河北省廊坊市广阳区2024-2025学年八年级上学期1月期末考试英语试题（含解析）

河北省廊坊市广阳区2024-2025学年八年级上学期1月期末英语试题
第一部分，听力。第一节，听句子，选择最佳答语。
1．（1分）A.It's a sunny day.
B.On the weekends.
C.It's Monday the 22nd.
2．（1分）A.OK.Good idea.
B.Have fun.
C.I think so.
3．（1分）A.That's too bad.
B.Sure，I'd love to.
C.You're welcome.
4．（1分）A.I don't mind them.
B.That's no problem.
C.How come？
5．（1分）A.Thanks for helping me.
B.Really？That's too bad.
C.Good.Catch you on Sunday.
第二节听对话和问题，选择正确答案。
6．（1分）What does Sally want to make？
A.
B.
C.
7．（1分）What did Tina do last weekend？
A.
B.
C.
8．（2分）（1）What does Danny think of the talk shows？
A.Great.
B.Funny.
C.Boring.
（2）What do they both want to watch？
A.The soccer game.
B.The talk show.
C.The talent show.
9．（2分）（1）When is the party？
A.On Friday evening.
B.On Sunday morning.
C.On Sunday evening.
（2）What is Ben going to do this weekend？
A.Go to Beijing.
B.Have a piano lesson.
C.Help his parents do housework.
10．（3分）（1）Who is more outgoing？
A.Linda.
B.Sally.
C.Tina.
（2）What does Linda like doing？
A.Telling jokes.
B.Singing.
C.Making friends.
（3）What do they have in common？
A.They're both beautiful.
B.They're both funny.
C.They're both tall.
11．（4分）（1）What does Julia think of vegetables？
A.They're very delicious.
B.They're good for health.
C.They're terrible.
（2）What does John's mother want him to eat every day？
A.His mother wants him to eat vegetables.
B.His mother wants him to eat hamburgers.
C.His mother wants him to drink milk.
（3）What does John eat every day？
A.Vegetables.
B.Hamburgers.
C.Fruit.
（4）What must John do to keep healthy according to Julia？
A.Have enough sleep.
B.Do some exercise.
C.Eat more vegetables.
第三节，听短文和问题，选择正确答案。
12．（3分）（1）What does Molly want to be？
A.A nurse.
B.An English teacher.
C.A worker.
（2）What does Ted think of math？
A.It's interesting.
B.It's difficult.
C.It's helpful.
（3）What's Peter's favorite subject？
A.Geography.
B.Science.
C.P.E.
13．（4分）（1）When does Jenny want to go to Beijing？
A.Next week.
B.Tomorrow.
C.Next month.
（2）What festival does Linda like best？
A.The Mid﹣Autumn Festival.
B.The Spring Festival.
C.The Lantern Festival.
（3）How is the weather during the Spring Festival in Beijing？
A.Cool.
B.Very cold.
C.Neither too cold nor too hot.
（4）When is the best time to come to Beijing？
A.Autumn.
B.Summer.
C.Winter.
第四节，听短文填空。
14．（5分）
Information sheets
What Inviting Tom to Mike's birthday party.
Where Having a party at his（1）________.
When At（2）_______p.m.on Dec.20th.
Preparations Cooking a wonderful meal；Preparing small（3）_______for each.
Activities They can sing，dance and（4）_______. Mike will make a（5）_______for the party.
第二部分，语言运用。第一节，填空。阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
15．（10分） A son took his old mother to a（1）　 　for dinner.His mother was very old and（2）　 　.She always dropped food on her dress.Others watched her and some of them（3）　 　her.However，her son was still very quiet.
（4）　 　the mother finished eating，the son quietly took her to the washing room.He cleaned her（5）　 　，and made her hair tidy.When they came out，people in the restaurant were watching them（6）　 　.They all felt very sorry for（7）　 　they did just now.They thought they were wrong，because they couldn't do so well to（8）　 　mothers as the son.
The son paid the bill（账单），and started walking out with his mother.
（9）　 　that time，an old man called out to the son and asked him，"Don't you think you have left something behind？"
The son answered，"No，sir."
The old man said，"Yes!You have left a lesson for every son and a hope for every（10）　 　."
（1）A.store B.supermarket C.restaurant D.hotel
（2）A.unhealthy B.strong C.beautiful D.healthy
（3）A.looked at B.laughed at C.talked to D.cared about
（4）A.Before B.Until C.After D.Although
（5）A.chair B.dress C.face D.desk
（6）A.happily B.sadly C.comfortably D.quietly
（7）A.how B.what C.when D.why
（8）A.their B.his C.our D.her
（9）A.At B.On C.In D.For
（10）A.man B.child C.son D.mother
第二节，短文填空。阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或用括号内单词的正确形式填空。
16．（15分） John and I are in the same school.He is my best friend.He is two years（1）　 　（young）than I am.He is never late for school and he does his homework（2）　 　（careful）.He often helps me（3）　 　my English after class.
His parents are（4）　 　（doctor），and they are really busy.John's grandparents live in the countryside.Last Sunday，we came to his（5）　 　（grandparent）farm.Everything was great there.We（6）　 　（feed）some hens and some baby pigs.We really enjoyed（7）　 　（we）.
He likes playing sports.He thinks it is good for his（8）　 　（healthy）.He plays football（9）　 　（two）a week.We often play football together and he（10）　 　（play）it well.（11）　 　am more（12）　 　（interest）in music.I want to be（13）　 　music teacher when I grow up.I will teach children how（14）　 　（play）musical instruments and help them to be（15）　 　（success）.
第三部分，阅读。第一节，阅读理解。阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
17．（6分）
Self test of your sleep quality（质量） Try to answer these questions with A，B，C or D. A.Often.B.Sometimes.C.Hardly ever.D.Never. Questions： 1.I stay up late to study or play. 2.I have a hard time falling asleep（入睡）. 3.I can't go to bed on time. 4.I wake up easily. 5.I have a lot of dreams，so I often feel tired in the morning. 6.I wake up too early，and I can't fall asleep again. 7.I can't sleep well because of small problems I had during the day. 8.I can't fall asleep in a new place. Points A＝5，B＝2，C＝1 If you get more than 20 points，you have a big sleep problem.If you get between 5 and 20，your sleep is not so good.If you get less than 5 points
（1）What does it mean if Lisa's answer to Question 1 is C？ 　 　
A.She often stays up late.
B.She often wakes up easily.
C.She usually goes to bed early.
D.She never has sleep problems.
（2）If there are three Ds，four Cs and one A in your answer，you will get 　 　points.
A.10
B.9
C.6
D.3
（3）Which picture may describe the relationship（关系）between the points and the sleep problem？ 　 　
A.
B.
C.
D.
18．（6分） Last week，Student Center got a few notes from middle school students.Some students talked about their problems.Here is some advice from Mr.Know.
Tan I find it hard to make good friends.I often feel lonely（孤单的）.What should I do？
Dear Tara， You can join a club to meet people who share common hobbies.Or you can invite a classmate to join you for lunch.It is a good idea to share your interests.If you can do that，I'm sure you will find a good friend. Mr.Know
Dennis I always feel upset.I spend much time studying，but I think I can never catch up with others.
Dear Dennis， You'd better not worry about what other people are doing.Just compare（比较）yourself with where you were in the past.This will help to bring out the best in you and build confidence. Mr.Know
Martin I have some problems with my parents.They always give me unnecessary advice.They don't understand me at all.
Dear Martin， Maybe you can share your own needs and feelings with your family members，and tell them you need their love and care.And it is even more important to stand in their shoes and think about how they try to bring something good into your life. Mr.Know
（1）According to Mr.Know，Tara can find good friends by 　 　.
A.enjoying the things she loves most
B.comparing herself with others
C.meeting people with common interests
D.telling her family members
（2）It is more important for Martin to 　 　to solve the problems with his parents.
A.share his needs and ideas with his parents
B.talk with his parents
C.tell his parents he needs their love and care
D.understand his parents
（3）How many students have problems with study？ 　 　
A.One.
B.Two.
C.Three.
D.No one
19．（8分） One day，you open the fridge and find some mold（发霉的）food.But before you throw it away
Mold can grow on almost all kinds of food.It is usually green，white，black or grey.Mold makes food soft and changes its color.Mold food tastes quite bad
If you find mold in soft food，just throw it away.Soft food，such as bread，usually contains water.This allows mold to easily grow.Bacteria（细菌）can also grow along with it.
But it's easy to remove mold from hard food.The mold can't grow very deep inside this kind of food.According to the BBC，you should cut about 2.5cm around and below the mold to remove it.It's OK to cut the mold parts out of hard food and eat the rest.But if the food is covered with mold all over，you should still throw it away.
__________But we can also use some kinds of mold to make food.For example，penicillium（青霉菌）can be used to make many kinds of cheese，and they are quite delicious as well.
（1）Where can mold grow according to the passage？ 　 　
A.Soft food.
B.Hard food.
C.Food with water in it.
D.Almost all kinds of food.
（2）The underlined word "remove" in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to" 　 　".
A.look up
B.take off
C.point out
D.close down
（3）Which of the following is the best to fill in the blank in the last paragraph？ 　 　
A.There is also healthy mold.
B.There are many kinds of mold.
C.Not all molds carry bacteria with them.
D.Most kinds of mold are bad for us.
（4）The passage most probably comes from the 　 　part in a magazine.
A.science
B.travel
C.cooking
D.sports
20．（10分） The first forest library in Shanghai opened to the public.Readers can relax and read books in the forest library.The forest library is near Shanghai Library East.It covers an area of 20，546 square meters.
Readers can relax themselves in the quiet and comfortable environment（环境）.There are many different kinds of trees in the library.The green spaces are connected（连接）by wooden walkways（木制人行道）.
The library is in the open air.There are many things such as chairs and information desks.Most of the visitors to the forest library are young people and parents with their children.
Having a library in the forest is such a wonderful idea.People enjoy themselves reading in the forest."It is not only a place for lending books，or a reading room，but also an open space for enjoying fresh air and the smell of trees.It offers readers a different reading experience（体验）.I love the fresh air and trees here，"said Wang Tao，"The library makes it possible to enjoy reading in the natural environment.I feel very relaxed here.I will come back for sure."
（1）What is NOT mentioned in the passage？ 　 　
A.Fresh air.
B.Noisy children.
C.Quiet environment.
D.Green spaces.
（2）Who often go to the library？ 　 　
A.Young people.
B.Children themselves.
C.Old people.
D.Parents themselves.
（3）What does the underlined word "offers" in Paragraph 4 probably mean？ 　 　
A.售卖
B.咨询
C.提供
D.租借
（4）How do people like reading in the forest library？ 　 　
A.Relaxing.
B.Boring.
C.Tiring.
D.Exciting.
（5）Which can be the best title for the passage？ 　 　
A.Reading on Wooden Walkways
B.Building a Forest Library
C.Shanghai Library East
D.Shanghai's First Forest Library
第二节，阅读表达。阅读下面短文，简略回答问题。
21．（10分） Dumplings are a traditional Chinese food with a history of more than 1，800 years.They are also delicious food on Chinese New Year's Eve.They are really popular in China，especially in the north of China.
Dumplings usually look like Chinese silver ingots（银元宝）.Chinese people like to cat dumplings.
There are some interesting ideas about them.For example，the more dumplings you eat during the Spring Festival，the more money you can make in the new year.
Dumplings have different tastes because of their different fillings（馅）.There are many different kinds of fillings.Some popular fillings are meat and vegetables.Different people like to eat dumplings with different fillings.
Do you know how to make dumplings？Almost all Chinese people can make dumplings.They find it very easy to make dumplings.Here is a recipe for making dumplings：
*First，mix the dough（面团）.
*Next，make the dough into round wrappers（面皮）with a rolling pin（擀面杖）.
*Then，fill the wrappers with fillings.
*After that，pinch（捏）the wrappers together.
*Finally，cook them in the hot water.
（1）How many years of history do dumplings have？
　 　
（2）Where are dumplings especially popular in China？
　 　
（3）Why do dumplings have different tastes？
　 　
（4）How many steps are there to make dumplings according to the passage？
　 　
（5）Do you want to learn how to make dumplings？Why or why not？
　 　
第四部分，情景交际。补全对话，根据下面的对话情景，在空白处填入一个适当的句子，使对话的意思连贯、完整。
22．（10分）（Betty and Jimmy are talking about their dreams in the future）
Betty：Jimmy，you play the piano every day.（1）　 　
Jimmy：No，I don't.I wanted to be a pianist before，but now I plan to be a firefighter.
Betty：（2）　 　
Jimmy：Because firefighters are always ready to help people in need.How cool!
Betty：（3）　 　
Jimmy：I'm going to play sports every day.（4）　 　
Betty：I want to be a violinist in the future.
Jimmy：I wish your dream can come true one day.
Betty：Thank you!
Jimmy：（5）　 　
第五部分，写作。
23．（15分）"凡事预则立，不预则废"。请你以My winter holiday plan为题，根据以下要点和要求用英语写一篇短文，描述自己的寒假计划。
要点：
My winter holiday plan
Activities exercise read books learn to cook
Why to keep healthy... to learn more... ...
要求：
（1）短文须包括图表中所有要点，并适当发挥。
（2）短文中不得出现真实的地名、校名和人名。
（3）词数80左右（开头已给出，不计入总词数）。
The winter holiday is coming，I want to share my winter holiday plan with you._____________________________________________________________________________________________________
参考答案与试题解析
第二部分，语言运用。第一节，填空。阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
15．【答案】CABCB DBAAD
【分析】儿子带年迈且体弱的母亲去餐厅用餐，母亲吃饭时弄脏衣服遭他人嘲笑，但儿子始终安静。用餐后儿子带母亲去洗手间清理，人们见状反思自己的行为。结账离开时，老人指出儿子留下了教训与希望。
【解答】（1）考查名词。句意：一个儿子带着他的老母亲去饭店吃饭；B.超市；D.酒店 dinner（晚饭）可知一个儿子带着他的老母亲去饭店吃饭。
（2）考查形容词。句意：他母亲很老。A.不健康的：B.强壮的：C.美丽的：D.健康的 always food her 。）可知，故选A。
（3）考查动词短语。句意：其他人看着她。A.看着；C.与......谈话，根据She dropped on dress.（她总是把食物掉在衣服上，故选B。
（4）考查介词。句意：母亲吃完饭后。A.在……之前；C.在……之后，根据the quietly her the room.（儿子悄悄地把她带到洗衣房，故选C。
（5）考查名词。句意：他弄干净她的衣服。A.椅子；C.脸，根据She dropped on dress.（她总是把食物掉在衣服上，故选B。
（6）考查副词。句意：当他们出来时。A.高兴地；C.舒适地，根据They felt sorry did now.（他们都为刚才所做的事感到非常抱歉，故选D。
（7）考查代词。句意：他们都为刚才所做的事感到非常抱歉；B.什么；D.为什么，用what作do的宾语。
（8）考查代词。句意：他们认为他们错了。A.他们的；C.我们的，根据语境和they可知因为他们不能像儿子那样对他母亲做得那么好。
（9）考查介词。句意：那时？"结合选项；B.在……上面；D.对于，固定搭配。
（10）考查名词。句意：你已经给每个儿子留下了教训。A.男人；C.儿子，根据After the finished ，the quietly her the room.（母亲吃完饭后。）可知你已经给每个儿子留下了教训，故选D。
第二节，短文填空。阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或用括号内单词的正确形式填空。
16．【答案】（1）younger（2）carefully（3）with（4）doctors（5）grandparents'（6）fed（7）ourselves（8）health
（9）twice（10）plays（11）I（12）interested（13）a（14）to play（15）successful
【分析】短文主要介绍了作者和其好友John的学校生活、家庭背景、兴趣爱好以及未来梦想。
【解答】（1）考查形容词比较级，句意：他比我小2岁，可知，故填：younger。
（2）考查副词，句意：他上学从不迟到并认真做作业，用副词。
（3）考查介词，句意：课后他经常帮我学英语，故填：with。
（4）考查名词。句意：他的父母是医生。系动词are是复数，故填：doctors。
（5）考查名词所有格。句意：上周日。根据空后farm名词 grandparents in countryside.（约翰的祖父母住在农村，故填：grandparents'。
（6）考查动词。句意：我们喂了一些母鸡和一些小猪，谓语动词应用过去式。
（7）考查代词。句意：我们确实玩得很开心 oneself（玩得开心）。
（8）考查名词。句意：他认为这对他的健康有好处，可知空处应用名词。
（9）考查序数词。句意：他一周踢两次足球，故填：twice。
（10）考查动词。句意：我们经常一起踢足球。句子是一般现在时，动词用第三人称数单形式。
（11）考查代词。句意：我对音乐更感兴趣，可知主语为第一人称单数。
（12）考查形容词。句意：我对音乐更感兴趣，故填：interested。
（13）考查冠词。句意：我长大后想当一名音乐老师，且空后music以辅音音素开头。
（14）考查动词不定式。句意：我会教孩子们如何演奏乐器。空处作目的状语，故填：to play。
（15）考查形容词。句意：我会教孩子们如何演奏乐器。to be successful（成功）。
第三部分，阅读。第一节，阅读理解。阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
17．【答案】CBC
【分析】这段短文主要介绍了一个睡眠质量自我测试。
【解答】（1）细节理解题。根据表格中的1.I up to or 。）和C.Hardly ，如果丽莎对问题1的答案是C。故选C。
（2）推理判断题。根据Points ，B＝6，D＝0（得分：A＝5，C＝7，如果答案中有三个D，得分是9。
（3）推理判断题。根据表格中的If get than points have a sleep you between 5 20 sleep not good.If get than 3 ，you good quality.（如果你超过20分。如果你在5到20之间。如果你的得分低于5分。）可知，睡眠问题就越大。
18．【答案】CDA
【分析】材料是几个学生遇到的困难以及相应的建议。
【解答】（1）细节理解题。根据表格"You can join a club to meet people who share common hobbies."（你可以加入一个俱乐部去结识那些有共同爱好的人，Mr.Know 认为 Tara 可以通过结识有共同兴趣的人来找到好朋友。
（2）细节理解题。根据表格 "And it is even more important to stand in their shoes and think about how they try to bring something good into your life."（更重要的是要站在他们的角度。），可知站在他人角度即理解他人，理解他的父母对解决和父母之间的问题更重要。
（3）细节理解题。根据表格I feel spend time ，but I I can catch with 。英译汉我花很多时间学习。）可知文中提到只有Dennis提到自己在学习上花了很多时间，所以只有1个学生有学习方面的问题。
19．【答案】DBDA
【分析】文章主要讲述了发现食物发霉时的处理方式及食用安全性。
【解答】（1）细节理解题。根据第二段Mold grow almost kinds food.（霉菌几乎可以在各种食物上生长，霉菌几乎成长与各种各样的食物中。
（2）词义猜测题。根据第四段But easy remove mold from food.The can't very inside kind food.According the ，you cut 2.5cm and the to it.（但是 硬食物上的霉菌是很容易的。霉菌不能在这种食物里长得很深，你应该在模具周围和下面切大约2.5厘米才能取出它，去除硬食物上的霉菌是很容易的，与take 。故选B。
（3）推理判断题。根据最后一段But can use kinds mold make 。）可知，此处应是介绍大多数霉菌是有害的。故选D。
（4）推理判断题。通读全文 can on all of 。）和第四段But easy remove mold from food.（但是去除硬食物上的霉菌是很容易的，文章主要讲述了发现食物发霉时的处理方式及食用安全性。故选A。
20．【答案】BACAD
【分析】文章介绍了上海首个"森林图书馆"的基本情况以及人们对它的看法。
【解答】（1）细节理解题。根据第二段"Readers relax in quiet comfortable are different of in library.The spaces connected（连接）by walkways（木制人行道）."（读者可以在安静舒适的环境中放松身心。绿地由木制走道连接 is only a for books a reading ，but an space enjoying air the of ，还是一个阅览室。）以及"The makes possible enjoy in natural feel relaxed will back sure."（图书馆使人们有可能在自然环境中享受阅读。我一定会回来的，文章提到在森林图书馆、可以在安静舒的环境中放松自己，文章没有提到吵闹的儿童。
（2）细节理解题。根据第三段"Most the to forest are people parents their 。）可知。故选A。
（3）词义猜测题。根据最后一段"It not a place lending ，or a room also open for fresh and smell trees.It offers readers a different experience（体验）."（它不仅是一个借书的地方，也是一个享受新鲜空气和树木气味的开放空间 了不同的阅读体验。）可知，所以"offers"意为"提供"。
（4）细节理解题。根据最后一段"The makes possible enjoy in natural feel relaxed will back sure."（图书馆使人们可以在自然环境中享受阅读。我一定会回来的，人们能在自然环境中享受阅读。故选A。
（5）标题归纳题。综合全文 first library Shanghai to public.Readers relax read in forest forest is Shanghai East.It an of ，546 meters."（上海第一座森林图书馆向公众开放。森林图书馆在上海图书馆东附近。）可知，所以标题应为"上海第一家森林图书馆"。
第二节，阅读表达。阅读下面短文，简略回答问题。
21．【答案】（1）More than 1，800 years.
（2）They are especially popular in the north of China.
（3）They have different tastes because of their different fillings.
（4）Five.
（5）Yes，I do.Because dumplings are a traditional Chinese food.
【分析】本文主要介绍了中国的传统美食——饺子，以及饺子的寓意和包饺子的步骤。
【解答】（1）细节理解题。根据第一段Dumplings a traditional food a history more 1，800 ，已有1800多年的历史。故填：More than 1
（2）细节理解题。根据第一段They really in ，especially the of ，尤其是在中国北方，饺子在中国很受欢迎。故填：They are especially popular in the north of China.
（3）细节理解题。根据第四段Dumplings different because their fillings（馅）.（饺子因馅不同而味道不同，是因为馅料不同。故填：They have different tastes because of their different fillings
（4）细节理解题。根据第六段First the ，将面团混合，make dough round a rolling ，用擀面杖把面团擀成圆面皮，fill wrappers fillings.（然后。）以及第九段After ，pinch（捏）the together.（之后。）以及最后一段Finally them the water.（最后。）可知。）故填：Five.
（5）观点态度题。我想学习如何包饺子。故填：Yes，I
第四部分，情景交际。补全对话，根据下面的对话情景，在空白处填入一个适当的句子，使对话的意思连贯、完整。
22．【答案】（1）Do you want to be a pianist？
（2）Why？
（3）How are you going to do that？
（4）What do you want to be in the future？
（5）You're welcome.
【分析】本文是贝蒂和吉姆谈论将来的梦想的对话。
【解答】（1）根据No，I don't.I to a pianist ，but I plan be a ，我不想，但现在我打算当消防员，此处是问"你想当钢琴家吗？
（2）根据Because firefighters always to people need.How !（因为消防员随时准备帮助有需要的人！）可知？"故填：Why？
（3）根据I'm going play every 。）可知？"故填：How are you going to do that？
（4）根据I want be a in future.（我将来想当小提琴手，此处是问"将来你想当什么？
（5）根据Thank you！）可知。"故填：You're welcome.
第五部分，写作。
23．【答案】
My winter holiday plan
The winter holiday is coming，I want to share my winter holiday plan with you.
First，I'm going to do exercise，such as running and playing basketball to keep healthy.Second，I will read some good books.Reading books is useful because it can help me to learn more knowledge.It can also help me to have a good rest and relax.Third，I'm going to spend more time learning to cook.It can not only help my mother but also improve my independence so that I can take care of myself.
I believe my holiday must be very meaningful.I can't wait to have a wonderful winter holiday.
【分析】【高分句型一】
Reading books is useful because it can help me to learn more knowledge.读书是有用的，因为它可以帮助我学到更多的知识。
because引导原因状语从句。
【高分句型二】
It can not only help my mother，but also improve my independence so that I can take care of myself.它不仅可以帮助我的母亲，还可以提高我的独立性，这样我就可以照顾好自己。
not only...but also不仅……而且……
so that引导目的状语从句。
【解答】
My winter plan
The winter holiday is coming，I want to share my winter holiday plan with you.（点题）
First，I'm going to do exercise，such as running and playing basketball to keep healthy.（锻炼）Second，I will read some good books.Reading books is useful because it can help me to learn more knowledge.【高分句型一】It can also help me to have a good rest and relax.（看书）Third，I'm going to spend more time learning to cook.It can not only help my mother but also improve my independence so that I can take care of myself.【高分句型二】（学做饭）
I believe my holiday must be very meaningful.I can't wait to have a wonderful winter holiday.（总结全文）