Unit 2I'll help to clean up the city parks.重难点详解(含答案) 人教版八年级下册

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名称 Unit 2I'll help to clean up the city parks.重难点详解(含答案) 人教版八年级下册
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版本资源 人教新目标(Go for it)版
科目 英语
更新时间 2025-02-16 11:54:42

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语法 能正确使用动词不定式作宾语、宾语补足语、目的状语 能正确使用短语动词
课标词汇 volunteer义务做;自愿做;志愿者 cheer欢呼;喝彩 notice通知;通告;注意;注意到;意识到 sign标志;信号 lonely孤独的;寂寞的several几个;数个;一些 strong 强烈的;强壮的feeling感觉;感触satisfaction满足;满意 joy高兴;愉快 owner主人;物主 journey(尤指长途)旅行;行程 raise v.募集;征集 alone独自;单独
repair修理;修补fix安装;修理 broken破损的;残缺的 wheel车轮;轮子 letter信;函 Miss女士;小姐 blind 瞎的;失明的 disabled丧失能力的;有残疾的 deaf聋的 imagine 想象;设想 difficulty困难;难题 open开;打开 door门;carry 拿;提;扛 train训练;培训 excited激动的;兴奋的training 训练;培训 kindness善良;仁慈clever 聪明的;聪颖的understand领会;理解change 改变;变化sir 先生;madam夫人;女士 interest兴趣;关注;使感兴趣;使关注
clean up打扫(或清除)干净 cheer up振奋起来;(使)变得高兴give out分发;散发used to曾经......曾经...... come up with想出;提出(注意、计划、回答等)put off推迟 hand out分发 call up打电话给(某人);征召 care for照顾;非常喜欢 try out参加......选拔;试用 fix up修理;装饰give away赠送;捐赠set up建立;设立 make a difference影响;有作用 take after(外貌或行为)像
Section A
1.You could help to clean up the city parks.
【句型】主语+could+动词原形+其他.表示“......可以做某事、.......不妨做某事”。
(1)could是情态动词,意为“不妨、可以”,要与动词原形一起构成谓语,用于提出建议。此时could可以用于各种人称,它和can没有时态上的区别,但是语气比can委婉。
We could write a letter to the headmaster.我们不妨给校长写一封信。
You could try his home number.你可以试着拨打他家里的电话。
(2)clean up是“及物动词+副词”类型的短语,意为“清理”,接表示“事物”的词作宾语。它接名词时名词既可以放在up之前,又可以放在up之后;接人称代词的宾格时,代词必须放在clean和up之间。
Clean up your bedroom.
=Clean your bedroom up.把你的卧室打扫干净。
The classroom is much too dirty. We should clean it up.
教室太脏了。我们应该把教室打扫干净。
考点:clean up表示“清理”,接代词时代词要放在up之前。
—Daisy , look at your bedroom. What a mess!
—Sorry, I’ll________right now.
A. put up it B. clean up it C. put it up D. clean it up
点拨与析答:题干意为“—黛茜,看看你的卧室。真是糟透了!—对不起,我马上____。”结合句意和选项,可知应填表示“清理”的clean up。由于该短语接代词时代词要放在up之前,因此选D。
2.The girl could visit the sick kids in the hospital to cheer them up.
to cheer them up是动词不定式短语,作目的状语修饰could visit...hospital。cheer up在此是“及物动词+副词”类型的短语,意为“(使)变得更高兴、振奋起来”,常接表示“人”的词作宾语。接名词时名词放在up前后都行;接代词时代词要放在up之前。
I’d like to cheer up homeless kids.我想让无家可归的孩子振作起来。
—Lily lost her wallet yesterday. 莉莉弄丢了她的钱包。
—I think we should cheer her up.我想我们应该使她振作起来。
小贴士:cheer up作不及物动词短语时意为“振奋起来”,常用在祈使句中。
Cheer up. I think we can sue them.振作起来。我想我们可以起诉他们。
知识拓展:cheer on是“不及物动词+副词”类型的短语,意为“为......加油”,常接表示“人”的词作宾语。
All of my friends were here to cheer me on.我所有的朋友都在这里为我加油。

3.The boy could give out food at the food bank.
give out是“及物动词+副词”类型的短语,意为“分发、散发”,相当于hand out,
常接表示“物品”的词作宾语。接名词作宾语时名词放在out前后都可以;接代词作宾语时代词要放在give和out之间。表示“把某物发给某人”用give/hand sth out to sb结构。
There are people at the entrance giving/handing out leaflets.有人在入口处散发传单。
There are twenty books on the desk. Let’s give them out.桌上有20本书。我们把它们发一下吧。
I should give/hand these coats out to homeless children.
我应该把这些外套发给无家可归的孩子们。
知识拓展:give out还可以意为“散发”,指发出光、热、气味。
The river gives out terrible smell.这条河散发出难闻的气味。
The girl could volunteer in an after-school study program to teach kids.
volunteer在此作不及物动词,意为“做志愿者”。
I volunteer because I have the time. 我之所以做志愿者,是因为我有时间。
知识归纳:volunteer的其他用法
(1)作及物动词,意为“自愿献出、主动提供”,常接表示“事物”的词作宾语,也可以构成volunteer to do sth短语,表示“自愿做某事”。
Susan volunteers some information about traveling to England.
苏珊主动提供一些去英国旅行的信息。
Mike volunteered to collect wood for the picnic.迈克自愿去为野餐捡拾木柴。
(2)作不及物动词,意为“自愿”,常接for引导的介词短语。
She volunteered for a dangerous mission.她自愿参加一项危险的任务。
作可数名词,意为“志愿者、义工”。
They both work as volunteers in the supermarket.他俩都是超市里的义工。
6.Let’s make some notices,too.
【注释】notice在此作可数名词,意为“通知、通告”,复数形式是notices。
A few guest houses had "No Vacancies" notices in their windows.
几家旅社在他们的窗户上贴出了“客满”的告示。
知识归纳:notice的其他用法
(1)作不可数名词时意为“事先通知”,作可数名词时意为“启示”。
Interest is paid monthly. Three months' notice is required for withdrawals.
利息按月给付。提款要求提前三个月通知。
I spotted a notice in a local newspaper.
我在当地一家报纸上看到了一则启事。
(2)作及物动词时意为“注意到”,可以接表示“人、动物、物品”的词作宾语,还可以接宾语从句。此外,还可以构成notice sb/sth doing sth,表示“注意到某人/物正在做某事”,notice sb/sth do sth,表示“看到某人/物做了某事”。
I noticed that most academics were writing papers during the summer.
我注意到大部分学者那个暑期都在撰写论文。
I noticed him stealing your money.我注意到他正在偷你的钱。
I noticed a bird fly in the sky.我注意到一只鸟在空中飞翔。
7.We need to come up with a plan for the City Park Clean-Up Day.
come up with是动词短语,在此意为“提出、想出”,常接表示“想法、计划、方法、建议”的词作宾语,相当于think of。
We aren’t able to come up with/think of any new suggestions.我们无法提出任何新建议。
Who can come up with/thing of a way to solve this problem 谁能想出解决这道题的方法?
词义拓展:come up with还可以意为“追赶上、赶上”。
I had to run to come up with her.我不得不跑着去追她。
We should have to work hard to come up with the other firm.
我们应该埋头苦干以赶上那家公司。
考点:come up with表示“想出”的含义。
根据汉语提示完成句子。
我们需要想一些新的办法使污水清洁。
We need to____ ____with new ideas to make polluted water clean.
点拨与析答:need to要接动词原形,而且come up with是固定短语,表示“想出”,和题干意思相吻合,因此填come up。
8.I’m making some plans to work in an old people’s home this summer.
’m making some plans to work是现在进行时态结构,所用短语为make some plans to do sth,表示“制定一些做某事的计划”。to work是动词不定式结构,作后置定语修饰plans,表示“......的计划”。
I make some plans to study English.我制定了一个学习英语的计划。
9.I did that last summer!
did that是一般过去时态,是替代手法,替代上文提到的“在敬老院工作”,相当于“worked in an old people’s home”。替代用法常用在口语和写作中,以避免和前文内容重复,在现在时态中用do/does that进行替代。不管替代句子的主语是否和前面的主语相同,都可以用did/do/does that表示替代。
Jack drank too much yesterday.I wonder why he did that.
杰克昨天喝了很多酒。我想知道他为什么那样做。(did that替代drank too much)
I have no time to clean the office.Can you do that?
我没时间打扫办公室。你可以做吗?(do that替代clean the office)
10.They told me stories about the past and how things used to be.
how things used to be是疑问词how引导的名词性从句,作told me的宾语,宾语从句一律用陈述语序,即主语必须放在谓语的前面。how在此意为“怎样”,作be的表语。
I wonder how he is now.我想知道他现在怎样了。
知识拓展:how引导宾语从句的其他用法
how意为“多么”,引导宾语从句时作程度状语修饰形容词或副词。
They know how serious the situation becomes.他们知道情况变得有多么严重。
I wonder how fast he can run.我想知道他能跑多快。
意为“如何”,引导宾语从句时作方式状语,用于询问方式。
—Do you remember how he came?—你还记得他怎么来的吗?
—Yes.He came by car.—记得。他坐小汽车来的。
11.Yeah,a lot of old people are lonely.
【注释】lonely是形容词,意为“孤独的”,可以作表语或定语,强调主观上的孤独。
When my parents aren’t at home,I feel lonely.父母不在家时我感到孤独。
For all his wealth and fame, he’s a very lonely man. 他虽然又有钱又有名,但很孤独。
知识归纳 lonely还可以意为“荒凉的”,通常作定语。
The old peasant lived in a lonely village far away. 那个老农民住在很偏远的一个村子里。
词语辨析:alone和lonely的区别:
alone作形容词时意为“单独的”,只作表语。它作副词时意为“独自地”,作方式状语。
I'm alone here, but I don't feel lonely.虽然我一个人在这儿,但我并不感到孤独。
Tony always walks to school alone.托尼总是一个人走去学校。
考点:lonely表示“孤独的”,alone表示“独自”。
The old man looks unhappy,because he lives_____,and he feels____.
alone;alone B.lonely;lonely C.alone;lonely D.lonely;alone
点拨与析答:题干意为“这位老人看起来不高兴,因为他___居,而且他感到____。”分析题干和选项,第一空修饰动词lives,要用副词alone。第二空在feels后面作表语,应用lonely,带有一种孤独的感彩,和unhappy照应,故选C。
12. We should listen to them and care for them.
care for是“不及物动词+介词”类型的短语,在此意为“照顾”,可以接表示“人、动物、物品”的词作宾语,可以与look after/take care of互换。
I am going out for shopping. Can you care for / look after / take care of my cat?
我要出门购物。你可以照顾下我的猫吗?
I need to care for/look after/take care of my young brother.
我需要照顾我的弟弟。
考点:care for表示“照顾”,可以与look after/take care of互换。
句型转换。
Michael will take care of our dog when we are away on holiday next week.(改为同义句)
Michael will____ ____our dog when we are away on holiday next week.
点拨与析答:由于will后面要接动词原形,take care of表示“照顾”,可以与look after/care for互换,因此填look after/care for。
13.I mean,
I mean表示“我的意思是”,在此作插入语,放在句首时,要用逗号将其与后面内容隔开。插入语和句子其他部分没有语法上的关系,删除也不会影响句子结构,还可以置于句中和句末。置于句中时要用逗号将其与前后内容隔开;置于句末时要用逗号将其与前面内容隔开。
You,I mean,should study hard.
=You should study hard,I mean.我的意思是,你应该努力学习。
知识拓展:you see和you know也常用作插入语。
You know,we should be more careful.
你知道的,我们应该更加小心一点。
You see,he can finish the work.你瞧,他能完成这个工作。
Mario Green and Mary Brown from Riverside High School give up several hours each week to help others.
(1)该句用了“give up +时间+to do sth”结构,表示“花时间做某事”。give up在此表示“耗费”,而非“放弃”。
I give up my weekend to help him paint his apartment.我用周末的时间帮他粉刷他的房间。
(2)several在此作形容词,意为“几个的、数个的”,要修饰复数名词。它修饰复数名词作主语时谓语要用复数形式。
Several members of the club get together for a small party.
俱乐部的一些成员聚在一起举行了一个小型的聚会。
知识拓展:several作代词时意为“几个”,替代复数名词。它指三个以上,但为数不多。
She has several friends here.她在这里有几个朋友。
(3)each在此作形容词,意为“每个的”,用于谈论两个或两个以上的人或事物,要作定语修饰单数名词。
Each child will represent an animal at the party.
聚会时每个孩子将扮演一种动物。
妙辨异同:each和every的异同点
相同点:each和every都可以作形容词,意为“每个的”,修饰单数可数名词。它们修饰单数名词作主语时谓语都用单数形式。
Every student goes to the museum.每个学生都去博物馆。
Each room seats fifty students.每个房间坐50个学生。
不同点:
1)each强调个体,可以作形容词、代词(意为“各自”,作主语、宾语、同位语)和副词(意为“各自地”)。every强调整体,只作形容词。
Two boy enter.Each carries a bag.
两个男孩进来了。每个都拿着书包。(each作主语时谓语用单数形式)
We each have our own offices.
我们每个人都有各自的办公室。(each放在主语后面作同位语,谓语的形式由主语来确定)
He gives two books to each.他给了每个人两本书。(each作介词to的宾语)
Give them two books each.给他们每个人两本书。(each作副词)
2)谈到两个或两个以上的人或事物用each,不用every。谈到三个及其以上的人或事物用every和each都可以。
There is a line of trees on each side of the river.河的两边各有一行树。
There is a chair in every/each corner of the room.房间的每一个角落都有一把椅子。
3)each可以与of连用,every不可以。each与of搭配时接复数名词或复数代词,该结构作主语时谓语要用第三人称单数形式。
Each of the students has ten books.这些学生每人有十本书。
15.I get such a strong feeling of satisfaction when I see the animals get better and the look of joy on their owners’ faces.
【注释1】I get such a strong feeling of satisfaction是主句。
(1)get在此作及物动词,意为“产生、形成”,常接feeling、idea等词作宾语。
How did you get such an idea?你怎么会产生这样一个想法?
(2)such在此是表示程度的形容词,意为“这样的、如此的”,修饰名词。它修饰名词时名词前面也可以用形容词作定语。
He is such a (big) fool.
他是个(大)傻瓜。
用法辨析:so和such都可以表示程度,区别如下:
1.such修饰名词。so是副词,修饰形容词或副词,形容词后面可以省略名词。
He is so foolish (a man).
他是如此愚蠢(的一个人)。
2.单数名词前面有不定冠词与形容词时,so和such的位置不同。
1)so构成“so+形容词+a/an+单数名词”结构。除little(小的)以外,大部分形容词都可以用于该结构。
I know so clever a boy.
我认识如此聪明的一个男孩。
2)such构成“such+a/an+形容词+单数名词”结构。(除描述数量的形容词外,其他形容词都可以用于该结构)
I know such a clever boy.我认识如此聪明的一个男孩。
(3)satisfaction在此作不可数名词,意为“满足、满意”。
He sighed heavily and with satisfaction.
他沉重地也满意地叹了一口气。
知识拓展:
1.satisfy是及物动词, 意为“满足”,指完全达到预定的条件、要求、标准或期望、心愿等,常接表示“人”的词作宾语。
This kind of programme always satisfied the public.这类节目总能令大众满意。
2.satisfied是形容词,意为“满意的”,固定短语是be satisfied with sb/sth,表示“对某人/物满意”。
We are not satisfied with these results.
我们对这些结果不满意。
That's because you're never satisfied with me.
那是因为你总是对我不满意。
【注释2】when...get better and the look of joy on their owners’ faces是when引导的时间状语从句。
see the animals get better用了see sth do sth结构,表示“看到某物做了某事”。get在此作连系动词,意为“变得”,表示体质、情绪、天气方面的变化,可以接形容词作表语(颜色类形容词除外)。
The weather gets warm. 天气暖和了。
She got quite impatient. 她变得很不耐烦起来。
(2)joy在此作不可数名词,意为“高兴、喜悦”。此外,它也可以作可数名词,意为“乐趣”。
His joy showed itself in his eyes. 他的眼中露出了高兴的神色。
This is the joy of travel.这就是旅行的乐趣。
知识拓展:joyful是形容词,意为“快乐的”。
A wedding is a joyful celebration of love.婚礼是快乐的爱情庆典。
We're a very joyful people.
我们是非常快乐的民族。
(3)owner是可数名词,意为“拥有者、主人”,文中用的是它的复数形式owners。
We just found this cat and we're looking for the owner.我们刚发现这只猫,在找它的主人。
知识拓展:own的用法
(1)own作及物动词时意为“拥有”。表示财产所有权时,own比have更具有法律意义,表示某人享有“占有、控制、支配、处理”某项财产的权利。
We own our home.我们的住房是自已的。
(2)own作形容词时意为“自己的”,常用结构为名词所有格’s/形容词性物主代词+own+名词,起到加强语气的作用。
I acted upon my own judgment.
我是按照自己的判断做事的。
This is Linda’s own computer.
这是琳达自己的电脑。
own作名词时意为“自己的东西”,可以构成下列两个短语:
1)of one’s own表示“属于某人自己的”,one’s用形容词性物主代词。
They have no car of their own. 他们自己没有汽车。
2)on one’s own表示“独自”,相当于alone/by oneself。
I always go to school on my own/alone/by oneself.
我总是独自去上学。
16.She could read by herself at the age of four.
at the age of是固定短语,表示“在......岁时”,of后面要接基数词表示岁数。
Beethoven could play the piano at the age of four.贝多芬4岁时就会弹钢琴。
考点:at the age of表示“在......岁时”。
Qian Xuesen passed away on October 31,2009____the age of 98,but he is the man____still encourages Chinese youth.
at;who B.on;who C.on;which D.at;which
点拨与析答:由于at the age of是固定搭配,而且____still encourages Chinese youth是定语从句修饰人,要用关系代词who,因此选A。
17.she decided to try out for a volunteer
(1)句中用了decide to do sth结构,表示“决定做某事”。decide在此为及物动词,意为“决定”,接动词时必须变为动词不定式。该结构可以与make a/the decision to do sth或make up one’s mind to do sth互换(one’s用形容词性物主代词,与主语保持一致)。
I decide to go shopping with them.
=I make a decision to go shopping with them.
=I make up my mind to go shopping with them.我决定和他们一起去购物。
(2)try out for是动词短语,意为“参加选拔”,指娱乐、体育方面活动中的试演、试镜、试唱、试练等。
A lot of girls went to try out for the Super Girls.许多女孩去参加了“超级女声”的海选。
The boy wants to try out for the football team.那个男孩想去参加那支足球队的队员选拔。
but we can see in their eyes that they’re going on a different journey with each new book
(1)that they...book是连词that引导的名词性从句,作can see的宾语。that引导宾语从句时只起连接作用,没有词义,通常可以省略,但此句中由于谓语动词can see后面有一个插入语成分in their eyes,因此连词that不省略。
(2)journey在此作可数名词,意为“旅行”,指经由陆路、空路或海路,从一地到另一地的旅程。
Mr. Smith made a journey from Paris to New York.史密斯先生作了一次从巴黎到纽约的旅行。
词语辨析:travel,journey,trip,tour,voyage都可以作可数名词,表示“旅行”,区别如下:
(1)travel泛指不论时间长短、路程远近、任何目的、任何交通工具的旅行。
I went to Tai Mountain during my travels.在旅行期间我去了泰山。
(2)trip指短时短程旅行,旅行后要返回原地。
We go on a school trip in May.我们五月份去郊游。
(3)tour指根据事先计划好的路线、景点一一停留,旅行结束仍回原地的长途旅行,多用于观光、考察,常与of 连用。
Our friends are making a tour of Shanghai.我们的朋友正在对上海进行巡回旅行。
知识拓展:journey还可以作不及物动词,意为“旅行”。
In February 1935, Naomi journeyed to the United States for the first time.
1935年2月,娜奥米第一次来到美国旅行。
19.Volunteering here is a dream come true for me.
(1)Volunteering here是V-ing短语作主语,单个V-ing结构作主语时谓语要用单数形式,因此谓语be动词用了单数形式is。V-ing前面可以加形容词性物主代词或名词所有格’s结构来表明该动作的逻辑主语,说明它是由谁发出的动作。
His being lazy makes his parents rather angry.他的懒惰让父母非常生气。
用法辨析:动词不定式结构作主语和V-ing结构作主语的异同点
相同点:单个动词不定式或V-ing结构作主语时谓语都用单数形式。
不同点:不定式作主语强调具体行为,通常表示一种意愿、目的或未完成的事情。V-ing结构作主语时强调抽象行为,表示已经知道的事实或经验。
To complete the program needs much effort.完成这项计划需要很大的努力。
Riding a bike can make a person smart.骑单车能使一个人敏捷。
(2)come true for me是过去分词短语,作后置定语修饰a dream,在此表示“come true”这个动作已完成,相当于定语从句which/that has come true for me。come true是不及物动词短语,意为“实现”,它的主语通常是表示“梦想、希望”的抽象名词,没有被动语态结构,其后也不接宾语。
One’s dreams do not always come true.
一个人的梦想并不都能实现。
考点:come true表示“实现”,主语通常用表示“梦想、希望”的词。
China Dream is a great dream. Each of us should try our best to make it ______.
A. come true B. grow up C. take place
点拨与析答:题干意为“中国梦是一个伟大的梦想。我们每个人应该尽力使它_____。”结合句意和选项,可知应填表示“实现”的come true,因此选A。
20.I can do what I love to do and help others at the same time.
(1)what I love to do是疑问词what引导的宾语从句。what在此意为“什么”,在该宾语从句中作to do的宾语。
I know what he plan to do.我知道他计划做什么事情。
(2)at the same time是固定短语,意为“同时”,可以与in the meantime互换。
To keep a large family, he has to do two jobs at the same time/in the meantime.
为了养活一大家子人,他不得不同时打两份工。
考点:at the same time是固定短语,表示“同时”的含义。
This novel can make you laugh and cry at ____ same time
A) a B) an C) the D) /
点拨与析答:由于at the same time是固定短语,因此选C。
21.I’d like to help homeless people.
该句型表示“我想要做某事。”用于礼貌地提出建议。’d like是would like的缩写形式,表示“想要”,它用在肯定句中时主语为第一、三人称,其后要接动词原形,语气比want委婉。
I’d like to help you carry this box.我想帮你拿这个箱子。
She would like to cook the meal for us.她想为我们做顿饭。
知识回顾:would like的其他用法
(1)would like接表示“物品”的名词或代词,表示“想要某种东西”。
I would like a cup of coffee.我要两杯咖啡。
My mother would like an apple.
(2)would like sb to do sth表示“想要某人做某事”。
I'd like you to meet them.我想要你见他们。
I'd like him to do my homework.
单元语法精讲
一.动词不定式:动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种形式,由to+动词原形构成,否定形式是not to+动词原形,该结构可以作宾语、宾语补足语、目的状语等成分。
1.动词不定式作宾语:某些及物动词后只能接不定式作宾语,不能接V-ing作宾语,这些动词是:
(1)afford to do sth表示“负担得起做某事”。
He can not afford to buy a car as expensive as that.他买不起那么贵的车。
(2)hope to do sth表示“希望做某事”。
I hope to finish this task on time.我希望能按时完成这个任务。
(3)manage to do sth表示“设法做成某事”。
I manage to solve this problem.我设法解决了这个问题。
(4)offer to do sth表示“主动提供做某事”。
He offered to lend some books to me.他主动提出来说要借些书给我。
(5)plan to do sth表示“打算做某事”。
I plan to clean the room.我打算打扫这个房间。
(6)pretend to do sth表示“假装做某事”。
He pretended to be happy.他假装很开心。
(7)refuse to do sth表示“拒绝做某事”。
Thousands of people refuse to pay their taxes.成千上万的人拒绝交税。
(8)wish to do sth表示“希望做某事;想要做某事”。
I wish to go. 我想去。
2.某些动词要接动词不定式作宾语补足语,不能接V-ing作宾语补足语,这些动词是:
(1)advise sb(not)to do sth表示“建议某人(不要)做某事”。
I advise him not to smoke.我建议他不要抽烟。
(2)ask sb(not)to do sth表示“要求某人(不要)做某事”。
She asks me clean the classroom.她要求我打扫教室。
(2)order sb(not)to do sth表示“命令某人(不要)做某事”。
I order you to cook a meal.我命令你做一顿饭。
The boss orders us not to be late for work.老板命令我们不要上班迟到。
(3)tell sb(not)to do sth表示“某人(不要)做某事”
Linda tells me not be late for school.琳达告诉我上学不要迟到。
wish sb(not)to do sth表示“希望某人(不要)做某事”。
I wish Peter to pass this exam.我希望彼得通过这次考试。
特别关注:
1.help接动词作宾补时动词要变为不定式(不定式符号to可省略)。
I help him(to)do the housework.我帮助他做家务。
2.使役动词make、let可以接省略动词不定式符号to的结构作宾语补足语。
I make him laugh.我把他逗笑了。
Let him go.让他走吧。
3.表示“看、感到”等及物动词可以接省略动词不定式符号to的结构作宾语补足语,指“看到/听到感觉某人/某物做某事的全过程”。
I watch him cook the meal.我观看他做饭。
I was in the kitchen looking something and I felt the floor move.
我正在厨房里作饭并感到地板在动。
3.动词不定式作目的状语时修饰谓语,表示“为了”,包含的目的性很强。它可以放在句首、句中或句末,放在句首时要用逗号将其与后面内容隔开。
To catch the first bus,I get up at 6:00 in the morning.
=I get up at 6:00 in the morning to catch the first bus.为了赶上头班车,我早上6点就起床了。
特别关注:动词原形、动词三单形式、过去式、过去分词都不能作目的状语。V-ing结构可以作目的状语,但不能放在句首,要放在句中和句末,包含的目的性没有动词不定式明确,而且还带有伴随的意味,常用逗号将它与前面内容隔开。
The secretary worked late into night, preparing a report for the manager.
秘书为了给经理准备一个报告而工作到深夜。
考点:只有动词不定式和V-ing结构可以作目的状语。动词不定式作目的状语可以放在句首、句中、句末;V-ing结构作目的状语时要放在句中和句末,常用逗号将它与前面内容隔开。
—What shall we do this weekend
—We’ll drive to Dongjiang Lake__________boating.
A.to go B.go C.going
点拨与析答:空所在句表示“我们将开车去东江湖________船。”结合句意和选项,可知__________boating是开车去东江湖的目的,要用动词不定式作目的状语,因此选A。
干扰项分析:动词原形不能作目的状语,V-ing作目的状语时常用逗号将其与前面内容隔开,排除BC。
二.短语动词是由动词加介词、副词或其他词构成的词组,其作用和动词差不多。有些短语动词相当于及物动词,有些则相当于不及物动词。
1.不及物动词+介词构成短语动词,常用于该短语中的介词有at、for、with、about、after、from、in、to。这类短语动词的宾语不论是名词还是人称代词的宾格,都要放在短语动词的后面,比如look at看、listen to听、disagree with不同意、talk about谈论、wait for等待、look after照顾、hear from收到......的来信、arrive in到达。
Listen to me.听我说。
I disagree with your opinion.我不同意你的观点。
2.不及物动词+副词构成短语动词,常用于该短语中的副词有out、up、off。这类短语不用接宾语,比如come out出版、show off炫耀、turn up出现。
I don’t like showing off.
我不喜欢表现自己。
Will the book come out this week 这本书本周出版吗?
They finally turned up at nearly midnight.
他们终于在近午夜时出现了。
3.及物动词+副词构成短语动词,常用于该短语中的副词有away、out、off、up、down、in、on、over。这类短语接名词时名词放在副词前后都可以,接代词时代词要放在副词的前面,比如take away带走、give out分发、put off推迟、clean up打扫干净、cut down砍伐、hand in上交、turn on打开、think over仔细考虑。
Take away the glasses and the tray.
把这些玻璃杯和托盘拿走。
Can you think our suggestion over?你可以仔细考虑下我们的建议吗?
The apple tree was dead and he cut it down.
这棵苹果树死了,他把它砍倒了。
4.不及物动词+副词+介词构成短语动词,所接名词或代词必须放在介词的后面,比如come up with提出、look forward to期待、get along with与......相处、stay away from远离
The doctor told him to stay away from fat food.
医生叫他不要吃高脂肪的食物。
So how can you get along with your teachers
那么,你要怎么和你的老师相处呢?
5.动词+名词构成短语动词时有三种情况。
(1)have a/an+名词表示进行该名词所进行的活动。
have a try试一试 have a look看一看
(2)make+名词(make接不同的名词表示的含义也不同)
make mistakes犯错误 make progress取得进步
(3)take+(冠词)+名词(take接不同的名词表示的含义)
take part参与 take a walk散步
6.及物动词+名词+介词构成短语动词时,所接名词或代词必须放在介词的后面,比如make use of使用、pay attention to注意、 take part in参加
You should learn to make use of your time.
你应该学会好好利用你的时间。
Section B
I’ve run out of it.
’ve run out of是现在完成时态结构,由“助动词have+run的过去分词”构成,表示run out of这个动作已经完成。当主语是第一、二人称以及第三人称复数形式,助动词用have,其余情况助动词用has。
I have finished her homework.
我完成了家庭作业。(finished是finish的过去分词)
Linda has cleaned her bedroom.
琳达打扫了自己的卧室。(cleaned是clean的过去分词)
I repaired it.
repaired是repair的过去式,作及物动词,意为“修理”,指修理的物体较庞大,构造较复杂或损坏严重的东西,也可以指补鞋,但不指补衣服。
Goldsmith repaired the roof to ensure the house is windproof.
戈德史密斯已经修理了房顶以确保房子可以抵御狂风。
词语辨析:repair和mend表示“修理”的区别
mend是及物动词,指修理的物体较小,结构较简单的日常用具,或缝补衣服、袜子等。
Can you mend this broken chair
你能修理这把破椅子吗
3. I take after my mother.
【注释】take after是“不及物动词+介词”类型的短语,意为“像”,侧重性格或长相上像,相当于be like或look like。
Mrs. Brown is heavy and her daughter takes after/looks like her.布朗太太很胖,她女儿像她。
His mother is outgoing and he takes after/is like her. 他妈妈性格外向,他像他妈妈。
考点:take after表示“(外貌或形式)像”的含义。
选出与画线部分含义相同的选项。
Jack takes after his father.They’re both tall and strong.
A.looks like B.waits for C.takes care of D.feels excited about
点拨与析答:由于take after表示“(外貌或行为)像”,与look like同义,因此选A。
4.I fixed it up.
fix up是“及物动词+副词”类型的短语,是美式英语,常指带有安装固定性质的修理。它接名词时名词放在up前后都可以,接人称代词的宾格时代词要放在up之前。
My bike is broken.I can’t fix it up.我的自行车坏了。我不会修理它。
I fixed up Matthew's old room.
我已经把马修的旧房间修缮好了。
5.I’m similar to her.
【注释】句中用了be similar to短语,意为“和......相似”,be动词的形式由主语来确定,其后可以接表示“人、事物”的词作宾语。
My idea is similar to yours.我的想法和你的相似。
考点:be similar to是固定短语,表示“和......相似”的含义。
根据汉语提示完成句子(一空一词)。
我和我最好的朋友相似,因为我们都勤奋。
My best friend is_____ ____me because we are both hard-working.
点拨与析答:本题考查“和......相似”的英语表达方式。be similar to表示“与......相似”,和题干相吻合,因此填similar to。
6.I gave it away.
give away是“及物动词+副词”类型的短语,意为“赠送”,过去式为gave away,要接表示“事物”的词作宾语。接名词时名词放在away前后都可以,接代词时代词要放在away之前。
I will give these books away.我将捐出这些书。
I don’t need these toys.I will give them away.我不需要这些玩具。我将把它们捐出来。
知识拓展:give away还可以意为“泄漏、出卖”。
Please don't give my secret away!请不要说出我的秘密!
I know you didn't want to give away your friend.我知道你不想出卖你的朋友。
7. I’m sure you know that this group was set up to help disabled people like me.
(1)you know that......me是省略连词that引导的宾语从句。该宾语从句中又嵌套了一个that引导的名词性从句that this group was set up... like me,作know的宾语。that引导的宾语从句中用了“was set up to do sth”短语,表示“被建立用来做某事”,动词不定式部分to help disabled people like me作目的状语。
The house was set up to look after those homeless children last month.
上个月,这个房子被搭建起来,用于照顾那些无家可归的孩子。
知识归纳:set up意为“建立”,是“及物动词+ 副词”类型的短语,接表示“机构、团体、网站”的词作宾语。该短语接名词时名词放在up前后都可以,接代词时代词要放在up之前。
The two sides agree to set up a commission.
双方同意建立一个委员会。
They will set a school up there.
他们将在那儿建立了一所学校。
There is no hospital here.The government should set it up.
这里没有医院。政府应该建一座医院。
(2)disabled是形容词,意为“有残疾的”,同义词为handicapped。disabled是具有概括意义。blind(瞎的),deaf(聋的),dumb(哑的)都是它的具体表现形式。表示“残疾人”可以用the disabled/handicapped。
We should respect the disabled/handicapped.我们应该尊重残疾人。
(3)like me是介词短语,作后置定语修饰disabled people。like在此意为“像”,常与名词、代词构成介词短语,除了可以作后置定语,还可以放在感官动词后面作表语。
We should help the disabled like them.我们应该帮助像他们一样的残疾人。
You sound like an expert.你听起来像一名专家。
考点:set up表示“建立”。
真题链接:
1.(江苏省盐城市中考题)
David Burt’s dream in China is to go into the west and ______ an early childhood school there.
A. clean up B. look up C. give up D. set up
点拨与析答:题干意为“大卫在中国的梦想是去西部并在那里____一所幼儿学校。”根据句意和选项,可知应填表示“建立”的set up,故选D。
8.You helped to make it possible for me to have Lucky.
句中用了“make it+形容词+ for sb to do sth”结构,表示“使做某事很......”。it是形式宾语,真正的宾语是to have lucky。possible是形容词,作make的宾语补足语。for me是for引导的介词短语,用于说明动词不定式是“for me”中的me发出的动作。
Too many new words make it difficult for us to understand the passage.
太多的生词使我们难以理解短文。
知识归纳:it作形式宾语时固定结构为动词+it +形容词/名词+(for sb)+动词不定式/V-ing/宾语从句。使用it作形式宾语时要满足下列三个条件。
(1)make / find / feel / think等动词用于该结构。
(2)真正的宾语是动词不定式、V-ing、宾语从句。
(3)要有形容词或名词作宾语补足语。
I don't feel it difficult to understand the Special English.我觉得理解英语 特别节目并不难。
They found it difficult that they would finish their work in two days.
他们发现两天之内完成工作很难。
I think it no need talking about it with them.我认为没必要跟他们谈。
We make it a rule to get up at 6:00 in the morning every day.
我们使每天早上6点起床成为规定。
考点:make it+名词+动词不定式是固定结构,it是形式宾语,不能换成其他词。
We decide to make ______ a rule for us room-mate to turn off the light at 10:30pm.
A. that B. this C. it D. one
点拨与析答:由于make it+名词+for sb+不定式是固定结构,it是形式宾语,指代动词不定式部分,因此选C。
9.Lucy makes a big difference to my life.
【注释】make a difference是动词短语,意为“起作用、有影响”,difference的前面可以用big、important等形容词作定语。表示“对某人/物有.......影响”,用make a/an+形容词+ difference to sb/sth。
9.11 has made a big difference to American people’s lives.
9.11事件对美国人的生活产生了重大影响。
What you do makes a important difference to me.
你做的事情对我有重要影响。
知识归纳:some、much、any、no也可以用在make...difference短语中作修饰语。
I don’t think this computer will make any difference.我认为这台电脑并不会起多大作用。
It won’t make much difference whether you go today or tomorrow.
你今天去或明天去没有什么大关系。
That makes no difference.那没有影响。
考点:make a difference是固定短语,表示“有影响”的含义。
用所给单词的正确形式填空。
I don’t think Tom’s words would make a ____(different) to the final decision.
点拨与析答:题干意为“我认为汤姆的话不会对最后的决定_____。”由于make a要接名词,different的名词是difference,可以与make a搭配表示“有影响”,符合题意,故为difference。
10.What would it be like to be blind or deaf?
【注释】这是含有情态动词would的疑问句,用于委婉地提出问题。it作形式主语,真正的主语是动词不定式部分to be blind or dead。
What would it be like to fail the exam 考试不及格会怎么样呢?
11.Or imagine you can’t walk or use your hands easily.
(1)第一个or是连词,意为“或者”,引导并列分句。
You can walk in the park.Or you can run to exercise.
你可以在公园里散步。或者你可以跑步锻炼。
(2)imagine在此作及物动词,意为“想象”,其后接了省略连词that的宾语从句 you can’t walk or use your hands easily。此外,imagine还可以接名词、代词、V-ing形式作宾语。
Imagine(that)you live in Beijing.想象你住在武汉。
You can imagine the situation there.你可以想象那里的情况。
Please imagine yourself in his place.请想象你自己处于他的位置。
I can't imagine living in the midst of war. 我不能想象生活在战争年代会是什么样。
(3)宾语从句是含有情态动词can’t的否定句。or是连词,在同一个否定结构中连接两个并列动作walk和 use,要翻译为“和”,此时不能用and。
I don't want juice or coffee.我不想要果汁和咖啡。
12.but many people have these difficulties
【注释】difficulties是可数名词difficulty的复数形式,指各种各样的“困难、难题、难事”。
When people learn a new language,they might face some difficulties.
人们学习一种新语言时,他们也许会遇到一些困难。
知识拓展:difficulty还可以作不可数名词,意为“困难”,固定短语是have difficulty in doing sth,表示“有困难做某事”,介词in可以省略。。
We found the house without difficulty.我们轻而易举地找到了那座房子。
I have difficulty(in)learning math.我学习数学有困难。
13.so normal things like answering the telephone, opening and closing doors, or carrying things are difficult for me.
(1)like answering...things是“like+V-ing”构成的介词短语,作后置定语修饰normal things。like在此作介词,意为“比如”可以与名词、代词、V-ing构成短语,用于举例。like引导的短语用于举例时要放在句中和句末,不放在句首。它引导的短语用于举出部分例子,而非全部,可以与连写的such as互换。
I like some fruits like/such as apples and pears.我喜欢一些水果,比如苹果和梨子。
At the party, you can do lots of things, like/such as eating, drinking, chatting and singing.
在聚会上,你可以做许多事情,比如吃、喝、聊天以及唱歌。
(2)carrying是及物动词carry的V-ing形式,意为“拿、携带”,表示把人或物品从一处运向另一处,没有方向性。
You have to carry a mobile phone so that they can call you in at any time.
你要随身带着手机,以便他们随时给你打电话。
14.I was excited about the idea of having a dog
句中用了be excited about短语,表示“对......感到兴奋”。该短语的主语通常是“人”,be动词的形式由主语来确定。about是介词,可以接表示“人、事物”的词作宾语,接动词时动词要变为V-ing形式。
The fans are excited about the arrival of SHE.他们对SHE的到来兴奋不已。
The World Cup is coming. Are you excited about it 世界杯快到了,你感到兴奋吗
The kids are excited about going camping.孩子们对去露营感到很兴奋。
特别关注:exciting也含有“兴奋的”之意,但不用于“be......about”结构。
知识拓展:be excited还可以接动词不定式,表示“做某事很兴奋”。
They are excited to come across SHE in the street.他们在街上偶遇SHE,兴奋不已。
15.I feel very lucky to have him
句中用了“feel lucky to do sth”短语,表示“做某事感到幸运”,lucky前面有程度副词very修饰,用于加强程度。to have him是动词不定式短语作主语补足语,是由“I”发出的动作。
I feel very lucky to pass the exam.能够通过这次考试,我感到非常幸运。
16.because of your kindness
【注释】kindness是由“形容词kind+后缀ness”派生而成的不可数名词,意为“善良”。
I don't know how to thank you for your kindness.我真不知道该如何来感谢你的善意。
小贴士:ness是名词后缀,自身无词义,常放在某些形容词后将形容词转换为抽象名词。
careless(不认真的)—carelessness(不认真)
17.Get my book
get在此作及物动词,意为“去拿来”,相当于fetch。
Shall I get/fetch your coat from the next room 要不要我从隔壁房间把你的大衣拿来?
18.Thank you again for changing my life.
这是“Thank you again for+V-ing.”句型,表示“再一次因为......而谢谢你。”changing my life是change one’s life的V-ing形式,表示“改变某人的生活”。在该短语中,change是及物动词,意为“改变”。
Thank you again for teaching me.
在一次因为教导我而谢谢你。
I think I can change your life.我想我能改变你的生活。
考点聚焦
考点:give out表示“分发”。
—Would you please help me________the invitations to all my friend
—Sure.You’d better let me know their phone numbers.
make up B.clean out C.give out
点拨与析答:空所在句表示“请你帮我把这些请柬______我所有的朋友,好吗?”根据句意和选项,可知要填表示“分发”的give out,因此选C。
2.考点:come up with表示“提出”。
—Another good idea! And we could each call up ten people and ask them to come.
—Hey, we’re ______ a lot of good ideas, aren’t we
A. getting along with B. coming up with C. catching up with D. doing well in
点拨与析答:空所在句表示“我们正在_______很多好主意,不是吗?”根据句意和选项,可知应填表示“提出”的coming up with,因此选B。
干扰项分析:A表示“与......相处”,C表示“追赶上”,D表示“擅长”,和题干意思矛盾,故排除ACD。
3.考点:how意为“如何”,在宾语从句中作方式状语。
Over these years I have had a new understanding of_______people traditionally call a perfect person.
A. how B. what C. who D. whom
点拨与析答:分析题干和选项,可知_______people traditionally call a perfect person是宾语从句,从句部分主谓宾结构完整,可判断所填词在从句中充当状语。此时只有how是疑问副词,在宾语从句中可以作状语,因此选A。
4.考点:each of接复数名词/复数代词作主语时谓语要用第三人称单数形式。
We make it a rule that each of us_______the bedroom one day a week.
A.clean B.cleans C.has cleaned
点拨与析答:由于each of接复数名词作主语时谓语要用复数形式,而且one day a week是频率短语,要与一般现在时连用,因此选B。
干扰项分析:clean是动词原形,不是动词的三单形式。has cleaned是现在完成时,而且本题为一般现在时,故排除AC。
5.考点:so构成“so+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词”结构,such构成“such+a/an+形容词+单数可数名词”结构。
Every year a lot of tourists travel to Hainam, because it's ________island.
A .so a beautiful B. so beautiful C such a beautiful D. a such beautiful
点拨与析答:由于such a+形容词+单数可数名词是固定结构,因此选C。
6.单个V-ing短语作主语时谓语要用第三人称单数形式。
Playing computer games too much______bad for students’ health.
A.am B.is C.are
点拨与析答:由于Playing computer games too much是单个V-ing短语,作主语时谓语要用单数形式。选项中的谓语是be动词,要用is,故选B。
7.考点:plan表示“计划”,refuse表示“拒绝”,接动词作宾语时动词要变为动词不定式。
(1)The book is well worth____.I plan______one.
A. read, to buy B. reading, buying C. reading, to buy
点拨与析答:由于be well worth+V-ing是固定搭配,表示“值得做某事”,而且plan+动词不定式也是固定搭配,表示“打算做某事”,因此选C。
(2)Vivian refuses ______ her children to the weekend training centre for extra classes.
A. to send B. sending C. sent D. sends
点拨与析答:由于refuse to do sth是固定搭配,故选A。
8.考点:ask表示“要求”,advise表示“建议”,wish表示“希望”,接动词作宾补时动词要变为不定式,把不定式变为否定要在to的前面加not。
(1)Our teacher often asks us____________ questions in groups.
A. discuss B. to discuss C. discussing D. discussed
点拨与析答:由于ask sb to do sth是固定结构,因此选B。
(2)—You’d better advise him______anything out of the window while driving.
—I will.He has to know it’s dangerous.
not throwing B.no leave C.not leave D.not to leave
点拨与析答:由于advise sb not to do sth是固定搭配,故选D。
(3)用所给单词的正确形式填空。
My parents wish me____(be)a teacher when I grow up.(be)
点拨与析答:由于wish sb to+动词原形是固定结构,因此填to be。
9.考点:make it+形容词(+for sb)+to do sth是固定结构。
His words made____possible for me____in the city.
A. it;to work B. it;to working C. that;to work D. that;to working
点拨与析答:由于make it+形容词+for sb+动词不定式是固定结构,故选A。
10.考点:be excited about表示“对......感到兴奋”,该短语的主语是人,接动词时动词要变为V-ing形式。
Are they____visiting the Summer Palace?
excited about B.exciting about C.excited to D.exciting in
点拨与析答:由于be excited about是固定短语,表示“对...感到兴奋”,接动词时动词要变为V-ing形式,因此选A。
干扰项分析:exciting后面不接介词,be excited to要接动词原形,和题干矛盾,故排除BCD。
单元知识检测
I.单项选择
1.—Why do you collect so many old bikes
—I’ll have them_____and give away to the children who don’t have bikes.
A. used up B. given up C. fixed up D. set up
2.Many people went to Ya’ an to_____clean water and food to local people to reduce their pain from the earthquake.
A. put out B. come out C. work out D. give out
3.Though my grandmother lives_____,she never feels______.
A. alone; alone B. lonely; lonely C. alone; lonely D. lonely; alone
4.He always cares_____ the old poor man. He is very kind.
A. for B. at C.on D. in
5.—Do you know Mo Yan
—Of course, He won the 2012 Nobel Prize four Literature____the age of 57.
A. in B. at C. on D. to
6.Tom______his father, because they are both open and easygoing.
A. look like B. takes after C. doesn’t take after D. Isn’t like
7. I think ______chores______not so difficult as you think.
A doing, is B do, are C to do, are D doing,are
8.My parents often tell me_____too much junk food because it’s bad for my health.
A. not eating B. not to eat C. eating D. to eat
9. —What are you going to do when you grow up
—A dancer, but my parents wish me _____ a teacher.
A. am B. to be C. will be D. be
10.All the Chinese people should work hard_____China Dream.
A. to realize B. realize C. realizes D.realized
参考答案:CDCAB BABBA
II.用所给单词的正确形式填空
We are excited about_____ fishing.(go)
We feel very lucky_____the football match.(win)
The man has a reputation for______.(kind)
Jim finds it easy_____Chinese well.(speak)
Studying there_____ a dream_____true for me.(be;come)
参考答案:
going 2.to win 3.kindness 4.to speak 5.is;come
III.根据汉语提示写出单词和短语
Our school is planning to____ up a band to give the students a chance to show their musical talent.(建立)
Can you_____life without electricity?(想象)
We should send this____boy to the hospital.(生病的)
I _____ to ride a bike to school.(过去常常)
I get such a strong feeling of_____.(满足)
参考答案:
set
imagine
sick
used
6.satisfaction
IV.根据首字母和句意完成单词
They are deaf.We call them the d____ people.
I am the o____ of this car.
We could v____ in this old people’s home to look after the old people.
Were there any exciting incidents during your j____?
He is b_____.In other words,he can’t see anything.
参考答案:
disabled 2.owner 3.volunteer 4.journey 5.blind
V.根据汉语提示完成句子(一空一词)
我觉得我们应该使他振作起来。
I think we should_____ ____ _____.
你的卧室很脏。现在打扫它!
Your bedroom is very dirty.____ ____ ____now!
我耗费几个小时修理这些自行车。
I give_____ several ____ ____repair these bikes.
我决定捐出这些外套。
I decide____ ____ ____these coats.
我最好的朋友露西对我有很大影响。
My best friend Lucy_____ ____big_____ _____me.
参考答案:
cheer him up 2.Clean it up 3.up;hours to
4.to give away 5.makes a;difference to