2025届高三英语二轮复习专项训练——阅读理解（一）（二）（含解析）
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| 名称 | 2025届高三英语二轮复习专项训练——阅读理解（一）（二）（含解析） |  | |
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| 文件大小 | 41.8KB | ||
| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 人教版（2019） | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2025-02-22 16:46:30 | ||
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高三英语二轮复习阅读理解专项训练
阅读理解（一）
A
The Asch Conformity (从众) Experiments, conducted by psychologist Solomon Asch in the 1950s, demonstrated the power of conformity in groups and showed that even simple objective facts cannot resist the pressure of group influence.
In the experiments, groups of university students were asked to participate in a perception test.In reality, all but one of the participants were “confederates”, cooperators with the experimenter who only pretended to be participants.The study was about how the remaining student would react to the behavior of the other “participants”.
The participants of the experiments were presented with a card with a simple vertical (垂直的) black line on it.Then, they were given a second card with three lines of varying length labeled A,B, and C.One line on the second card was the same length as that on the first， and the other two lines were obviously longer and shorter.
Participants were asked to state out loud in front of each other which line, A, B, or C, matched the length of the line on the first card.In each experimental case, the confederates answered first, and the real participant was seated so that he would answer last.In some cases, the confederates answered correctly, while in others, they answered incorrectly.
Asch intended to see if the real participant would be pressured to answer incorrectly in the instances when the confederates did so, or whether their belief in their own perception and correctness would outweigh the social pressure provided by the responses of the other group members.
Asch found that one-third of real participants gave the same wrong answers as the confederates at least half the time.Forty percent gave some wrong answers, and only one-fourth gave correct answers in defiance of the pressure to conform to the wrong answers provided by the group.
In interviews following the trials, Asch found that for those who answered incorrectly, in conformance with the group, some believed that the answers given by the confederates were correct, some thought that they were suffering a lapse (失误) in perception when they originally had the answer different from the group, and others admitted that they knew that they had the correct answer, but conformed to the incorrect answer because they didn’t want to break from the majority.
1.What are the participants asked to do in the experiments
A.Label the cards with different letters.
B.Pick out two lines of the same length.
C.State the reason for matching the cards.
D.Identify the longest vertical black line.
2.What’s Paragraph 5 mainly about
A.The result of the experiments.
B.The design of the experiments.
C.The purpose of the experiments.
D.The procedure of the experiments.
3.What does the underlined part “in defiance of” in Paragraph 6 mean
A.In spite of. B.For fear of.
C.In response to. D.On account of.
4.Why did the real participants give a wrong answer？（ ）
A.They misunderstood the question.
B.They believed their own judgment.
C.They failed to resist group influence.
D.They wanted to be different from others.
B
The science of why insects gather around lights at night has never been nailed down.Popular theories propose that moths and other insects navigate by the moon and mistake lamps for moonlight, or that the insects fly towards light to escape coming danger.Now researchers believe they have a more convincing answer: contrary to current theories, insects are not attracted to light from far away, but become trapped if they fly close to an artificial light source.
According to Dr Sam Fabian, study co-author and Imperial College London entomologist, moths and many other insects that fly at night evolved to tilt （倾斜） their backs to whatever direction is brightest.For hundreds of millions of years, this light source was in the sky rather than on the ground.The trick told insects which way was up and ensured they flew level.But then came artificial lighting.Moths found themselves tilting their backs to street lamps.This caused them to circle around the lamps endlessly, the insects trapped by their evolution.
Fabian and his colleagues filmed insect flight paths around lights in the lab.The videos reveal that time and again, moths and dragonflies turned their backs to artificial lights, which appeared to greatly change their flight paths.If the light is above them, they might start orbiting it, but if it’s behind them, they start tilting backwards and end up flying in circles or diving towards the ground.
Researchers have long warned that light pollution is a big driving force in the dramatic decline in insect populations.Moths and other insects that become trapped around lamps become easily caught by bats.The artificial lighting can also fool them into thinking it is daytime, causing them to bed down and skip a night’s feeding.
There are, Fabian believes, helpful lessons from the research.“What this tells us is that the direction of artificial lights matters.Could we change lighting environments to not trap insects For we’re facing a massive decline in insects around the world, and artificial lighting at night is one of the factors that could potentially be leading to this decline,” Fabian said.
5.What does the underlined phrase “nailed down” in Paragraph 1 mean
A.Popularized widely.
B.Discussed openly.
C.Defined accurately.
D.Explored academically.
6.Fabian’s study found that moths circle around the lamps endlessly because .
A.they can’t keep their balance
B.they use improper flight attitude
C.they lose track of which way is up
D.they are attracted to lights from far away
7.What is the significance of the research finding
A.It may lead to better conservation of insects.
B.Natural enemies of insects will be got rid of.
C.Artificial lighting will be greatly reduced at night.
D.It may raise concerns for insects’ eating behavior.
8.What is the text mainly about
A.Why insects lose their ability to fly at night.
B.Why artificial light and evolution trap insects.
C.How artificial light impacts insect populations.
D.How insects evolved distinct strategies of flight.
C
Drought is an increasing problem in our warming world.All continents have been experiencing more extended periods without rain, leading to forest fires and poor crop growth.Consequently, people are looking at cloud seeding to solve the problem — a method of encouraging precipitation (降水) by sending small particles of certain chemicals into clouds.
Cloud seeding expert Arlen Huggins has been studying its effectiveness.“My earliest experience was to use cloud seeding to reduce the amount of hail (冰雹) in northeast Colorado.We didn’t have any luck with that, but we had success later on in increasing snowfall in Utah.Now, the focus is shifting towards increasing rainfall from summer clouds, which is far more unpredictable,” he said.
The problem is that it’s pretty hard to know whether precipitation resulted directly from cloud seeding.It might have rained or snowed anyway.Even if you practice cloud seeding in one place and don’t in another, it’s impossible to know for sure what caused the precipitation.“As cloud seeding is expensive and its effectiveness uncertain, its usefulness is still a matter of opinion,” says Katja Friedrich, a researcher of University of Colorado.
Additionally, it’s not during foggy and snowy conditions that people think of increasing the chance of rainfall.When a country is hit by drought, then cloud seeding isn’t an option due to the lack of clouds.During drought, skies tend to be clear with few clouds.The best option to prevent drought is to seed at times of the year when rainfall levels are normal or higher.
There are also environmental issues regarding the impact of cloud seeding.At high levels， the chemicals sent into the clouds can harm humans and other animals, and some studies have found them slightly poisonous.Apart from that, some environmentalists are concerned about the long-term impacts, as there isn’t data on how much those chemicals accumulate in the environment over 10 years.
9.What is the purpose of cloud seeding
A.To increase grain output.
B.To slow down global warming.
C.To reduce chemicals in the air.
D.To deal with dry and rain-free weather.
10.How is Arlen Huggins’ earliest experience
A.It’s effective. B.It’s unsuccessful.
C.It’s satisfying. D.It’s fruitful.
11.What is Katja Friedrich’s attitude towards cloud seeding
A.Favourable. B.Opposed.
C.Unclear. D.Doubtful.
12.What can be inferred from the text
A.Drought currently poses the only threat to forests and crops.
B.Rainmaking in any weather will come true in the near future.
C.Researchers now can not tell if rainfall is brought by cloud seeding.
D.Chemicals sent into the clouds will become less poisonous over time.
答案：
A
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了20世纪50年代美国心理学家所罗门·阿希对大学生做的从众实验的整个过程。
B 细节理解题。根据第四段第一句可知，参与者被要求说出A、B、C哪一条线与第一张卡片中的线的长度一样，即找出相同长度的两条线。
C 段落大意题。根据第五段内容可知，本段主要讲述了阿希设计该实验的目的。
A 词义猜测题。根据第六段第一句可知，三分之一的真实参与者至少有一半的时间给出了与实验的托相同的错误答案，这就说明托给参与者带去了压力。据此可以推断，四分之一给出正确答案的人抵挡住了托的压力。因此画线部分的意思与in spite of （不管，不顾）最为接近。for fear of 唯恐，以免（发生危险）；in response to 作为对……的回应；on account of 由于，因为。
C 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的others admitted that they knew that they had the correct answer， but conformed to the incorrect answer because they didn’t want to break from the majority可知，一些真正的参与者之所以回答错误是因为他们不愿意脱离大众，也就是说，他们受到了群体的影响。
B
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项对昆虫夜晚趋光的研究，研究发现昆虫被进化困住，无休止地围绕人工照明转，这启示我们可以改变人造光的方向，从而更好地保护昆虫。
C 词义猜测题。根据画线短语所在句下文可知，对于昆虫为何会在夜间聚集在灯光周围这一问题没有标准答案。据此可推知，画线短语所在句意为“昆虫为何会在夜间聚集在灯光周围，这一科学问题从未得到明确解释”，即画线短语与defined accurately意思相近。
B 细节理解题。根据第三段最后两句可知，飞蛾把背向路灯倾斜，这导致它们无休止地绕着灯转。由此可知，不正确的飞行姿态导致飞蛾无休止地绕着灯转。
A 推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知，这项研究结果的意义是告诉我们可以改变人造光的方向，使昆虫不被困住，从而更好地保护昆虫。
B 主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了一项对昆虫夜晚趋光的研究，研究发现昆虫被进化困住，无休止地围绕人工照明转，这启示我们可以改变人造光的方向，从而更好地保护昆虫。所以B项（为什么人造光和进化会困住昆虫）符合题意。
C
语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了干旱成为全球变暖环境下的一个严重问题，而“人工降雨”被认为是解决干旱问题的一种方法。然而，人工降雨的效果难以确定，并且存在环境问题和水资源分配问题。因此，虽然云雾处理可能会在一些条件下对缓解干旱有一定益处，但其实用性和可行性仍有待讨论。
D 细节理解题。根据第一段内容可知，人工降雨是为了应对干旱无雨的天气。
B 推理判断题。根据第二段中Arlen Huggins说的My earliest experience ...We didn’t have any luck with that可知， Arlen Huggins 最初是想用人工降雨的方法来减少美国科罗拉多州北部下冰雹的数量，遗憾的是运气不好，即失败了。
D 观点态度题。根据第三段最后一句可知， Katja Friedrich认为人工降雨的做法代价高且效果不确定，是有待商榷的，即他对人工降雨持怀疑态度。
C 推理判断题。根据第三段第一句可知，研究人员现在无法判断降雨是不是由云层播种带来的。
知识点拨：
单词 聚焦 A objective adj.客观的 participant n.参与者 remaining adj.剩余的 label v.标记
B insect n.昆虫navigate v.导航evolve v.进化circle v.转圈 decline n.减少factor n.因素
C drought n.干旱effectiveness n.效果environmental adj.环境的 chemical n.化学物质poisonous adj.有毒的
熟词 生义 A state （常用义） n.状态 （文章义） v.陈述
B current （常用义） n.电流（文章义） adj.现在的，最近的
C hit （常用义） v.打击（文章义） vt.袭击
词块 积累 A group influence 群体影响 pretend to be 假装是state out loud 大声说出来 in some cases 在某些情况下break from脱离
B gather around 聚集end up 最终light pollution 光污染 helpful lessons 有帮助的教训
C lead to 导致tend to 倾向于environmental issues 环境问题 apart from 除了
难句 解码 A Asch intended to see if the real participant would be pressured to answer incorrectly in the instances when the confederates did so， or whether their belief in their own perception and correctness would outweigh the social pressure provided by the responses of the other group members. 分析：这是一个复合句。if和whether引导的从句并列作see的宾语；when引导时间状语从句；过去分词短语provided by the responses of the other group members作后置定语。 译文：阿希想看看，在托回答错误的情况下，真实的参与者是否会受到压力而回答错误，或者他们对自己认知和正确性的信念是否会超过由其他组员的回答所提供的社会压力。
难句 解码 B According to Dr Sam Fabian， study co-author and Imperial College London entomologist， moths and many other insects that fly at night evolved to tilt （倾斜） their backs to wherever is brightest. 分析： 这是一个复合句。study co-author and Imperial College London entomologist是Dr Sam Fabian的同位语；关系代词that引导定语从句，修饰先行词moths and many other insects；wherever引导的从句作介词to的宾语。 译文：根据研究合著者、伦敦帝国学院昆虫学家Sam Fabian博士的说法，夜间飞行的蛾子和许多其他昆虫已经进化到将它们的背部倾向最亮的地方。
难句 解码 C Apart from that， some environmentalists are concerned about the long-term impacts， as there isn’t data on how much those chemicals accumulate in the environment over 10 years. 分析： 这是一个复合句。从属连词as引导原因状语从句；how much引导的从句作介词on的宾语。 译文：除此之外，一些环境学家担心长期影响，因为没有数据表明这些化学物质10年的时间在环境中会积累多少。
阅读理解（二）
A
When patients are discharged (出院) from the hospital， effective summaries from doctors’ notes are essential to capture their health status in the medical record.Whereas， most are filled with technical languages that are hard to understand and increase patients’ anxiety.
To address the problem， researchers from New York University （NYU） Langone Health have been testing the capabilities of generative artificial intelligence （AI）.It tries to develop likely options for the next word in any sentence based on how most people use words in context on the Internet.
NYU Langone Health received access to the latest tool from a famous tech company to explore generative AI.One of the studies by the researchers published in JAMA Network Open looked at how well the tool could convert （转换） the text in 50 patient discharge notes into patient-friendly language.Specifically， generative AI made the discharge notes drop from the 11th grade reading level on average to the 6th grade level.
Two physicians were asked to review the AI discharge summary based on the 6th grade level.The reviewing physicians awarded 54 percent of the AI-generated discharge notes the best-possible accuracy rating.They also found that 56 percent of notes created by AI were entirely complete.The result signified that even at the current performance level， providers of discharge notes would not have to make a single change in more than half of the AI summaries reviewed.
“That more than half of the AI reports generated are accurate and complete is an amazing start，” said Jonah Zaretsky， associate chief of medicine at NYU Langone Hospital — Brooklyn.“Even at the current level of performance， which we expect to improve shortly， the achievement of the AI tool suggests that it can be taught to recognize subtleties （微妙之处）.”
Within the following years， the team expects to launch a pilot program to provide lay language discharge summaries that have been generated by AI and reviewed by physicians to patients on a larger scale.
1.What is generative AI used for by the researchers
A.Submitting discharge summaries.
B.Accessing patients’ health status.
C.Making discharge notes clear to patients.
D.Offering technical languages to doctors.
2.What is generative AI’s function based on
A.Probable predicting.
B.Actual thinking.
C.Free imagining.
D.Strict instructing.
3.Why were the two physicians asked to review the AI discharge summaries
A.To correct their mistakes.
B.To measure their accuracy.
C.To compete with the AI tool.
D.To make up the missing parts.
4.How did Jonah Zaretsky find the performance of AI in dealing with discharge summaries
A.Misleading. B.Dismissive.
C.Challenging. D.Promising.
B
In 2023， the Nature Conservancy launched two 5-year pilot projects at working ranches （牧场） in Kansas and New Mexico to determine if virtual fences enable land managers to better perform regenerative management practices and to assess potential benefits for biodiversity and for ranchers’ bottom lines， as well as impacts on soil carbon storage.
Applauded by the US Department of Agriculture as a climate adaption strategy， virtual fencing is an innovative technology that enables ranchers to use a smartphone or web app to remotely monitor and control where and when cattle graze （吃草）.Virtual fences can reduce the need for physical fences， which require significant time， expense and labor to maintain.Physical fences also limit land managers in their ability to change grazing boundaries to adapt to seasonal changes in vegetation or to exclude cattle from ecologically sensitive areas.
The cows are outfitted with battery-operated， GPS-enabled collars that send out a radio frequency to communicate with reception towers， creating virtual grazing boundaries set by a rancher.When a cow approaches the edge of the virtual boundary， the collar produces a sound signaling it to turn around.If the cow proceeds to cross the boundary， it receives a momentary mild shock， signaling that it’s gone too far and should rejoin its group.
Grasslands are the least protected habitat on Earth and one of the most effective carbon sinks， storing up to 20% of the world’s soil organic carbon.Unfortunately， grasslands are continuing to rapidly disappear for several reasons.For ecological health， most grassland ecosystems need periods of disturbance to aerate （使透气） the soil， stimulate plant growth and recycle nutrients into the soil.Ranchers complete this disturbance-rest cycle by managing the timing， location， herd size and intensity of grazing activities， all of which can be time-consuming and painstaking.
“Currently， the costs of virtual fencing are still high， but in the long run it can help land managers better carry out management practices that regenerate land health， help address climate change and biodiversity loss，” said William Burnidge， director of the Nature Conservancy.
5.What’s stressed concerning virtual fencing in Paragraph 2
A.Its smart design.
B.Its major advantages.
C.Its wide application.
D.Its working principles.
6.What does the mild shock indicate to the cow
A.It’s time to return.
B.It’s time to graze.
C.It’s in danger.
D.It’s in a wrong direction.
7.What’s unavoidable for ranchers to complete the disturbance-rest cycle
A.Intense efforts.
B.Polluted soil.
C.Financial failure.
D.Ecological imbalance.
8.What’s Mr Burnidge’s attitude to virtual fencing
A.Intolerant. B.Objective.
C.Doubtful. D.Conservative.
C
There are many potential sources of clean energy out there： solar energy， wind energy， hydrogen-based energy， and more.One of the less-known sources of clean energy is wave energy.Now the energy is being put to use in an almost funny way， turning seawater into drinking water by Oneka， a Canadian start-up.
In general， there are two traditional kinds of desalination （脱盐） technology.In the first technology， seawater is heated till the water changes into steam， leaving the salt behind， and then the steam is cooled， turning into water， and made available for use.In the second one， seawater is pushed through a see-through thin material， separating the salt and the water， which consumes relatively less fuel compared with the first technology.Whichever technology is used， however， most desalination plants run on nonrenewable energy.
Desalination equipment is traditionally powered by fossil fuels， but the world has certainly reached a vital point where it’s necessary to move away from fossil fuel-powered desalination.This is where Oneka’s unique desalination technology comes in.Oneka uses floating desalination machines， attached to a kind of floating device which then absorbs energy from the ocean waves， and changes it into mechanical forces， to pump the water through the see-through thin material system.The fresh water is then pumped to land through the power of the waves.
The waste from conventional desalination plants contains high concentrations of salt which is discharged into the sea， creating a zone where sea life dies off.Oneka’s technology steers clear of this， because the water that streams back into the ocean only has a 30 percent increase in the salt concentration， and is quickly spread by the waves.
This innovative technology shows us that sometimes the solutions to complicated problems don’t have to be complicated at all.Sometimes all you need are the ocean waves.
9.Which can best describe the first technology in Paragraph 2
A.It is labor-intensive.
B.It is energy-hungry.
C.It separates salt via cooling.
D.It outperforms the second one.
10.What can we learn about Oneka’s technology
A.It’s slightly complicated.
B.It leaves little salt behind.
C.It reshapes fresh water storage.
D.It’s mechanically driven.
11.What does the underlined phrase “steers clear of” in Paragraph 4 probably mean
A.Relieves. B.Facilitates.
C.Envelops. D.Achieves.
12.Which can be a suitable title for the text
A.Eco-driven Desalination Machines
B.Ocean Waves： The New Energy Solution
C.Wave-powered Green Desalination
D.Desalination： The Future of Fresh Water
答案：
A
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。针对在病人出院时医生的病情摘要因其难以理解的技术语言可能会增加患者焦虑的情况，纽约大学朗格尼健康中心的研究人员一直在测试生成式人工智能的能力，该工具可以将患者出院记录中的文本转换为对患者友好的语言，从而减少患者的焦虑。
C 细节理解题。根据第一段内容以及第三段最后一句可知，出院时医生给出的病人的出院记录因其难懂晦涩的专业术语可能会大大增加病人的焦虑，生成式人工智能可以降低出院记录的阅读水平，能够让病人清楚地知道出院记录的情况。
A 细节理解题。根据第二段第二句可知，生成式人工智能试图根据大多数人在互联网上下文中使用单词的方式，为任何句子中的下一个单词开发可能的选项，所以它的功能是基于可能的预测。
B 推理判断题。根据第三、四段内容可知，生成式人工智能使出院记录的平均阅读水平从11级下降到6级，而检验结果表明即使在6级的水平下，出院记录提供者也不必对超过一半的人工智能摘要进行任何更改。据此可以推断，两名医生被要求根据六级水平审查人工智能出院摘要是为了检查其准确性。
D 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段内容可知，Jonah Zaretsky认为超过一半的人工智能报告是准确和完整的，而且人工智能工具的准确性还会提高，它也可以学会识别细微之处。据此可以推断，Jonah Zaretsky认为人工智能在处理出院摘要方面的表现是大有前途的。
B
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了在2023年，美国自然保护协会在堪萨斯州和新墨西哥州的工作牧场推出了两个为期5年的虚拟围栏试点项目，随后说明了虚拟牧场的工作原理以及其对牧场和管理的好处，最后又展望了该项目的前景。
B 推理判断题。根据第二段内容可知，本段主要强调了虚拟围栏对气候和管理都有好处。
A 细节理解题。 根据第三段最后一句可知，牛受到轻微电击的时候，就表明它应该返回了。
A 细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句可知，要完成这个周期需要大量努力。
B 观点态度题。在文章最后一段，Mr Burnidge既提到了虚拟牧场的优点，又提到了它费用高昂的缺点。由此可知，他对该项目的态度是客观的。
C
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了加拿大创业公司Oneka利用海浪能源进行海水淡化的技术。
B 细节理解题。根据第二段第二句可知，第一种技术需要消耗大量的能源。
D 推理判断题。根据第三段倒数第二句可知，Oneka的技术靠“机械驱动”。
A 词义猜测题。根据第四段第一句可知，来自传统脱盐厂的废物含有高浓度的盐，这些盐被排放到海洋中，形成一个海洋生物相继死去的区域。结合画线词下文可知，Oneka的技术缓解了这个问题。因此画线词的意思是“缓解”。
C 标题归纳题。根据全文内容尤其是第三段可知，文章主要讲述了Oneka利用海浪能源进行海水淡化的技术。因此C项为文章最佳标题。
知识点拨：
单词 聚焦 A summary n.总结 essential adj.必要的 capture v.捕获 option n.选项 access n.访问
B applaud v.赞扬strategy n.策略boundary n.边界habitat n.栖息地 carbon n.碳ecosystem n.生态系统practice n.做法
C potential adj.潜在的fuel n.燃料equipment n.设备innovative adj.创新的 complicated adj.复杂的
熟词 生义 A test （常用义） n.测试 （文章义） vt.检验 launch （常用义） vt.发射 （文章义） vt.开展
B sink （常用义） v.沉入（文章义） n.储存库
C run （常用义） v.跑 （文章义） v.运行 pump （常用义） n.泵 （文章义） v.抽水
词块 积累 A increase patients’ anxiety 增加病人的焦虑 address the problem 解决问题 develop likely options 开发可能的选项 be based on 基于 in context 在语境中
B enable sb to do sth 使某人能够做某事as well as 以及 adapt to 适应 send out 发出communicate with 与……沟通 turn around 转身
C turn into 变成 in general 通常 push through 推动 （be） attached to 附在 solutions to 解决方案
难句 解码 A Within the following years， the team expects to launch a pilot program to provide lay language discharge summaries that have been generated by AI and reviewed by physicians to patients on a larger scale. 分析： 这是一个复合句。主句为the team expects to launch a pilot program；动词不定式短语to provide lay language discharge summaries作目的状语；关系代词that引导定语从句，修饰先行词summaries。 译文：在接下来的几年里，团队预计启动一个试点项目，为大范围的患者提供由人工智能生成并由医生审核的通俗语言出院总结。
难句 解码 B Currently， the costs of virtual fencing are still high， but in the long run it can help land managers better carry out management practices that regenerate land health， help address climate change and biodiversity loss. 分析： 这是一个由but连接的并列句。在第二个分句中含有一个由关系代词that引导的定语从句。 译文：目前，虚拟围栏的成本仍然很高，但从长远来看，它可以帮助土地管理者更好地实施恢复土地健康的管理实践，有助于应对气候变化和生物多样性丧失。
难句 解码 C The waste from conventional desalination plants contains high concentrations of salt which is discharged into the sea， creating a zone where sea life dies off. 分析： 这是一个复合句。关系代词which引导定语从句，修饰先行词salt；关系副词where 引导定语从句，修饰先行词 a zone；动词-ing短语creating a zone where sea life dies off作结果状语。 译文：来自传统脱盐厂的废物含有高浓度的盐，这些盐被排放到海中，形成一个海洋生物相继死去的区域。
阅读理解（一）
A
The Asch Conformity (从众) Experiments, conducted by psychologist Solomon Asch in the 1950s, demonstrated the power of conformity in groups and showed that even simple objective facts cannot resist the pressure of group influence.
In the experiments, groups of university students were asked to participate in a perception test.In reality, all but one of the participants were “confederates”, cooperators with the experimenter who only pretended to be participants.The study was about how the remaining student would react to the behavior of the other “participants”.
The participants of the experiments were presented with a card with a simple vertical (垂直的) black line on it.Then, they were given a second card with three lines of varying length labeled A,B, and C.One line on the second card was the same length as that on the first， and the other two lines were obviously longer and shorter.
Participants were asked to state out loud in front of each other which line, A, B, or C, matched the length of the line on the first card.In each experimental case, the confederates answered first, and the real participant was seated so that he would answer last.In some cases, the confederates answered correctly, while in others, they answered incorrectly.
Asch intended to see if the real participant would be pressured to answer incorrectly in the instances when the confederates did so, or whether their belief in their own perception and correctness would outweigh the social pressure provided by the responses of the other group members.
Asch found that one-third of real participants gave the same wrong answers as the confederates at least half the time.Forty percent gave some wrong answers, and only one-fourth gave correct answers in defiance of the pressure to conform to the wrong answers provided by the group.
In interviews following the trials, Asch found that for those who answered incorrectly, in conformance with the group, some believed that the answers given by the confederates were correct, some thought that they were suffering a lapse (失误) in perception when they originally had the answer different from the group, and others admitted that they knew that they had the correct answer, but conformed to the incorrect answer because they didn’t want to break from the majority.
1.What are the participants asked to do in the experiments
A.Label the cards with different letters.
B.Pick out two lines of the same length.
C.State the reason for matching the cards.
D.Identify the longest vertical black line.
2.What’s Paragraph 5 mainly about
A.The result of the experiments.
B.The design of the experiments.
C.The purpose of the experiments.
D.The procedure of the experiments.
3.What does the underlined part “in defiance of” in Paragraph 6 mean
A.In spite of. B.For fear of.
C.In response to. D.On account of.
4.Why did the real participants give a wrong answer？（ ）
A.They misunderstood the question.
B.They believed their own judgment.
C.They failed to resist group influence.
D.They wanted to be different from others.
B
The science of why insects gather around lights at night has never been nailed down.Popular theories propose that moths and other insects navigate by the moon and mistake lamps for moonlight, or that the insects fly towards light to escape coming danger.Now researchers believe they have a more convincing answer: contrary to current theories, insects are not attracted to light from far away, but become trapped if they fly close to an artificial light source.
According to Dr Sam Fabian, study co-author and Imperial College London entomologist, moths and many other insects that fly at night evolved to tilt （倾斜） their backs to whatever direction is brightest.For hundreds of millions of years, this light source was in the sky rather than on the ground.The trick told insects which way was up and ensured they flew level.But then came artificial lighting.Moths found themselves tilting their backs to street lamps.This caused them to circle around the lamps endlessly, the insects trapped by their evolution.
Fabian and his colleagues filmed insect flight paths around lights in the lab.The videos reveal that time and again, moths and dragonflies turned their backs to artificial lights, which appeared to greatly change their flight paths.If the light is above them, they might start orbiting it, but if it’s behind them, they start tilting backwards and end up flying in circles or diving towards the ground.
Researchers have long warned that light pollution is a big driving force in the dramatic decline in insect populations.Moths and other insects that become trapped around lamps become easily caught by bats.The artificial lighting can also fool them into thinking it is daytime, causing them to bed down and skip a night’s feeding.
There are, Fabian believes, helpful lessons from the research.“What this tells us is that the direction of artificial lights matters.Could we change lighting environments to not trap insects For we’re facing a massive decline in insects around the world, and artificial lighting at night is one of the factors that could potentially be leading to this decline,” Fabian said.
5.What does the underlined phrase “nailed down” in Paragraph 1 mean
A.Popularized widely.
B.Discussed openly.
C.Defined accurately.
D.Explored academically.
6.Fabian’s study found that moths circle around the lamps endlessly because .
A.they can’t keep their balance
B.they use improper flight attitude
C.they lose track of which way is up
D.they are attracted to lights from far away
7.What is the significance of the research finding
A.It may lead to better conservation of insects.
B.Natural enemies of insects will be got rid of.
C.Artificial lighting will be greatly reduced at night.
D.It may raise concerns for insects’ eating behavior.
8.What is the text mainly about
A.Why insects lose their ability to fly at night.
B.Why artificial light and evolution trap insects.
C.How artificial light impacts insect populations.
D.How insects evolved distinct strategies of flight.
C
Drought is an increasing problem in our warming world.All continents have been experiencing more extended periods without rain, leading to forest fires and poor crop growth.Consequently, people are looking at cloud seeding to solve the problem — a method of encouraging precipitation (降水) by sending small particles of certain chemicals into clouds.
Cloud seeding expert Arlen Huggins has been studying its effectiveness.“My earliest experience was to use cloud seeding to reduce the amount of hail (冰雹) in northeast Colorado.We didn’t have any luck with that, but we had success later on in increasing snowfall in Utah.Now, the focus is shifting towards increasing rainfall from summer clouds, which is far more unpredictable,” he said.
The problem is that it’s pretty hard to know whether precipitation resulted directly from cloud seeding.It might have rained or snowed anyway.Even if you practice cloud seeding in one place and don’t in another, it’s impossible to know for sure what caused the precipitation.“As cloud seeding is expensive and its effectiveness uncertain, its usefulness is still a matter of opinion,” says Katja Friedrich, a researcher of University of Colorado.
Additionally, it’s not during foggy and snowy conditions that people think of increasing the chance of rainfall.When a country is hit by drought, then cloud seeding isn’t an option due to the lack of clouds.During drought, skies tend to be clear with few clouds.The best option to prevent drought is to seed at times of the year when rainfall levels are normal or higher.
There are also environmental issues regarding the impact of cloud seeding.At high levels， the chemicals sent into the clouds can harm humans and other animals, and some studies have found them slightly poisonous.Apart from that, some environmentalists are concerned about the long-term impacts, as there isn’t data on how much those chemicals accumulate in the environment over 10 years.
9.What is the purpose of cloud seeding
A.To increase grain output.
B.To slow down global warming.
C.To reduce chemicals in the air.
D.To deal with dry and rain-free weather.
10.How is Arlen Huggins’ earliest experience
A.It’s effective. B.It’s unsuccessful.
C.It’s satisfying. D.It’s fruitful.
11.What is Katja Friedrich’s attitude towards cloud seeding
A.Favourable. B.Opposed.
C.Unclear. D.Doubtful.
12.What can be inferred from the text
A.Drought currently poses the only threat to forests and crops.
B.Rainmaking in any weather will come true in the near future.
C.Researchers now can not tell if rainfall is brought by cloud seeding.
D.Chemicals sent into the clouds will become less poisonous over time.
答案：
A
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了20世纪50年代美国心理学家所罗门·阿希对大学生做的从众实验的整个过程。
B 细节理解题。根据第四段第一句可知，参与者被要求说出A、B、C哪一条线与第一张卡片中的线的长度一样，即找出相同长度的两条线。
C 段落大意题。根据第五段内容可知，本段主要讲述了阿希设计该实验的目的。
A 词义猜测题。根据第六段第一句可知，三分之一的真实参与者至少有一半的时间给出了与实验的托相同的错误答案，这就说明托给参与者带去了压力。据此可以推断，四分之一给出正确答案的人抵挡住了托的压力。因此画线部分的意思与in spite of （不管，不顾）最为接近。for fear of 唯恐，以免（发生危险）；in response to 作为对……的回应；on account of 由于，因为。
C 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的others admitted that they knew that they had the correct answer， but conformed to the incorrect answer because they didn’t want to break from the majority可知，一些真正的参与者之所以回答错误是因为他们不愿意脱离大众，也就是说，他们受到了群体的影响。
B
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项对昆虫夜晚趋光的研究，研究发现昆虫被进化困住，无休止地围绕人工照明转，这启示我们可以改变人造光的方向，从而更好地保护昆虫。
C 词义猜测题。根据画线短语所在句下文可知，对于昆虫为何会在夜间聚集在灯光周围这一问题没有标准答案。据此可推知，画线短语所在句意为“昆虫为何会在夜间聚集在灯光周围，这一科学问题从未得到明确解释”，即画线短语与defined accurately意思相近。
B 细节理解题。根据第三段最后两句可知，飞蛾把背向路灯倾斜，这导致它们无休止地绕着灯转。由此可知，不正确的飞行姿态导致飞蛾无休止地绕着灯转。
A 推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知，这项研究结果的意义是告诉我们可以改变人造光的方向，使昆虫不被困住，从而更好地保护昆虫。
B 主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了一项对昆虫夜晚趋光的研究，研究发现昆虫被进化困住，无休止地围绕人工照明转，这启示我们可以改变人造光的方向，从而更好地保护昆虫。所以B项（为什么人造光和进化会困住昆虫）符合题意。
C
语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了干旱成为全球变暖环境下的一个严重问题，而“人工降雨”被认为是解决干旱问题的一种方法。然而，人工降雨的效果难以确定，并且存在环境问题和水资源分配问题。因此，虽然云雾处理可能会在一些条件下对缓解干旱有一定益处，但其实用性和可行性仍有待讨论。
D 细节理解题。根据第一段内容可知，人工降雨是为了应对干旱无雨的天气。
B 推理判断题。根据第二段中Arlen Huggins说的My earliest experience ...We didn’t have any luck with that可知， Arlen Huggins 最初是想用人工降雨的方法来减少美国科罗拉多州北部下冰雹的数量，遗憾的是运气不好，即失败了。
D 观点态度题。根据第三段最后一句可知， Katja Friedrich认为人工降雨的做法代价高且效果不确定，是有待商榷的，即他对人工降雨持怀疑态度。
C 推理判断题。根据第三段第一句可知，研究人员现在无法判断降雨是不是由云层播种带来的。
知识点拨：
单词 聚焦 A objective adj.客观的 participant n.参与者 remaining adj.剩余的 label v.标记
B insect n.昆虫navigate v.导航evolve v.进化circle v.转圈 decline n.减少factor n.因素
C drought n.干旱effectiveness n.效果environmental adj.环境的 chemical n.化学物质poisonous adj.有毒的
熟词 生义 A state （常用义） n.状态 （文章义） v.陈述
B current （常用义） n.电流（文章义） adj.现在的，最近的
C hit （常用义） v.打击（文章义） vt.袭击
词块 积累 A group influence 群体影响 pretend to be 假装是state out loud 大声说出来 in some cases 在某些情况下break from脱离
B gather around 聚集end up 最终light pollution 光污染 helpful lessons 有帮助的教训
C lead to 导致tend to 倾向于environmental issues 环境问题 apart from 除了
难句 解码 A Asch intended to see if the real participant would be pressured to answer incorrectly in the instances when the confederates did so， or whether their belief in their own perception and correctness would outweigh the social pressure provided by the responses of the other group members. 分析：这是一个复合句。if和whether引导的从句并列作see的宾语；when引导时间状语从句；过去分词短语provided by the responses of the other group members作后置定语。 译文：阿希想看看，在托回答错误的情况下，真实的参与者是否会受到压力而回答错误，或者他们对自己认知和正确性的信念是否会超过由其他组员的回答所提供的社会压力。
难句 解码 B According to Dr Sam Fabian， study co-author and Imperial College London entomologist， moths and many other insects that fly at night evolved to tilt （倾斜） their backs to wherever is brightest. 分析： 这是一个复合句。study co-author and Imperial College London entomologist是Dr Sam Fabian的同位语；关系代词that引导定语从句，修饰先行词moths and many other insects；wherever引导的从句作介词to的宾语。 译文：根据研究合著者、伦敦帝国学院昆虫学家Sam Fabian博士的说法，夜间飞行的蛾子和许多其他昆虫已经进化到将它们的背部倾向最亮的地方。
难句 解码 C Apart from that， some environmentalists are concerned about the long-term impacts， as there isn’t data on how much those chemicals accumulate in the environment over 10 years. 分析： 这是一个复合句。从属连词as引导原因状语从句；how much引导的从句作介词on的宾语。 译文：除此之外，一些环境学家担心长期影响，因为没有数据表明这些化学物质10年的时间在环境中会积累多少。
阅读理解（二）
A
When patients are discharged (出院) from the hospital， effective summaries from doctors’ notes are essential to capture their health status in the medical record.Whereas， most are filled with technical languages that are hard to understand and increase patients’ anxiety.
To address the problem， researchers from New York University （NYU） Langone Health have been testing the capabilities of generative artificial intelligence （AI）.It tries to develop likely options for the next word in any sentence based on how most people use words in context on the Internet.
NYU Langone Health received access to the latest tool from a famous tech company to explore generative AI.One of the studies by the researchers published in JAMA Network Open looked at how well the tool could convert （转换） the text in 50 patient discharge notes into patient-friendly language.Specifically， generative AI made the discharge notes drop from the 11th grade reading level on average to the 6th grade level.
Two physicians were asked to review the AI discharge summary based on the 6th grade level.The reviewing physicians awarded 54 percent of the AI-generated discharge notes the best-possible accuracy rating.They also found that 56 percent of notes created by AI were entirely complete.The result signified that even at the current performance level， providers of discharge notes would not have to make a single change in more than half of the AI summaries reviewed.
“That more than half of the AI reports generated are accurate and complete is an amazing start，” said Jonah Zaretsky， associate chief of medicine at NYU Langone Hospital — Brooklyn.“Even at the current level of performance， which we expect to improve shortly， the achievement of the AI tool suggests that it can be taught to recognize subtleties （微妙之处）.”
Within the following years， the team expects to launch a pilot program to provide lay language discharge summaries that have been generated by AI and reviewed by physicians to patients on a larger scale.
1.What is generative AI used for by the researchers
A.Submitting discharge summaries.
B.Accessing patients’ health status.
C.Making discharge notes clear to patients.
D.Offering technical languages to doctors.
2.What is generative AI’s function based on
A.Probable predicting.
B.Actual thinking.
C.Free imagining.
D.Strict instructing.
3.Why were the two physicians asked to review the AI discharge summaries
A.To correct their mistakes.
B.To measure their accuracy.
C.To compete with the AI tool.
D.To make up the missing parts.
4.How did Jonah Zaretsky find the performance of AI in dealing with discharge summaries
A.Misleading. B.Dismissive.
C.Challenging. D.Promising.
B
In 2023， the Nature Conservancy launched two 5-year pilot projects at working ranches （牧场） in Kansas and New Mexico to determine if virtual fences enable land managers to better perform regenerative management practices and to assess potential benefits for biodiversity and for ranchers’ bottom lines， as well as impacts on soil carbon storage.
Applauded by the US Department of Agriculture as a climate adaption strategy， virtual fencing is an innovative technology that enables ranchers to use a smartphone or web app to remotely monitor and control where and when cattle graze （吃草）.Virtual fences can reduce the need for physical fences， which require significant time， expense and labor to maintain.Physical fences also limit land managers in their ability to change grazing boundaries to adapt to seasonal changes in vegetation or to exclude cattle from ecologically sensitive areas.
The cows are outfitted with battery-operated， GPS-enabled collars that send out a radio frequency to communicate with reception towers， creating virtual grazing boundaries set by a rancher.When a cow approaches the edge of the virtual boundary， the collar produces a sound signaling it to turn around.If the cow proceeds to cross the boundary， it receives a momentary mild shock， signaling that it’s gone too far and should rejoin its group.
Grasslands are the least protected habitat on Earth and one of the most effective carbon sinks， storing up to 20% of the world’s soil organic carbon.Unfortunately， grasslands are continuing to rapidly disappear for several reasons.For ecological health， most grassland ecosystems need periods of disturbance to aerate （使透气） the soil， stimulate plant growth and recycle nutrients into the soil.Ranchers complete this disturbance-rest cycle by managing the timing， location， herd size and intensity of grazing activities， all of which can be time-consuming and painstaking.
“Currently， the costs of virtual fencing are still high， but in the long run it can help land managers better carry out management practices that regenerate land health， help address climate change and biodiversity loss，” said William Burnidge， director of the Nature Conservancy.
5.What’s stressed concerning virtual fencing in Paragraph 2
A.Its smart design.
B.Its major advantages.
C.Its wide application.
D.Its working principles.
6.What does the mild shock indicate to the cow
A.It’s time to return.
B.It’s time to graze.
C.It’s in danger.
D.It’s in a wrong direction.
7.What’s unavoidable for ranchers to complete the disturbance-rest cycle
A.Intense efforts.
B.Polluted soil.
C.Financial failure.
D.Ecological imbalance.
8.What’s Mr Burnidge’s attitude to virtual fencing
A.Intolerant. B.Objective.
C.Doubtful. D.Conservative.
C
There are many potential sources of clean energy out there： solar energy， wind energy， hydrogen-based energy， and more.One of the less-known sources of clean energy is wave energy.Now the energy is being put to use in an almost funny way， turning seawater into drinking water by Oneka， a Canadian start-up.
In general， there are two traditional kinds of desalination （脱盐） technology.In the first technology， seawater is heated till the water changes into steam， leaving the salt behind， and then the steam is cooled， turning into water， and made available for use.In the second one， seawater is pushed through a see-through thin material， separating the salt and the water， which consumes relatively less fuel compared with the first technology.Whichever technology is used， however， most desalination plants run on nonrenewable energy.
Desalination equipment is traditionally powered by fossil fuels， but the world has certainly reached a vital point where it’s necessary to move away from fossil fuel-powered desalination.This is where Oneka’s unique desalination technology comes in.Oneka uses floating desalination machines， attached to a kind of floating device which then absorbs energy from the ocean waves， and changes it into mechanical forces， to pump the water through the see-through thin material system.The fresh water is then pumped to land through the power of the waves.
The waste from conventional desalination plants contains high concentrations of salt which is discharged into the sea， creating a zone where sea life dies off.Oneka’s technology steers clear of this， because the water that streams back into the ocean only has a 30 percent increase in the salt concentration， and is quickly spread by the waves.
This innovative technology shows us that sometimes the solutions to complicated problems don’t have to be complicated at all.Sometimes all you need are the ocean waves.
9.Which can best describe the first technology in Paragraph 2
A.It is labor-intensive.
B.It is energy-hungry.
C.It separates salt via cooling.
D.It outperforms the second one.
10.What can we learn about Oneka’s technology
A.It’s slightly complicated.
B.It leaves little salt behind.
C.It reshapes fresh water storage.
D.It’s mechanically driven.
11.What does the underlined phrase “steers clear of” in Paragraph 4 probably mean
A.Relieves. B.Facilitates.
C.Envelops. D.Achieves.
12.Which can be a suitable title for the text
A.Eco-driven Desalination Machines
B.Ocean Waves： The New Energy Solution
C.Wave-powered Green Desalination
D.Desalination： The Future of Fresh Water
答案：
A
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。针对在病人出院时医生的病情摘要因其难以理解的技术语言可能会增加患者焦虑的情况，纽约大学朗格尼健康中心的研究人员一直在测试生成式人工智能的能力，该工具可以将患者出院记录中的文本转换为对患者友好的语言，从而减少患者的焦虑。
C 细节理解题。根据第一段内容以及第三段最后一句可知，出院时医生给出的病人的出院记录因其难懂晦涩的专业术语可能会大大增加病人的焦虑，生成式人工智能可以降低出院记录的阅读水平，能够让病人清楚地知道出院记录的情况。
A 细节理解题。根据第二段第二句可知，生成式人工智能试图根据大多数人在互联网上下文中使用单词的方式，为任何句子中的下一个单词开发可能的选项，所以它的功能是基于可能的预测。
B 推理判断题。根据第三、四段内容可知，生成式人工智能使出院记录的平均阅读水平从11级下降到6级，而检验结果表明即使在6级的水平下，出院记录提供者也不必对超过一半的人工智能摘要进行任何更改。据此可以推断，两名医生被要求根据六级水平审查人工智能出院摘要是为了检查其准确性。
D 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段内容可知，Jonah Zaretsky认为超过一半的人工智能报告是准确和完整的，而且人工智能工具的准确性还会提高，它也可以学会识别细微之处。据此可以推断，Jonah Zaretsky认为人工智能在处理出院摘要方面的表现是大有前途的。
B
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了在2023年，美国自然保护协会在堪萨斯州和新墨西哥州的工作牧场推出了两个为期5年的虚拟围栏试点项目，随后说明了虚拟牧场的工作原理以及其对牧场和管理的好处，最后又展望了该项目的前景。
B 推理判断题。根据第二段内容可知，本段主要强调了虚拟围栏对气候和管理都有好处。
A 细节理解题。 根据第三段最后一句可知，牛受到轻微电击的时候，就表明它应该返回了。
A 细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句可知，要完成这个周期需要大量努力。
B 观点态度题。在文章最后一段，Mr Burnidge既提到了虚拟牧场的优点，又提到了它费用高昂的缺点。由此可知，他对该项目的态度是客观的。
C
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了加拿大创业公司Oneka利用海浪能源进行海水淡化的技术。
B 细节理解题。根据第二段第二句可知，第一种技术需要消耗大量的能源。
D 推理判断题。根据第三段倒数第二句可知，Oneka的技术靠“机械驱动”。
A 词义猜测题。根据第四段第一句可知，来自传统脱盐厂的废物含有高浓度的盐，这些盐被排放到海洋中，形成一个海洋生物相继死去的区域。结合画线词下文可知，Oneka的技术缓解了这个问题。因此画线词的意思是“缓解”。
C 标题归纳题。根据全文内容尤其是第三段可知，文章主要讲述了Oneka利用海浪能源进行海水淡化的技术。因此C项为文章最佳标题。
知识点拨：
单词 聚焦 A summary n.总结 essential adj.必要的 capture v.捕获 option n.选项 access n.访问
B applaud v.赞扬strategy n.策略boundary n.边界habitat n.栖息地 carbon n.碳ecosystem n.生态系统practice n.做法
C potential adj.潜在的fuel n.燃料equipment n.设备innovative adj.创新的 complicated adj.复杂的
熟词 生义 A test （常用义） n.测试 （文章义） vt.检验 launch （常用义） vt.发射 （文章义） vt.开展
B sink （常用义） v.沉入（文章义） n.储存库
C run （常用义） v.跑 （文章义） v.运行 pump （常用义） n.泵 （文章义） v.抽水
词块 积累 A increase patients’ anxiety 增加病人的焦虑 address the problem 解决问题 develop likely options 开发可能的选项 be based on 基于 in context 在语境中
B enable sb to do sth 使某人能够做某事as well as 以及 adapt to 适应 send out 发出communicate with 与……沟通 turn around 转身
C turn into 变成 in general 通常 push through 推动 （be） attached to 附在 solutions to 解决方案
难句 解码 A Within the following years， the team expects to launch a pilot program to provide lay language discharge summaries that have been generated by AI and reviewed by physicians to patients on a larger scale. 分析： 这是一个复合句。主句为the team expects to launch a pilot program；动词不定式短语to provide lay language discharge summaries作目的状语；关系代词that引导定语从句，修饰先行词summaries。 译文：在接下来的几年里，团队预计启动一个试点项目，为大范围的患者提供由人工智能生成并由医生审核的通俗语言出院总结。
难句 解码 B Currently， the costs of virtual fencing are still high， but in the long run it can help land managers better carry out management practices that regenerate land health， help address climate change and biodiversity loss. 分析： 这是一个由but连接的并列句。在第二个分句中含有一个由关系代词that引导的定语从句。 译文：目前，虚拟围栏的成本仍然很高，但从长远来看，它可以帮助土地管理者更好地实施恢复土地健康的管理实践，有助于应对气候变化和生物多样性丧失。
难句 解码 C The waste from conventional desalination plants contains high concentrations of salt which is discharged into the sea， creating a zone where sea life dies off. 分析： 这是一个复合句。关系代词which引导定语从句，修饰先行词salt；关系副词where 引导定语从句，修饰先行词 a zone；动词-ing短语creating a zone where sea life dies off作结果状语。 译文：来自传统脱盐厂的废物含有高浓度的盐，这些盐被排放到海中，形成一个海洋生物相继死去的区域。