WORDS & EXPRESSIONS
shade
【语境展示】阅读下面句子，注意并归纳shade的意思及用法。
1. The trees provide shade for the animals in the summer.
2. The portrait looks lifeless with no light and shade.
3. I bought a new shade for the lamp.
4. Ann shaded her eyes from / against the sun with her hand.
5. At sunset, the sky shaded from pink into dark red.
【自我归纳】
★shade作名词时，意为：①荫，阴凉处（句1）；②（图画等的）阴影部分（句2）；③（灯罩等）遮光物（句3）。
★shade作动词时，意为：①给……遮住 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )光线（常用搭配：shade ... from / against ...）（句4）；②（颜色）逐渐变化（句5）。
【即学即练】翻译下面句子。
1. 在沙漠中找不到一点阴凉处。
_____________________________________________________
2. 你这幅画的明暗色调不够。
_____________________________________________________
参考答案
shade
【即学即练】
1. There is no shade to be found in the desert.
2. There is not enough light and shade in your drawing.
depend on
【归纳】depend on意为： ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )①依靠，依赖（常用搭配：depend on … for …; depend on sb. to do sth.）；②相信，信赖；③取决于，视……而定（后可接名词或从句）。如：
We depend on the Internet for daily news.
You can’t depend on others to help you.
Just depend on me. I’ll be able to lead you there.
The length of time ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )spent exercising depends on the sport you are training for.
What the products will look like will depend on what customers want.
【即学即练】翻译下面句子。
1. All living things depend on the sun for their growth.
_____________________________________________________
2. You can depend on Jane — she always keeps her promises.
_____________________________________________________
参考答案
depend on
【即学即练】
1. 万物生长靠太阳。
2. 你可以信赖简——她一向遵守诺言。
leave ... behind
【语境展示】阅读下面句子，并试着归纳blame的意思及用法。
1. It’s a fine day, so you can leave your umbrella behind.
2. Oh, my God! I left the train ticket behind.
3. It left behind a long train of problems and difficulties.
4. Louis ran so fast that he soon left the other runners behind.
5. If you don’t study hard, you will be left behind.
【自我归纳】leave ... behind的主要含义有：
●________（句1、句2）；
●________（句3）；
●把……丢在后面，超过（句4、句5）。
【拓展】
leave about 乱丢，乱放； l ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )eave alone不管，更不用说，让独自呆着； leave off停止，不再使用，戒掉； leave out遗漏，省去，没有考虑
【即学即练】根据汉语意思补全下面句子（每空一词）。
1. 当我们到达火车站时，我才意识到我忘带行李了。
When we got to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the railway station, I realized that ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____.
2. 侵略者被迫逃窜，留下了许多武器。
The invaders were forced to flee, ____ ____ ____ ____.
3. 如果你不想掉队，你就得紧紧跟上。
You had to follow closely if you wanted to avoid ____ ____ ____.
参考答案
leave ... behind
【自我归纳】不带，忘带；遗留，留下
【即学即练】
1. I had left my luggage behind
2. leaving b ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ehind many weapons / leaving many weapons behind
3. being left behind
blame
【语境展示】阅读下面句子，并试着归纳blame的意思及用法。
1. We were ready to take / bear the blame for what had happened.
2. Health officials ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )put / laid / placed the blame for the disease on poor housing conditions.
3. Lucy blames her mother for her lack of confidence.
4. One of the computers is broken and she’s blaming it on me.
5. Officials believ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e that more than one person may be to blame for the fire.
【自我归纳】
● blame作名词，意为“（对某人的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )）责备，指责，________”，常用于以下结构中： take / bear the blame for sth.，对某事承担责任，如句1； put / lay / place the blame for sth. on sb. / sth. 把某事归咎于某人/某物，如句2。
● blame作动词，意为“责怪 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，指责，把……归咎于”，常用于以下结构中：blame sb. ________ sth. 因某事责怪某人，如句3；blame sth. ________ sb. / sth. 把某事归咎于某人/某物，如句4；sb. be to blame for sth. 某人对某事负有责任，如句5。
【自我归纳】（对错事或坏事应付的）责任； for； on
【即学即练】翻译下面句子。
1. 他们怪罪秘书造成了计划延误。
___________________________________
2. 他们把失败归咎于乔治。
___________________________________
3. 这次交通事故应该由这名司机负责。
___________________________________
4. 不要把那件事怪在我身上。
___________________________________
参考答案
blame
【即学即练】
1. They blamed the secretary for the delay of the plan.
2. They blame ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d the failure on George. / They put / laid / placed the blame on George for the failure.
3. The driver is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )to blame for the traffic accident. / The driver should bear / take the blame for the traffic accident.
4. Don’t put / lay / place the blame for that on me.
take up
【语境展示】阅读下面句子，并试着归纳take up的意思。
1. I’m sorry to have taken up so much of your valuable time.
2. The table takes up too much room.
3. After study ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing in the college for four years, Linda took up her job as a teacher in Shanghai.
4. At the age of 18 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ), Bob took up painting for a while, but soon lost interest.
5. My old friend invi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ted me to attend his wedding and I took up the invitation.
6. The teacher took up the lesson where she left off yesterday.
【自我归纳】take u ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )p意为：① 占据（时间）（句1）；② 占掉（空间）（句2）；③ ________（句3）；④ 以某事作为爱好或消遣（句4）；⑤ 接受（句5）；⑥ 继续（句6）。
【即学即练】翻译下面句子。
1. 读小说占据了我大量的业余时间。
___________________________________
2. 你知道为什么汤姆放弃医学而开始学习音乐吗？
___________________________________
3. 爸爸将继续讲他昨天中断的故事。
___________________________________
4. 我妹妹当上教师了。
___________________________________
参考答案
take up
【自我归纳】从事，开始做（某项工作）
【即学即练】
1. Reading novels takes up a great deal of my spare time.
2. Do you know why Tom dropped medicine and took up music
3. Dad is going to take up the story where he left off yesterday.
4. My sister has taken up a job as a teacher.GRAMMAR
复习动词-ing形式和不定式
本期我们主要通过高考题复习动词-ing形式和不定式的用法。
考点一、动词-ing形式的用法
【考例】
用括号内单词的适当形式完成下面句子。
1. I just heard the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )bank where Dora works was robbed by a gunman ________ (wear) a mask. (重庆2015)
2. ________ (work) fo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r two days, Steve managed to finish his report on schedule. (天津2015)
3. The film star wear ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s sunglasses. Therefore, he can go shopping without ________ (recognise). (北京2014)
【点拨】
1. wearing。设空 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )处作后置定语修饰gunman。因gunman与wear之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，且wear所表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生，故用其动词-ing形式的一般式。
2. Having worked。句子 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )主语Steve 与work之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，且work所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，故用其动词-ing形式的完成式。
3. being recognis ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ed。recognise与主语he（指The film star）之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，故用其动词-ing形式的被动式作宾语。
考点二、不定式的用法
【考例】
用括号内单词的适当形式完成下面句子。
1. ________ (lear ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n) more about Chinese culture, John has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course. (福建2015)
2. There are still man ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y problems ________ (solve) before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon. (北京2014)
3. The engine ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) just won’t start. Something seems ________ (go) wrong with it. (重庆2013)
4. Today we ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )have chat rooms, text messaging, emailing ... but we seem ________ (lose) the art of communicating face-to-face. (上海2011)
【点拨】
1. To learn。设空处表目的，且句子主语John与learn之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，故填To learn。
2. to be solved。由时间 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )状语before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon可知，solve所表示的动作发生在将来，故用不定式，且solve与problems之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故填to be solved。
3. to have gone。see ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )m后常接不定式作宾语，由The engine just won’t start可知，设空处所表示的动作已经完成，故填to have gone。
4. to be losing。w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e与lose之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，且有语境可知lose所表示的动作正在进行，故填to be losing。
说明：以上所选高考真题形式有所改动。
【即学即练】
I. 用括号中所给（短语）动词的适当形式填空。
1. The headmaster ha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d meant ________ (put off) the sports meeting until next week.
2. The temperature is high enough ________ (change) water into steam.
3. ________ (look) on top of the wall, I saw many tall buildings.
4. Please remain _ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )_______ (seat) until the plane has come to a complete stop.
5. I’m going to the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) supermarket. Have you got anything ________ (buy)
6. Most of the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )people ________ (invite) to the party were famous scientists.
II. 根据汉语提示，用非谓语动词短语完成下面句子。
1. ______________ (为了获取信息), I often surf the Internet.
2. ______________ (你去那儿) will only make matters worse.
3. ______________ (听到这则消息), they immediately set off for New York.
4. He went home fro ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )m his holidays ______________ (结果发现) that many valuable things in his house were missing.
5. Maud found it no use ______________ (建议她丈夫戒烟).
6. I dislike ______________ (被打断) when I am speaking.
7. Eustace apologized for ______________ (犯了一个如此大的错误).
8. What a pity it is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )for you ______________ (错过了) such a wonderful film!
III. 用括号内（短语）动词的正确形式完成下面对话。
Interviewer: W ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ith me today is Dr Gordon Bennett, who has just published a book about the history of early medicine. Dr Bennett, it seems amazing 1. ________ (think) that medicine is almost as old as human civilisation.
Dr Bennett: Yes, al ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )though there is no actual record 2. ________ (show) when people started trying to cure illness, cave paintings discovered in the Lascaux caves in France, do show that plants were used for medicinal purposes even as far back as 27,000 years ago.
Interviewer: But wa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )sn’t it in ancient India that the earliest form of medical practices appears 3. ________ (begin)
Dr Bennett: That’s r ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ight. Archaeological evidence of teeth having been drilled, 4. ________ (date) back 9,000 years, has been found in modern-day Pakistan, while “Ayurveda” which means “the science of living”, possibly the oldest system of medicine, originated over 2,000 years ago in southern Asia. Ancient texts 5. ________ (belong to) that period define the purpose of medicine as being to cure the diseases of the sick, protect the healthy, and to prolong life.
Interviewer: How interesting!
IV. 用所学语法知识完成下面短文。
Mike drove to a remote ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) border town alone. He didn’t stop the car 1. ________ (take) a break although he was feeling tired. As a result, a traffic accident occurred, which caused him 2. ________ (trap) inside the car. Fortunately a girl 3. ________ (pass) by volunteered to save him.
4. ________ (call) ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) an ambulance, she managed to give him first aid. Soon, Mike was rushed to hospital in an ambulance and was saved. The girl named Mary felt pleased 5. ________ (do) such a great thing. When interviewed, she said, “I’ve also met with a traffic accident. A kind passer-by saved my life but he was killed. The man was said 6. ________ (work) on the road helping people in need for ten years. I was too moved even to speak when 7. ________ (hear) the story. Therefore, I was determined 8. ________ (stay) here and give people in need a helping hand.”
参考答案
I. 1. to put off ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) 2. to change 3. Looking 4. seated 5. to be bought 6. invited
II. 1. To get inform ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ation 2. Your going there 3. Hearing the news 4. only to find
5. advising her husband to give up smoking 6. being interrupted
7. having made such a big mistake 8. to have missed
III. 1. to think ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )2. showing 3. to have begun 4. dating 5. belonging to
IV. 1. to take 2. to be trapped 3. passing 4. Having called 5. to have done 6. to have worked 7. hearing 8. to stayBook 8 Module 2 The Renaissance
Pre-reading activities
Task I. What do you know about Mona Lisa
Task II. Say something about Leonardo da Vinci.
Task III. Name some great people in the period of the Renaissance.
While-reading activities
Task I. Read the text and fill in the blanks in the chart.
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
Task II. Read the text and find the examples for the main ideas.
Main ideas Examples
1. The Renaissance is more than just Mona Lisa. A. Composers put different voices together and create polyphony.
2. Trade wit ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )h other parts of the world meant that Europe was getting richer. B. They put people, not religion, at the centre of the universe.
3. The Renaissance artists tried to develop arts in some new areas. C. The ideas of R ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )enaissance rapidly spread northwards to France, Germany, England and the rest of Europe.
4. The Renaissance inspired people to form a new type of philosophy. D. Leonardo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )wrote down his plans for engineers to build canals and bridges.
5. The Renaissance was a time of scientific invention. E. Leonardo was employed to work for the Duke of Milan.
Task III. Read th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e text and put the information into the correct categories.
A. the best example of a new lifelike style of paintingB. a mysterious masterpieceC. smilingD. a French word meaning “rebirth”E. first appeared in English in the 19th centuryF. spreading from Italy to the rest of EuropeG. working for the king of FranceH. looking forward by opening new frontiers in the artsI. bringing a new type of philosophyJ. a skilled inventorK. carrying a notebook aroundL. interested in everything and with many different talents
Mona Lisa: ________________________
Leonardo da Vinci: ________________________
the Renaissance: ________________________
Post-reading activities
Task I. Below is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the summary of the text with some words or phrases missing. Choose the words or phrases from the box and make the summary complete.
arts, Europe, lit ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )erature, machines, people, perspective, rebirth, the Middle Ages
For many ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )people the Renaissance means advances in art, architecture, music and 1. ________ in 14th and 16th century Italy, from where it spread to the rest of 2. ________. Renaissance is a French word meaning “3. ________” and the Renaissance can be seen as a time when Europe was waking up from the long sleep of 4. ________. World exploration and trade meant Europeans became richer and had more time and money to spend on the 5. ________. Renaissance artists looked back to classical Greece and Rome for inspiration and forward to exploring 6. ________ and light. It was a time when philosophers started putting 7. ________ before religion and also a time of invention. Leonardo da Vinci, famous for painting the Mona Lisa, was also an inventor, drawing 8. ________ that would not be built until centuries later. He is an example of a “Renaissance man,” a talented person with many interests.
Task II. Retell ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) what the Renaissance brought to people according to the information from the text.
Task III. Give example ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s to show that Leonardo da Vinci was an extraordinary genius.
Task IV. Discussio ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n. What do you think was the most important factor to make the Renaissance possible
参考答案
Pre-reading activities
Task I. 略
Task II. 略
Task III. 略
While-reading activities
Task I. 1. architecture 2. rebirth 3. Europe 4. employ 5. perspective 6. polyphony 7. people 8. bridges 9. submarines 10. genius
Task II. 1. C 2. E 3. A 4. B 5. D
Task III.
Mona Lisa: ABC
Leonardo da Vinci: GJKL
the Renaissance: DEFHI
Post-reading activities
Task I. 1. literature 2. Europe 3. rebirth 4. the Middle Ages 5. arts 6. perspective 7. people 8. machines
Task II. 略
Task III. 略
Task IV. 略SENTENCE EXPLANATIONS
请和你的同学一起认真分析下面句子，并补全所缺内容。这种学习方式能逐步提高你理解长难句的能力。
1. It is believed to b ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e the best example of a new lifelike style of painting that amazed people when it was first used. (P16)
【分析】
①本句是一个主从复合句。
②主句主干为“主语It (指代上句中的th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e Mona Lisa) + 谓语部分(is believed) + 主语补足语(to be the best example)”。of a new lifelike style of painting作定语，修饰example。
③ that amazed people为t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hat引导的_________从句，修饰前面的a new lifelike style of painting，that在从句中作主语。
④ when it was first used为when引导的_________从句。
【句意】它被认为是一种新的形象逼真型绘画的最好代表，这种绘画风格一经使用就使人们惊叹不已。
【仿写】这张专辑被认为是有史以来最受欢迎的一张，到目前已售出5亿张。
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. This meant that peo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ple had money to spend on the arts; and it became easier for artists to find people who could afford to buy their works or employ them. (P16)
【分析】
①本句是一个由and连接的并列复合句;
②在and前的分句中，th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )at引导的从句作meant的宾语；to spend on the arts是不定式短语作后置定语，修饰________;
③在and后的分句中，it ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )作形式主语，真正的主语是for artists to find people；who引导定语从句，修饰people。
【句意】这意味着人们有钱花在艺术上，对于艺术家们来说，找到能买得起他们的作品或者雇佣得起他们的人变得更容易了。
【仿写】这意味着我将有更多的机会练习我的英语口语，对于我来说，找到英语讲得流利的人并变得更容易了。
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. After centuries o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )f accepting a medieval world view in which human life was considered of little value compared with the greatness of God, philosophers began asking questions like “What is a person ” or “Why am I here ” (P17)
【分析】
①本句是一个主从复合句；
②philosophers began ... “Why am I here ”是主句；
③After centuries ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )of ... God是时间状语，其中的in which ... God是“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，修饰先行词________；compared with the greatness of God是动词-ed形式短语作状语。
【句意】几个世纪以来，哲学家们都持 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )有中世纪的世界观，认为与上帝的伟大相比人的生命很渺小。此时他们开始提出诸如“人为何物？”以及“我为何存在？”这样的问题。
【仿写】在当今时代，相比于其它才能，一个人的创造力被认为更为重要。
______________________________________________________________________________
4. They included ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) detailed drawings of the human body, plans for engineers to build canals and bridges, and astonishing drawings of machines which were not to be built until hundreds of years later, such as aeroplanes, parachutes, submarines and tanks. (P17)
【分析】
①这是一个主从复合句。
②主句的主要结构是：主语（They） ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )+谓语（included）+ 宾语（drawings of the human body, plans for engineers to build canals and bridges和________）。
③which引导的定语从句修饰________，until hundreds of years later作时间状语。
④such as后面的内容作machines的________语。
【句意】它们包括人体的细致素描、供工程师修建运河和桥梁的设计以及直到几个世纪后才制造出来的机器的惊人制图，例如飞机、降落伞、潜水艇和坦克。
【仿写】他们直到今年秋天才再次见面。
______________________________________________________________________________
5. In short, Leon ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ardo was an extraordinary genius, an example of what has been described as “Renaissance man”: someone interested in everything and with many different talents. (P17)
【分析】本句是一个主从复合句。主句的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )主干为“主语（Leonardo）+系动词（was）+表语（an extraordinary genius和an example）”。what引导________从句并在从句中作主语。someone作 “Renaissance man”的同位语，interested ... talents作定语修饰________。
【句意】简言之，莱奥纳多·达·芬奇是一个非凡的天才，一个被描绘成“文艺复兴人”的典范；一个对凡事皆有兴趣并有诸多才能的人。
【仿写】我不太确定布莱克先生在会上说了些什么。
______________________________________________________________________________
参考答案
1.【分析】定语；时间状语
【仿写】The albu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )m is believed to be the most popular of all time, which has sold more than 500 million copies so far.
2.【分析】money
【仿写】This mean ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s I will have more chances to practice my spoken English, and it will become easier for me to find people who speak English fluently.
3.【分析】medieval world view
【仿写】Now is the a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ge in which one’s creativity is considered more important compared with other abilities.
4.【分析】drawings of machines; machines; 同位
【仿写】They didn’t see each other again until this autumn.
5.【分析】宾语；someone
【仿写】I am not sure of what Mr. Black has said at the meeting.
