语法 make作使役动词的用法
课标词语 drive迫使 friendship友谊;友情 king 国王;君主 banker银行家 pale苍白的;灰白的queen王后;女王 examine (仔细地)检查;检验 nor也不 palace王宫; 宫殿 power 权力;力量 wealth财富 lemon柠檬 uncomfortable使人不舒服;令人不舒适 grey(天空)阴沉的;昏暗的;灰色的
weight重量;分量 shoulder 肩;肩膀 goal 球门;射门;目标coach 教练;私人老师 kick踢;踹 courage 勇气;勇敢 pull拉;拖 nod点头;agreement(同意或看法)一致;同意 disappoint使失望
would rather宁愿 drive sb crazy/mad使人发疯/发狂 the more...the more...越...越...;愈...愈... be friends with(sb)成为(某人的)朋友 leave out忽略;不提及;不包括 call in召来;叫来 neither...nor...既不...也不... to start with起初;开始时 let...down使...失望 kick sb off开除某人 be hard on sb对某人苛刻;对某人要求严厉 rather than而不是 pull together齐心协力;通力合作
Section A
I’d rather go to Blue Ocean because I like to listen to quiet music while I’m eating.
【注释1】I’d rather go to Blue Ocean是主句。’d rather是would rather的缩写形式,表示“宁愿”,它的主语可以用各种人称,其后要接动词原形,即would rather do sth,表示“宁愿做某事”。它的否定形式是would rather not do sth,表示“宁愿不做某事”。
She would rather stay at home.
她宁愿待在家里。
I would rather not tell you. 我宁可不告诉你。
知识拓展:would rather do A than do B表示“宁愿做A,也不愿做B”,可以与would do A rather than do B互换使用。
Tom would rather live alone than marry that girl.
= Tom would live alone rather than marry that girl.汤姆宁愿独居,也不愿意和那个女孩结婚。
【注释2】because I like ... eating是由because引导的原因状语从句。该原因状语从句包含了一个主从复合句。I like to listen to quiet music是主句,while I’m eating是由while引导的时间状语从句。while在此意为“在……的时候”,引导时间状语从句时从句的谓语要用延续性动词或be动词,从句动作和主句动作同时发生,遵循如下时态规律:
(1)主从句都用过去进行时或都用现在进行时。
He was listening to the music while we were watching TV.我们看电视时他正在听音乐。
I am doing my homework while my mother is cooking the dinner.
我妈妈在做晚餐时我正在写作业。
(2)主句用过去进行时,从句用一般过去时。
He was drinking coffee while we drank wine.我们喝葡萄酒时他在喝咖啡。
(3)主句用一般过去时,从句用过去进行时。
While the lights were changing to red,a car suddenly appeared round the corner.
当交通灯正在变为红色时, 一辆小汽车突然出现在拐角处。
考点:would rather接动词时动词要用原形。
At present, lots of people would rather_____in the country because there is_____ pollution in the city.
A.live; more B. to live; less C. live; less D. to live; more
解析:题干意为“目前,很多人宁愿_____农村,因为城里污染_____。”由于would rather要接动词原形。又结合句意,可判断第二空应填表示“更多的”more,因此选A。
But that music makes me sleepy.
【结构】主语(事物)+make/makes sb+形容词.表示“某种事物使得某人.......”。该句型用于谈论事物对人的影响。make是使役动词,意为“使得”,用了make sb(宾语)+形容词(宾语补足语)结构。sleepy是形容词,意为“困倦的、瞌睡的”,作make的宾语补足语,描述me处于的状态。sleepy还可以作表语或定语。
This movie makes me happy.这部电影使我开心。
These books make me sleepy.这些书使我困倦。
I feel sleepy now.我现在感到疲倦。
The sleepy boy is my brother.这个昏昏欲睡的男孩是我弟弟。
知识拓展:sleepy作形容词时还可以意为“寂静的”。
Valence is a sleepy little town just south of Lyon.
瓦朗斯是里昂正南方一个寂静的小镇。
知识回顾:与睡觉有关的词汇。
1.sleep作不及物动词时意为“睡觉”,作不可数名词时意为“睡眠”。
During the drive, the baby slept.
在行驶中那个婴儿睡了。
Lack of sleep blunts her thinking.
缺少睡眠使她的思想变得迟钝。
2.asleep表示“睡着的”,构成短暂性动词短语fall asleep,表示“入睡”,在肯定句中通常不与延续性时间状语连用,对应的延续性短语是be asleep。
He has fallen asleep.他睡着了。
The baby has been asleep for an hour.
这个婴儿睡着一个小时了。
3.sleepily是sleepy的副词,意为“睡意朦胧地”。
We sleepily thought it was the distant thunder.
朦胧中我们以为是远远的雷响。
考点:sleepy表示“困倦的”。
—Why are you looking_______in class all day
—Because I can’t finish my homework until eleven every night.
awake B. asleep C. sleeping D. sleepy
解析:题干意为“—你为什么整天上课看起来______。因为我每天晚上直到11点才完成家庭作业。”结合句意和选项,可知要填表示“困倦的”的sleepy,故选D。
3.Waiting for Amy drove Tina___________.
【注释】drive在此是使役动词,意为“迫使”,过去式和过去分词分别是drove和driven,常用结构如下:
(1)drive sb+形容词(常用crazy/mad/insane等表示“发疯的”的形容词作宾补)
You have driven me crazy.你让我发疯了。
drive sb(宾语)to do sth(宾补)表示“迫使某人做某事”。
They drove me to tell the truth just now.他们刚才迫使我说出真相。
4.Sad movies don’t make John cry.
【结构】主语(事物)+don’t/doesn’t+make sb+省略to的动词不定式.表示“某物不使某人做某事。” “don’t/doesn’t make sb(宾语)do(宾补)”是使役动词make的否定句结构。make意为“使得”,cry作make John的宾语补足语,是由John发出的动作,表示主动,此时cry前面必须省略动词不定式符号to。
This film doesn’t make me laugh.这部电影不使我发笑。
5.yes and no
【注释】yes and no意为“既是又不是、不能说定”,指对某一问题难以明确回答。
—Were you surprised when you received something from Andy?你收到安迪的东西时惊讶吗?
—Well, yes and no. I knew he would send me something. But I just wasn’t sure what it would
be. 嗯,既惊讶又不惊讶。我知道他会给我送东西,但是不知道他会送什么。
6.Well,the more I got to know Julie,the more I’ve realized that we have a lot in common.
(1)本句用的是“The+比较级+主语+谓语(+其他),the+比较级+主语+谓语(+其他).”句型,表示“越......,越......”。谓语是be动词/连系动词,the后面用形容词比较级。形容词比较级后面也可以接名词。谓语是其他行为动词,the后面用副词比较级或more/less。
The more difficult the questions are, the less likely he is able to answer them.
问题越难,他回答出来的可能性就越小。
The more exercise you take, the stronger you are.
锻炼得越多,身体越强壮。
The harder you work, the more progress you will get.
你越努力,进步就越快。
The more he gets,the more he wants.
他得到的越多,想要的就越多。
The less you get,the more disappointed you will become.
你得到的越少,你将变得更失望。
(2)got to know用的是get to do sth结构,表示“开始做某事”。
She gets to like English. 她开始喜欢上英语了。
(3)that we have a lot in common是that引导的宾语从句。从句中用了have a lot in common短语,表示“有很多共同之处”,a lot可以换成much。
Sandy and Sue have a lot(much)in common.
桑迪与苏有很多共同之处。
知识回顾:“have ...... in common”表示“有……共同之处”。in common的前面还可以用表示否定含义的little或nothing修饰,表示“没有共同之处”。in common后面可以加上with sb结构。
We have little/nothing in common with each other.
我们彼此之间没有任何共同之处。
考点:“The +比较级(+名词)+主语+谓语,the+比较级(+名词)+主语+谓语.”表示“越......,越......”。
The harder we study, the_______result we will get.
A. good B. better C. best
解析:由于The +比较级+主语+谓语,the+比较级+名词+主语+谓语.”是固定句型,可知所填词为比较级,故选B。
7. So we’ve been spending more time together lately.
(1)’ve been spending用的是“have been +V-ing”结构,是现在完成进行时的构成方式,表示spend这个动作发生在过去,持续到现在,可能还会持续下去。
I have been doing research on this subject since I came here.
自从我到这里以来,我一直在做这一课题的研究。
(2)lately是副词,意为“最近”,常与现在完成时或现在完成进行时连用。
We have been playing ping pong a lot lately.
最近我们经常打乒乓球。
Have you seen any good shows lately 你最近看过什么好的表演吗
词语辨析:lately、late、later、latter、latest的区别
1.late作形容词时意为“迟的”,作副词时意为“晚、迟”。
Don’t be late for class.上课不要迟到。
Steve arrives late.史蒂夫迟到了。
2.later作形容词时意为“后来的、后期的”,用于修饰名词。作副词时意为“后来”。
He resigned ten years later.他10年后辞职了。
At a later news conference, he said differences should not be dramatized.
在后来的新闻发布会上,他说差异不应该被夸大。
3.latter用在the的后面,构成the latter,表示“后者”。作形容词时意为“后面的”,作定语修饰名词或one。
This article focuses on the latter.
这篇文章的重点在后者。
I support the latter one.我支持后面一个。
4.latest作形容词时意为“最新的”,没有比较级、最高级。
To prove his point,he showed them the latest sale figures.
为了证明他的观点,他给他们看了最新的销售数字。
8.because she thinks Julie is now better friends with me than with her.
(1)文中用了be friends with短语,表示“成为......的朋友”,是延续性的动词短语,可以与延续性时间状语连用。friend必须用复数形式,with后面常接表示“人”的词。
I have been friends with Peter for 7 years.
我和彼得做了7年的朋友。
知识回顾:make friends with sb表示“和......交朋友”,是短暂性动词短语,在肯定句中不与延续性时间状语连用,也不与表示“多久”的how long连用。
I want to make friends with Peter.我想和彼得交朋友。
(2)than意为“比”,是比较级的标志词。它前面的形容词或副词都要用比较级。它后面可以接名词、人称代词宾格、名词性物主代词等词语。
Our city is more beautiful than yours.
我们的城市比你们的漂亮。
She runs faster than Linda.
她跑得比琳达快。
考点:than之前的形容词要用比较级形式。
A journey by train is________than by coach.
more relaxing B.relaxing C.most relaxing D.the most relaxing
解析:由于空后面有than,所填词要用形容词比较级,因此选A。
why don’t you ask Alice to join you each time you do something with Julie
【注释1】why don’t you ask Alice to join you是主句。
(1)主句属于“Why don’t you+动词原形+其他?”句型,表示“你为什么不......呢?”,用于提出建议,相当于“Why not+动词原形+其他 ”。因此主句可以转换为why not ask Alice to join you。
Why don’t you buy a new computer?
=Why not buy a new computer?你为什么不买一台新电脑呢?
(2)ask Alice to join you用的是ask sb(宾语)to do sth(宾补)结构,表示“要求某人做某事”,动词不定式部分to join you是由Alice发出的动作。该结构的被动语态为be asked to do sth,表示“被要求做某事”(动词不定式作主语补足语)。
He asks me to carry that box.他要我搬那个箱子。
I am asked to carry that box by him.我被他要求搬那个箱子。
特别关注:ask接动词作宾补时动词必须变为不定式。把动词不定式部分变为否定时要在to的前面加not,即ask sb not to do sth,表示“要求某人不做某事”。
I ask him not make a noise.我要他不要吵闹。
【注释2】each time you do something with Julie是由each time引导的时间状语从句。each time意为“每当”,引导时间状语从句时放在主句前后都可以,放在主句前面时要用逗号将主、从句隔开。
Each time I hear this song, I will think of my hometown.
每当听到这首歌,我都会想起我的故乡。
10.Then she won’t feel left out.
feel left out是“feel+过去分词”结构,意为“感觉被忽略”。feel是感官动词,意为“感到”,接leave out的过去分词形式作表语。
Mary talked to the shy girl so that she wouldn’t feel left out. 玛丽和那位害羞的姑娘交谈,以免她觉得没人理她。
知识拓展:leave out是“及物动词+副词”类型的短语,可以意为“删掉、漏掉、冷落”。
I hope you won’t leave such excellent material out.
我希望你不要删掉这么好的材料。
You’ve made a mistake — you’ve left the letter t.
你犯了一个错误—你漏掉了字母t。
Don’t leave me out please.
请不要把我漏掉。
Elizabeth was left out in the dancing party.
伊丽莎白在舞会上受到了冷落。
11.That can make our friendship stronger.
friendship由“friend(朋友)+后缀ship(状态、性质)”派生而成,意为“友谊”。它通常用作不可数名词,是友谊的总称。如果表示一段具体的友谊,则作可数名词。
Real friendship is more valuable than money.
真正的友谊比金钱更可贵。
There is a friendship of 20 years between them.
他们之间有20年的友谊。
小贴士:后缀ship的其他含义
1.表示“身份、职业、地位、资格”
member(会员)—membership(会员资格)
2.表示“技巧、技能、权力”
leader(领导人)—leadership(领导才能)
3.表示“……之间的关系”
partner(伙伴)—partnership(伙伴关系)
12.A long time ago,in a rich and beautiful country,there lived an unhappy king.
(1)A long time ago表示“很早以前”,是“一段时间+ago”构成的时间状语,要与一般过去时连用。
But that was a long time ago.
不过那已经是很久之前的事了。
知识拓展:long long ago意为“很久以前”,once upon a time意为“从前”,也要与一般过去时连用。
Long long ago, we knew the periodic motion of a planet.
很久以前, 我们就知道行星的周期运动.
Once upon a time there was a giant with two heads.
从前有个两头巨人.
(2)there lived an unhappy king是“there live+名词”句型,表示“有......”。除了be动词以外,某些表示存在概念的不及物动词,比如lie/live/exist等等,也可以用在there之后表示存在概念。
Once upon a time there lived a king in China.
从前中国有一个国王。
There lies a low-price hospital in my hometown.我的家乡有一座平价医院。
So long as imperialism exists,there exists the danger of war.
只要帝国主义存在,就有战争的危险。
13.He slept badly and didn’t feel like eating.
【注释】feel like意为“想、想要”,可以接名词、代词作宾语。接动词作宾语时,动词要变为V-ing形式。
I feel like going shopping. 我很想去购物。
I feel like a cup of tea. 我很想喝杯茶。
知识回顾:would like和want也可以表示“想要”。
1.would like要接名词、代词、动词不定式,语气委婉。
I would like a cup of coffee.我想要一杯咖啡。
I would like to go fishing.我想去钓鱼。
2.want要接名词、代词、动词不定式,语气显得不礼貌。
I want to go home now.我现在想回家。
考点:feel like接动词时动词要变为V-ing形式。
I have a bad cold.I don't feel like ____ anything.
A.to eat B.eating C.eat
解析:由于feel like接动词时动词要变为V-ing形式,故选B。
14.His face was always pale as chalk.
pale as chalk是省略句结构,完整形式为as pale as chalk。这是明喻的修辞手法,将面色苍白比喻为chalk(一种白色石灰岩)。翻译时要翻译出它的比喻含义,不能直译。
You look as pale as chalk today.What’s wrong with you
今天你看起来面色苍白,你怎么了
知识回顾:“A+谓语+as+形容词/副词+as+B.”是同级比较句型,表示“A和B一样......”。第一个as后面的形容词/副词要用原级,第二个as接表示比较的对象的词或句子。该句型的否定形式为“......not so/as+形容词/副词+as......”,表示“......不如......”。
English is as important as Chinese.英语和中文一样重要。
He studies as hard as we do. 他学习和我们一样努力。
He is not so/as careful as me.他不如我细心。
15.One day,a doctor was called in to examine the king.
(1)was called in是call in的一般过去时的被动语态结构,表示“被召来”。call in是“及物动词+副词”类型的短语,意为“叫来、召来”,常接表示“人”的词作宾语。它接名词时名词放在in前后都可以,接代词时代词要用在in的前面。
We had better call in a specialist at this critical moment.
在这个关键时刻我们最好请一位专家来。
Why not call him in?为什么不把他叫来呢?
Linda was called in just now.琳达刚才被叫来了。
知识归纳:call in还可以表示“收回、把......叫进屋”。
All old £10 notes were called in by the government.
所有旧的10镑的纸币均被政府收回。
It was getting dark.He called the children in.
天渐渐黑了,他把孩子们叫进屋来。
(2)to examine the king是动词不定式结构作目的状语。动词不定式作目的状语时表示“为了......、以......”,可以放在句首、句中、句末,放在句首时要用逗号将其与后面内容隔开;该结构包含的目的性很强。
To be slim, the girl goes on a diet.
= The girl goes on a diet to be slim.为了苗条, 那个女孩节食了。
特别关注:非谓语动词中的动词不定式和V-ing都可以作目的状语。区别在于:V-ing作目的状语时多放在句末,而且用逗号将它与主句隔开。它包含的目的性不是非常明确,还带有伴随的意味,即伴随主句的谓语动作同时发生。
The secretary worked late into night, preparing a report for the manager.
秘书为了给经理准备一个报告而工作到深夜。
(3)examine是及物动词,意为“检查”,侧重看人或事物存在的问题。
Her bags were examined when she entered the country.
入境时她的提包被检查了。
Another doctor examined her and could still find nothing wrong.
另一个医生对她进行了检查,仍然找不出任何毛病。
词语辨析:check和examine作及物动词,意为“检查”,区别在于:
check主要指检验或测试事物的准确性、真实性以确保其正确、安全或处于良好状态。
Check the accuracy of everything in your resume.
核查你简历中每一项的准确性。
He has checked the copy against the original.
他已把抄件与原文核对过了。
16.But he found nothing wrong with his body.
(1)found nothing wrong with his body是“find sth(宾语)+ 形容词短语(宾补)”结构,表示“发现某物……”,wrong with his body用于描述nothing的状态。
I find this bottle full of milk.我发现这个瓶子装满了牛奶。
(2)wrong with是“形容词+介词”类型的短语,意为“有毛病、出故障”,常放在be动词后面作表语,也可以作宾语补足语,其后可以接表示“人、事物”的词作宾语。
There is nothing wrong with her.
她的身体没什么毛病。
I find something wrong with my computer.
我发现我的电脑出了一点故障。
知识归纳:“find +名词/代词还可以接V-ing或过去分词作宾语补足语。
1.find sth / sb+V-ing”表示“发现某人/ 物正在做某事”(V-ing表示主动,是由sb/sth发出的动作,强调动作正在进行)
I found a UFO moving in the sky.
我发现一个不明飞行物在天空中移动。
2.find sth/sb+过去分词表示“发现某物/人被......”(过去分词表示被动,指sb/sth被......)
He was shocked to find all the information in his computer deleted.
他惊讶地发现他电脑里所有的信息都被删除了。
考点:find sth接动词作宾补时,如果动作表示主动而且正在进行,动词要变为V-ing形式。
I found a letter________on the floor when I came into the classroom.
A. lying B. lay C. lie D. lies
解析:根据题干,可知本题属于“find+名词+____”结构,能用于这个结构的只有V-ing或过去分词。又结合句意,可知信躺在地上这个动作是主动的,要用V-ing,因此选A。
17.Neither medicine nor rest can help him.
【注释】Neither medicine nor rest是“neither+名词+nor+名词”结构,作主语。neither ... nor ...意为“和……都不”,要连接两个对等成分,可以作主语、谓语、宾语、表语等成分,用于否定两者。neither ... nor ...连接名词或代词作主语时要遵循临近原则,即谓语动词的单复数形式由nor后面的词来确定。
Neither he nor she likes English.
他和她都不喜欢英语。(Neither he nor she作主语,由于nor后面的代词是she,因此谓语动词用了第三人称单数形式likes)
I neither smoke nor drink.
我既不抽烟,又不喝酒。(neither smoke nor drink作谓语)
I have neither time nor money.
我既无时间又无钱。(neither time nor money作宾语)
It is neither my fault nor yours.
这既不是我的错误,又不是你的错误。(neither my fault nor yours作表语)
知识回顾:both...and...,either...or...,not only...but also...连接并列成分作主语的用法。
1.both...and...是neither...nor...的反义短语,表示“两者都”,连接两个对等的结构。它连接并列成分作主语时谓语用复数形式。
Both my mother and my grandmother like watching TV at night.
我母亲和我外婆都喜欢晚上看电视。(Both my mother and my grandmother作主语)
2.either...or...表示“要么...要么...”,连接并列成分作主语时谓语动词的单复数形式由or后面的内容来确定。
Either you or I am wrong.
不是你错了就是我错了。
3.not only...but also...表示“不但...而且...”,also也可以省略。它连接并列成分作主语时谓语动词的单复数形式由but(also)后面的内容来确定。
Not only you but(also)he knows the answer.
不仅你知道答案,而且他也知道答案。
考点:neither ... nor ... 表示“……和……都不”,连接并列成分作主语时谓语动词的单复数由nor后面的词来确定。
Neither my father nor my mother ________ rock music.They think that it's too ________.
A.like; noise B.likes; noise C.like; noisy D.likes; noisy
解析:由于neither....nor引导并列成分作主语时谓语的单复数形式由nor后面的内容确定,此时nor后面接的是单数名词my mother,第一空要用三单形式的likes。又由于第二空在程度副词too的后面,要用形容词noisy,因此选D。
18.了解句型:What he needs is the shirt of a happy person to wear.
【注释1】what he needs是由what引导的名词性从句作主语,这样的从句是主语从句。what在此意为“什么”,引导主语从句时要用陈述语序,在该从句中作needs的宾语。主语从句后面的谓语是be动词,如果其后的表语是单数名词、形容词或介词短语,be动词要用第三人称单数形式(本句属于这种情况)。如果表语是复数名词,be动词要用复数形式。
What the boy wants is a toy car.这个男孩想要的是一辆玩具小汽车。
What I have to tell you is very simple.我必须告诉你的事情非常简单。
What they did was in vain.他们做的事情是徒劳的。
What he wants are four pens.他想要的是4支钢笔。
知识归纳:单个名词性从句作主语时,如果该从句后面的谓语动词是行为动词,它通常用第三人称单数形式。
What you do makes me unhappy.你做的事情使我不开心。
【注释2】to wear是动词不定式结构作后置定语修饰the shirt of a happy person。被修饰的词作动词不定式的逻辑宾语,即to wear the shirt of a happy person。
I have some clothes to wash.
我有些衣服要洗。(some clothes作to wash的逻辑宾语)
19.But when they explained the king’s situation to him
【注释】句中用了explain sth to sb短语,表示“向某人解释……”。
The professor is explaining his theory to his students. 教授正在向学生解释他的理论。
知识拓展:explanation作可数名词时意为“解释”。它的首字母e发元音[e],用不定冠词修饰它时要用an。
Can you give me an explanation?你能给我一个解释吗?
20.Although I have a lot of power
power在此作不可数名词,意为“权利”,即使有a lot of修饰它,也没有复数形式。
They are frightened of losing power.他们害怕失去权力。
知识拓展:powerful读作['pa f l],是形容词,意为“有影响力的、强大的”,可以作表语或定语。
You are a powerful man.
你是个有影响力的男人。
The cell phones used today are smaller and more powerful than the ones ten years ago.
如今所使用的手机与10年前的手机相比,体积更小,功能更强大。
21.I’m always worried about losing my power.
文中用了be worried about短语,意为“担心”,强调状态。它可以接表示“人、事物”的词作宾语,接动词时要用V-ing形式(此处用的是lose的V-ing形式losing)。
We are worried about him.我们很担心他。
I am putting on weight, so I am really worried about my weight.
我身体在发福了,所以我真担心自己的体重。
Linda is worried about losing this job.琳达担心失去这份工作。
结构拓展:表示“担心被做某事”用be worried about being done。
I am worried about being followed by him.我担心被他跟踪。
知识回顾:worry about是动词短语,强调动作,可以接表示“人、事物”的词或V-ing形式作宾语。
Why do you worry about her?你为什么担心她?
I worry about your health.我担心你的健康状况。
Today he does not have to worry about making a living
今天他不为谋生发愁了。
22.Many people are trying to take my position.
(1)are trying to take用的是try to do sth结构,表示“尽量做某事、试图做某事”,强调付出努力去做某事,但不一定能成功。对动词不定式作否定要在to之前加not,即try not to do sth,表示“尽力不做某事”。
You should try to keep from getting wet or going back to work too soon.
你应该尽量避免雨淋或太早回去上班。
I try not to quarrel with her.我尽量不和她吵架。
特别提示:try+V-ing表示“尝试做某事”。对V-ing作否定时要用try not+V-ing,表示“尝试不做某事”。
Let’s try knocking at the back door.
咱们敲敲后门试试。
I try not wasting money.我尝试不浪费钱。
(2)句中还用了take one’s position短语,表示“代替某人的位置”,one’s要用形容词性物主代词或’s结构,相当于take one’s place/take the position of sb/take the place of sb(of后面接人名或人称代词的宾格)。
He wants to take Peter’ s position/place.
=He wants to take the position/place of Peter.他想代替彼得的位置。
I can take his position/place.
=I can take the position/place of him.我能代替他的位置。
考点: try(not)to do sth表示“尽量去做某事”,try(not)doing sth表示“尝试(不)做某事”。
— I didn’t hear you come in just now.
— That’s good. We tried_______any noise, for you were sleeping.
A. not make B. not to make C. to make D. making
解析:题干意为“—我没有听到你刚刚进来了。—太好了。我们尽量______任何噪音,因为你正在睡觉。”根据“因为你正在睡觉”,可判断要用try not to do结构,表示“尽量不做某事”,故选B。
23.I have a lot of wealth
【注释】wealth是不可数名词,意为“财富”,是资产的总称,包括钱和其他财产。
Does the possession of wealth bring happiness?
拥有财富就能带来幸福吗?
词语辨析:wealth和treasure都与“财富”有关,区别如下:
treasure作不可数名词时意为“财富、宝物”,是金银财宝的总称。
He went to the island to look for treasure.他去岛上寻宝。
知识拓展:wealthy是wealth的形容词,读作['welθ ],意为“富有的”,可以作表语或定语。
Some people suppose me to be wealthy.
有些人认为我是富有的。
He grows up in a wealthy family.
他成长在一个富裕的家庭。
24.But this was what he said
what he said是what引导的名词性从句,放在be动词后面作表语,这样的句子称为表语从句。what在此意为“什么”,引导表语从句时要用陈述语序,在该从句中作said的宾语。此外,它在表语从句中还可以作主语或表语。
Whether ways will be found to stop pollution or not is just what worries the public.
是否能有方法阻止污染或不再是那种困扰公众的事。(what在表语从句中作主语,谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式)
That is what I want to tell you.
那就是我想要对你讲的。(what在表语从句中作tell you的直接宾语)
The little girl is no longer what she used to be.
这个小女孩不再是过去的样子。(what在表语从句中作be的表语)
25.It’s true that I’m famous and everyone loves my songs.
本句用的是“It’s+形容词(true)+that引导的主语从句.”句型。It’s是it is的缩写形式。it是形式主语,真正的主语是that引导的主语从句I’m... songs。that引导主语从句时无词义,只起连接作用,但不能省略。
It is clear that you can win the football match.
很明显,你们能够赢得这场足球赛。
知识归纳:能作为形式主语的只有it。它可以代替动词不定式、V-ing或主语从句,起到平衡句子结构的作用,常用句型如下:
1.It is+形容词/名词+动词不定式.(名词前面可以用冠词或形容词性物主代词等作修饰语)
It is easy to cook.做饭很容易。
It is my honor to help you.帮助你是我的荣幸。
2.It is no use/good +V-ing.(形式主语指代V-ing的情况没有动词不定式常见)
It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。
It is no good reading in dim light.
在昏暗的灯光下看书不好。
3.It is+过去分词/名词+that引导的主语从句.
It is said that his sister will come to stay with us in the summer.
据说他妹妹暑假要来跟我们在一起。
It is a fact that English is accepted as an international language.英语作为一门国际语言为人们所接受,这是不争的事实。
4.It is+形容词+if/whether引导的主语从句.
It is doubtful if/whether they can finish the task on time.
他们是否能按时完成这项任务,这令人怀疑。
26.Finally,the king’s top general was told to go out and find a happy man in three days’time.
(1)was told to go out and find用的是“be told to do sth”结构,表示“被告知要做某事”,动词不定式作主语补足语。表示“被告知不要做某事”,要用“be told not to do sth”结构。
I am told to take care of my brother .
我被告知要照顾我弟弟。
We are told not to go out.
我们被告知不要外出。
小贴士:be told(not)to do sth的主动形式是tell sb(not)to do sth,表示“告诉某人(不)做某事”。
When you meet him, tell him to give me a call.
你见到他时,要他给我打电话。
Our teacher tells us not to be late for class.
我们的老师要求我们上课不要迟到。
(2) in three days’time是“in+时间段”结构,表示“在……期间、在某段时间之内”,可以与现在时、过去时、进行时、完成时、将来时等时态连用。
It was the president’s first public appearance in three months.
这是总统3个月来首次公开露面。
We’re going to Italy in April. 我们将在4月去意大利。
I’ll be on holiday in [during] August. 我将在 8 月度假。
It’s the first letter I’ve had in ten days. 这是我十天来收到的第一封信。
We use the furnace all the time in the winter. 我们冬天一直使用火炉。
知识回顾:in+时间段还可以表示“在......之后”,与将来时或进行时连用。
They’ll be back in six months. 6个月之后他们就会回来。
He is coming back in an hour.他一个小时后会回来。
27.To start with
【注释】to start with在此意为“起初、开始时”,可以与to begin with互换使用,常放在句首作插入语,要用逗号将它与后面的句子隔开。
To start/begin with, he is a politician.
首先,他是一个政治家。
To start/begin with,I dislike them.起初我很讨厌他们。
知识拓展:start/begin with是动词短语,意为“以......开始”。
My speech starts/begins with the situation analysis.
我以形势分析开始了我的演说。
28.It makes me want to tell them to clean up the streets.
clean up是短语动词,意为“打扫干净”,常接表示“事物”的词语作宾语。接名词时名词既可放在up之前,又可放在up之后;接代词时代词必须放在clean和up之间。
Clean up your bedroom.
=Clean your bedroom up.把你的卧室打扫干净。
The classroom is much too dirty. We should clean it up.
教室太脏了。我们应该把教室打扫干净。
考点:clean up表“打扫干净”,接代词时代词要放在up之前。
—Daisy , look at your bedroom. What a mess!
—Sorry, I’ll________right now.
A. put up it B. clean up it C. put it up D. clean it up
解析:题干意为“—黛西,看看你的卧室。真是糟透了!—对不起,我马上____。”结合句意和选项,可判断应填表示“清理”的短语clean up。由于该短语接代词时代词要放在up之前,因此选D。
单元语法专题:make作使役动词的用法
make作使役动词时意为“使”,要构成“make+宾语+宾语补足语”结构,宾语补足语可以由名词、形容词、过去分词、不带to的动词不定式充当,常用结构如下:
1.make sb(宾语)+名词(宾语补足语)表示“使某人/某物成为......”。
They make him their head. 他们使他成为他们的首领。
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.只工作不玩,聪明的孩子也会变傻。
2.make + sb / sth(宾语)+形容词(宾语补足语)表示“使...处于某种状态”。
Don’t make our classroom dirty.
不要把我们的教室弄脏了。
I often make him sad.
我常常使他难过。
3.make + sb / sth(宾语)+介词短语(宾语补足语)表示“使...处于某种状态”。
Make yourself at home.别拘束。
4.make sb(宾语)+过去分词(宾语补足语)表示“使某人被......”(sb和过去分词之间存在被动关系。
The scents made her drunk.
这香味使她陶醉。
5.make oneself+动词的过去分词表示“使别人......”。
She couldn’t make herself heard. 别人听不到她的话。
6.make + sb/sth(宾语)+ 动词原形(宾补)表示“使某人做某事”(动词原形前面必须省略动词不定式符号to,是由sb/sth发出的动作,表示主动)。
We made him wait there for two hours.
我们让他在那等了两个小时。
The strong light makes my eyes ache.
强烈的光线使我的眼睛疼。
特别提示:make sb/sth do变为被动语态时,不带to的动词不定式要还原为to+动词原形,即be made to do sth,表示“被迫做某事”。
He is made to play the piano every evening.
他每天晚上都要弹钢琴。
考点:make sb接动词时,如果它由sb发出,要用省略to的动词不定式结构。
—Do you like Zhou Libo's talk show
—Yes. His talk show is very funny. It always makes people _______.
A. laugh B. laughed C. laughing D. to laugh
解析:空所在句用了make sb+所填词结构。make在此作使役动词,所填词laugh是由people发出的动作,要用不带to的动词不定式结构,故选A。
Section B
The general cannot find a happy person and the king remains unhappy forever.
【注释1】remains unhappy用的是“remain+形容词”结构。remain在此作连系动词,意为“仍然”,接形容词作表语,表示“仍然处于某种状态”。
The shop remains open until 11 at night. 这个商店一直营业到晚上十一点。
知识归纳:remain还可以接下列成分作表语。
1.remain+名词
Their marriage remains a secret. 他们的婚姻仍然是个秘密。
2.remain+过去分词
They remained locked in the room.
他们仍然被锁在房子里。(locked是已经发生的被动动作)
3.remain+V-ing
The guests came in, but she remained sitting at the desk reading.
客人进来了,但她仍然坐在桌旁看书。(sitting是正在进行的主动动作)
4.remain+动词不定式表示将来的动作。
This remains to be proved.
这有待证实。(to be proved是动词不定式的被动形式,是将来的被动动作)
5.remain+介词短语
I have remained in touch with the Greens for more than 10 years.
我和格林一家保持了十多年的联系。
【注释2】forever是副词,在此意为“永远”,可以写成for ever,常放在句末作时间状语。
A diamond ring means a love forever/for ever.
钻石戒指意味着永恒的爱。
2.How long did it take the general to find the happy man
本句是How long+助动词+it+take+sb+to do sth?句型,表示“做某事花某人多长时间?”
how long是疑问词组,意为“多久”,对一段时间提问,谓语动词要用延续性动词或be动词,回答时可以直接用表示“一段时间”的名词性短语。it作形式主语,真正的主语是动词不定式部分to find the happy man。take在此作及物动词,意为“花费”。
—How long is the movie 这部电影有多长时间
—Two hours.两个小时。
—How long does it take you to do your homework 你做家庭作业要花多长时间
—Half an hour.半小时。
知识回顾:take在此意为“花费”,固定句型是“It takes sb+一段时间+to do sth.”,表示“做某事花费某人多长时间”,sb可以省略,还可以与过去时、将来时连用。
It took two hours to swim across the river.
横渡这条河花了两个小时。
It will take us half an hour to clean the office.打扫这间办公室将花费我们半小时。
考点:how long对表示一段时间的名词性短语提问。
—______do the students in your school do outdoor activities every day?
—At least an hour.
How often B.How long C.How much D.How far
解析:由于答语部分“At least an hour.”是名词短语,表示“至少一个小时”,是一段时间,对它提问要用how long,因此选B。
3.What made the poor man so happy even though he had no power,money or fame
【注释】even though意为“即使、尽管”,引导让步状语从句。它引导让步状语从句时放在主句前后都可以,放在主句前面时要用逗号将它们隔开。
Even though you are right,you should not beat him. 尽管你是对的,你也不应该打他。
用法辨析:even though和even if都意为“即使、尽管”,引导让步状语从句,区别在于:even if引导的从句假设性更强,even though引导的从句更具有真实性。
Even if he is poor,she loves him.
即使他很穷,她还是爱他。(他不一定真穷)
Even though he is poor,she loves him.
即使他很穷,她还是爱他。(他真穷)
考点: even though表示“即使”,引导让步状语从句,从句具有真实性。
根据汉语提示完成句子(一空一词)
Many teachers go on working____ _____(即使) they are sick.
解析:题干意为“很多老师即使生病了也继续工作。”由于老师带病工作是真实情况,even though和even if都表示“即使”,但even though引导的从句具有真实性,故填even though。
4.Peter kept his eyes on the ground.
本句用了keep one’s eyes on短语,表示“盯着”。one’s要用形容词性物主代词,而且要与主语的人称保持一致。介词on后面接表示“人、事物”的词。
Why do you keep your eyes on him?你为什么盯着他?
I keep my eyes on the blackboard.我盯着黑板。
5.He felt like there was a heavy weight on his shoulders as he walked home alone.
【注释1】He felt like......shoulders是主句。这个句子中又包含了一个主从复合句。
He felt like是主句,接了省略that的宾语从句there...shoulders。felt like是feel like的过去式,在此意为“感觉像”,可以接名词、代词、宾语从句作宾语,含有比喻的意味。该宾语从句形象地反映了Peter压抑的心态。
I felt like a fool. 我感觉自己像个傻瓜。
(2)从句属于“there was+单数名词(主语)+地点状语.”句型,是there be句型的一般过去时态结构。主语是复数名词,be动词要用were。
There was a boy in the room just now.刚才房间里有一个男孩。
There were dinosaurs on Earth tens of millions of years ago.
在数千万年前,地球上有恐龙。
(3)weight在此作可数名词,意为“重量”。它还可以作不可数名词,意为“体重”,构成短语put on weight,表示“长胖”,反义短语是lost weight,意为“减肥”。
These columns bear the weight of the roof.
这些柱子支承着屋顶的重量。
I put on weight while my brother loses weight.
我长胖了,而我的哥哥减肥了。
(4)on his shoulders用的是on one’s shoulders短语,表示“在某人的双肩上”,one’s用形容词性物主代词或名词所有格’s。shoulder是可数名词,意为“肩膀”,构成短语shoulder to shoulder,表示“肩并肩”。
I lean on Kent’s shoulder.
我靠着肯特的肩膀。
Members of a football team stand shoulder to shoulder ahead of an upcoming game.
一个足球队的成员们肩并肩地站在一起迎接一场新的比赛。
【注释2】as he......alone是as引导的时间状语从句,as在此意为“当......的时候”。从句谓语walked是延续性动词,此时as可以与when/while互换使用。alone是副词,意为“独自”,相当于by oneself(oneself要与主语保持一致)。
As/When/While I slept,I dreamed a sweet dream.
我睡觉时做了一个美梦。
Can you do it by yourself
=Can you do it alone?
这事儿你一个人干得了吗
考点:alone可以与by oneself互换使用。
选出与画线部分相同含义的单词。
He did the work all by himself.
already B. together C. alone
解析:由于by oneself的同义表达是alone,表示“独自”,因此选C。
His mind would not stop thinking about what happened only just an hour ago on the school soccer field.
(1)文中用了“would not+动词原形”结构。would在此表示“(过去的)习惯或倾向”,否定形式是would not或wouldn’t,要与动词原形一起构成谓语。
I planted a vine last year, but it wouldn’t grow because it didn’t get enough sun.
去年我种了一棵葡萄,但它因阳光不足没有长大。
小贴士:表示“(现在的)习惯或倾向”,用will+动词原形。
Harriet will keep leaving her things all over the floor. 哈丽特总是把她的东西扔得满地都是。
(2)stop thinking about属于“stop doing sth”结构,表示“停止做某事”。thinking about是think about的V-ing形式,表示“思考、考虑”,要接表示“事物”的名词、代词、宾语从句作宾语。
I’ve thought about it for some time.
关于这件事情,我已经考虑了一段时间了。
We need to think about how much we should charge our customers for using the phones.
我们需要考虑的是,我们应该向顾客收多少电话费。
知识回顾:stop接动词不定式作宾语,即stop to do sth,表示“停止做某事后去做另一件事”。
Are you tired? Let’s stop to have a rest.
你累了吗? 我们停下来歇会儿吧。
(3)what happened only just...soccer field是what引导的宾语从句。only just意为“刚刚、正好”,可以修饰动词、介词短语、名词等成分,要放在被修饰词的前面。
I drew the horse up only just in time.
我正好及时勒住了马。
It is only just beginning.
它正好是开始。
I have only just got up.我刚刚起床。
考点:stop doing sth表示“停止做某事”,stop to do sth表示“停下来做另一件事”。
—Dad, why must I stop______computer games
—For your health, my boy.
A. play B. to play C. to playing D. playing
解析:题干意为“—爸爸,为什么我必须停止_____电脑游戏?—我的儿子,为了你的健康。”根据“为了你的健康”,可知要用表示“停止做某事”的stop doing sth,故选D。
7.How could he have missed scoring that goal
(1)这是含有could have done结构的特殊疑问句,用于对过去发生的动作或存在的状态表示吃惊,本句中是描述彼得吃惊自己没有射进球。
How could I have been so careless?我当时怎么那么粗心?
How could we have failed the exam?我们当时怎么考试不及格呢?
知识归纳:could have done的用法
1)表示对过去的动作进行肯定推测,表示“可能做了某事”。
He could have played the computer game in the morning.他早上可能玩了电脑游戏。
2)表示“本来能做某事(而没做)”,含有批评的意味。
You are late again.You could have come earlier.你又迟到了。你本该来早点的。
(2)miss在此作及物动词,意为“(体育运动中)未射中、未打进”,接事物名词作宾语;接动词时动词要用V-ing形式(scoring是score的V-ing形式)。
How many goals has he missed this season?
这个赛季他射丢了多少球?
I missed scoring the goal in the football match last week. 上周在足球比赛中我没有进球。
(3)goal在此作可数名词,意为“射门”,构成动词短语score a goal,表示“踢入球门”。
He dribbled past the fullback and scored a goal.
他越过对方后卫,趁势把球踢入球门。
知识拓展:goal作可数名词时还可以意为“进球、目标”。
They scored five goals in the first half of the match.
他们在上半场进了5个球。
Nothing will stop us from achieving our goals.
没有什么东西能阻止我们实现我们的目标。
8.He had let his whole team down.
(1)had let是过去完成时态结构,由“had done”构成。该时态指动作发生在过去的过去,即let down这个动作在Peter独自回家之前就发生了。
She felt that she had done the right thing.她觉得自己做得对。
小贴士:下文还有一处过去完成时的句子“His team had lost the game because of him.”(lose这个动作在Peter独自回家之前就发生了)
(2)句中用了let sb down短语,表示“使某人失望”。let down接名词时名词放在down前后都可以,接代词时代词要放在down之前。
Don’t worry. I’ll never let you down.
别担心。我决不会让你失望的。
I let down our relatives.我让我的亲戚们失望了。
知识归纳:let sb down的同义表达是disappoint sb/make sb disappointed。
Why do you make him disappointed?
=Why do you disappoint him?
=Why do you let him down 你为什么让他失望?
9.His stupid mistake made him angry.
stupid是形容词,意为“愚蠢的”,可以作表语或定语描述“人、事情”。这是贬义词,指愚蠢是由于缺乏理智或智力低下造成的。
They are very stupid.他们非常蠢。
Don’t leave her alone. It’s possible for her to do something stupid.
别让她一个人呆着。她很可能会干傻事的。
词语辨析:foolish、stupid、silly表示“愚蠢的”的区别
1.foolish是正式用语,可以描述人或行为,指愚蠢因为缺乏智慧或判断力而造成。
He was foolish to buy that expensive house.
他买那昂贵的房子是愚蠢的。
2.silly多用于口语,比foolish语气重,通常指由于缺乏常识、判断力而作出令人可笑的行为和举止。
It’s silly of you to say so.
你这样说太傻了。
10.He was really worried that his coach might kick him off the team.
(1)这是“主语+be+ worried that引导的宾语从句.”句型,表示“.......担心......”。
that his... team是宾语从句,作worried的补足语(也称作形容词宾语),说明担心的原因。
I was worried that you wouldn’t come back.
我担心你不回来了。
(2)coach在此作可数名词,意为“教练”。它以ch结尾,变为复数形式要在词尾加-es,即coaches。
We will invite some outstanding coaches to teach them.
我们将邀请一些知名的教练来指导他们。
知识拓展:coach作及物动词时意为“(体育)训练、辅导”。
She coaches a golf team in San Jose.
她在圣何塞训练一支高尔夫球队。
He gently coached me in French.
他和蔼地辅导我法语。
(3)might kick him off the team用的是“might kick sb off sth”短语。might表示“也许”,对现在的情况作肯定推测,暗含的可能性最低。kick sb off sth表示“将某人从...开除”。
The boss might kick Tom from the company because Tom is always late for work.
老板也许会将汤姆从公司开除,因为汤姆总是上班迟到。
11.Peter heard his father knocking on his bedroom door.
句中用了“hear sb/sth(宾语)doing sth(宾语补足语)”结构,表示“听到某人/物正在做某事”。knocking on his bedroom door是V-ing结构,是由“his father”发出的动作,此时该动作正在进行。
I heard her crying in the next room.
我听到她在隔壁房间哭泣。
I hear a bird singing.我听见一只鸟在鸣唱。
知识回顾:hear sb/sth do sth表示“听到某人/物做过某事”,do的前面必须省略动词不定式符号to,强调听见当时发生动作的全过程。
I heard her cry the whole night. 我听到她哭了一整夜。
考点: hear sb doing sth表示“听到某人正在做某事”,hear sb do sth表示“听到某人做了某事”。
— Is Jack in the next room
— Well, it’s hard to say. But I heard him ________ loudly when I passed by just now.
A. speak B. to speak C. spoken D. speaking
解析:空所在句表示“但是当我刚才路过的时候,我听到他大声______。”结合句意和选项,可知要用hear sb doing sth,指听到他正在大声说话,因此选D。
12.He opened the door to let him in.
【注释】to let him in是动词不定式结构作目的状语。let in是“及物动词+副词”类型的短语,表示“让......进来”,接表示“人、动物”的词作宾语。它接名词时名词放在in的前面都可以,接代词时代词要放在in的前面。
Let them in.让他们进来吧。
Don’t let your dog in.不要让你的狗进来。
13.But whatever it was,don’t be too hard on yourself.
(1)whatever it was是由whatever引导的让步状语从句。whatever意为“无论什么”,相当于no matter what,引导让步状语从句时放在主句前后都可以,放在主句前面时要用逗号将它们隔开。它在该从句中作was的表语,还可以作主语、宾语、定语等成分。
Whatever/No matter what you say, I won’t let you go.
无论你说什么,我都不会放你走。(whatever作宾语)
No matter what / Whatever happens, you should stay with me.
无论发生什么事情,你都应该和我在一起。(whatever作主语)
No matter what / Whatever problems you have, come to me for help.
不管你有什么问题,来找我帮忙好了。(whatever作定语)
(2)don’t be too hard on yourself是主句。这是祈使句的否定结构,由“don’t+动词原形”构成,表示“不要做某事”。be too hard on表示“对...太严格”。too是副词,意为“太”,修饰形容词hard,加强程度。介词on后面要接表示“人”的名词、人称代词宾格、反身代词等。
Don’t stay up late.别熬夜。
Why are you too hard on me?你为什么要对我太严格?
小贴士:be hard on sb表示“对某人严格”,相当于be strict with sb。
The teacher must be hard on the students if they disobey.
= The teacher must be strict with the students if they disobey.
如果学生违纪,教师必须严厉对待他们。
考点: whatever表示“无论什么”,引导让步状语从句。
根据中文完成句子(一空一词)。
不论发生任何事,我都不会改变心意。
_________happens, I won’t change my mind.
解析:本题考查“无论发生什么事”的英语表达方式。“______happens”是状语从句,所填词在该从句中作主语。whatever表示“无论什么”,符合题意,因此填Whatever。
14.Besides,winning or losing is only half the game.
(1)besides在此作副词,意为“而且”,放在句首时要用逗号将其与后面隔开。besides所在句与前句之间是递进关系。
I don’t really want to go. Besides,it is too late.
我并不真地想去。而且现在太晚了。
(2)winning or losing是or连接的两个V-ing结构。or意为“或者”,连接并列结构作主语时谓语动词的单复数形式由or后面的词来确定。or后面用的是单个V-ing,因此谓语用了be动词的第三人称单数形式is。
Linda or Mary is going to Wuhan this afternoon.琳达或者玛丽今天下午要去武汉。
(3)half在此作形容词,意为“一半的”,既可以修饰单数名词,又可以修饰复数名词,表示“......中的一半”,名词前面可以用a/an/the修饰。“half +名词”结构作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式由所接名词的单复数形式来确定。
Half the apples are bad. 这些苹果中有一半是坏的。
There is only half an hour left.只剩下半小时了。
特别关注:half与数词连用,构成“数词+名词+and a half”结构或“数词+and a half +复数名词”结构,表示“几个半......”(基数词大于1,后面的名词用复数形式)。
three months and a half
= three and a half months三个半月
考点:besides表“而且”,放在句首使前后句之间呈现递进关系。
—George, how can you prove the earth is round
—I can't, sir. ______ I never said it was.
A. Then B. However C. Besides D. Instead
解析:题干意为“—乔治,你如何能够证明地球是圆的?—先生,我办不到。____我从未说过它是圆的。”根据“我办不到”和“我从未说过它是圆的”,可知这两句话是递进关系,要填表“而且”的besides,故选C。
15.The other half is learning how to communicate with your teammates and learning from your mistakes.
(1)the other half表示“另一半”。half在此作可数名词,意为“一半”,作主语时谓语用单数形式。half的复数形式是halves。
Your half is bigger than mine.你的一半比我大。
Cut it into halves.将它切成两半。
知识归纳:half作名词的其他用法。
1)构成“half of+名词”结构。名词既可以是单数形式,又可以是复数形式,名词前面可以用定冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词等修饰。该结构作主语时谓语的单复数形式由名词来确定。
Half of the oranges are bad.一半的桔子坏了。
Half of this land is mine. 这片土地的一半是我的。
2)构成“half of+人称代词的宾格”结构。该结构作主语时谓语的单复数形式由代词来确定。
Half of them enjoy swimming. 他们中有一半人喜欢游泳。
(2)and连接两个V-ing结构learning how...teammates和learning...mistakes,放在be动词后面作表语,对主语the other half作补充说明。
Your task is cleaning the windows.你的任务就是擦窗户。
(3)how to communicate...teammates是“how+动词不定式”结构,放在learning的后面作宾语。communicate with sb是固定短语,表示“与某人交流、与某人沟通”。
They use their own language to communicate with each other.
他们用他们自己的语言互相交流。
知识拓展:communicate作不及物动词时意为“交流”,对应的名词是communication。它意为“交流”,常用作不可数名词。
Communication between the two of you should reflect that.
你和客户之间的交流必须反映这一点。
考点:communicate with表示“与......交流”。
Today, WeChat becomes very popular, and more and more people like to use it to_______each other.
A. depend on B. communicate with C. believe in
解析:空所在句表示“越来越多的人喜欢用它互相_____。”结合句意和选项,可知要填表示“与......交流”的communicate with,选B。
16.The next day,Peter went to soccer practice with courage rather than fear in his heart.
(1)the next day意为“第二天”,属于“the next+时间名词”结构。该结构作时间状语时通常与一般过去时连用。
Her father promised her to spend the weekend with her at the seaside, but he retracted the next day. 她的父亲答应同她一起去海滨度周末,但第二天他就变卦了。
特别关注:next day意为“明天”,是“next+时间名词”结构。该结构作时间状语时可以与一般现在时和一般将来时连用。
Next day, I will go shopping with him.明天我将和他一起去购物。
Are you free next day?你明天有空吗?
(2)with courage是“with+抽象名词”结构,作方式状语,相当于courageously(勇敢地)。with与某些抽象名词连用相当于该名词对应的副词。
We should face everything with courage.
=We should face everything courageously.我们应该勇敢地面对一切。
I jump with joy.
=I jump joyfully.我高兴地跳起来。
(3)rather than意为“而不是”,连接两个对等成分courage和fear。该短语可以连接多种成分,比如动词、介词短语、V-ing等等,但必须是两个对等的成分。它连接两个名词作主语时,谓语的形式由rather than前面的名词来确定。它连接两个动词不定式时,后面一个动词不定式可以省略to。
She cried rather than smiled.
她哭了,而不是笑了。
Yesterday evening, he was busy watching TV rather than doing his homework.
昨天晚上,他是在忙着看电视,而不是做作业。
He enjoys working at night rather than in the daytime.
他喜欢在晚上工作,而不是白天。
Volleyball, rather than other ball games, is my favorite.
我喜爱的是排球,而不是其他的球类运动。
They want to go rather than stay.
他们想走,而不是想留下来。
知识拓展:prefer to...rather than...表示“宁愿...而不愿...”。to是不定式符号,其后接动词原形,rather than后面也要接动词原形。
Tom prefers to face the music rather than do his homework.
汤姆宁愿挨骂,也不愿做作业。
考点: rather than表示“而不是”,连接两个动词不定式时后面一个不定式要省略to。
Many children ask their parents to give money to charity______buy them snacks.
A. later on B. even though C. rather than D. in order to
解析:所填词连接“to give money to charity”和“buy them snacks”,第二个部分省略了动词不定式to。结合选项,rather than表示“而不是”,连接两个动词不定式时,第二个不定式结构可以省略to,符合题干结构,故选C。
We were so close to winning that game.
句中用了be close to短语,表示“接近”。so是副词,意为“这么”,修饰形容词close,用于加强程度。to是介词,可以接名词、代词作宾语。它接动词时动词要用V-ing形式(句中用了win的V-ing形式winning)。
She is close to tears.
她快哭了。
We are so close to signing the agreement.
我们差点就签订协议了。
知识拓展:be close to接地点名词时表示“离......近”,接表示“人”的词时表示“与......亲近”。
The supermarket is the close to our school.
这座超市离我们学校近。
In my family, all members are close to one another.
在我家,所有成员都很亲近。
17.But I think if we continue to pull together,we’re going to win the next one.
(1)这是含有宾语从句、条件状语从句的主从复合句。I think是主句,“if we continue ... next one”是省略that的宾语从句。该从句中嵌套了一个由if引导的条件状语从句。值得注意的是,在书面语中,that引导的宾语从句后面嵌套状语从句时,that通常要保留。
(2)pull together是“不及物动词+副词”类型的短语,意为“齐心协力、通力合作”,其后可以不接其他词作宾语。
If we pull together,we will win the match.
如果我们齐心协力,我们就能赢得这场比赛。
(3)the next one指下一场比赛。the one是特指,回指上文提到的单数可数名词或复数名词中的一个。one的前面可以用形容词作定语,one的后面也可以跟后置定语。
I want to see these films, especially the one you mention.
我想看这些电影,特别是你提到的那一部。
The new road is far better than the old one.
这条新路比旧路好走多了。
18.To his surprise and relief,his teammates all nodded in agreement.
(1)To his surprise and relief用的是“to one’s+抽象名词”结构,表示“令某人......的是”。relief在此作不可数名词,意为“轻松、解脱”。
To my relief,my parents didn't blame me.
令我如释重负的是,我父母没有责怪我。
I breathed a sigh of relief.
我安心地松了一口气。
(2)all在此作代词,意为“(三者及以上)都”,作主语his teammates的同位语。all作主语的同位语时要放在be动词、情态动词、助动词之后,行为动词之前。
The children are all happy. 孩子们都很开心。
They all like swimming.他们都喜欢游泳。
(3)nod在此是不及物动词,意为“点头”,由于是nod以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母,因此它的过去式和过去分词都要双写d,再加-ed,V-ing形式是nodding。
"Does it work " he asked, nodding at the piano.
“它能弹吗?”他问道,点头指向那架钢琴。
知识拓展:nod 作可数名词时意为“点头”,可以用不定冠词修饰,通常用作单数。
She gave a nod and said, "I see."
她点了一下头说:“我明白了。
(4)agreement是动词agree的名词。它在此作不可数名词,意为“同意”,构成介词短语in agreement,意为“意见一致”,常放在be动词后面作表语。表示“与某人意见一致”用in agreement with sb。
He nodded in agreement with me.
他点头表示同意我的意见。
知识拓展:agreement作可数名词时意为“协议”。它的首字母a发元音/ /,用不定冠词修饰它时要用an。
I presume that an agreement will eventually be reached.
我推测协议最终会达成。
小贴士:ment是名词后缀,常放在某些动词后面将动词转换为对应的名词。
develop发展—development发展
19.It’s never just one person’s fault.
fault是可数名词,意为“错误”,强调责任或性格上的弱点。
It 's my fault that we are late.我们迟到是我的错。
知识归纳:fault作可数名词时还可以意为“缺点”,作及物动词时意为“批评”。
His manners have always made her blind to his faults.
他的彬彬有礼总使她看不见他的缺点。
You can't fault them for lack of invention.
你不能因为他们没有发明而加以批评他们。
20.We should think about how we can do better next time.
how we can do better next time是疑问副词how引导的宾语从句,作介词about的宾语。how在此意为“如何”,引导宾语从句时从句用陈述语序,在该从句中作方式状语。
I wonder how you go to school every day.
我想知道你每天怎么去上学。
21.It made him feel lucky to know that he was on a winning team.
(1)句中用了“feel lucky to do sth”短语,表示“感到幸运做某事”。to know ... team是动词不定式结构,作主语补足语,是由“him”发出的动作。
I feel lucky to have my parents that stay together through the ups and downs.
我感到幸运,有父母双亲相伴,度过起伏人生。
(2)that he was on a winning team是that引导的宾语从句。was on a winning team用的是“be on+修饰语+V-ing+team”短语,表示“成为......的队员”,是美式英语。介词on在此意为“加入”。该短语对应的英式英语是be in+修饰语+动名词+team。
I am on/in the swimming team.我是游泳队的队员。
考点荟萃
1.考点:would rather ... than ...表示“与其……不如……”,rather和than的后面都要接动词原形。
—My uncle is against wasting anything.
—No wonder he would rather_______the old bike than_______a new one.
repair;to buy B.to repair;buy C.repair;buy D.to repair;to buy
解析:would rather ... than ...表示“与其……不如……”,rather和than的后面都要接动词原形,故选C。
2.考点:ask表示“要求”,接动词作宾语补足语时动词要变为动词不定式。
You should ask Bob _____ his own clothes. He is ten years old now.
A. wash B. washes C. washing D. to wash
解析:由于ask sb to do sth是固定结构,因此选D。
3.考点:动词不定式和V-ing结构可以作目的状语。动词不定式作目的状语放在句首或句末。现在分词作目的状语时多放在句末,常用逗号将它与前面内容隔开。
Whenever we kids come over, Auntie Susan just stands there and watches us_____sure we don’t break anything.
make B. made C. to make D. making
解析:空所在句表示“苏珊姑姑就站在那里,看着我_______我们什么都没弄坏。”结合句意,可知watches us后面的成分作目的状语。动词不定式和V-ing结构都可以放在句末作目的状语,但V-ing常用逗号将它与前面内容隔开,不符合题干结构,故选C。
4.考点:neither...nor...表示“两者都不”,either...or...表示“要么...要么...”,both...and...表示“两者都”,not only...but also...表示“不但...而且...”。
(1)______Lisa______Lucy may go with you because one of them must stay at home to take care of the dog.
A. Not only,but also B. Neither,nor C. Both,and D. Either,or
解析:题干意为“_____莉莎 ____露西可能和你走,因为她们中有一个必须待在家照顾狗。结合句意和选项,可知要填表示“要么...要么...”的either...or,因此选D。
(2)—Alice,how do your parents like pop music?
—___my dad____my mom likes it.But they both prefer Beijing Opera.
A.Either;or B.Neither;nor C.Not only;but also D.Both;and
解析:题干意为“—爱丽丝,你父母觉得流行音乐怎么样?—____我爸爸____我妈妈喜欢它。但他们俩都更喜欢京剧。”结合句意和选项,可知要填表示“...和...都不”的neither...nor...,故选B。
(3)_________ his partner ______ he has been to Paris,so they know Paris well.
A.Neither; nor B.Not only; but also C.Either; or
解析:题干意为“_____他的伙伴,_____他去过巴黎,所以他们了解巴黎。”结合句意和选项,可知要填表示“不但...而且...”的not only...but also...,故选B。
5.考点:make sb接动词时,如果它由sb发出,要用省略to的动词不定式结构。把该结构变成被动语态时要带上动词不定式符号to,结构为be made to+动词原形。
Though he often made his little sister______,today he was made______by his little sister.
A.cry;to cry B.crying;crying C.cry;cry D.to cry;cry
解析:第一空用了make sb+所填词结构。由于cry是由his little sister发出的动作,要用不带to的动词不定式结构。第二空为be made+所填词结构,由于be made to do sth是固定结构,故选A。
6.考点:make oneself+过去分词是固定结构,表示“使别人......”。
There was so much noise outside that the teacher couldn’t make herself________.
hear B.heard C.to hear D.hearing
解析:由于make oneself+过去分词是固定用法,因此选B。
7.考点:make+名词/代词(宾语)+形容词(宾补)是固定结构,表示“使......处于某种状态”。
—Dad, how can I get on well with my classmates
—Try to be friendly to them .That will make it much______.
A. easily B. more easily C .easy D .easier
解析:空所在句用了make sth+所填词结构。make在此作使役动词,要接形容词作宾语补足语。由于much要修饰形容词比较级,因此选D。
8.考点:It takes sb+一段时间+to do sth.是固定句型,表示“做某事花费某人多长时间。”
It ______ me about 10 days ______ painting the walls.
A. took; to finish B. cost; finishing
C. took; finishing D. spent; to finish
解析:It takes sb+一段时间+to do sth.是固定句型,可以与过去时连用,take要变为took,因此选A。
9.考点:stop doing sth表示“停止做某事”,stop to do sth表示“停下来做另一件事”。
—I feel tired and sleepy.
—Why not stop ______ for a while
A. rest B. to rest C. resting D. rested
解析:题干意为“—我感到又累又困 。—你为什么不停下来_______一会儿?”根据“我感到又困又累”,可知要用表示“停下来做另一件事”的stop to do sth,故选B。
10.考点:don’t+动词原形是祈使句的否定结构,表示“不要......”。
_____ swim in the river alone, Karen. It’s too dangerous.
A.Not B.Don’t C.Doesn’t
解析:空后面接了动词原形,可知这是祈使句。由于祈使句的否定形式要以don’t开头,因此选B。
11.考点:be too hard on sb表示“对某人太严厉”。
英汉互译。
如今一些父母对自己的孩子要求太严厉了。(be too hard on sb)
解析:“如今”是时间状语,可以放在句首,翻译为Nowadays。“一些父母”是主语,翻译为some parents。括号中给出了对某人严格要求的英语表达方式,be动词用are。“自己的孩子”应翻译为“their children”。填Nowadays some parents are too hard on their children.
12.考点:half表示“一半的”,固定结构是“数词+名词+ and a half”和“数词+ and a half +复数名词”。
The workers will complete the new bridge in ____________.
A. two and a half months B. two months and half C. two and a half month
解析:由于“数词+名词+ and a half”和“数词+ and a half +复数名词”是固定搭配,因此选A。
写作技能提升:写一篇关于自己赢得校园英语演讲比赛的短文。
技巧1:这篇短文包含三个部分。
第一段点题,介绍自己赢得校园英语演讲比赛并说明感受。
第二段描述自己是如何赢得这场比赛的。
第三段描述自己在这次比赛中学到了什么。
技巧2:写作注意事项
人称与时态。主语用第一、三人称。第一段用一般现在时,第二段主要用一般过去时,第三段主要用一般现在时。
2. 尽量使用本单元中的词语。
3.尽量使用使役动词make。
技巧3:句型:
I win the English speech contest in our school+(现在的)时间状语. 我......赢得了校园英语演讲比赛。
It/What引导的主语从句+makes me(+ feel)+形容词. .......使我(感到).......。
I was told to+动词原形+其他. 我被告知要........。
Because I didn’t want to let+人+down,I am hard on myself.
因为我不想让.......失望,我对自己很严厉。(hard on可以替换为strict with)
The+比较级+I+谓语,the+比较级+I+谓语. 我越......,我就越.......。
人+told me that I should be+形容词1+ rather than+形容词2. .......告诉我应该......而不是.......。
Besides,I believe that no matter what(whatever)we+动词原形,we should+动词原形+其他. 而且,我相信不管我们.......,我们应该.......。
参考范文:
I win the English speech contest in our school today.It makes me happy.Now,let me introduce my experience.
Seven days ago,I was told to take part in the English speech contest in our school the next week.I felt excited.To start with,I chose the topic of my speech,looked for some information about the speech and then wrote my speech draft(演讲稿).Because I didn’t want to let my teachers and classmates down,I was hard on myself.To give the speech with great fluency,I recited my draft over again and again.However,the more I practised,the worse I felt.Therefore(因此),I asked my English teacher for help.He found that I had remembered all the things.He told me that I should be relaxed rather than nervous.Besides,he said that if I felt nervous when standing in front of many students and teachers,I should take deep breaths so that I could calm down.Thanks to his advice,I won the first prize.
In a word,what my English teacher has told me makes me much more confident.Besides,I believe that no matter what we face,we should relax ourselves.If we do so,we may get the good results.
单元知识检测
I.单项选择
1.It will be hard for us to get up in the morning if we________ to bed too late.
A. go B. went C. will go D. have gone
2.—Remember this,children,_____careful you are , ____mistakes you will make.
—We know , Mr. Li .
A.The more; the more B.The fewer; the more
C. The more; the fewer D. The less; the less
3.When I went into the room,I found ______in bed.
A.him lying B.he lying C.he lies D.him was lying
4.He speaks ______English ______French. Instead, he speaks German.
A.either;or B.not only; but also C.both;and D.neither; nor
5.He lost his key. It made him________ in the cold to wait for his wife’s return.
A. to stay B. stayed C. stays D. stay
6.Long time ago, there ____ an old fisherman and his wife.
A. lived B. were C. are D. live
7.The kid was made______and began to laugh.
A. stop crying B. to stop to cry C. to stop crying D. stop to cry
8.The old man is ill and he doesn’t feel like______________.
A. to eat something B. to eat anything C. eating something D. eating anything
9.Paul made a nice cage_________the little sick bird till it could fly.
A.keep B.kept C.keeping D.to keep
10.The car looks nice._________,it’s much greener because it uses electricity.
A.However B.So C.Even though D.Besides
答案:1-5 ACADD 6-10 ACDDD
II.用所给单词的正确形式填空
1.I am told_________the living room.(clean)
2.Swimming,rather than playing football and collecting stamps,______my hobby.(be)
3.I often hear the little girl ___________playing the piano in the next room.(practise)
4.We were so close to_________that game.(win)
5.The teacher explained the question again to make herself _____________.(understand)
参考答案:
1.to clean
2.is
3.practise
4.winning
5.understood
III.根据汉语提示完成句子
1.很多人宁愿住在农村。
Many people_______ _____ _______in the countryside.
2.我经常与安娜交流。
I often__________ _______Anna.
3.这些房间都很脏。我们把它们打扫干净吧。
These rooms are dirty.Let’s_______ ______ ______.
4.我相信经理会将她开除出公司。
I believe that the manager will kick_______ _______the company.
5.我们应该同心协力,这样我们就能打败他们。
We should pull ______,so that we can beat them.
答案:
1.would rather live
2.communicate with
3.clean them up
4.her off
5.together
IV.句型转换(一空一词)
1.Why don’t you go out for dinner?(改为同义句)
_______ ______go out for dinner?
2.Whatever happens,I will support you.(改为同义句)
No________ ______happens,I will support you.
3.Don’t disappoint me.(改为同义句)
Don’t let_______ _______.
4.Mr Green is strict with me.(改为同义句)
Mr Green is hard______ _____.
5.Neither Tom nor Peter likes playing basketball.(改为反义句)
______Tom______Peter like playing basketball.
答案
Why not 2.matter what 3.me down 4.on me 5.Both;and