开发一种可以大大缩短太空旅行时间的新型火箭。)”可知，新火箭能缩短太空旅行时间。故选C。
2. 词句猜测题。根据第一段中“A private company is working with the American space agency NASA to develop a new rocket that could greatly reduce space travel times. (一家私人公司正在与美国宇航局 NASA 合作开发一种可以大大缩短太空旅行时间的新型火箭。)”和划线短语所在句中“In a recent statement, Howe Industries said such rocket technology will be needed to shore up NASA’s plans to send humans to the moon and after that, possibly Mars. (豪威工业公司在最近的一份声明中表示，这种火箭技术将shore up美国宇航局将人类送上月球，之后可能还会送上火星的计划。)”可知，Howe工业公司与NASA合作，这说明该公司和NASA合作开发的火箭将支持NASA计划，由此可推知，划线短语意为“支持”，故选A。
3. 推理判断题。根据第四段中“NASA has described its Space Launch System(SLS) as the most powerful ever built. The agency has said the SLS rocket system is expected to provide nearly 53 N of force during space travel. Developers of PPR say that in addition to a huge increase in force, the new design will provide a “specific impulse (推力)” rate of 5,000. The higher this rate is, the more efficient the rocket system will be. (美国宇航局称其太空发射系统 (SLS) 是有史以来最强大的系统。该机构表示，SLS 火箭系统预计将在太空旅行期间提供近 53 N 的推力。PPR 的开发人员表示，除了推力大幅增加外，新设计还将提供 5,000 的“比冲 ”率。比冲率越高，火箭系统的效率就越高。)”可推知，提到与推力和推力速度相关的数据是为了证明新火箭有巨大的推力，故选B。
4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“The team said if chosen by NASA to continue with Phase (阶段) Ⅱ , it will be centered on improving the performance of the proposed engine, as well as carrying out experiments on major engine systems. The last phase will involve completing a spaceship design for carrying humans to Mars. (该团队表示，如果被 NASA 选中继续进行第二阶段，他们将专注于改进拟议发动机的性能，并对主要发动机系统进行实验。最后阶段将涉及完成载人前往火星的宇宙飞船设计。)”可知，最后一段介绍了火箭的第二阶段和第三阶段，由此可推知，最后一段说明了该团队计划对火箭进行进一步改善，故选C。
Passage 10
（23-24高一下·湖南衡阳·期末）Scientists have already established from multiple studies that Mars contains large amounts of water. Most of the water exists in the form of ice. Chinese researchers say they have built an artificial intelligence(AI) robot that can use materials found on Mars to produce catalysts (催化剂) to break down water and release oxygen. It could be another way for space travelers in the future to make much-needed oxygen on Mars.
Experiments were carried out on meteorites that either came from Mars or contained materials similar to the Martian surface. The “robot chemist” first used an acid and chemical mixture to separate and examine materials contained in the meteorites. It identified several different metallic elements and then worked to identify different molecules (分子) that could be produced from meteorite materials. The system found more than 3.7 million possible molecule combinations. The robot used that data to predict which catalysts would be able to split water molecules to produce oxygen. The catalyst chosen as the best fit was able to operate at minus 37 degrees Celsius. This temperature is similar to current conditions on Mars.
The study’s lead writer, Jun Jiang, said that as a boy, he often dreamed of being able to one day travel in space. “So when we finally saw that the catalysts made by the robot could actually produce oxygen by splitting water molecules. I felt like my dream was coming true. I even started to imagine that I, myself, will live on Mars in the future.”
A report explaining the study’s results notes Jiang suggests that for every square meter of Martian material, his group’s system could produce nearly 60 grams of oxygen per hour. The researchers say this level of production could remove the need for future astronauts to transport oxygen from Earth. “The robot can work continuously for years.” Jiang said.
Jiang said, “It could also be used to produce other useful catalysts on Mars. This could include processes for making substances to support the growth of plants that could be used to produce food for astronauts. Different chemicals can be made by this robot. Mars might also not be the only place where it could find other used, suggesting the moon as another possibility.”
1. What do Chinese scientists use AI robots to do in the research
A．To collect water data from Mars.
B．To produce oxygen from water on Mars.
C．To explore the ice coverage on Mars.
D．To assist humans in settling down on Mars.
2. Which aspect of the research does Paragraph 2 focus on
A．Its process. B．Its scale. C．Its result. D．Its effect.
3. Why does the author mention Jiang’s dream
A．To explain the chemical reaction. B．To advocate space travel.
C．To prove the success of the study. D．To show the future life on Mars.
4. What does Jiang stress in the last paragraph
A．The substances for growing plants on Mars. B．The existence of oxygen on the moon.
C．The possible discovery of chemicals on Mars. D．The potential application of AI robots.
【答案】1. B 2. A 3. C 4. D
【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了中国科学家已经从多项研究中证实火星含有大量的水。大多数水以冰的形式存在。中国研究人员表示，他们已经制造了一种人造机器人，可以利用火星上发现的材料来生产催化剂，以分解水并释放氧气。这可能是未来太空旅行者制造火星上急需的氧气的另一种方式。
1. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Chinese researchers say they have built an artificial intelligence(AI) robot that can use materials found on Mars to produce catalysts (催化剂) to break down water and release oxygen. (中国研究人员表示，他们已经制造出一种人工智能机器人，该机器人可以使用火星上发现的材料制造催化剂来分解水并释放氧气。)”可知，中国科学家在研究中使用人工智能机器人从火星上的水中产生氧气。故选B。
2. 主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Experiments were carried out on meteorites that either came from Mars or contained materials similar to the Martian surface. The ‘robot chemist’ first used an acid and chemical mixture to separate and examine materials contained in the meteorites. (对来自火星或含有与火星表面相似物质的陨石进行了实验。“机器人化学家”首先使用酸和化学混合物来分离和检查陨石中所含的物质。)”可知，本段讲述的是研究的过程。故选A。
3. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“ ‘So when we finally saw that the catalysts made by the robot could actually produce oxygen by splitting water molecules. I felt like my dream was coming true. I even started to imagine that I, myself, will live on Mars in the future.’ (“所以当我们最终看到机器人制造的催化剂实际上可以通过分裂水分子产生氧气时。我觉得我的梦想就要实现了。我甚至开始想象我自己将来会住在火星上。”)”可知，作者提到蒋的梦想是为了证明这些研究是成功的。故选C。
4. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Jiang said, ‘It could also be used to produce other useful catalysts on Mars. This could include processes for making substances to support the growth of plants that could be used to produce food for astronauts. Different chemicals can be made by this robot. Mars might also not be the only place where it could find other used, suggesting the moon as another possibility.’ (蒋说:“它也可以用来在火星上生产其他有用的催化剂。这可能包括制造支持植物生长的物质的过程，这些植物可以用来为宇航员生产食物。这个机器人可以制造不同的化学品。火星可能也不是唯一可以找到其他用途的地方，这表明月球是另一种可能性。”)”可知，蒋强调了机器人对于太空研究的作用。故选D。
三、 高阶提升
Passage 11
（23-24高一下·广东茂名·期末）Recently, I had the opportunity to spend a few days at “Dongfeng Space City” near the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, where I was sent by the national newspaper to cover the launch (发射) of the Shenzhou-18 manned spacecraft. This experience provided me with a chance to learn about China’s space-themed tourism.
The Space City is where the Chinese aerospace dream begins. In 1970, China’s first man-made satellite “Dongfanghong-1” was launched from the Dongfangho ng satellite launch site. In 2018, the Dongfanghong satellite launch site became a patriotic (爱国的) education base. The current launch site is called the “Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center”, and it is famous for being China’s only manned space launch site.
For visitors, the quickest way to travel from Beijing to Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center is by flying to Jiayuguan Jiuquan Airport and then taking a four-hour drive to the city. The view through the car window reveals the vast Gobi Desert, with the sun casting its rays upon the “lonely” road. It is a landscape with little greenery and few buildings or other signs of human life.
However, inside the Space City, you’ll find a whole new world: a park, a cinema, a clinic, a supermarket, hotels, restaurants, bakeries and clothing stores. There’s even a farmers’ market and a popular milk tea stand. Visitors to the Space City are often recommended to taste the “Aerospace Milk” and “Acrospace Yogurt”. Visitors can also taste grapes, watermelons, tomatoes, and other fruits and vegetables from the greenhouse at the launch site.
Visitors have the impression that they’re in an ordinary Chinese town. It is only when you come across roads named after “Taikong” and “Yuzhou” that you truly understand the unique identity of this area. Local people have even designed the streetlights in the shape of rockets launching spacecraft. There is also a souvenir (纪念品) shop in the Space City where you can buy various models of rockets, satellites and astronauts.
1. What may the author be
A．A news reporter. B．A tourist guide.
C．A space scientist. D．A local governor.
2. What does paragraph 2 tell us about the Space City
A．Its education base. B．Its origin of the name.
C．Its location and tourism. D．Its history and present situation.
3. What can visitors do inside the Space City
A．Enjoy sunset. B．Visit Gobi Desert.
C．Taste local products. D．Buy streetlight models.
4. From which section is the text probably taken
A．Education. B．Tourism. C．Sports. D．Culture.
【答案】1. A 2. D 3. C 4. B
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍了以太空为主题的旅游点——东风太空城。
1. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Recently, I had the opportunity to spend a few days at “Dongfeng Space City” near the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, where I was sent by the national newspaper to cover the launch (发射) of the Shenzhou-18 manned spacecraft. (最近，我有机会在酒泉卫星发射中心附近的“东风航天城”呆了几天，在那里我被国家报纸派去报道神舟18号载人飞船的发射)”可知，作者报道了神州18号载人飞船的发射。由此可推知作者是一名记者。故选A。
2. 推理判断题。根据第二段中“The Space City is where the Chinese aerospace dream begins. In 1970, China’s first man-made satellite “Dongfanghong-1” was launched from the Dongfangho ng satellite launch site. In 2018, the Dongfanghong satellite launch site became a patriotic (爱国的) education base. The current launch site is called the “Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center”, and it is famous for being China’s only manned space launch site.( 航天城是中国航天梦开始的地方。1970年，中国第一颗人造卫星“东方红一号”在东方湖卫星发射场成功发射。2018年，东方红卫星发射场成为爱国主义教育基地。目前的发射场被称为“酒泉卫星发射中心”，它以中国唯一的载人航天发射场而闻名)”可知，第二段中以时间顺序介绍了太空城的历史和现状。故选D。
3. 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Visitors to the Space City are often recommended to taste the “Aerospace Milk” and “Acrospace Yogurt”. Visitors can also taste grapes, watermelons, tomatoes, and other fruits and vegetables from the greenhouse at the launch site.( 游客们经常被推荐品尝“航天牛奶”和“航天酸奶”。游客们还可以品尝到发射现场温室里的葡萄、西瓜、西红柿和其他水果和蔬菜)”可知，到太空城的游客们经常被推荐品尝“航天牛奶”和“航天酸奶”。游客们还可以品尝到发射现场温室里的葡萄、西瓜、西红柿和其他水果和蔬菜即品尝当地特产。故选C。
4. 推理判断题。通读全文，文章主要介绍了以太空为主题的旅游点——东风太空城，由此推断，本文属于旅游业范畴。故选B。
Passage 12
（23-24高二下·广东深圳·期末）Have you ever seen the Moon rising over your town or city It can appear very large when it is low on the horizon. Our moon goes through phases(月相) and it looks a little different every day. When the whole moon is lit up, it is called a full moon. When the Moon is entirely dark, it’s a new moon. When there is only a thin edge of the circle shining, it’s a crescent moon.
When a crescent moon is rising, we can occasionally see a unique event. When the Sun, the Earth, and the Moon are lined up just right, some of the sunlight that hits the Earth can be reflected onto the Moon. This causes most part of the Moon to give off a faint glow, while the rest of the Moon is brightly lit by the sunlight.
This phenomenon is named the Da Vinci glow. It was Leonardo da Vinci, a great artist, inventor and scientist, who explained it for the first time. Sometimes, it is also called “earthshine.”
When Da Vinci wrote about earthshine, he suggested that it might be caused by sunlight reflected from the Earth’s oceans. He was almost completely correct, except for one detail: most of the reflected sunlight comes from the clouds in our atmosphere. The reflected light from the Earth is bright enough to light up the side of the Moon that isn’t receiving direct sunlight.
The Da Vinci glow is not easy to see. Conditions need to be just right. Due to the angles of light, the Moon has to be very low on the horizon. The best time to see it will be in the days before and after the new moon. During these days, the lit-up edge of the crescent moon is at its thinnest stage. If you observe the Moon before sunrise or after sunset, it may be possible to witness the reflected light from the Earth. For the best experience, choose a location outdoors where there is not too much artificial light. You can use a telescope, but it’s not necessary since the Moon will look just as impressive when viewed with the bare eye.
1. Which of the following is the Da Vinci glow
A． B．
C． D．
2. What is the main cause of the Da Vinci glow
A．Sunlight received by the Moon’s surface.
B．Sunlight reflected from the Earth’s clouds.
C．Sunlight reflected from the Earth’s oceans.
D．Sunlight received by the Moon’s lit-up edge.
3. Why is the Da Vinci glow an unusual phenomenon
A．It requires specific light conditions. B．It lasts too short to be observed.
C．It occurs at the crescent moon stage. D．It needs bright light from the Sun.
4. Which of the following matters most to an ideal observation of the phenomenon
A．A suitable place. B．Good eyesight.
C．A special instrument. D．Bright moonlight.
【答案】1. B 2. B 3. A 4. A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了月球的达·芬奇辉光现象。
1. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“This causes most part of the Moon to give off a faint glow, while the rest of the Moon is brightly lit by the sunlight. (这导致月球的大部分发出微弱的光芒，而月球的其余部分则被阳光照亮。)”和第三段中“This phenomenon is named the Da Vinci glow.(这种现象被命名为达·芬奇辉光。)”可知，B项符合达·芬奇辉光现象。故选B项。
2. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“He was almost completely correct, except for one detail: most of the reflected sunlight comes from the clouds in our atmosphere. (他几乎是完全正确的，除了一个细节：大部分反射的阳光来自我们大气层中的云。)”可知，达芬奇辉光主要是地球云层反射的阳光。故选B项。
3. 推理判断题。根据倒数第一段中“The Da Vinci glow is not easy to see. Conditions need to be just right. Due to the angles of light, the Moon has to be very low on the horizon.(达·芬奇辉光不容易被看到。条件需要恰到好处。由于光线的角度，月球必须在地平线上非常低。)”可知，达·芬奇辉光是一种不寻常的现象，因为它需要特定的光照条件。故选A项。
4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“For the best experience, choose a location outdoors where there is not too much artificial light. (为了获得最佳体验，选择室外没有太多人造光的地方。)”可知，一个合适的地方对观察该现象最重要。故选A项。
Passage 13
（23-24高一下·广东珠海·阶段练习）A new study suggests that long periods in space can cause the human heart to shrink (缩小). The study — by a team of American researchers — comes as the U.S. makes plans to build a long-term base on the moon and prepares to send astronauts to Mars.
Part of the study was based on the experiences of the retired astronaut Scott Kelly. The U.S. space agency NASA says that during his career, Kelly spent more time in space than any other American astronaut. One of Kelly’s stays aboard the International Space Station (ISS) lasted 340 days. Researchers from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (UT Southwestern) in Dallas collected and analyzed the physical data during Kelly’s long stay aboard the ISS. The goal was to learn the effects of weightlessness on heart health and performance. The team found that during Kelly’s stay in space, the left ventricle (心室) of his heart shrank about 0.74 grams per week.
Dr. Benjamin Levine is a professor at UT Southwestern. He was the leader of the research. In a statement, he explained that because of the conditions in space, the heart does not have to work as hard to pump (输送) blood uphill from the feet. Over time, this can cause shrinkage. In an effort to keep their hearts and bodies healthy in space, astronauts are required to perform different kinds of exercises throughout their stay.
Reductions in heart size are also seen in patients who spend long periods in bed because they are lying flat and the heart does not have to work as hard to pump. A second part of the study examined data from a long-distance swimmer who spent nearly a year trying to cross the Pacific Ocean. The swimmer, Benoit Lecomte, was chosen because he swam more than 2,800 kilometers over 159 days. Levine says long-distance swimming has similar effects on weightlessness. The study showed that during Lecomte’s swim, his left heart ventricle shrank about 0.72 grams per week.
1. How did the researchers carry out their study
A．By interviewing astronauts. B．By examining collected information.
C．By experimenting aboard the ISS. D．By comparing people in different fields.
2. What are astronauts asked to do to keep their hearts fit in space
A．Do various exercises. B．Get regular blood tests.
C．Stay in space for less time. D．Stand on their heads sometimes.
3. Who is least likely to suffer from a shrunk heart according to the text
A．A patient spending a long time in bed. B．An astronaut traveling in space for long.
C．A long-distance professional swimmer. D．A well-trained marathon runner.
4. What can be the best title for the text
A．New Ways to Fight Heart Diseases B．The U.S. Builds a Medical Center in Space
C．Long Space Flights Can Shrink the Heart D．Long-distance Swimming Keeps Your Heart Fit
【答案】1. B 2. A 3. D 4. C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项新研究发现，长时间在太空中会导致人类心脏缩小。研究团队收集并分析了美国宇航员斯Scott Kelly在国际空间站长期停留期间的身体数据，发现他的心脏左心室在太空中缩小了。研究还比较了长时间躺卧患者和长途游泳者的数据，发现他们的心脏大小也出现了类似的变化。
1. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Researchers from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (UT Southwestern) in Dallas collected and analyzed the physical data during Kelly’s long stay aboard the ISS. (达拉斯德克萨斯大学西南医学中心(UT Southwestern)的研究人员收集并分析了Kelly在国际空间站长期停留期间的身体数据)”和最后一段中“A second part of the study examined data from a long-distance swimmer who spent nearly a year trying to cross the Pacific Ocean. (研究的第二部分检查了一位长途游泳者的数据，他花了将近一年的时间试图横渡太平洋)”可知，研究人员通过检查收集到的信息来进行研究。故选B项。
2. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“In an effort to keep their hearts and bodies healthy in space, astronauts are required to perform different kinds of exercises throughout their stay. (为了在太空中保持心脏和身体的健康，宇航员被要求在逗留期间进行各种各样的锻炼)”可知，宇航员被要求在太空中做各种各样的运动来保持心脏健康。故选A项。
3. 推理判断题。根据第二段中“The team found that during Kelly’s stay in space, the left ventricle (心室) of his heart shrank about 0.74 grams per week. (研究小组发现，在Kelly呆在太空期间，他的左心室每周收缩约0.74克)”、最后一段中“Reductions in heart size are also seen in patients who spend long periods in bed because they are lying flat and the heart does not have to work as hard to pump. (长时间躺在床上的患者心脏大小也会缩小，因为他们躺在床上，心脏不需要像平时那样费力地泵血)”和“The study showed that during Lecomte’s swim, his left heart ventricle shrank about 0.72 grams per week. (研究表明，在Lecomte游泳期间，他的左心室每周收缩约0.72克)”可知，长时间在太空旅行的宇航员、长时间卧床的病人、长距离职业游泳运动员的心脏都会缩小。结合选项推知，一个训练有素的马拉松运动员心脏缩小的可能性最小。故选D项。
4. 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“A new study suggests that long periods in space can cause the human heart to shrink (缩小). (一项新的研究表明，长时间在太空中会导致人类心脏缩小)”可知，文章围绕一项新研究展开，该研究发现，长时间在太空中会导致人类心脏缩小。因此，C项“长时间的太空飞行会使心脏缩小”契合文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选C项。
Passage 14
（2024·江苏泰州·一模）A satellite is an object in space that orbits around another. It has two kinds — natural satellites and artificial satellites. The moon is a natural satellite that moves around the earth while artificial satellites are those made by man.
Despite their widespread impact on daily life, artificial satellites mainly depend on different complicated makeups. On the outside, they may look like a wheel, equipped with solar panels or sails. Inside, the satellites contain mission-specific scientific instruments, which include whatever tools the satellites need to perform their work. Among them, high-resolution cameras and communication electronics are typical ones. Besides, the part that carries the load and holds all the parts together is called the bus.
Artificial satellites operate in a systematic way just like puters function as the satellite’s brain, which receive information, interpret it, and send messages back to the earth. Advanced digital cameras serve as the satellite’s eyes. Sensors are other important parts that not only recognize light, heat, and gases, but also record changes in what is being observed. Radios on the satellite send information back to the earth. Solar panels provide electrical power for the computers and other equipment, as well as the power to move the satellite forward.
Artificial satellites use gravity to stay in their orbits. Earth’s gravity pulls everything toward the center of the planet. To stay in the earth’s orbit, the speed of a satellite must adjust to the tiniest changes in the pull of gravity. The satellite’s speed works against earth’s gravity just enough so that it doesn’t go speeding into space or falling back to the earth.
Rockets carry satellites to different types and heights of orbits, based on the tasks they need to perform. Satellites closer to the earth are in low-earth orbit, which can be 200-500 miles high. The closer to the earth, the stronger the gravity is. Therefore, these satellites must travel at about 17,000 miles per hour to keep from falling back to the earth, while higher-orbiting satellites can travel more slowly.
1. What is Paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A．The appearance of artificial satellites. B．The components of artificial satellites.
C．The basic function of artificial satellites. D．The specific mission of artificial satellites.
2. What is the role of computers in artificial satellites
A．Providing electrical power. B．Recording changes observed.
C．Monitoring space environment. D．Processing information received.
3. How do artificial satellites stay in their orbits
A．By relying on powerful rockets to get out of gravity.
B．By orbiting at a fixed speed regardless of gravity’s pull.
C．By changing speed constantly based on the pull of gravity.
D．By resisting the pull of gravity with advanced technologies.
4. Why do satellites in higher-earth orbit travel more slowly
A．They are more affected by earth’s gravity.
B．They take advantage of rockets more effectively.
C．They have weaker pull of gravity in higher orbits.
D．They are equipped with more advanced instruments.
【答案】1. B 2. D 3. C 4. C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人造卫星的组成、运行方式和速度等基本情况。
1. 主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“On the outside, they may look like a wheel, equipped with solar panels or sails. Inside, the satellites contain mission-specific scientific instruments, which include whatever tools the satellites need to perform their work.(在外面，它们可能看起来像一个轮子，配备了太阳能电池板或帆。卫星内部装有特定任务的科学仪器，其中包括卫星执行工作所需的任何工具)”可知，文章第二段主要讲的是人造卫星的组成部分。故选B项。
2. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Computers function as the satellite’s brain, which receive information, interpret it, and send messages back to the earth.(计算机就像卫星的大脑一样，接收信息，解释信息，并将信息发回地球)”可知，计算机在人造卫星中的作用是处理接收到的信息。故选D项。
3. 细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“Artificial satellites use gravity to stay in their orbits. Earth’s gravity pulls everything toward the center of the planet. To stay in the earth’s orbit, the speed of a satellite must adjust to the tiniest changes in the pull of gravity.(人造卫星利用重力保持在轨道上。地球的引力把所有东西都拉向地球的中心。为了保持在地球轨道上运行，卫星的速度必须根据引力最微小的变化进行调整)”可知，人造卫星是通过在重力的作用下不断改变速度保持在轨道上的。故选C项。
4. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“The closer to the earth, the stronger the gravity is. Therefore, these satellites must travel at about 17,000 miles per hour to keep from falling back to the earth, while higher-orbiting satellites can travel more slowly.(离地球越近，引力就越强。因此，这些卫星必须以每小时17000英里的速度运行，以防止落回地球，而轨道较高的卫星运行速度更慢)”可知，高地球轨道上的卫星运行速度较慢是因为它们在高轨道上的引力较弱。故选C项。
Passage 15
（23-24高一下·北京通州·期末）Space exploration has produced valuable insights about Earth, the solar system and beyond. However, massive space activity over the past few decades has led to unintended orbital debris (残骸).
Every launch of satellites or rockets adds to the problem, increasing the risk that negatively influences not only space missions but also future endeavors. Since the 1957 launch of Sputnik-1, human activity in Earth’s orbit has caused significant distortions in space, raising serious concerns about the debris left behind.
This ever-increasing threat can be best understood through the Kessler syndrome in space. This phenomenon occurs when objects in low Earth orbit (LEO) become so crowded that they begin to hit each other, creating more debris and more collisions (碰撞), thus resulting in chain reactions of mergers and fissions. Many experts warn that LEO is moving towards Kessler’s syndrome.
Accidental collisions in space also increase the orbital overload, such as the 2009 collision between two satellites, Kosmos 2251 and Iridium 33. Such events have worsened the orbital debris problem and raised the prospect of disastrous space conditions.
The need for sustainable space activities and the reduction of space debris is being emphasized globally to address the rising space pollution. Therefore, governments have issued many regulatory measures, including active debris removal (ADR) technologies or pollution prevention, which are either planned, tested, or already carried out to protect both existing spacecraft and ones set to be launched.
Besides regulatory measures, several mitigating methods are also used to reduce the orbital overload. One such method involves causing a satellite to break down naturally by bringing it closer to Earth’s surface so it burns up in the atmosphere. This method is considered cost-effective because the defunct satellite can be pushed toward the Earth’s surface at a lower altitude using a physical tool like a net or an air-bursting tool. Another similar technology uses a harpoon that is fired in the direction of the targeted spacecraft to capture it and direct it towards Earth in an active manner, causing the debris to deorbit and plan atmospheric incineration.
To reduce the long-term risk of collisions, the focus needs to be on reducing the amount of debris in the orbit. International cooperation and continued investment in debris reduction technologies are carried out to reduce the potentially disastrous consequences of an overcrowded orbit.
1. What is the parimary concern regarding orbital debris
A．Its impact on weather patterns. B．Its impact on future space missions.
C．Its impact on satellite communication. D．Its impact on natural atmospheric processes.
2. What does the underlined word “mitigating” in Paragraph 6 most probably mean
A．Lessening. B．Worsening. C．Curing. D．Strengthening.
3. What are some regulatory and mitigation measures to address space debris
A．Frequent satellite launches. B．More space tourism for tax.
C．Active debris removal tec专题-S341阅读理解 人教版必修三 题型特训
UNIT 4 Space Exploration
学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________
一、 初阶练手 Passage 1 - 5
二、 进阶练习 Passage 6 -10
三、 高阶提升 Passage 11-15
一、 初阶练手
Passage 1
（23-24高一下·重庆·期末）Instant Expert: Wonders of Space
Saturday 17th July, 10 a.m. — 5 p.m. Cavendish Conference Centre, London
Join us for a day of exploring the wonders of outer space with six leading scientists. You will start where everything began — at the Big Bang. Throughout the day, you will hear about everything from the exploration of Mars to the discovery of liveable planets.
Who should attend
Anyone interested in the secrets of space, whatever your age or background. Whether you’re a scientist,a student or simply an attracted human being, our event offers the chance to learn directly from the experts at our one-day masterclass.
Benefits of attending:
·Open your mind and be inspired.
·Talk with like-minded people through the informal set-up.
·Meet our six speakers and ask your burning questions.
What’s included in your ticket:
·In-depth and interesting talks from six leading scientists.
·A buffet lunch, including morning and afternoon drinks and snacks.
·An Instant Expert certificate (证明书) provided by event organizers.
Booking information:
We will email you your ticket immediately after your payment. Please remember to bring your ticket with you as you’ll need it to enter. We can scan (扫描) tickets from a printout, or off the screen of a phone.
A Limited number of discounted early bird tickets priced at 129 will be offered. You can save 20 per ticket.
1. Who is the event intended for
A．Science students. B．Space fans.
C．Leading scientists. D．Research experts.
2. What can people expect from the event
A．Parties with event organizers. B．Free meals throughout the day.
C．Certificates from famous schools. D．Face-to-face meetings with scientists.
3. What should people do if they want to save money
A．Buy tickets early. B．Choose digital tickets.
C．Reserve tickets online. D．Print tickets in advance.
Passage 2
（23-24高一下·黑龙江鸡西·阶段练习）The most wonderful space museumsNational Museum of the U.S. Air Force | Dayton
If your main interests lie in military aviation, this museum will have everything you’ve ever wanted to see. It features exhibits on World War II, the Korean War, the Southeast Asia War and the Cold War. They’ve also got a Missile Gallery as well as a Space Gallery where visitors can walk inside a full-size reproduction of a NASA shuttle (航天飞机). Most impressively, it is totally free to visitors.Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum | Washington
Housing 60,000 air and space collections, the museum enables visitors to learn about the rich history of aviation (航空) by viewing the first successful aircraft (飞机) — the 1903 Wright Flyer — and everything that came next. From pilot uniforms to NASA spacesuits, engines and equipment, you’ll find it all at this museum.U.S. Space and Rocket Center | Huntsville
Space fans know this museum to be the site of the original Space Camp, including the film by the same name, but there’s plenty more to see here. The Center has a number of exhibits both indoors and out and many play areas for younger kids. 3D movies and live science shows add to the appeal.Pima Air & Space Museum | Tucson
The privately funded museum has been in operation for over 40 years and has over 300 historic aircraft on display. You’ll also find several exhibits that range from seaplanes and aircraft carriers to paper airplanes and women in flight. One of the biggest draws, though, is its extensive “boneyard”, a collection of over 4,000 U.S. government and military aircraft that are either being recycled or regenerated.
1. Which museum houses the first aircraft in history
A．Pima Air & Space Museum.
B．Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum.
C．National Museum of the U.S. Air Force.
D．U.S. Space and Rocket Center.
2. What do we know about the National Museum of the U.S. Air Force
A．It has a history of 40 years.
B．It charges a small entrance fee.
C．It organizes space camps every year.
D．It has a shuttle of the same size as a real one.
3. Where is the museum famous for its “boneyard”
A．Huntsville. B．Dayton. C．Tucson. D．Washington.
Passage 3
（23-24高一下·福建福州·期末）Make Space in Your Summer for Free Fun
You don’t have to go to the moon to meet an astronaut; You can do it at the Air and Space Museum on July 16.
Pioneering pilot Amelia Earhart disappeared on a flight around the globe in 1937. But she’ll be at the National Air and Space Museum on July 16 — the museum’s first Family Day of the season — to tell you all about her adventures. (Okay, it’s actually an actress pretending to be Earhart.) NASA astronaut Patrick Forrester will be there to answer your questions, e and learn how space exploration changed the world.
Another Family Day event takes place on July 25. At “Discover the Moon Day!” you can steer (驾驶) a robotic rover (a vehicle for exploring the surface of a planet), examine meteorites (陨石) that were found on the moon, see the capsule (太空舱) that took the Apollo 11 astronauts there and back and view photos of the lunar surface using 3-D glasses.
You can create lunar art and take a moon quiz. We’ll give you one example: July 20, 1969.. Do you know what happened that day
National Air and Space Museum
Independence Avenue at Sixth Street SW
Open daily 10 am to 7: 30 pm through September 1 (with a few early closings at 5: 30 pm; visit our website for details).
Family Day programmes are from 10 am to 3 pm.
Information specialists are available Monday through Friday from 9 am to 5 pm and Saturday from 9 am to 4 pm. All ages, but best for age 7 and older.
For more information, call202-633-2214 or go www.airandspace.si.edu.
1. What can museum visitors do on July 16
A．Create lunar art. B．Step into an unusual capsule.
C．Learn about a missing woman pilot’s life. D．See a movie about Earhart’s adventures.
2. What do we know about “Discover the Moon Day!”
A．It includes a moon quiz competition.
B．It’s the first Family Day at the museum.
C．It features a famous astronaut’s explanations.
D．It gives people first-hand experience of space.
3. What’s the closing time for the Family Day programmes
A．3 pm. B．4 pm.
C．5:30 pm. D．7:30 pm.
Passage 4
（23-24高一下·河北邢台·阶段练习）It was the 54th anniversary(周年)of the moon landing last year. Astronomy lovers were not the only ones that were excited about it; publishers also offered a number of books to mark the event.
Shoot for the Moon
James Donovan
Little, Brown and Company, $30m
This retelling of the space race begins with the Soviet Union's Sputnik satellite in 1957 to the historic Apollo 11 program twelve years later. The book offers details about the characters of the spacemen, engineers and others who made the U. S: space program a success.
One Giant Leap
Charles Fishman
Simon & Schuster, $29.99
Getting to the moon required a million hours of work, this book says. Accordingly, the story centers on the engineers, project managers and others who worked long and hard to get the Apollo program off the ground.
Picturing Apollo 11
J. L. Pickering and John Bisney
The University Press of Florida, $45
Packed with hundreds of photos(some are published for the first time), this book reads like a photo book of the Apollo 11 program. The photos are moments of spacemen training, as well as the excitement of lift-off, the historic landing and the return of the three men.
Apollo's Legacy
Roger D．Launius
Smithsonian Books, $27.95
A space historian examines the Apollo program in different ways; as a political machine in the Cold War and an important cultural moment. The book explores different views on the US moonshot project from scientists, politicians, the media and the public during the space race and beyond.
1. What is Shoot for the Moon mainly about
A．The history of the space race. B．The lift-off of two satellites.
C．The cooperation of different countries. D．Humans' understanding of the moon.
2. Whose book shows the Apollo 11 program through pictures
A．James Donovan's. B．Charles Fishman's.
C．J. L. Pickering and John Bisney's. D．Roger D．Launius's.
3. Which book talks about different views on the Apollo program
A．Shoot for the Moon. B．One Giant Leap.
C．Picturing Apollo 11. D．Apollo's Legacy.
Passage 5
（23-24高一下·上海·阶段练习）How many things can you see in the night sky A lot! On a clear night you can see the moon, some planets, and thousands of sparking stars. You can see even more with a telescope. You might see that many stars look larger than others. You might see that some stars that look white are really red or blue. With bigger and bigger telescopes you can see more and more objects in the sky. And you can see those objects in more and more detail.
But scientists believe there are some things in the sky that we will never see. We won’t see them with the biggest telescope in the world, on the clearest night of the year. That’s because they’re invisible. They’re the mysterious dead stars called black holes.
You might find it hard to imagine that stars die. After all, our sun is a star. Year after year we see it up in the sky, burning brightly and giving us heat and light. The Sun certainly doesn’t seem to be getting old or weak. But stars do burn out and die after billions of years.
As a star’s gases burn, they give off light and heat. But when the gases run out, the star stops burning and begins to die.
As the star cools, the outer layers of the star pull in toward the center.The star squashes into a smaller and smaller ball.If the star was very small, the star ends up as a cold, dark ball called a black dwarf.If the star was very big, it keeps squashing inward until it’s packed together tighter than anything in the universe.
Imagine if the Earth were crushed until it was the size of a tiny marble.That’s how tightly this dead star, a black hole, is packed.What pulls the star in toward its center with such power It’s the same force that pulls you down when you jump-the force called gravity.A black hole is so tightly packed that its gravity sucks in everything — even light.The light from a black hole can never come back to your eyes.That’s why you see nothing but blackness.
So next time you stare up at the night sky, remember: there’s more in the sky than we can see! Scattered in the silent darkness are black holes-the great mystery of space.
1. According to the article, how will a star begin to die
A．As it gets hotter and hotter, it explodes.
B．It collides with other stars.
C．It can only live for about a million years.
D．As its gases run out, it cools down.
2. Which of the following is NOT a feature of a black dwarf
A．It is packed most tightly. B．It is dark.
C．It is smaller in size than a common star. D．It is cold.
3. Why can’t you see light when you look at a black hole
A．Because most black holes are so far away.
B．As the star’s gases burn, it stops giving off heat and light.
C．As a star cools, its outer layers pull in towards its center.
D．The gravity of a black hole is so strong that it sucks the light inward.
二、 进阶练习
Passage 6
（23-24高一下·山东济南·期末）We can see the moon every day, but in fact, humans have not been able to see the true face of the moon. For example, we all view the same side of it — the near side. So why don’t we ever see the far side of the moon
The secret behind this fascinating mystery is “tidal locking (潮汐锁定)”. To better understand it, let’s imagine two friends holding hands and turning around. As they turn, they always face each other because they’re locked in position by their hands. Similarly, the moon is locked to Earth by tidal force, which means it takes just as long for the moon to turn about its axis (轴) as it does to go around Earth. As a result, we always see the same side of the moon from our position on Earth, while the opposite side, known as the far side or the dark side, remains hidden from view.
Now, you might be wondering why people use the term “dark side” when referring to the far side of the moon. Contrary to popular belief, the far side isn’t always in darkness. Like the near side, it experiences day and night. However, since we can’t observe it from Earth, it often lies in mystery, and thus it gets this name.
Although we’ll never see the far side of the moon directly from Earth, humanity has found ways to explore it. Several spacecrafts have taken photos which furthered our understanding of the lunar far side. In June 2024, China’s Chang’e 6 made a soft landing on the far side of the moon and sent back more closeup photos. It brought back soil and rocks collected from there, opening a new chapter in lunar exploration and enabling scientists to discover what they didn’t know about the moon.
There is still so much more to explore on the lunar far side. For example, the far side of the moon is a rare and quiet place free from radio signals reflecting from our planet, which allows scientists to study space phenomena with greater clarity, making it a perfect location for studying space using radio waves.
1. How does the writer explain “tidal locking” in Paragraph 2
A．By analyzing data. B．By quoting a study.
C．By giving an example. D．By comparing findings.
2. What is a common misunderstanding of the far side of the moon
A．There lives unknown life. B．It shouldn’t be disturbed.
C．It is visible from Earth. D．There is no sunlight.
3. Why is Chang’e 6 mentioned in Paragraph 4
A．To share a well-known legend. B．To explain its working principle,
C．To promote an advanced technology. D．To show efforts of lunar exploration.
4. What is the last paragraph mainly about
A．Hidden value of the lunar far side. B．Detailed information of mysteries.
C．Special advantages of radio waves. D．Brief reviews of moon exploration
Passage 7
（23-24高一下·湖北·期末）The documentary Space: The Longest Goodbye explores the important role of psychologists in preparing astronauts for missions to the moon and Mars. Even though NASA carefully plans and analyzes technical aspects of space travel, such as launch windows and flight orbits, the mental health of astronauts remains hard to measure.
The necessity for psychological support became obvious as astronauts started spending more time away from Earth, particularly with the construction of the International Space Station in 1994. With future missions aiming for longer periods of time, such as the scheduled three-year journey to Mars, the emotional stress of separation from loved ones becomes a major concern.
Directed by Ido Mizrahy, the documentary investigates the history of NASA’s psychological team while following the experience of astronauts like Cady Coleman, a key member of NASA’s Artemis program. Coleman’s story, especially the painfully-moving moments of her video chats with her son, uncovers the emotional sufferings experienced by astronauts and their families due to space travel. In addition, astronauts are also observed day and night while on board the space station, adding to their psychological stress.
The film describes the strategies the team applied to deal with these challenges, such as developing companion robots to ease loneliness, conducting desert simulations to study interpersonal stress during long space missions and so on. There is a shocking large number of ideas being tested for the astronauts.
Throughout the documentary, viewers are treated to breathtaking photos of space, presented together with the personal struggles of the astronauts. This creates a mixture of both fear and hope, reflecting the difficult reality of being an astronaut.
In nature, Space: The Longest Goodbye offers an impressive exploration of the emotional and psychological journey of astronauts as they explore the vast space, wrestling with the challenges of loneliness and longing while fighting for the promise of discovery and exploration.
1. What influences the mental health of the astronauts most
A．Nonstop observations in the space station.
B．Insufficient training before their missions.
C．Physical sufferings from long space travel.
D．Emotional stress of being apart from family.
2. How did NASA’s psychological team solve the difficulties
A．By increasing video chats. B．By developing robots for company.
C．By doing research into deserts. D．By improving communication skills.
3. What does “this” in paragraph 5 refer to
A．The records of space scenery. B．The challenges of longer mission.
C．The contrast of film contents. D．The struggle of personal emotions.
4. What is the author’s attitude towards the documentary
A．Negative. B．Unclear. C．Appreciative. D．Doubtful.
Passage 8
（23-24高一下·福建厦门·期末）NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope has discovered a planet where it rains sand, in ground-breaking observation.
The planet, WASP-107b, lying 200 light years away, was discovered in 2017 after astronomers spotted a distinct periodic light going on and off like a candle from its host star each time the planet passed in front of it. “It’s like a fly in front of a street lamp,” said Leen Decin, a professor at Institute of Astronomy of KU Leuven. “You see a slight dimming (变暗) of the light.”
While Webb’s instruments found signs of water vapour (水蒸气) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) on WASP-107b, they also found clouds of silicon dioxide (SiO2) that behave similar to water clouds on Earth, meaning that on WASP-107b, it rains sand.
The planet’s atmosphere would feature something like Earth’s water cycle, but instead with sand cycling between solid and gas states. From the hotter, lower levels of the atmosphere, silicate vapour would rise up, cool and form tiny sands, too small to see. Eventually, these clouds of sand dust would become thick enough that they begin to rain back down to the lower layers of the atmosphere. Below a certain level, the sand would transform into vapour, completing the cycle.
A central aim of the James Webb Space Telescope is to analyse the atmospheres of distant planets and search for biosignature gases that could show the presence of life. WASP-107b is not regarded as a likely candidate (候选), given its 1,000℃ climate and lack of a solid surface. However, the level of detail being got from targets like WASP-107b is seen as an encouraging sign. It’s the first time that we have been able to identify the chemical composition of clouds in the atmosphere of a distant planet, marking a significant leap in our understanding of the distant worlds.
“The universe has so many surprises,” said Decin. “I do imagine that there may be various different choices for life to form on another planet. It might be very different from something you know here on Earth. We have to broaden our imaginations.”
1. How did astronomers discover the planet WASP-107b
A．By monitoring the movement of a fly.
B．By studying the brightness of a street lamp.
C．By comparing the distance of planets.
D．By observing light change of its host star.
2. What is paragraph 4 mainly about
A．The cycle of sand rain. B．The development of vapour.
C．The feature of clouds. D．The temperature of atmosphere.
3. What can we know about WASP-107b according to paragraph 5
A．It has the same atmosphere as the Earth’s.
B．It has signs indicating the presence of water.
C．Its climate and surface conditions can’t support life.
D．Its chemical composition disables cloud formation.
4. What is Decin’s attitude to the possibility of life in the universe
A．Negative. B．Positive. C．Cautious. D．Doubtful.
Passage 9
（23-24高一下·江西·期末）A private company is working with the American space agency NASA to develop a new rocket that could greatly reduce space travel times. The engine for such a rocket will be designed to sharply increase the amount of force to speed up space travel and improve rocket efficiency.
The new design, called Pulsed Plasma Rocket (PPR), is being developed by Arizona-based company Howe Industries. The company is currently in the early stages of studying the technology before building working engine models.
In a recent statement, Howe Industries said such rocket technology will be needed to shore up NASA’s plans to send humans to the moon and after that, possibly Mars. The space agency has also set a goal to build a long-term base in space. But one barrier to all these plans is the long travel times necessary with current spacecraft systems. For example, a trip to Mars with existing spacecraft would take at least 200 days each way. Developers of the proposed Pulsed Plasma Rocket have said it could reduce travel time to the Red Planet to about two months each way.
Howe Industries said its new design gives the rocket the ability to reach extremely high speeds to complete“ reasonable” space travel times. NASA has described its Space Launch System(SLS) as the most powerful ever built. The agency has said the SLS rocket system is expected to provide nearly 53 N of force during space travel. Developers of PPR say that in addition to a huge increase in force, the new design will provide a “specific impulse (推力)” rate of 5,000. The higher this rate is, the more efficient the rocket system will be.
The team said if chosen by NASA to continue with Phase (阶段) Ⅱ, it will be centered on improving the performance of the proposed engine, as well as carrying out experiments on major engine systems. The last phase will involve completing a spaceship design for carrying humans to Mars.
1. What is the new rocket for
A．Loading heavy items.
B．Promoting space tourism.
C．Shortening the traveling time to space.
D．Providing energy for a long-term space base.
2. What does the underlined phrase “shore up” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Support. B．Reject.
C．Reflect. D．Claim.
3. Why are the figures mentioned in paragraph 4
A．To tell the rocket’s unique structure.
B．To prove the rocket’s potential power.
C．To uncover the rocket’s possible risks.
D．To show the rocket's tough development.
4. What does the last paragraph suggest
A．The engine entered the second phase.
B．The engine met the requirement of NASA．
C．The team planned the rocket’s further improvement.
D．The team are worried about the future of the rocket.
Passage 10
（23-24高一下·湖南衡阳·期末）Scientists have already established from multiple studies that Mars contains large amounts of water. Most of the water exists in the form of ice. Chinese researchers say they have built an artificial intelligence(AI) robot that can use materials found on Mars to produce catalysts (催化剂) to break down water and release oxygen. It could be another way for space travelers in the future to make much-needed oxygen on Mars.
Experiments were carried out on meteorites that either came from Mars or contained materials similar to the Martian surface. The “robot chemist” first used an acid and chemical mixture to separate and examine materials contained in the meteorites. It identified several different metallic elements and then worked to identify different molecules (分子) that could be produced from meteorite materials. The system found more than 3.7 million possible molecule combinations. The robot used that data to predict which catalysts would be able to split water molecules to produce oxygen. The catalyst chosen as the best fit was able to operate at minus 37 degrees Celsius. This temperature is similar to current conditions on Mars.
The study’s lead writer, Jun Jiang, said that as a boy, he often dreamed of being able to one day travel in space. “So when we finally saw that the catalysts made by the robot could actually produce oxygen by splitting water molecules. I felt like my dream was coming true. I even started to imagine that I, myself, will live on Mars in the future.”
A report explaining the study’s results notes Jiang suggests that for every square meter of Martian material, his group’s system could produce nearly 60 grams of oxygen per hour. The researchers say this level of production could remove the need for future astronauts to transport oxygen from Earth. “The robot can work continuously for years.” Jiang said.
Jiang said, “It could also be used to produce other useful catalysts on Mars. This could include processes for making substances to support the growth of plants that could be used to produce food for astronauts. Different chemicals can be made by this robot. Mars might also not be the only place where it could find other used, suggesting the moon as another possibility.”
1. What do Chinese scientists use AI robots to do in the research
A．To collect water data from Mars.
B．To produce oxygen from water on Mars.
C．To explore the ice coverage on Mars.
D．To assist humans in settling down on Mars.
2. Which aspect of the research does Paragraph 2 focus on
A．Its process. B．Its scale. C．Its result. D．Its effect.
3. Why does the author mention Jiang’s dream
A．To explain the chemical reaction. B．To advocate space travel.
C．To prove the success of the study. D．To show the future life on Mars.
4. What does Jiang stress in the last paragraph
A．The substances for growing plants on Mars. B．The existence of oxygen on the moon.
C．The possible discovery of chemicals on Mars. D．The potential application of AI robots.
三、 高阶提升
Passage 11
（23-24高一下·广东茂名·期末）Recently, I had the opportunity to spend a few days at “Dongfeng Space City” near the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, where I was sent by the national newspaper to cover the launch (发射) of the Shenzhou-18 manned spacecraft. This experience provided me with a chance to learn about China’s space-themed tourism.
The Space City is where the Chinese aerospace dream begins. In 1970, China’s first man-made satellite “Dongfanghong-1” was launched from the Dongfangho ng satellite launch site. In 2018, the Dongfanghong satellite launch site became a patriotic (爱国的) education base. The current launch site is called the “Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center”, and it is famous for being China’s only manned space launch site.
For visitors, the quickest way to travel from Beijing to Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center is by flying to Jiayuguan Jiuquan Airport and then taking a four-hour drive to the city. The view through the car window reveals the vast Gobi Desert, with the sun casting its rays upon the “lonely” road. It is a landscape with little greenery and few buildings or other signs of human life.
However, inside the Space City, you’ll find a whole new world: a park, a cinema, a clinic, a supermarket, hotels, restaurants, bakeries and clothing stores. There’s even a farmers’ market and a popular milk tea stand. Visitors to the Space City are often recommended to taste the “Aerospace Milk” and “Acrospace Yogurt”. Visitors can also taste grapes, watermelons, tomatoes, and other fruits and vegetables from the greenhouse at the launch site.
Visitors have the impression that they’re in an ordinary Chinese town. It is only when you come across roads named after “Taikong” and “Yuzhou” that you truly understand the unique identity of this area. Local people have even designed the streetlights in the shape of rockets launching spacecraft. There is also a souvenir (纪念品) shop in the Space City where you can buy various models of rockets, satellites and astronauts.
1. What may the author be
A．A news reporter. B．A tourist guide.
C．A space scientist. D．A local governor.
2. What does paragraph 2 tell us about the Space City
A．Its education base. B．Its origin of the name.
C．Its location and tourism. D．Its history and present situation.
3. What can visitors do inside the Space City
A．Enjoy sunset. B．Visit Gobi Desert.
C．Taste local products. D．Buy streetlight models.
4. From which section is the text probably taken
A．Education. B．Tourism. C．Sports. D．Culture.
Passage 12
（23-24高二下·广东深圳·期末）Have you ever seen the Moon rising over your town or city It can appear very large when it is low on the horizon. Our moon goes through phases(月相) and it looks a little different every day. When the whole moon is lit up, it is called a full moon. When the Moon is entirely dark, it’s a new moon. When there is only a thin edge of the circle shining, it’s a crescent moon.
When a crescent moon is rising, we can occasionally see a unique event. When the Sun, the Earth, and the Moon are lined up just right, some of the sunlight that hits the Earth can be reflected onto the Moon. This causes most part of the Moon to give off a faint glow, while the rest of the Moon is brightly lit by the sunlight.
This phenomenon is named the Da Vinci glow. It was Leonardo da Vinci, a great artist, inventor and scientist, who explained it for the first time. Sometimes, it is also called “earthshine.”
When Da Vinci wrote about earthshine, he suggested that it might be caused by sunlight reflected from the Earth’s oceans. He was almost completely correct, except for one detail: most of the reflected sunlight comes from the clouds in our atmosphere. The reflected light from the Earth is bright enough to light up the side of the Moon that isn’t receiving direct sunlight.
The Da Vinci glow is not easy to see. Conditions need to be just right. Due to the angles of light, the Moon has to be very low on the horizon. The best time to see it will be in the days before and after the new moon. During these days, the lit-up edge of the crescent moon is at its thinnest stage. If you observe the Moon before sunrise or after sunset, it may be possible to witness the reflected light from the Earth. For the best experience, choose a location outdoors where there is not too much artificial light. You can use a telescope, but it’s not necessary since the Moon will look just as impressive when viewed with the bare eye.
1. Which of the following is the Da Vinci glow
A． B．
C． D．
2. What is the main cause of the Da Vinci glow
A．Sunlight received by the Moon’s surface.
B．Sunlight reflected from the Earth’s clouds.
C．Sunlight reflected from the Earth’s oceans.
D．Sunlight received by the Moon’s lit-up edge.
3. Why is the Da Vinci glow an unusual phenomenon
A．It requires specific light conditions. B．It lasts too short to be observed.
C．It occurs at the crescent moon stage. D．It needs bright light from the Sun.
4. Which of the following matters most to an ideal observation of the phenomenon
A．A suitable place. B．Good eyesight.
C．A special instrument. D．Bright moonlight.
Passage 13
（23-24高一下·广东珠海·阶段练习）A new study suggests that long periods in space can cause the human heart to shrink (缩小). The study — by a team of American researchers — comes as the U.S. makes plans to build a long-term base on the moon and prepares to send astronauts to Mars.
Part of the study was based on the experiences of the retired astronaut Scott Kelly. The U.S. space agency NASA says that during his career, Kelly spent more time in space than any other American astronaut. One of Kelly’s stays aboard the International Space Station (ISS) lasted 340 days. Researchers from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (UT Southwestern) in Dallas collected and analyzed the physical data during Kelly’s long stay aboard the ISS. The goal was to learn the effects of weightlessness on heart health and performance. The team found that during Kelly’s stay in space, the left ventricle (心室) of his heart shrank about 0.74 grams per week.
Dr. Benjamin Levine is a professor at UT Southwestern. He was the leader of the research. In a statement, he explained that because of the conditions in space, the heart does not have to work as hard to pump (输送) blood uphill from the feet. Over time, this can cause shrinkage. In an effort to keep their hearts and bodies healthy in space, astronauts are required to perform different kinds of exercises throughout their stay.
Reductions in heart size are also seen in patients who spend long periods in bed because they are lying flat and the heart does not have to work as hard to pump. A second part of the study examined data from a long-distance swimmer who spent nearly a year trying to cross the Pacific Ocean. The swimmer, Benoit Lecomte, was chosen because he swam more than 2,800 kilometers over 159 days. Levine says long-distance swimming has similar effects on weightlessness. The study showed that during Lecomte’s swim, his left heart ventricle shrank about 0.72 grams per week.
1. How did the researchers carry out their study
A．By interviewing astronauts.
B．By examining collected information.
C．By experimenting aboard the ISS.
D．By comparing people in different fields.
2. What are astronauts asked to do to keep their hearts fit in space
A．Do various exercises. B．Get regular blood tests.
C．Stay in space for less time. D．Stand on their heads sometimes.
3. Who is least likely to suffer from a shrunk heart according to the text
A．A patient spending a long time in bed.
B．An astronaut traveling in space for long.
C．A long-distance professional swimmer.
D．A well-trained marathon runner.
4. What can be the best title for the text
A．New Ways to Fight Heart Diseases
B．The U.S. Builds a Medical Center in Space
C．Long Space Flights Can Shrink the Heart
D．Long-distance Swimming Keeps Your Heart Fit
Passage 14
（2024·江苏泰州·一模）A satellite is an object in space that orbits around another. It has two kinds — natural satellites and artificial satellites. The moon is a natural satellite that moves around the earth while artificial satellites are those made by man.
Despite their widespread impact on daily life, artificial satellites mainly depend on different complicated makeups. On the outside, they may look like a wheel, equipped with solar panels or sails. Inside, the satellites contain mission-specific scientific instruments, which include whatever tools the satellites need to perform their work. Among them, high-resolution cameras and communication electronics are typical ones. Besides, the part that carries the load and holds all the parts together is called the bus.
Artificial satellites operate in a systematic way just like puters function as the satellite’s brain, which receive information, interpret it, and send messages back to the earth. Advanced digital cameras serve as the satellite’s eyes. Sensors are other important parts that not only recognize light, heat, and gases, but also record changes in what is being observed. Radios on the satellite send information back to the earth. Solar panels provide electrical power for the computers and other equipment, as well as the power to move the satellite forward.
Artificial satellites use gravity to stay in their orbits. Earth’s gravity pulls everything toward the center of the planet. To stay in the earth’s orbit, the speed of a satellite must adjust to the tiniest changes in the pull of gravity. The satellite’s speed works against earth’s gravity just enough so that it doesn’t go speeding into space or falling back to the earth.
Rockets carry satellites to different types and heights of orbits, based on the tasks they need to perform. Satellites closer to the earth are in low-earth orbit, which can be 200-500 miles high. The closer to the earth, the stronger the gravity is. Therefore, these satellites must travel at about 17,000 miles per hour to keep from falling back to the earth, while higher-orbiting satellites can travel more slowly.
1. What is Paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A．The appearance of artificial satellites.
B．The components of artificial satellites.
C．The basic function of artificial satellites.
D．The specific mission of artificial satellites.
2. What is the role of computers in artificial satellites
A．Providing electrical power.
B．Recording changes observed.
C．Monitoring space environment.
D．Processing information received.
3. How do artificial satellites stay in their orbits
A．By relying on powerful rockets to get out of gravity.
B．By orbiting at a fixed speed regardless of gravity’s pull.
C．By changing speed constantly based on the pull of gravity.
D．By resisting the pull of gravity with advanced technologies.
4. Why do satellites in higher-earth orbit travel more slowly
A．They are more affected by earth’s gravity.
B．They take advantage of rockets more effectively.
C．They have weaker pull of gravity in higher orbits.
D．They are equipped with more advanced instruments.
Passage 15
（23-24高一下·北京通州·期末）Space exploration has produced valuable insights about Earth, the solar system and beyond. However, massive space activity over the past few decades has led to unintended orbital debris (残骸).
Every launch of satellites or rockets adds to the problem, increasing the risk that negatively influences not only space missions but also future endeavors. Since the 1957 launch of Sputnik-1, human activity in Earth’s orbit has caused significant distortions in space, raising serious concerns about the debris left behind.
This ever-increasing threat can be best understood through the Kessler syndrome in space. This phenomenon occurs when objects in low Earth orbit (LEO) become so crowded that they begin to hit each other, creating more debris and more collisions (碰撞), thus resulting in chain reactions of mergers and fissions. Many experts warn that LEO is moving towards Kessler’s syndrome.
Accidental collisions in space also increase the orbital overload, such as the 2009 collision between two satellites, Kosmos 2251 and Iridium 33. Such events have worsened the orbital debris problem and raised the prospect of disastrous space conditions.
The need for sustainable space activities and the reduction of space debris is being emphasized globally to address the rising space pollution. Therefore, governments have issued many regulatory measures, including active debris removal (ADR) technologies or pollution prevention, which are either planned, tested, or already carried out to protect both existing spacecraft and ones set to be launched.
Besides regulatory measures, several mitigating methods are also used to reduce the orbital overload. One such method involves causing a satellite to break down naturally by bringing it closer to Earth’s surface so it burns up in the atmosphere. This method is considered cost-effective because the defunct satellite can be pushed toward the Earth’s surface at a lower altitude using a physical tool like a net or an air-bursting tool. Another similar technology uses a harpoon that is fired in the direction of the targeted spacecraft to capture it and direct it towards Earth in an active manner, causing the debris to deorbit and plan atmospheric incineration.
To reduce the long-term risk of collisions, the focus needs to be on reducing the amount of debris in the orbit. International cooperation and continued investment in debris reduction technologies are carried out to reduce the potentially disastrous consequences of an overcrowded orbit.
1. What is the parimary concern regarding orbital debris
A．Its impact on weather patterns.
B．Its impact on future space missions.
C．Its impact on satellite communication.
D．Its impact on natural atmospheric processes.
2. What does the underlined word “mitigating” in Paragraph 6 most probably mean
A．Lessening. B．Worsening.
C．Curing. D．Strengthening.
3. What are some regulatory and mitigation measures to address space debris
A．Frequent satellite launches.
B．More space tourism for tax.
C．Active debris removal technologies.
D．More space telescopes for monitoring.
4. What can we learn from this passage
A．There are no existing methods to reduce space debris.
B．Reducing space debris calls for joint and further efforts.
C．The kessler syndrome is a minor concern for space missions.
D．Active debris removal (ADR) technologies are the only solution to space debris.
