UNIT 4　SPACE EXPLORATION Listening and Speaking— Discovering Useful Structures课件（共149张）

(共149张PPT)
UNIT 4　SPACE EXPLORATION
头脑风暴·思维发散
Mankind desires to explore the universe in the hope of knowing more about it.As a result,many satellites have been launched,orbiting around Earth.Astronauts have been sent into space by spacecraft and carried on spacewalks.They do experiments on board,collecting sufficient data.Meanwhile,some data can be transmitted to Earth.However,as a result of limited resources,there are still many mysteries in the universe.In closing,people should attach importance to the exploration of space to figure out unknown problems.
Part 1
Listening and Speaking—
Discovering Useful Structures
自主预习·课前清障
基础识记
阅读单词
1.astronaut　　 n.
2.rocket n.
3.gravity n.
4.frontier n.
5.vehicle n.
宇航员;太空人
火箭;火箭弹
重力;引力
边境;国界;边远地区
交通工具;车辆
6.satellite n.
7.orbit n.
vt.& vi.
8.leap n.
vi.& vt.
9.mankind n.
10.agency n.
11.data n.[pl.]
人造卫星;卫星
(环绕地球、太阳等运行的)轨道;势力范围
沿轨道运行;环绕……运行
跳跃;剧增;剧变
跳过;跃过
人类
(政府的)专门机构;服务机构;代理处
资料;数据
12.spacecraft n.
13.spacewalk n.
14.jade n.
15.module n.
16.muscle n.
17.solar adj.
航天器;宇宙飞船
太空行走;太空行走的时间
玉;翡翠;玉器
舱;组件;模块
肌肉;实力;影响力
太阳的;太阳能的
核心单词
1. 　　 n.程序;步骤;手续
2. abbr.厘米
3. vt.& n.发射;发起;上市
4. adj.巨大的;伟大的
n.巨人;巨兽;伟人
5. n.渴望;欲望
vt.渴望;期望
procedure
cm
launch
giant
desire
6. vt.& vi.标志着;标明;发信号
n.信号;标志
7. vt.回收利用;再利用
8. vi.浮动;漂流;漂浮
vt.使浮动;使漂流
9. adv.否则;要不然
10. prep.在更远处;超出
signal
recycle
float
otherwise
beyond
运用词汇
1.mental adj.精神的;思想的→ adv.精神上;智力上;思想上
2.intelligent adj.有智慧的;聪明的;有智力的→ n.智力;才智;智慧→ adv.聪明地;明智地
3.determined adj.有决心的;意志坚定的→ vt.查明;确定;决定→ n.决心;决定;确定
4.transmit vt.& vi.传输;发送→ n.(无线电、电视等信号的)播送,发送
mentally
intelligence
intelligently
determine
determination
transmission
5.disappointment n.失望;沮丧→ vt.使失望;使沮丧→
adj.失望的;沮丧的→ adj.令人失望的;令人沮丧的
6.universe n.宇宙;天地万物→ adj.普遍的;全世界的;共同的→ adv.普遍地;到处
7.independently adv.独立地;自立地→ adj.独立的;自立的→ n.独立;自主→ vi.依靠
disappoint
disappointed
disappointing
universal
universally
independent
independence
depend
8.lack n.缺乏;短缺 vt.没有;缺乏→ adj.短缺的;不足的
9.current adj.当前的;现在的 n.水流;电流;思潮→ adv.现时;当前→ n.通货;货币;流行
10.sufficient adj.足够的;充足的→ adv.充分地;足够地→
n.足量;充足→ adj.不充分的;不够重要的
lacking
currently
currency
sufficiently
sufficiency
insufficient
重点词块及句型
重点词块
1. 　　　　　　　　 仰望;查阅
2. 决定/决心做某事
3. 成功做某事
4. 集中注意力于
5. 在宇宙飞船上;在船上;在飞机上
6. 确保;确信;查明;弄清楚
look up
determine/be determined to do sth
succeed in doing sth
focus on
on board
make sure
7. 出故障
8. 相信;信任
9. 继续做;坚持干
10. 取得很大的进步
11. 抱着……的希望
12. 为了;以便
13. 弄懂;弄清楚;弄明白
go wrong
believe in
carry on
make great progress
in the hope of doing sth
so as to (do sth)
figure out
重点句型
1.之后,苏联专注于载人太空飞行。1961年4月12日,尤里·加加林成为世界上进入太空的第一人。
Afterwards,the USSR sending people into space,and on 12 April 1961,Yuri Gagarin became 　
.
focused on
the first person in the world
to enter space
2.这是因为人们坚信太空探索的重要性,哪怕面临巨大的风险。
people believe in the importance of carrying on space exploration .
3.尽管困难重重,科学家们希望能有更多有价值的发现,使得人类延续生存,直到未来。
Despite the difficulties,scientists hope to make more valuable discoveries 　
.
This is because
despite the huge risks
that will enable the human race to survive well into
the future
学习理解·语篇解构
语篇导读·先行把握
1.主题语境:人与社会——了解太空探索的发展历程
2.语篇类型:科普
3.课文内容分析:本文主要介绍了太空探索事业的发展,以及中国对太空探索做出的贡献和成就。本文一方面帮助学生了解人类为探索浩瀚的宇宙付出的努力(包括宇航员在探索过程中付出的生命代价,但是失败和挫折未能阻止人类探索太空的脚步);另一方面帮助学生了解我国在太空探索领域取得的辉煌成就以及对人类太空探索事业的贡献,从而坚定文化自信,增强爱国情怀和民族自豪感。阅读本文,有利于引导学生树立远大志向,刻苦学习,为中国未来的航天事业贡献自己的力量。
多维解读·深度剖析
vehicles
achievements
determination
progress
future
精研细读·深层理解
(　　)1.What can be inferred from Neil Armstrong’s words
A.Neil Armstrong has made unbelievable achievements.
B.It is easy for him to step onto the surface of the moon.
C.Human beings have made a great breakthrough in history.
D.In exploring space,the US achieved more than the USSR.
C
(　　)2.How is Paragraph 2 organised
A.By giving examples. B.By comparison.
C.By listing numbers. D.By telling a story.
A
(　　)3.What does the passage mainly talk about
A.The history and future of space exploration.
B.The accidents in space exploration.
C.The importance of space exploration.
D.The vehicles used in space exploration.
A
核心知识·深入探究
重点词汇
1.However,scientists were determined to realise that dream.
然而,科学家们决意要实现这个梦想。
★determined adj.有决心的;意志坚定的
determine vt.查明;确定;决定
determination n.决心;决定;确定
Determined to study hard,he dug a hole in the wall to “steal” light from his neighbour to read at night.
他决心努力学习,在墙上挖了一个洞,从邻居家“偷”光以便晚上
读书。
He was determined to build a new life out of the ruins of his career.
他决心从事业失败中爬起来,重新开始新的生活。
With a determined effort,they finished the three-day task in a single day.
他们经过坚定的努力在一天内完成了三天的任务。
[备用例句]
①As a student in senior high school,the most important task is to study hard,which determines our future.
作为一名高中生,最重要的任务是努力学习,这决定着我们的未来。
②We at last determined on this problem.
我们终于决定了这个问题。
归纳拓展
·be determined (not) to do sth 决心(不)做某事(表示状态)
be determined that...决心……
·determine to do sth 决定做某事(表示动作)
determine on/upon (doing) sth 决定(做)某事
·with determination 坚决地;果断地
语境运用
(1)句子语法填空
①We determined 　　　　 (work) twice as hard as before to make up for the lost time.
②He has determined 　　　　 working as a volunteer teacher in the countryside after graduation.
③The 　　　 　 (determine) look in their eyes told us that nothing could make them change their minds.
to work
on/upon
determined
(2)完成句子
④桑德拉决心成为一名医生,并且她的坚持不懈得到了回报。(应用文写作·人物介绍)
Sandra 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 and her persistence paid off.
⑤正是那种勇气和决心使他成为这样一个非凡的人物。(读后续写·主题升华句)
It’s 　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　 that makes him such a remarkable character.
was determined to become a doctor
that kind of courage and determination
语境串词
I am determined to pursue my dreams,no matter how difficult they may seem.I have determined on a path that leads to success,
and I will not give up.My determination is unshakable,and I am determined that I will achieve my goals.
我决心追求我的梦想,不管它们看起来有多困难。我已决心走上一条通往成功的道路,我不会放弃。我的决心是不可动摇的,我决心要实现我的目标。
2.However,while such disasters brought much sadness and disappointment,the desire to explore the universe did not die.
然而,虽然这些灾难带来了许多悲痛和失望,但探索宇宙的愿望永不磨灭。
◆disappointment n.失望;沮丧
disappoint vt.使失望;使沮丧
disappointed adj.失望的;沮丧的
disappointing adj.令人失望的;令人沮丧的
As the twins looked around them in disappointment ,their father appeared.
当双胞胎失望地环顾四周时,他们的父亲出现了。
To her disappointment ,her best friend didn’t come to her birthday party.
令她失望的是,她最好的朋友没有参加她的生日派对。
[备用例句]
①I am afraid you are very disappointed at/ with/by my old bike.
恐怕你对我的旧自行车非常不满意吧。
②We were disappointed to learn that you could not come.
听说你不能来,我们感到失望。
③Jack seems to think this year’s basketball season will be disappointing.
杰克似乎认为今年的篮球赛季会令人失望。
归纳拓展
·to one’s disappointment令某人失望的是
in disappointment失望地
·be disappointed at/with/by sth对某事感到失望
be disappointed in/with sb对某人感到失望
be disappointed to do sth对做某事感到失望
be disappointed that...对……感到失望
语境运用
(1)一句多译
令他们失望的是,他们第一次尝试就没能做好母亲节的早餐。(读后续写·情感描写)
①　　　　　　　　　　　　　　,they failed to cook a Mother’s Day breakfast at the first attempt.(介词短语作状语)
②　　　　　　　　　 　 　　　　　　 was that they failed to cook a Mother’s Day breakfast at the first attempt.(what引导主语从句)
To their disappointment
What made them disappointed/What disappointed them
③They failed to cook a Mother’s Day breakfast at the first attempt,　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　.
(非限制性定语从句)
(2)翻译句子
④我们失望地发现博物馆关门了。

which made them disappointed/which disappointed them
⑤汤姆没来,她无法掩饰失望之情。

We were deeply disappointed to find that the museum was closed.
She couldn’t hide her disappointment when Tom didn’t turn up.
★desire n.渴望;欲望
vt.渴望;期望
Since you have a strong desire to learn Chinese,I recommend this book to you.
既然你渴望学习中文,我向你推荐这本书。
Everyone has a desire for success.However,not everyone has the courage and determination to pursue it.
每个人都渴望成功。然而,并不是每个人都有勇气和决心去追求它。
The teacher desired that all the exercises (should)be handed in before school was over.
老师要求在放学前把所有的作业都交上来。
归纳拓展
to do sth 渴望做某事
for sth 渴望得到某物
·have a desire
·desire to do sth 渴望做某事
desire sb to do sth想让某人做某事
desire that...(should) do...渴望/要求……
温馨提示
①desire不用于进行时态,后接宾语从句时,宾语从句中的谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,should可以省略。另外,含desire的主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句也要使用虚拟语气。
②desire作动词时,后只可接不定式,不可接动名词。
③和desire一样,接名词性从句时,从句谓语动词用“(should) do”形式的动词有一“坚持”(insist);二“命令”(order、command);三“建议”(suggest、propose、advise);四“要求”(demand、require、request、desire)。
语境运用
(1)句子语法填空
①The determined girl has a strong desire 　　　　 knowledge.
②Mike desired 　　　　(find) a job in this city and settled there.
(2)完成句子
③得知你极其渴望学好汉语,我想给你一些建议。(应用文写作·建议信)
Knowing 　 ,
I’d like to offer you some suggestions.
for
to find
you have a strong desire to learn Chinese well
④失望的双胞胎想要他们的父亲告诉他们如何做三明治,父亲乐意地点了点头。(读后续写·动作描写)
The disappointed twins 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 how to make sandwiches,and their father nodded willingly.
desired their father to tell them
语境串词
My son desires that he should be admitted to that famous university.Besides,he has a strong desire to major in maths while I desire him to study engineering.
我的儿子渴望被那所著名的大学录取。此外,他渴望主修数学,而我想让他学工程学。
3.In 2022,the launch of the Mengtian module signalled the basic completion of the Tiangong Space Station.
2022年,梦天舱的发射标志着天宫空间站的基本建成。
★signal vt.& vi.标志着;标明;发信号
n.信号;标志
The police signalled the traffic to move forward slowly.
警察示意车辆缓慢前行。
As soon as he sat down at the table,he signalled to the waiter to bring the menu.
他一在桌旁坐下,就示意服务员把菜单拿来。
When I put my finger to my lips,it’s a signal for you to be quiet.
我把手指放在嘴唇上,这是让你们安静的信号。
归纳拓展
·signal (to) sb to do sth 示意某人做某事
signal (to sb) that...示意(某人)……
·a signal for sb to do sth指示某人做某事的信号
词语辨析
①signal一般指信号、暗号;
②sign一般指一种具有固定意义的、简明的符号或标志,意为手势、迹象、标志等;
③mark指在其他事物上留下的清晰可见的印痕或先天固有的标记、记号等;
④symbol指作为象征或表达某种深邃意义的特殊事物。
语境运用
(1)一词多义:写出下列句中signal的汉语释义
①Timoteo has an unusual job—he is a human traffic signal.
　　　　　　　
②This was a signal for him to continue.　　　　　　　
③Mandy started after him,signalling to Jesse to follow.
　　　　　　　
④This announcement signalled a clear change of policy.
　　　　　　　
标志
信号
示意
标志着
(2)完成句子
⑤正月十五是元宵节,标志着春节庆祝活动的结束。(应用文写作·传统文化介绍)
The Lantern Festival falls on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month,　　　　　　　　　　 the Spring Festival celebrations.
⑥我跑到车旁,拉住他的胳膊,示意他跟我走。(读后续写·动作描写)
I ran up to the car,took him by the arm and 　　　　　 　　　
　　　　　　　　.
signalling the end of　
signalled(to) him
to follow me
4.Astronauts’ bones and muscles can get very weak in space due to the lack of gravity...
由于缺乏重力,宇航员的骨骼和肌肉在太空中会变得非常脆弱……
★lack n.缺乏;短缺
vt.没有;缺乏
lacking adj.短缺的;不足的
(2024·浙江1月卷) Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts,no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies...
由于缺乏有关其影响的科学证据,没有人成功赢得对人工降雨公司的诉讼……
(2024·浙江1月卷) The chief complaint about online courses is that they lack human interaction.
对在线课程的主要抱怨是它们缺乏人与人之间的互动。
[备用例句]
①She didn’t win the game,but it wasn’t for lack of trying.
她输了比赛,但并不是由于不够努力。
②She was intelligent but suffered from a lack of ambition.
她很聪明,但却缺乏远大志向。
归纳拓展
·lack sth缺少某物
·(a) lack of...缺乏……
for/through lack of...因缺乏……
have no lack of...不缺乏……
·be lacking in...缺乏/缺少……
温馨提示
lack作名词时常与介词of连用;作动词时可用作及物动词直接加宾语(不用被动语态),也可用作不及物动词;形容词lacking常与介词in连用。
语境运用
(1)句子语法填空
①　　 　　(lack) sufficient oxygen,the astronaut could not carry on with his mission.
②I must work hard in the hope of making up for 　　　　 lack of ability.
Lacking
a
(2)一句多译
由于缺乏自信和经验,他完全不知道该如何应付这可怕的情况。
(读后续写·情感描写)
③　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　,he was quite at a loss as to how to deal with the terrible situation.(lack n.)
④　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　,he was quite at a loss as to how to deal with the terrible situation.(lack vt.)
⑤　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　,he was quite at a loss as to how to deal with the terrible situation.(lacking adj.)
For lack of confidence and experience　
Lacking confidence and experience
Lacking in confidence and experience
重点句式
This is because people believe in the importance of carrying on space exploration despite the huge risks.
这是因为人们坚信太空探索的重要性,哪怕面临巨大的风险。
◆“This/That/It is because...”句型
From space,Earth looks blue.This is because about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water.
从太空中看,地球是蓝色的。这是因为地球表面约71%都被水覆盖着。
Tom has to stay at home.That is because he has a bad cold.
汤姆不得不待在家里,那是因为他得了重感冒。
Sorry,I can’t attend the meeting.It is because I will go home to spend the Mid-Autumn Festival with my parents.
对不起,我不能参加会议。这是因为我将回家和父母一起过中秋节。
温馨提示
①“This/That/It is because...”意为“这/那是因为……”,其中because引导表语从句,从句表示原因。
②“This/That/It is why...”意为“这/那就是……的原因”,其中why引导表语从句,从句表示结果。
③“The reason why...is that...”意为“……的原因是……”,其中why引导定语从句,并在从句中作状语。that引导表语从句,从句表示原因。
④“The reason that/which...is that...”意为“……的原因是……”,其中that/which引导定语从句并在从句中作主语或宾语,第二个that引导表语从句,从句表示原因。
语境运用
(1)句型转换
Peter was late for the class because he was stuck in a traffic jam.
①Peter was late for the class and 　　　　　　　　　　 he was stuck in a traffic jam.
②Peter was stuck in a traffic jam and 　　　　　　　　　　he was late for the class.
③ 　　　　　　　　 Peter was late for the class 　　　　　　 he was stuck in a traffic jam.
that/it was because
that/it was why
The reason why
was that
(2)翻译句子
④简今天不想去野餐的原因是天气不佳。


⑤这就是他缺席比赛的原因。

The reason why Jane wouldn’t like to go on a picnic today is that the weather is not good.
This is why he was absent from the competition.
进阶提升·写作微练
人物心理描写(悲伤、沮丧、绝望)
常用词汇
一、课文词汇
1.alone 独自的;孤独的
2.sadness 悲伤;悲痛;难过
3.disappointment 失望;沮丧
二、补充词汇
4.sorrowful 伤心的
5.broken-hearted 极其伤心的
6.depressed/frustrated沮丧的
7.hang the head 耷拉着头
8.be overcome with sorrow 悲痛欲绝
9.have tears in one’s eyes眼里噙着泪
10.burst into tears/burst out crying突然大哭起来
11.hang/drop/lower/bend/bow one’s head in sadness 伤心地低下头
12.tears roll/run/stream/flow down sb’s cheeks眼泪顺着脸颊滑落
13.sob/weep with one’s face hidden in one’s hands 掩面啜泣
常用句型
一、课本原句
1.“Are we alone What’s out there ”
“我们是孤独的吗 外面还有什么呢 ”
2.However,while such disasters brought much sadness and disappointment,the desire to explore the universe did not die.
然而,虽然这些灾难带来了许多悲痛和失望,但探索宇宙的愿望永不磨灭。
二、其他表达
3.Her eyes are flooded with tears.
她的眼里充满泪水。
4.She suddenly became broken-hearted when asked about her parents.
当被问起父母时,她突然变得极其伤心。
5.Maria burst into tears when she heard the bad news.
玛丽亚听到这个坏消息时,突然大哭起来。
6.Upon hearing the bad news,her heart ached,tears streaming down her cheeks.
她一听到这个坏消息,就心痛得直流眼泪。
7.When he heard the disappointing news,tears of sadness welled up in his eyes.
当他听到这个令人沮丧的消息时,他的眼里涌出了悲伤的泪水。
8.Even today,I would be overcome with sorrow whenever I think of the dog.
直到今天,我一想到那只狗,还会悲痛欲绝。
微写作训练
1.当我听到这个消息时,我心碎了。泪水涌上了我的眼睛,我开始掩面哭泣。然而,我知道我必须坚强起来,继续前进。
　
　
　
I was broken-hearted when I heard the news.Tears welled up in my eyes,and I started weeping with my face hidden in my hands.However,I knew I had to be strong and move on.
2.他坐在那里,沉默而悲伤。当他悲伤地低下头时,眼泪顺着脸颊滑落下来。世界在他身边转动,而他却陷在自己的悲伤中。
　
　
　
He sat there,silent and sad.As he bowed his head in sadness,tears flowed down his cheeks.The world kept moving around him,while he was stuck in his own pool of sorrow.
课文二次开发利用
课文语法填空
For years,people have always wanted to learn more about the universe.
However,it was not until the mid-20th century 1.　　　　 travelling into space became a reality.On 4 October 1957,USSR launched the Sputnik 1 satellite into space.On 12 April 1961,Yuri Gagarin from Russia became the first person in the world 2.　　　　(enter) space.On 20 July 1969,Neil Armstrong from America stepped onto the moon.Following this,many more goals 3.　　　 　 (achieve).Although some disasters made everyone sad and 4.　　　 　 (disappoint),people never give 5.　　　　 the desire to explore the universe.
that
to enter
were achieved
disappointed
up
China’s space programme has made great progress in recent years.
China became the third country in the world to 6.　　 　　 　
(independent) send humans into space in 2003,7.　　　　 Yang Liwei successfully orbited Earth in the Shenzhou 5 spacecraft.Later,Shenzhou 6 and 7 completed a second manned orbit and the first Chinese spacewalk,
followed by the vehicle Jade Rabbit being sent to the moon to study its surface.In 2022,the launch of the Mengtian module8.　　　 　(signal) the basic completion of the Tiangong Space Station.This modern space station will allow astronauts to conduct lots of significant 9.　　 　　 (experiment),
greatly 10.　　 　　 (further) our understanding of the universe.
The future of space exploration remains bright.
independently
when　
signalled
experiments
furthering
语法专项指导
语法原句再现
1.China became the third country in the world to independently send humans into space in 2003,when Yang Liwei successfully orbited Earth in the Shenzhou 5 spacecraft.
动词不定式作定语和状语
2.Scientists were determined to realise the dream to explore space.
动词不定式由“to+动词原形”构成,有时to可以省略,其否定形式是not to do。不定式没有人称和数的变化,但有语态的变化。不定式不能作谓语,但可以作主语、宾语、状语、表语、定语和补语。请你判断出以上句子中动词不定式在句中作什么成分。
语法知识点拨
一、动词不定式作定语
1.动词不定式作定语,常放在名词或不定代词后面作后置定语,表示尚未发生的动作。
Let us give him something to eat.
让我们给他一些吃的东西。
(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Additionally,from time to time I will assign group work to be completed in class...
而且,我会不时地布置一些在课堂上完成的小组作业……
2.当中心词为序数词或被序数词、形容词最高级、the next、the only等修饰时,常用动词不定式作后置定语。
He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.
他总是第一个到校,最后一个离校。
The only way to conquer a fear is to face it.
克服恐惧的唯一方法是面对恐惧。
3.抽象名词plan、attempt、ability、chance、desire、determination、decision、way等后,常用动词不定式作后置定语。
Tom has the ability and desire to do challenging work.
汤姆有能力和愿望去做有挑战性的工作。
4.当名词与定语之间存在动宾关系时。
She is a nice person to work with.
她是一个很好的合作伙伴。
5.当名词与定语之间存在主谓关系时。
We must find a person to do the job.
我们必须找到一个人来做这项工作。
6.当名词与定语之间存在同位关系时。
My desire to carry on with the experiment has failed.
我继续做实验的愿望没能实现。
温馨提示
①不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词,或者不定式修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后需要加相应的介词。
He has no pen to write with.
他没有钢笔写字。
②不定式作定语时,如果句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语,不定式使用主动形式表示被动含义。试比较下列例句。
Have you got anything to buy
你有什么东西要买吗 (不定式to buy的动作执行者是you)
Have you got anything to be bought
你有什么要(我或别人)买的吗 (不定式to be bought的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”,因此只能用动词不定式的被动形式作后置定语)
语境运用
句子语法填空
①It is recognised that he is the best man 　　　 　(complete) the task.
②Thanks to your encouragement,I finally got the courage 　　　　(face) all the challenges.
③The system has the ability 　　　　(run) more than one programme at the same time.
④Could you tell me an effective way 　　　　(learn) English well
to complete
to face
to run
to learn
二、动词不定式作状语
动词不定式在句中作状语,主要用来修饰动词和形容词,也可用来修饰副词。在句中,不定式可作目的状语、原因状语、结果状语等,可表示目的、原因、结果等。
1.作目的状语,置于句首或句中,置于句首时常表示强调。为加强语气,常与in order或so as 组成短语。
A group of young people got together to discuss this question.
一群年轻人聚在一起讨论这个问题。
(1)置于句首时只用to do/ in order to do。表示否定时,用 in order not to do 或 so as not to do形式。
I walked quietly so as not to disturb the baby.
我轻轻地走路,以免打扰到这个婴儿。
(2)不定式作目的状语可转换为 so that/ in order that引导的目的状语从句。
He worked very hard to pass the exam.
→He worked very hard so that/ in order that he could pass the exam.
他非常努力以便能通过考试。
2.作原因状语,常置于一些形容词或过去分词后,来说明产生某种情感的原因。这类词常见的有happy、glad、fortunate、ashamed、surprised、sorry、delighted、disappointed、annoyed、proud等。
When Anna opened her wallet,she was surprised to find nothing.
安娜打开钱包时,惊讶地发现里面什么也没有。
They are proud to have realised their dreams.
他们为实现了梦想而自豪。
3.作结果状语,多见于“too...to do...”“...enough to do”“only to do(表示意料之外的结果的发生)”“so/such...as to do...(意为“如此……以至于……”)”结构中。
I’m too tired to do well.
我太累了做不好。
The wind is strong enough to move the sand dunes.
风力大到能移动沙丘。
He rushed back,only to find the book missing.
他冲了回来,却发现书不见了。
We have got so plenty of food as to treat our guests.
我们有如此充裕的食物来招待我们的客人。
温馨提示
注意动词不定式与现在分词作结果状语的区别。
①动词不定式作结果状语,强调的是一种意想不到的结果,通常与only搭配。
Anxiously,she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only to find it didn’t fit.
她着急地从包里拿出那件衣服试穿,却发现不合身。
②现在分词作结果状语,强调的是一种顺承的、自然而然的结果。
The snow lasted a week, resulting in a serious traffic confusion in the whole area.
雪下了一星期,给整个地区造成严重的交通混乱。
4.独立动词不定式多用作插入语,表示说话人的心理状态或对事情的看法。
To begin with,she spoke too quickly,I couldn’t understand most of the words she said.
首先,她说得太快,我听不懂她所说的大部分内容。
语境运用
句子语法填空
①　　　　(learn) a language well,you must make efforts.
②I’m more than delighted 　　　　(know) that you are coming to our school to take part in the Chinese Culture Week.
③The traveller looked up suddenly 　　　　(find) a monkey in the tree.
④　　　　(tell) the truth,I don’t like the colour at all.
To learn
to know
to find
To tell
真题赏析
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷) ...visitors walking through the Birthplace Garden were often amazed 　　　　(find) the connection between the two great writers.
2.(2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)That means you have tons of less-visited options 　　 　　 (choose) from.
3.(2023·全国甲卷) For thousands of years,people have told fables
(寓言) 　　　　 (teach) a lesson or to pass on wisdom.
to find
to choose
to teach　
4.(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)We are happy 　　　　(be) taking part in the project.
5.(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)The core(核心) of your relationship is that you will always be there 　　　　(help) each other.
to help
to be
答案及剖析:
1.to find　考查动词不定式。非谓语动词作形容词amazed后的原因状语,用动词不定式形式。故填to find。
2.to choose　考查动词不定式。options是名词,其后常用动词不定式作后置定语,表示“可选择的选项”。to choose from的意思是“从中选择”。故填to choose。
3.to teach　考查动词不定式。根据句意可知,此处表示“来传授知识或传递智慧”,应用动词不定式作目的状语。故填to teach。
4.to be　考查动词不定式。分析句子结构并结合句意可知,此处是动词不定式作原因状语。故填to be。
5.to help　考查动词不定式。分析句子结构并结合句意可知,此处是动词不定式作目的状语。故填to help。
语法专项训练
句子语法填空
1.We climbed to the top of the tower 　　　　(get) a better view of the area.
2.What is the way Mary thought of 　　　 (deal) with the problem
3.I was watching the clock all through the meeting,as I had a train
　　　　(catch).
to get
to deal
to catch
4.Our English teacher has many ways 　　　　(make) her classes interesting.
5.　　　　(catch) the early flight,we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.
6.　　　　 (help) the students to learn Chinese well,our school has decided to donate some books to your Chinese class.
7.They came to the restaurant after work,only 　　　　 (find) that it was being decorated.
to make
To catch
To help
to find
8.As a matter of fact,they were very surprised 　　　　 (get) the news.
[变式训练]
As a matter of fact,they were very surprised 　　　 　 (inform) of the news.
9.Many airlines now allow passengers to print their boarding passes online 　　　　(save) their time.
10.He was the last one 　　　　(hand) in the assignment yesterday.
to get
to be informed
to save
to hand
11.A study shows that by the age of three,most children have the great potential 　　 　　(understand) many words.
12.The airport 　　 　　 (complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area.
[变式训练]
The airport 　　　 　 (complete) last year helps promote tourism in this area.
to understand　
to be completed
completed
13.What do you think we can do 　　 　　(comfort) her
14.Many buildings in the city need repairing,but the one
　　 　　(repair) first is the library.
15.My friend told me he had a lot of readings 　　 　　 (complete) before the end of the term.
to comfort　
to be repaired　
to complete
课时作业
基础进阶·情境运用
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1.The spaceship was successfully 　　　 　 (发射) into orbit.
2.Humans have a 　　　　 (渴望) to explore the universe.
3.　　　　 (信号) from space are being studied by scientists.
4.The 　　　　 (交通工具) are designed for space travel.
5.The 　　　　 (巨大的) planet appears in the distance.
launched
desire
Signals
vehicles
giant
6.The 　　　　 (当前的) technology is not sufficient for long-term space travel.
7.　　 　　 (智能的) robots can assist in space exploration.
8.Astronauts need to be 　　 　　 (独立地) minded in space.
9.　　　　 (思想的) preparation is important for space missions.
10.If you follow the proper 　　 　　 (步骤),you can create super articles.
current
Intelligent
independently
Mental
procedures
Ⅱ.语境填词
1.The six 　 　　　 (astronaut) on board will spend ten days in space.
2.Students should do something to make themselves 　　　　 　
(mental) strong.
3.She is not only 　 　　　(intelligence) but also has a gift for music.
4.Amazed at how skillful they were,I was 　　　 　(determine) to be just as good.
astronauts
mentally　
intelligent
determined
5.His performance was a big 　　　 　(disappoint) to us.
6.Driven by a burning desire 　　　　 adventure and travel,she left home and started to travel around in her early twenties.
7.Are you quite 　　　 　(independence) of your parents now
8.He came to the big city in the hope 　　　　 finding a good job.
9.The bell 　　　 　(signal) that school was over.
10.It is 　　　 　(universal) acknowledged that smoking is bad for health.
disappointment　
for
independent
of
signalled
universally　
11.Among modern 　　　　(vehicle),bicycles are the closest to people’s life.
12.　　　 　 (recycle) also helps control environmental pollution.
13.I think this book is completely 　　　　(lack) in originality.
14.The building is 　　　　 (current) being used as a library.
vehicles
Recycling
lacking
currently
Ⅲ.情境写作
1.那时,尽管困难重重,宇航员还是继续执行太空任务。
At that time,the astronaut 　　　　　　　　　 the space mission despite the difficulties.
2.航天局希望能发现新的行星。
The space agency is 　　　　　　　　　　　　　 new planets.
3.宇宙飞船正在船上进行科学实验。
The spaceship is carrying out scientific experiments 　　　　　.
carried on with
in the hope of discovering
on board
4.他将是第一个踏上火星的人。
He will be the first man 　　　　　　　　　　　Mars.
5.宇航员决心成功地完成任务。
The astronaut 　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　 the mission successfully.
6.令他非常失望的是,太空任务不得不因技术问题而中止。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　,the space mission had to be stopped due to technical problems.
to set foot on
is/was determined to complete
Much to his disappointment
话题延伸·素养升华
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
In the summer of 1969,six-year-old Mike Massimino watched wide-eyed on the television as Neil Armstrong took the first step on the moon.He immediately made his mum turn his elephant school play costume into that of an astronaut for Halloween.
As a child attracted by the universe,he dreamt of becoming an astronaut.But his wish caught up with him when he realised he didn’t have the ideal skillset to make it as an astronaut:He was afraid of heights,had poor eyesight and couldn’t swim.
Given all of Massimino’s difficulty in qualifying as an astronaut,he worked for a different career.However,when the Challenger exploded,Massimino decided he wouldn’t wait any longer to realise his dream.
NASA’s elite programme of astronauts introduces a new class every couple of years.If you don’t make it,you won’t be considered again until the next round.Massimino first applied to the programme in the 1980s.Eight months later,he received his rejection letter in the mail.
Unsurprised,he began carrying out space research,working towards his PhD in engineering at MIT.He applied again two years later for the 1992 astronaut class.He got rejected again.Years later,for the class of 1995,Massimino’s application turned out unsuccessful.The interview was as tough as one would imagine.
Massimino failed because of something he could not change—not having 20/20 vision.He didn’t stop there.After extensive research,he had vision training for nearly a year,having taken advice from others in the space science field,and helping his eyes focus more clearly on objects in front of him.
Sending out his fourth application to NASA like a shot in the dark with a note from his eye doctor on his improvements,
Massimino got a call.They would let him retake his eye test.He passed.
“Making a decision to give up on my dream after coming so close was unthinkable,” he said,“One in a million is not zero.I knew that if I gave up,I would always wonder what would have happened.”
语篇导读:本文是记叙文。文章主要讲述了Mike Massimino在六岁时在电视上看到尼尔·阿姆斯特朗登月,从此有了成为宇航员的梦想。由于视力问题,他三次申请成为宇航员都没有成功。但是他并没有气馁,经过专业的视力训练,他终于通过了视力测试。
(　　)1.What impressed Massimino at the age of six
A.The invention of television.
B.A school play in Halloween.
C.Armstrong’s moonwalk.
D.The explosion of the Challenger.
√
答案及剖析:
1.C　细节理解题。根据第一段内容可知,六岁时,Mike Massimino就对宇航员尼尔·阿姆斯特朗在月球上迈出的第一步印象深刻。故选C。
(　　)2.What does Paragraph 4 mainly talk about
A.NASA’s programme of astronauts.
B.Massimino’s working experience at MIT.
C.NASA’s interview process.
D.Massimino’s three unsuccessful applications.
√
答案及剖析:
2.D　段落大意题。根据第四段内容可知,本段主要讲述了Massimino三次申请成为宇航员失败的经历。故选D。
(　　)3.How did Massimino improve his eyesight
A.By receiving vision training.
B.By having an eye operation.
C.By focusing his eyes on big objects.
D.By following his parents’ advice.
√
答案及剖析:
3.A　细节理解题。根据第五段的最后一句可知,Massimino进行了近一年的视力训练,从而改善了自己的视力。故选A。
(　　)4.Which of the following can best describe Massimino
A.Clever. B.Determined.
C.Thoughtful. D.Generous.
√
答案及剖析:
4.B　推理判断题。通读全文可知,Massimino决心成为宇航员,由于视力不合格,他三次申请成为宇航员都没有成功,但是他决定不放弃,通过努力终于离自己的梦想又进了一步。由此可推知,Massimino是一个意志坚定的人。故选B。
B
The development of China’s space programme was first suggested in 1956 by the father of Chinese rocket science,Qian Xuesen(1911-2009).As a result of a lot of preparation and planning,the Shenzhou crewed programme began in 1992,and the first Chinese astronaut,Yang Liwei,entered space in 2003.
Chang’e 1,a lunar orbiter was launched in 2007,while Tiangong 1,an experimental crewed space station was launched in 2011.
In 2019,Chang’e 4 made a soft landing on the far side of the moon.It was mankind’s first successful soft landing on the far side of the moon.A “soft” landing is one where the spacecraft lands in a controlled way,and gets no damage.Several hours later,the small Yutu 2 rover was released.To understand why Chang’e 4’s soft landing was such an achievement,consider the difficulty of any space mission,especially one to the far side of the moon.While the far side of the moon is often called the dark side of the moon,it is not really dark.
The main problem with landing on the far side of the moon is communication.There is no clear line of sight between the far side of the moon and Earth.This normally makes radio communication with spacecraft on the far side of the moon impossible.Chinese engineers came up with a unique solution.Before Chang’e 4’s mission,they sent Queqiao communications satellite into space.When engineers needed to communicate with Chang’e 4 and Yutu 2,they could send radio messages to Queqiao.The messages would then be sent from the satellite down to the lander and rover.This allowed contact between Earth and the far side of the moon.
One of the experiments of Chang’e 4’s mission was designed to test a closed ecological(生态的) system that could be extremely important for long-term space missions:The plants produce food and oxygen for the fruit flies,while the fruit flies produce carbon dioxide for the plants.This experiment worked for nine days,but it had to be stopped when the temperatures dropped below -52℃.
语篇导读:本文是说明文。中国的“嫦娥四号”首次成功在月球背面软着陆,文章主要介绍了其意义及中国工程师是如何解决地月通信问题的。
(　　)5.What can we know according to the passage
A.The first Chinese astronaut,Yang Liwei,entered space in 2007.
B.Qian Xuesen is considered the father of the Chinese space programme.
C.The development of space programme in China started in ancient times.
D.The Chinese space programme has been advancing with preparation and planning.
√
答案及剖析:
5.D　细节理解题。根据第一段的最后两句可知,基于充分的准备和规划,中国的太空计划一直在进步。故选D。
(　　)6.Why was Chang’e 4’s landing on the moon such an achievement
A.Because Chang’e 4 landed on the moon successfully.
B.Because Chang’e 4 made a soft landing on the dark side of the moon.
C.Because man had never landed on the moon with the difficulty of space mission.
D.Because it was the first time that humans had landed on the moon without any damage.
√
答案及剖析:
6.B　细节理解题。根据第二段的前两句及倒数第二句可知,嫦娥四号在月球的着陆是一个很大的成就,这是因为前往月球背面的任务难度极大,而嫦娥四号在月球背面实现了软着陆。故选B。
(　　)7.Why was the ecological experiment of Chang’e 4 stopped
A.Because it got too dark to continue.
B.Because the lander no longer had power.
C.Because it got too cold for the experiment to work.
D.Because there was not enough oxygen on the moon.
√
答案及剖析:
7.C　细节理解题。根据最后一段的最后一句可知,嫦娥四号停止生态实验是因为月球温度太低,无法继续。故选C。
(　　)8.Where is this passage probably from
A.A story book. 　　B.A textbook.
C.A science fiction. 　　D.A magazine.
√
答案及剖析:
8.D　推理判断题。根据全文内容尤其是第二段的前两句可知,文章主要介绍了嫦娥四号在月球背面实现软着陆的意义及中国工程师是如何解决地月通信问题的。由此推知,本文可能出自一本杂志。故选D。
C
Astronauts travelling in space meet forms of radiation (辐射) that are uncommon on Earth.Some of this radiation has been shown to be harmful to human health.It is linked to cancers and heart problems.Yet a study suggests the radiation does not shorten astronauts’ lives.
Researchers studied nearly 60 years of health records and other data about male astronauts from the United States.They then compared this data with information about a group of men who are in good health,richer than most Americans and receive good health care—professional athletes.The study found that neither group has higher rates of dying at a young age.In fact,both groups generally live longer than other Americans.
Astronauts are usually well-educated,earn more money and are in better physical conditions than the average Americans.The earlier research has linked being an astronaut to a lower risk of early death,the researchers noted.The findings were reported in a medical journal.
Much of the existing research on mortality rates (死亡率) in astronauts has not yet explored the mental and physical demands of this job.There also has not been a lot of research on whether astronauts show what is known as the “healthy worker effect”.This effect leads people with employment of any kind to have fewer medical problems than people who are unable to work,said Robert Reynolds.
Reynolds said,“The challenge has always been to understand if astronauts are as healthy as they would be if they had never gone to space at all.To do this,we need to find a group that is comparable on several important factors.” Considering the similar physical requirements,a group of athletes are selected.
As the result suggests,being exposed to radiation doesn’t lead to an early death for astronauts.
语篇导读:本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了一项研究发现——宇航员在太空中工作时,辐射不会缩短他们的寿命。
(　　)9.How did researchers carry out their study
A.By doing interviews.
B.By analysing some factors.
C.By comparing different data.
D.By doing experiments in the lab.
√
答案及剖析:
9.C　细节理解题。根据第二段的第一、第二句可知,该实验是通过比较不同的数据进行的。故选C。
(　　)10.What can we learn from the text
A.All radiation is harmful to human health.
B.Athletes tend to be poorer than most Americans.
C.Healthy worker effect makes working people healthier.
D.Research has explored the mental and physical demands of being astronauts.
√
答案及剖析:
10.C　细节理解题。根据第四段的最后一句可知,健康的工人效应使得劳动的人们更健康。故选C。
(　　)11.Why are athletes chosen as a comparative group in the study
A.Because they work in different fields.
B.Because they both need to be healthy enough.
C.Because they receive the same diets and exercise.
D.Because they suffer from the same health problems.
√
答案及剖析:
11.B　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的最后一句可知,运动员和宇航员对体能都有一定的要求,所以选择运动员作为参照对象。故选B。
(　　)12.What can be a suitable title for the text
A.Astronauts—Healthy or Otherwise
B.Astronauts Are as Healthy as Athletes
C.Radiation Affects Astronauts’ Health
D.Astronauts—Well-Educated and Well-Paid
√
答案及剖析:
12.A　标题归纳题。根据第一段的最后一句以及最后一段内容可知,一项研究表明,太空中的辐射不会缩短宇航员的寿命,结合下文中对该研究的分析可知,本文主要讨论的是宇航员的健康状况如何,所以A项符合本文的主题,且具有概括性,适合作本文的标题。故选A。
Ⅱ.七选五
The age of space exploration started on 12 April 1961,when the Russian astronaut Yuri Gagarin became the first human to journey to outer space.But why do we go to environments that are dangerous and even deadly to humans The answer is simple.
1.　　　 In this article,we’ll read the major four benefits of space exploration.
E
Promote the progress of medicine
2.　　　 For example,analysing the effects of zero-gravity
(零重力) on blood flow led to many discoveries on how to prevent some heart illnesses.The experiments and measurements of bone strength and bone loss in astronauts have helped doctors better understand bone diseases.
F
Develop new technologies
The space race has birthed the most technological advancements in the shortest period of time.3.　　　 For example,the running shoes were originally developed for astronauts.We use them in our day-to-day lives without even knowing that some NASA engineers originally developed them for the Apollo programme that took humankind to the moon.
G
Start space tourism
The biggest dream some of us have is being able to take a trip to outer space.However,it is still too expensive to go to space.As reusable rockets improve,the costs of these trips will become significantly lower.4.　　
Inspire the next generation
Space exploration stimulates the curiosity of children.5.　　　 Not only is this good for them as STEM (Science,Technology,Engineering and Mathematics) jobs can secure them a comfortable future,but it also helps humans.
C
B
A.Technologies have advanced considerably.
B.It gets students interested in science and technology.
C.Hopefully one day they’ll be within the reach for all of us.
D.These include stepping up cooperation in space exploration.
E.The benefits of space exploration go beyond the dangers of it.
F.Studying the effects of space travel can lead to some medical benefits.
G.Throughout the years,companies have found consumer uses for many of these developments.
语篇导读:本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了太空探索的四大好处。
答案及剖析:
1.E　设空处上文是在提出问题,而设空处后一句是在回答这个问题,由此可知,设空处应该解释为什么我们要去对人类来说危险甚至致命的环境;E项解释了为什么我们要去探索太空,承上启下,符合语境,故选E。
2.F　根据本段小标题“Promote the progress of medicine”可知,本段是在讲太空探索对医学的影响,F项说明了太空探索能带来一些医疗好处,符合本段语境,故选F。
3.G　根据设空处后的“For example,the running shoes...that took humankind to the moon.”可知,此处说明的是原本为宇航员开发的技术也应用到了普通人的生活中,G项说明了一些公司认识到探索太空所带来的技术可应用于消费者市场,承接上文,符合语境,故选G。
4.C　根据设空处前一句可知,太空旅行的成本大大降低了,设空处应该说明这会带来什么好处,C项说明很有可能将来我们所有人都可以进行太空旅行,是太空旅行成本降低带来的好处,承接上文,符合语境,故选C。
5.B　根据设空处前一句可知,此处是在讲太空探索对孩子们的影响,B项说明太空探索激发了学生们的好奇心,使他们对科学技术感兴趣,承接上文,符合语境,故选B。
Ⅲ.语法填空
The year 2023 marks 1.　　　　 20th anniversary of China’s first manned space mission that sent astronaut Yang Liwei on a roughly 21-hour journey around Earth in the Shenzhou 5 spacecraft.As one of the 2.　　　　 (nation) in the world able to independently finish manned space missions,China 3.　　　　 　
(carry) out a dozen manned flights since then.
the
nations
has carried
A special committee was formed in August 1992 and it 4.　　　　
(decide) that China would use manned spacecraft to build a space station in the coming years.The plan was passed in September that year,5.　　　　
(mark) the first official manned space programme of the nation.6.　　 　
(achieve) the goal,scientists made specific plans and took practical steps,
advancing slowly from multi-day flights 7.　　　　 month-long missions.
Thanks to years of efforts,we are proud that our country completed the Tiangong space station in 2022.Orbiting Earth about 400 kilometres above the ground,Tiangong has both a core module 8.　　　　 two science facilities,which is 9.　　　　(regular) connected to several visiting spaceships.
decided
marking
To achieve　
to
and
regularly
Chinese researchers are designing a new-generation manned spacecraft,10.　　　　 will be significant in the nation’s first manned exploration to the moon around 2030.
语篇导读:本文是说明文。文章主要讲述了中国首次载人航天任务完成的经过及未来的发展。
which
答案及剖析:
1.the　考查冠词。分析句子结构和句意可知,设空处应填冠词,修饰名词短语20th anniversary;此处特指中国首次载人航天任务的20周年纪念,故用定冠词。故填the。
2.nations　考查名词复数。根据one of可知,设空处应为名词复数,作宾语;nation表示“国家”,为可数名词。故填nations。
3.has carried　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知,设空处应为谓语动词。根据时间状语since then可知,应用现在完成时;主语是China,谓语动词用单数。故填has carried。
4.decided　考查动词的时态。分析句子结构可知,设空处应为谓语动词。根据时间状语in August 1992可知,应用一般过去时;主语it指代A special committee,与decide之间为主动关系。故填decided。
5.marking　考查非谓语动词。根据句中谓语was passed可知,设空处应为非谓语动词,且设空处与The plan之间为主动关系,作伴随状语,应用现在分词形式。故填marking。
6.To achieve　考查动词不定式。根据句中谓语动词made可知,设空处应为非谓语动词,与scientists之间为主动关系,作目的状语,应用动词不定式;位于句首,首字母大写。故填To achieve。
7.to　考查介词。分析句子结构可知,设空处应填介词,介词短语“from...to...”表示“从……到……”,符合句意。故填to。
8.and　考查并列连词。固定短语“both...and...”表示“两者都;既……又……”,结合句中both和句意可知,应用并列连词and。故填and。
9.regularly　考查副词。分析句子结构可知,设空处应填副词修饰动词connected,作状语。故填regularly。
10.which　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知,设空处引导非限制性定语从句,修饰主句,在从句中作主语,应用关系代词which引导。故填which。
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