非谓语动词全解析
一、非谓语动词的定义
非谓语动词是指在句子中不能单独作谓语的动词形式。它不受主语的人称和数的限制,但仍保留动词的某些特征,如可以有自己的宾语、状语等。在英语中,非谓语动词主要包括动词不定式(to do)、动名词(doing)和分词(现在分词 doing 和过去分词 done)这三种形式。非谓语动词在句子中能承担多种语法功能,使句子的表达更加丰富多样。
二、非谓语动词的分类及形式
(一)动词不定式
由 “to + 动词原形” 构成,有时 “to” 可以省略。
例如:to go(去)、to see(看见)、(不带 to 的不定式)
let him go(让他走) 。
(二)动名词
由 “动词原形 + ing” 构成,形式上与现在分词相同。
如:going(去)、seeing(看见)。
(三)分词
现在分词:“动词原形 + ing”,强调主动或正在进行的动作。
像 running(跑,表主动且正在进行) 。
过去分词:规则动词由 “动词原形 + ed” 构成,不规则动词有其特定的变化形式。过去分词通常表示被动或完成的动作,
例如:played(玩,表被动或完成)、broken(打破,不规则变化,表被动或完成)。
三、非谓语动词的语法功能
(一)作主语
动词不定式作主语:常表示具体的、一次性的动作。
例如:“To learn a foreign language is difficult.(学一门外语很难。)”,此时也可用形式主语 it,将真正的主语动词不定式后置,即 “It is difficult to learn a foreign language.”。
动名词作主语:多表示抽象的、一般性的行为。
如:“Swimming is my favorite sport.(游泳是我最喜欢的运动。)” 。
(二)作宾语
动词不定式作宾语:有些动词后常接动词不定式作宾语,如 want(想要)、hope(希望)、decide(决定)等。
例如:“I want to buy a new book.(我想买一本新书。)” 。
动名词作宾语:部分动词后只能接动名词作宾语,像 enjoy(喜欢)、finish(完成)、mind(介意)等。
例如:“She enjoys reading novels.(她喜欢读小说。)” 。
还有些动词既可以接动词不定式,也可以接动名词作宾语,但意义有所不同,
例如 remember to do sth.(记得去做某事,事情未做) ,remember doing sth.(记得做过某事,事情已做) 。
(三)作表语
动词不定式作表语:说明主语的具体内容或目的。
例如:“My dream is to become a doctor.(我的梦想是成为一名医生。)” 。
动名词作表语:表示主语的内容、性质或特征,与主语通常是对等的关系。
例如:“Her hobby is painting.(她的爱好是绘画。)” 。
分词作表语:现在分词作表语,多表示主语具有的特征,意为 “令人…… 的”,
如 “The story is interesting.(这个故事很有趣。)”;过去分词作表语,常表示主语所处的状态,意为 “感到…… 的”,
如 “I am interested in the story.(我对这个故事感兴趣。)” 。
(四)作定语
动词不定式作定语:通常放在被修饰的名词之后,与被修饰词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系或主谓关系。
例如:“I have a lot of homework to do.(我有很多作业要做。)”(动宾关系);“The boy to come is my brother.(要来的那个男孩是我弟弟。)”(主谓关系) 。
动名词作定语:表示被修饰词的用途或功能,放在被修饰词之前。
如:“a swimming pool(游泳池)” 。
分词作定语:现在分词作定语,与被修饰词之间是主动关系,且表示正在进行的动作,
如 “the running boy(正在跑步的男孩)”;过去分词作定语,与被修饰词之间是被动关系,且表示完成的动作,如 “the broken window(破了的窗户)” 。
(五)作状语
动词不定式作状语:可表示目的、结果、原因等。
例如:“To get good grades, he studies hard.(为了取得好成绩,他努力学习。)”(目的状语);“He is too young to go to school.(他太小了,不能去上学。)”(结果状语);“I'm sorry to hear that.(听到那个我很难过。)”(原因状语) 。
分词作状语:现在分词作状语,其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致,且表示主动和进行的动作,
如 “Walking in the park, I saw a beautiful flower.(我在公园散步时,看到了一朵美丽的花。)”;过去分词作状语,逻辑主语也与句子主语一致,表示被动和完成的动作,如 “Given more time, I could have done it better.(如果给我更多时间,我本可以做得更好。)” 。
四、非谓语动词使用的注意事项
(一)分词的独立主格结构
当分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时,需要在分词前加上自己的逻辑主语,构成 “名词 / 代词 + 分词” 的结构,这就是分词的独立主格结构。
例如:“The weather being fine, we went out for a picnic.(天气很好,我们出去野餐了。)” 。
(二)动名词和现在分词的区别
虽然形式相同,但语法功能有差异。动名词主要起名词作用,在句中作主语、宾语、表语等;现在分词主要起形容词和副词作用,在句中作定语、状语、表语等。
例如:“Reading books is a good habit.(读书是个好习惯。)”(动名词作主语);“The reading boy is my classmate.(正在读书的男孩是我的同学。)”(现在分词作定语) 。
(三)不带 to 的动词不定式
在一些使役动词(如 let、make、have)和感官动词(如 see、hear、watch 等)后,作宾语补足语的动词不定式要省略 to,但在被动语态中,to 要还原。例如:“I saw him play football.(我看见他踢足球。)” 变为被动语态是 “He was seen to play football.” 。
五、练习巩固
(一)用所给动词的适当形式填空
I enjoy ______ (listen) to music.
She decided ______ (go) shopping with her mother.
The ______ (break) glass was thrown away.
______ (get) up early is good for your health.
He asked me ______ (help) him with his homework.
The boy ______ (stand) there is my brother.
I remember ______ (lock) the door, but it's open now.
______ (give) more time, I can finish the work on time.
We heard her ______ (sing) in the next room just now.
The book ______ (write) by him is very popular.
(二)单项选择题
______ is bad for your eyes.
A. Read in bed B. Reading in bed
C. To read in bed D. Reads in bed
My mother asked me ______ the room.
A. clean B. to clean C. cleaning D. cleaned
The news made us ______.
A. exciting B. to excite C. excited D. excite
I like the movie ______ by Zhang Yimou.
A. direct B. directing C. directed D. to direct
______ more English words, he reads English magazines every day.
A. Remember B. Remembering
C. To remember D. Remembers
The ______ child was found in the street.
A. lose B. losing C. lost D. to lose
Do you mind my ______ here
A. smoke B. to smoke C. smoking D. smoked
The students stopped ______ when the teacher came in.
A. talk B. to talk C. talking D. talked
The old man needs ______ after.
A. looking B. to look C. looked D. look
______ from the hill, the city looks very beautiful.
A. See B. Seeing C. Seen D. To see
(三)句型转换
He goes to school early to get a good seat.(对划线部分提问)
I like playing basketball.(改为同义句)
The boy is reading a book. He is my brother.(合并为一句)
They saw a film last night. They were very excited.(用分词作状语改写句子)
We planted many trees in the park.(改为被动语态,用过去分词作后置定语)
参考答案
(一)用所给动词的适当形式填空
listening
to go
broken
Getting
to help
standing
locking
Given
sing
written
(二)单项选择题
B
B
C
C
C
C
C
C
A
C
(三)句型转换
Why does he go to school early
I like to play basketball.
The boy reading a book is my brother.
Seeing a film last night, they were very excited.
Many trees planted by us are in the park.