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s专题四 语法填空
第2讲 有提示词类——名词、代词、形容词和副词
一、考纲解读
高考英语语法填空要求考生在理解语篇的基础上,根据上下文和语法规则,准确填写空白处所需的内容(1个单词)或所提供单词的正确形式。对于名词、代词、形容词和副词的考查,重点在于考生对词形变化、语法功能以及在语境中正确运用的能力。
近五年考情分析(以全国卷为例)
二、命题特点
1. 名词考查:常涉及名词的单复数变化、名词所有格形式,有时会考查名词与动词、形容词之间的词性转换。通常根据语境中名词的数量概念、所属关系或句子成分来确定词形。
2. 代词考查:重点考查人称代词的主格、宾格、物主代词(形容词性和名词性)、反身代词等形式。根据代词在句子中所作的成分(主语、宾语、定语等)以及指代对象来确定词形。
3. 形容词和副词考查:一方面考查形容词和副词的比较级、最高级变化;另一方面考查形容词与副词之间的词性转换,以及形容词、副词在句中作定语、表语、状语等不同语法功能的运用。
三、解题技巧
1. 技巧一:如何确定名词的词形变化
判断单复数:若空前有“a, an, one”等表示单数的限定词,或空前的限定词、语境表明是一个事物,名词用单数形式;若空前有“two, several, many, a few”等表示复数的词,或语境中暗示是多个事物,名词用复数形式。如“many ____ (student)”,应填“students”。
考虑所有格:当表示所属关系时,用名词所有格。如“Tom's ____ (book)”,应填“book”;若表示多个事物的所属关系且名词是复数,在复数名词后加“'”,如“the students' ____ (dormitory)”,应填“dormitory”。
词性转换:根据句子成分,若需要名词作主语、宾语等,而所给提示词是动词或形容词,要进行词性转换。如“His ____ (succeed) in business made him famous.”,此处需要名词作主语,“succeed”是动词,应转换为“success”。
2. 技巧二:如何确定代词的词形变化
明确指代对象:根据上下文确定代词所指代的是人还是物,是单数还是复数。如“____ (I) am a student.”,作主语,应填主格“I”;“Give ____ (it) to ____ (he).”,第一个空作宾语用宾格“it”,第二个空作宾语用宾格“him”。
区分物主代词:若后面有名词,用形容词性物主代词;若后面没有名词,用名词性物主代词。如“This is ____ (my) book. That book is ____ (your).”,第一个空后有名词“book”,用“my”;第二个空后无名词,用名词性物主代词“yours”。
反身代词的使用:当主语和宾语是同一人或物时,用反身代词。如“He hurt ____ (he) when he fell off the bike.”,应填“himself”。
3. 技巧三:如何确定形容词和副词的词形变化
判断作何种成分:作定语修饰名词或作表语说明主语的性质、特征时,用形容词。如“a ____ (beauty) girl”,修饰名词“girl”,用形容词“beautiful”;“The story is ____ (interest).”,作表语,用形容词“interesting”。作状语修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子时,用副词。如“He runs ____ (quick).”,修饰动词“runs”,用副词“quickly”。
比较级和最高级:当句中有“than”时,用比较级;句中有“in, of”等表示范围的词,且表示“最……”的意思时,用最高级。如“She is ____ (tall) than her sister.”,用比较级“taller”;“He is the ____ (clever) student in our class.”,用最高级“cleverest”。
词性转换:根据句子成分和语境,若需要形容词而所给提示词是副词,或需要副词而所给提示词是形容词,要进行词性转换。如“Please speak ____ (loud).”,修饰动词“speak”,“loud”是形容词,应转换为副词“loudly”。
四、易错失分点
1. 名词单复数错误:没有准确判断语境中名词的数量概念,尤其对于一些单复数同形的名词(如“sheep, deer”等)和特殊变化的复数名词(如“child - children, man - men”等)容易出错。
2. 代词指代不清:没有仔细分析上下文,导致代词的指代对象错误,或者混淆了人称代词、物主代词和反身代词的用法。
3. 形容词和副词混淆:没有根据句子成分准确判断是用形容词还是副词,或者在比较级和最高级的使用上,没有正确识别比较的标志词和范围词。
4. 词性转换拼写错误:在进行名词、形容词、副词之间的词性转换时,对常见的词缀掌握不牢,导致拼写错误,如“beauty”变形容词“beautiful”,“care”变副词“carefully”等。
五、实战演练
1
(2021·黑龙江·三模)阅读下列材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或用括号内单词的正确形式。
I was on a train in Switzerland. The train came to a stop and the conductor’s voice over the loudspeaker 1 (deliver) a message in German, Italian, and French. I’d made the mistake of not learning any of those languages before my vacation.
Everyone started getting off the train and an old woman saw that I was 2 (confuse). She could speak some English and told me that an accident had happened on the 3 (track). She asked me where I was trying to get to, then went and talked to some workers, and came back to tell me that we’d have to get on trains three or four times to get there.
I was really glad she was heading 4 same way because it would have been impossible for me to figure it 5 on my own. So we went from one train station to the next, getting to know each other along the way.
She was really the 6 (sweet) woman. It was a 2.5-hour journey in total, and 7 we made it to the final destination, we got off and said our goodbyes. I had made it just in time to catch my train to Rome. She told me she had a train to catch as well. I asked her how much farther she had to go and 8 turned out that her home was two hours back the other way.
She had jumped from train to train and traveled the whole way just 9 (make) sure that I made it. I was in shock. A woman spent her whole day sitting on trains and taking her hours away from her home just to help out a confused tourist 10 (visit) her country.
2
(21-22高三上·云南昭通·期末)阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
It is reported that at present a city in Japan has a problem with graffiti(涂鸦). However, it is not the usual type of graffiti with paint from spray cans 11 (use) to write on walls. It is graffiti in sand.
Officials in the city of Tottori are asking tourists to give up 12 (write) messages and drawing pictures in the sand of its giant sand dunes (沙丘). The officials say the graffiti causes damage to the dunes, 13 destroys the pleasure others get in looking at the sand.
More than 3,300 cases of "sand graffiti" 14 (occur) at the tourist spot in the past decade. In January, two overseas tourists were ordered 15 (erase) a 25-meter-long message that read "Happy Birthday Natalie".
The Tottori Sand Dunes are famous throughout Japan 16 their natural beauty. They are the largest and longest sand dunes in the country and form part of 17 scenic coastal park on the sea of Japan coast. The biggest dune is 50 meters high.
The local government wants to improve tourists' understanding of the 18 (important) of the dunes. It will set up much 19 (many) signs in English, Chinese and Korean asking people to respect the dunes. A spokesman said, "We are concerned about whether the rules are 20 (complete) understood, and we want to continue to protect views of the beautiful sand dunes."
3
(19-20高二上·安徽蚌埠·期中)阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式Now and then you are not satisfied with yourself,thinking you're short of beauty,short of money or short of friendship.Actually,all these are not necessary.Why not learn to love yourself
Loving yourself means loving everything in you,your height,your voice,your eyes,your hair,even 21 (include) the mistakes that you have made. 22 we know,no one is perfect.Always ask yourself,“Am I getting unhappy just because of the mistakes I made?” or “Do I have the courage to correct my mistakes?” 23 the answer is yes or no,having a positive attitude is the most important.Bravely face the mistakes that 24 (make) yesterday and try your best to encourage yourself to learn 25 them.They might be your best teachers.When correcting the mistakes and making your own 26 (decide),you will find that you are getting 27 (strong) and more optimistic with each day passing.Don't expect everybody to like you. 28 is still OK if someone doesn't like you.Being 29 you are is the best way to show your love for yourself.
My dear friends,get 30 (start) from now on.Love yourself and smile every day!
4
(18-19高一下·河南·期末)阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单同的正确形式。
In the workshop of a brush-pen store in Huzhou, the 29-year-old.Shi Wangli makes traditional Chinese brush-pens.Her hands are immersed (浸泡)in water for at 31 (little) eight hours a day,in 32 summer and winter. The choice of the hairs in steps of making a quality brush-pen is of great 33 (important) and the work does cannot be performed 34 a machine.it is a difficult but meaningful job. She is the youngest brush-pen technician in Huzhou. The manager of the store says he is worried the thousand-year-old technique for making the Huzhou brush-pen used in calligraphy (书法) will be lost with few young people 35 (will) to learn it. In Chinese history, brush-pen is.an essential (基本的)tool for cultural inheritance (遗产). However, with the rapid progress of modern technology, brush- Pens 36 (replace) firstly by pens, then ballpoint pens and now keyboards.
The Ministry- of Education required elementary and middle schools to start calligraphy classes 37 (save) the Chinese traditional culture.There is a general 38 (believe) that brush-pen making should be regarded as a technique 39 represents Chinese culture. People should get to know the meanings and thoughts behind these traditional 40 ( technique).
5
(19-20高二上·福建三明·期中)阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
For some US college students, a break from school is a time to volunteer to help communities in need. They take school sponsored (赞助)trips to do voluntary work.
This spring break, I had the opportunity to go on one of these 41 (trip), and it was the best week of my entire life. I went with 12 other students and two adults down to Rocky Mount, North Carolina in the US. We worked on three houses, 42 (build)roofs, painting, and landscaping.
43 was very rewarding to see how much we were 44 (true)appreciated by the people living in that town. Every time we went out somewhere 45 dinner, we had people come up to us to express their 46 (appreciate). This made us feel really good and 47 (motivate)us to get more done each day.
The trip wasn't all about work, however; we had an 48 (amaze)group of people who enjoyed one another’s company. We created our own fun, 49 helped us get to know each other well. At the end of the trip, I came home with not only 50 great sense of fulfillment but also 14 really good new friends.
参考答案
1.delivered 2.confused 3.tracks 4.the 5.out 6.sweetest 7.when 8.it 9.to make 10.visiting
【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者在异国他乡坐火车时遇到一个好心的人,全程给作者指引方向。
1.考查动词时态。句意:火车停了下来,喇叭里传来售票员用德语、意大利语和法语传递信息的声音。分析句子可知,deliver在句中作谓语动词。根据上下文判断出应该用一般过去时,主语voice和deliver之间为主动传播,故答案为delivered。
2.考查形容词。句意:每个人都开始下车,一个老妇人看到我很困惑。根据空前的I was可知,此处应该填写修饰人的形容词,故填confused。
3.考查名词。句意:她会说一些英语,告诉我说轨道上发生了一些问题。根据常识判断,轨道是复数,故填tracks。
4.考查冠词。句意:我很高兴她也走了同样的路,因为要我自己弄清楚是不可能的。根据“same way”可知,此处应该填定冠词,故填the。
5.考查固定搭配。句意:我很高兴她也走了同样的路,因为要我自己弄清楚是不可能的。figure out为固定搭配,意为“弄明白”,故填out。
6.考查形容词最高级。句意:她真的是最好心的女人。根据空前的“the”可知,此处应该填写形容词最高级,故填sweetest。
7.考查连词。句意:当我们到达了最终的目的地,我们下了车互相道别。分析句子可知,此处是时间状语从句,故填when。
8.考查代词。句意:我问她还得走多远,结果发现她家要从另一条路回去两小时。It turned out that ...为固定句型,意为“结果是......”,故填it。
9.考查非谓语动词。句意:她从一辆火车跳到另一辆火车,一路走来,只为了确保我能赶上。分析句意可知,此处是表示目的,故用不定式,故填to make。
10.考查非谓语动词。句意:一个女人花了一整天的时间坐在火车上,远离自己的家,只是为了帮助一个困惑的游客去她的国家。分析句子成分可知,visit在句中作后置定语,修饰tourist,且两者之间为主动关系,故填visiting。
【点睛】
11.used 12.writing 13.which 14.have occurred 15.to erase 16.for 17.a 18.importance 19.more 20.completely
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了日本出现了严重的涂鸦问题,当地政府希望提高游客对沙丘重要性的认识,保护沙丘的美丽景观。
11.考查非谓语动词。句意:然而,这并不是一种常见的用喷漆罐在墙上的涂鸦。分析句子结构可知,空处在句中作cans的后置定语,与cans之间为被动关系,故填used。
12.考查非谓语动词。句意:官员们要求游客们不要再在巨大的沙丘上写写画画了。give up doing为固定用法,意为“放弃做某事”,故填writing。
13.考查定语从句。句意:官员们表示,涂鸦对沙丘造成了破坏,破坏了其他人欣赏沙子的乐趣。分析句子可知,此句为非限制性定语从句,关系词指代整个主句内容并在从句中作主语,故填which。
14.考查动词时态。句意:在过去的十年里,该旅游景点发生了3300多起“沙子涂鸦”事件。根据时间状语“in the past decade”可知,此句应该用现在完成时, 故填have occurred。
15.考查非谓语动词。句意:今年1月,两名海外游客被要求删除一条长达25米的“娜塔莉生日快乐”信息。be ordered to do为固定用法,意为“被要求做某事”,故填to erase。
16.考查介词。句意:鸟取沙丘以其自然美景闻名于日本。be famous for为固定用法,意为“因......而著名”,符合句意,故填for。
17.考查冠词。句意:它们是日本最大最长的沙丘,是日本海海岸一个风景优美的海岸公园的一部分。scenic coastal park前缺少冠词,此处为泛指,且scenic 的发音以辅音音素开头,故填a。
18.考查名词。句意:当地政府希望提高游客对沙丘重要性的认识。根据空前的the和空后的of可知,此空应该填名词,故填importance。
19.考查比较级。句意:政府将设立更多英文、中文和韩文的标志,呼吁人们尊重沙丘。根据句意以及修饰比较级的much可知,此处应该用形容词比较级,故填more。
20.考查副词。句意:一位发言人表示:“我们担心这些规定是否被完全理解,我们希望继续保护美丽的沙丘景观。”此处应该用副词修饰动词understood,故填completely。
【点睛】
21.including 22.As 23.Whether 24.were made 25.from 26.decisions 27.stronger 28.It 29.what 30.started
【分析】本文是一篇议论文。做个快乐的自己! 我们要学会在生活中寻找到快乐,拥有积极健康的心理状态和愉快的情绪。
21.考查介词。including作介词,放在它所修饰的词语之前,意思是“其中包括……”。故填including。
22.考查as引导的非限制性定语从句。关系代词 as 指代后面整个主句,引导定语从句,并在从句中作 know 的宾语。故填As。
23.考查让步状语从句。whether...or...是习惯搭配,意思是“无论是……还是……”,符合语境。故填Whether。
24.考查一般过去时态的被动语态。that引导定语从句,在定语从句中作主语。主语that (指代 the mistakes)是谓语动词 make 动作的承受者,用被动语态;时间状语 yesterday 与一般过去时连用。故填were made。
25.考查固定搭配。learn from mistakes意思是“从错误中学习”。 故填from。
26.考查名词复数。空格中所填单词在句中作making的宾语,需用decide的名词形式;这里用复数名词表示一类事物。故填decisions。
27.考查形容词比较级。从后面more optimistic和并列连词and可知,这里应该用strong的比较级。故填stronger。
28.考查it用法。it此处指代一些人不喜欢你这件事。故填It。
29.考查what引导的表语从句。what you are是表语从句, what在从句中作表语。故填what。
30.考查过去分词作表语。get started是“get+过去分词”结构,表示被动。故填started。
31.least 32.both 33.importance 34.by 35.willing 36.were replaced 37.to save 38.belief 39.that/which 40.techniques
【分析】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。主要内容是上乘毛笔的制作非常讲究,而有人会担心这些传统技艺因现代科技而被取代,故呼吁人们应重视中国的传统技术。
31.考查固定搭配。句意:她的手每天至少泡在水里8个小时。根据句意可知,at least是固定搭配,意为“至少”,故填least。
32.考查固定搭配。句意:无论是夏天还是冬天,她的手每天都要泡在水里至少8个小时。根据句意可知,both…and…是固定搭配,意为“……和……都……”,故填both。
33.考查名词。句意:在制作一支高质量的毛笔时,模具中毛的选择至关重要。分析句子结构可知,空处填名词,再结合句意可知,of great importance是固定搭配,相当于important,故填importance。
34.考查介词。句意:这项工作不能由机器来做。分析句子结构可知,空处填介词,再结合句意可知,be performed是被动结构,空后the machine是施动者,故填by。
35.考查非谓语动词。句意:这家店的经理说,他担心湖州书法用笔这种有千年历史的制作工艺会因为没有多少年轻人愿意学习而消失。分析句子结构可知,空处填非谓语动词,再结合句意可知,few young people和will之间是主动关系,应用其动词ing形式,故填willing。
36.考查被动语态。句意:钢笔要先被钢笔代替。分析句子结构可知,空处填谓语动词,再结合句意可知,brush-pens和replace之间是被动关系,故用被动语态,且根据语境可知此处用一般过去时,又因brush-pens是复数形式,故填were replaced。
37.考查非谓语动词。句意:教育部要求中小学开设书法班,以保护中国传统文化。分析句子结构可知,空处填非谓语动词,再结合句意可知,空处表示目的,在句中做目的状语,意为“为了”,故填to save。
38.考查名词。句意:人们普遍认为,毛笔制作应该被视为代表中国文化的一种技术。分析句子结构可知,空处填名词,再结合句意可知,belief意为“相信、信仰”,故填belief。
39.考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知,空处填定语从句关系代词,在从句中做主语,又因先行词是a technique(技术),其前无特殊词修饰,故填that/which。
40.考查名词的数。句意:人们应该了解这些传统技术背后的含义和思想。分析句子结构可知,空处填名词的复数,technique表示“技术”,是针对方法和技巧而言,此处表示具体意义,可用复数形式,故填techniques。
41.trips 42.building 43.It 44.truly 45.for 46.appreciation 47.motivated 48.amazing 49.which 50.a
【分析】本文为记叙文。本文记叙了作者作为一名美国大学生,在假期做志愿者活动的同时,为当地人做许多有益的事,还有机会旅行,交新朋友。这种志愿者活动让他们有一种巨大的成就感觉。
41.考查语境及名词。句意:这个春假,我有机会去旅行,这是我一生中最好的一周。trip前被these修饰,所以要用复数形式,故填trips。
42.考查语境及非谓语。句意:我们建造了三栋房子,造屋顶,油漆和美化。worked on后面有三个宾语,on为介词,以及后面painting, and landscaping. 可知,此处要用动词的ing形式,故填building。
43.考查语境及It 形式主语。句意:看到生活在那个镇上的人们对我们的赞赏是多么的值得。分析句子可知,此处it是形式主语,真正的主语是后面的动词不定式,故填It。
44.考查副词作状语。句意:看到生活在那个镇上的人们对我们的赞赏是多么的值得。分析句子可知,本空格在句中作状语,修饰动词appreciated,修饰动词要用副词,故填truly。
45.考查语境。句意:每次我们出去吃饭的时候,都会有人来表达他们的感激之情。根据语境可知,此处是指出去的是为了(for)吃饭,故填for。
46.考查语境及名词。句意:每次我们出去吃饭的时候,都会有人来表达他们的感激之情。分析句子可知,本空前有形容词their(他们的),且作动词express的宾语,要用名词,故填appreciation。
47.考查一般过去时。句意:这让我们感觉很好,激励我们每天做更多的事情。分析句子可知,本空在句中与made一起作并列谓语,motivate的主语是this,二者是主动关系,本文叙述的是过去发生的事,要用一般过去时,故填motivated。
48.考查形容词作定语。句意:我们有一群令人惊奇的人喜欢彼此陪伴。分析句子可知,本空在句中修饰group of people,修饰名词要用形容词词,根据语境可知,此处是“令人惊奇的”,故填 amazing。
49.考查非限制性定语从句的关系词。句意:我们给自己制造乐趣,这有助于我们相互了解。分析句子可知,本空格指代“We created our own fun,”,指代一整个句子要用关系词which,故填which。
50.考查不定冠词及固定搭配。句意:旅行结束后,我回到家,不仅有一种成就感,还交了14个新朋友。“a sense of fulfillment ”为固定搭配,意为“一种成就感觉”,故填 a。