语法强化二 定语从句和名词性从句 (1) 导学案（无答案）-2025届高三下学期英语一轮复习专项
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| 名称 | 语法强化二 定语从句和名词性从句 (1) 导学案（无答案）-2025届高三下学期英语一轮复习专项 |  | |
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| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2025-02-26 12:10:55 | ||
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定语从句
在复合句中修饰某一名词、代词或句子的从句叫定语从句。引导定语从句的词叫关系词，被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。关系词在定语从句中的作用主要是：引导定语从句并且在定语从句中充当一定的成分。
引导定语从句的关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两类。关系代词主要有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词主要有when, where, why等。关系代词在定语从句中主要充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分，而关系副词则主要在定语从句中充当状语。
定语从句分为两大类，即限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句是对先行词的修饰或限定；非限制性定语从句是对先行词的补充说明。例如：
The doctor has a son who works as a teacher.(限制性定语从句，医生有一个做老师的儿子。言下之意，他可能还有其他不做老师的儿子。)
The doctor has a son, who works as a teacher.(非限制性定语从句，医生有一个儿子，这个儿子做老师。言下之意，他只有一个儿子。)
二、 关系代词引导定语从句
1. 关系代词that引导定语从句
关系代词that引导定语从句既可以指人也可以指物，在定语从句中代替先行词充当主语、宾语、表语等成分。在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略。关系代词that不能用于引导非限制性定语从句。例如：
(1)Do you still remember that we visited three months ago 你还记得三个月前我们去拜访的那个养鸡场吗？
(关系代词that引导定语从句，指物，在从句中充当宾语，此处that可以省略)
(2)Our headmaster mentioned that won the first prize in the latest National Maths Competition. 我们校长提到了一个在最近的全国数学竞赛中获得第一名的学生。
(关系代词that引导定语从句，指人，在定语从句中充当主语)
(3)He is no longer that he used to be. 他已经不再是以前的那个懒人了。
(关系代词that引导定语从句，指人，在定语从句中充当表语)
【即时巩固】
(1)We should realize the fact that when you graduate from university, you are still not prepared for the possible situations ________ we may face in the working world.
2. 关系代词which引导定语从句
which引导定语从句仅指物，在定语从句中代替先行词充当主语、宾语、表语等，偶尔作定语。which引导非限制定语从句时，有时指代前面的整句话。关系代词which引导定语从句作宾语时可以省略。例如：
(1)In an hour, we can travel to which would have taken our ancestors' days to reach.
在一小时之内，我们就可以旅行到原本要花费我们祖先几天才能到达的地方。
(关系代词which引导限制性定语从句，在从句中充当主语)
(2)Jim__passed__the__driving__test,__which surprised everybody in the office.
吉米通过了驾驶考试，这一点让我们办公室里的每个人都很惊讶。
(which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整个句子的内容，在从句中充当主语)
(3)Her sister has become ， which she wants to be. 她的姐姐成了一名律师，这也正是她所期望的职业。
(which引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中充当表语，注意此处的先行词a lawyer是一种职业不是指人)
(4)The__result__of__the__experiment__was__very__good,__which we hadn't expected.
实验的结果很好，这出乎我们的意料。
(which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整个句子的内容，在从句中充当宾语)
(5)They stayed with me for three weeks, during which time they drunk all the wine I had. 他们和我一起待了三周，在这期间他们喝光了我所有的酒。
(which在从句中作定语，修饰time)
【即时巩固】
(2)Personal space is the region surrounding a person ________ they regard as psychologically theirs.
(3)His promise that he would give away half of the year's income to the disabled turned out a lie, ________ made the public feel cheated.
3. 关系代词who与whom引导定语从句
关系代词who与whom引导定语从句仅指人。who引导定语从句，在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语等；whom引导定语从句，在定语从句中充当宾语。关系代词who和whom作宾语时可以省略。
在“介词＋关系代词”这一结构中，介词后面只能用whom不能用who。例如：
(1)The man who/whom/that/不填 you met yesterday is Mr. Smith.
昨天你碰到的那个人是史密斯先生。
(2)I have many friends to whom I am going to send postcards.
我有很多需要给他们寄贺卡的朋友。
【比较】
I have many friends who/whom/that/不填I am going to send postcards to.
(3)In this earthquake, the number of people who/that lost homes reached as many as 250，000.
在这次地震中失去家园的人数多达250000。
4. 关系代词whose引导定语从句
whose引导定语从句既可指人也可指物。在定语从句中充当定语，常用在某个名词之前来修饰该名词作定语。例如：
(1)I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea. 我想要一个窗子朝向大海的房间。
(关系代词whose引导定语从句，在定语从句中充当window一词的定语)
(2)Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, whose effects the people are still suffering from.
上个月东南亚部分地区受到了洪水的袭击，人们仍然还在遭受它的影响。
(关系代词whose引导定语从句，在定语从句中充当effects一词的定语)
(3)She is looking after the little child whose parents have gone to London.
她在照看其父母去了伦敦的那个小孩。
(关系代词whose引导定语从句，在定语从句中充当parents一词的定语)
◆whose指物时可以用“the＋名词＋of which”或者“of which＋the＋名词”的结构来替换。例如：
The house, whose roof was damaged, has now been repaired.
＝The house, the roof of which was damaged, has now been repaired.
＝The house, of which the roof was damaged, has now been repaired.
屋顶损坏的房子现在已经修好了。
【即时巩固】
(4)More and more people go jogging in the morning, ________ benefits for health arise from the air rich in oxygen.
(5)After the flooding, people were suffering in that area, ________ urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive.
5. 关系代词as引导定语从句
as引导非限制性定语从句位置关系不同于其他的定语从句，既可以位于先行词前面，也可以位于先行词后面。as引导定语从句表示“正如”的含义，同时as一词要在定语从句中充当一定的成分，如充当主语、宾语、表语等成分。例如：
(1)He forgot to bring his pen with him, as was often the case.
他忘了带笔，这是常事。
(2)As is known to all, Mark Twain is a great American writer. 众所周知，马克·吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。
(3)As we all know, the earth is round.
＝The earth is round, as we all know.
众所周知(正如我们大家都知道的)，地球是圆的。
(4)As a poet points out, life is but a dream.
正如一位诗人指出的，生活仅仅就是一场梦。
◆as引导限制性定语从句常用在一些固定结构中，如the same...as; such...as; as...as; so...as等。as一词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语等成分。例如：
(1)He bought the same washing machine as you did yesterday.
他买了一个和你昨天买的一样的洗衣机。
(2)It was fashionable for fans to wear the same clothing as the Beatles did, and to get haircuts that matched their style as well.
对于粉丝们而言，穿和披头士乐队一样的衣服、去理和他们风格一样的发型是一种时尚。
【比较】
(1)He is such a clever boy that we all like him.
他是如此聪明的一个男孩以至于我们都喜欢他。
(such...that...为结果状语从句， that不作任何成分)
(2)He is such a clever boy as we all like.
他是如此聪明的一个男孩，我们都喜欢他。
(such...as...是定语从句，引导词as在定语从句中作宾语)
6. “介词＋which”与“介词＋whom”引导定语从句
“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句，指物时用“介词＋which”，指人时用“介词＋whom”。“介词＋which”或“介词＋whom”引导定语从句，主要涉及的考点是选用介词的判定。例如：
(1)In ten years, Jill went from working in the mailroom to running the company, in which more than 1，000 people now work. 在十年时间里，吉尔从在邮局工作一直做到经营一家现在有1000多人在其中工作的公司。
(先行词为the company，与定语从句搭配起来应为：more than 1，000 people now work in the company, 因此使用介词in＋which来引导定语从句)
(2)The colorless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen.
这种无色的气体是氧气，离了它我们不能活。
(先行词为the colorless gas，根据含义与定语从句搭配起来应为：we cannot live without the colorless gas，因此使用without which来引导定语从句)
(3)Mr. Smith, from whom I have learned a lot, is a famous scientist. 史密斯是个著名的科学家，我从他身上学到了很多。
(4)The woman to/with whom we spoke is from the USA. 和我们讲话的那位女士是个美国人。
(5)The girl with whom she was traveling is her best friend.
和她一道旅行的那个女孩是她最好的朋友。
(6)This is the house in which we lived last year. 这是我们去年居住的房子。
(7)We will never forget the day on which we went on a strike.
我们永远都不会忘记我们罢工的那一天。
(8)We will never forget the days during/in which it was very difficult to contact the relatives in a distant place. 我们将永远都不会忘记那些很难联系到远方亲戚的日子。
(9)He made a hole in the wall, through which he could see what was going on outside the house. 他在墙上弄了个洞，透过这个洞他可以看见外面正在发生的事情。
【即时巩固】
(6)All the people agree that it is so difficult a task ________ no one can carry out within three weeks.
(7)What impressed me most in 2003 was the success of Shenzhou Ⅴ and China's becoming the third nation to send a man into space, ________ all our Chinese are proud.
(8)She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction ________ had taken more than three years.
(9)I saw a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction ________ she had come.
7. 关系副词when引导定语从句
关系副词when引导定语从句修饰表示时间的先行词，且在定语从句中充当时间状语。when常可以使用“介词＋which”来替换。例如：
(1)I shall never forget the days when (during/in which) I lived in the country with farmers, which has a great effect on my life.
我永远也不会忘记和农民们一起住在农村的时光，这对我的人生有很重大的影响。
(2)We are living in an age when (in which) many things are done on computer. 我们生活在一个很多事情都在电脑上完成的时代。
8. 关系副词where引导定语从句
关系副词where引导定语从句，先行词可以是表示地点的名词，且在定语从句中充当地点状语。where 一词通常可使用“介词＋which”来替换。例如：
(1)After living in Paris for fifty years, he returned to the small town where (in which) he grew up as a child. 在巴黎住了50年后，他回到了他曾在那儿长大的那个小镇。
(2)He points at the company and tells us that it is just the one where (in which) he worked for 30 years. 他指着那个公司告诉我们那就是他工作过三十年的地方。
where引导定语从句修饰表示非地点的先行词是一个难点，也是高考的热点。此类先行词并非指地点，但是我们可以将其看作是一种抽象地点来理解，或者将where替换成“介词＋which”来理解。例如：
(1)I think of many cases where students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldn't write a good essay.(where＝in which)
我思考了许多例子，在这些例子中学生显然懂得了很多英语单词和表达，却写不出好文章。
(2)He's got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane.(where＝in which)
他使自己陷入了一个危险的境地，在这种情形下他很有可能失去对飞机的控制。
9. 关系副词why引导定语从句
关系副词why引导定语从句修饰表示原因的先行词reason。why引导定语从句其先行词就只有reason一词，且在定语从句中充当原因状语。why通常可以用for which来替换。例如：
He didn't know the reason why (for which) he was dismissed.
他不知道他为什么被解雇了。
【比较】
(1)The reason why (for which) I am writing is that I'm eager to tell you about the party.
我写信的原因是我迫切地想要告诉你有关聚会的事。
(2)The reason that/which/不填he gave at the meeting sounded not so convincing. 他在会上所给出的理由听起来不是很令人信服。
【即时巩固】
(10)Adolescence is a critical stage in the growth of children ________ they tend to be restless, rebellious and consequently, some even aggressive.
(11)In the fast moving information age, teenagers should keep pace with the media environment ________ they communicate with the outside world.
(12)When reading a novel, it is important to look at the political and cultural context ________ the novel is written.
当堂达标·跟踪演练
1. He broke his word to me before, so give me one reason ________ I should trust him now.
2. The reason ________ he presented for his being late for the meeting, to be honest, was just an excuse that he had made up.
3. Life is a long and rough journey, in a sense, ________ you have to make tough decisions sometimes.
4. In the era of digital technology, the occasions ________ people living apart from each other choose to communicate face to face are becoming rarer and rarer.
5. (2023·全国甲卷)Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, ________ Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow”．
6. Peter and Mary have finally reached a compromise, ________ the wife cooks the meals while the husband washes the dishes.
7. The Digital World is a set of volumes __________ aim to describe how digital systems influence society and help readers understand the nature of digital systems and their many interacting parts.
8. We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us ________ we gave some bells and glasses.
9. The WHO says superbugs can also pass along genetic material ________ helps other bacteria become resistant to drug treatment.
10. (2023·全国甲卷)“There was once a town in the heart of America, ________ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with its surroundings，” her fable begins, borrowing some familiar words from many age old fables.
11. As we all know, the Chinese Red Cross is one of the organizations, ________ the purpose is to help the sick and the needy.
12. The number of smokers, ________ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
13. Last March, a deadly earthquake and tsunami struck Japan, causing a nuclear disaster, ________ shadows many Japanese are still living in.
14. Nature is at its most beautiful in spring ________ all kinds of flowers are in blossom, ________ attracts people from all walks of life to take a spring outing.
15. (2022·浙江1月卷)Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics __________ are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change.
16. The large board in the corner had been replaced by a big screen, __________ customers' comments on the month's best seller were being displayed.
17. (2022·1月浙江卷改编)Westinghouse's firm developed a system using alternating current(交流电), ________ soon became the major form of power delivery.
18. The professor built a glass wall ________ he could observe what was going on inside.
19. We felt it a pity that the research team failed to find such a plant ________ had been described in the botanist's diary.
20. (2023·邯郸二模)The reason ________ the 12th lunar month is called la yue has a lot to do with the custom of sacrifice.
21. New discoveries have been made by radio telescopes to solve key physics problems, ________ the largest is FAST.
22. BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool ________ gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.
23. At the Chinese art festival, there are different stands ________ artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors.
24. In ancient China lived an artist ________ paintings were almost lifelike.
25. (2023·苏锡常镇一模)I had been a passive admirer of the work done by him and gardeners generally until quite recently, ________ I decided to turn my hand to cultivating some plants.
名词性从句
一、 名词性从句的含义
所谓名词性从句即是因为该从句具有名词的性质与功能，故以名词性从句来命名。四类从句判定的依据主要根据从句所处的位置关系来进行。
名词性从句一共分为四类：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。
二、 引导名词性从句的引导词
我们可以把名词性从句的引导词归为三类：
(1)连接词：that; whether; if
(2)连接代词：what; which; who; whom; whose; whatever; whichever; whoever
(3)连接副词： when; where; why; how; how long; how soon; how much; how many; how far等
that在名词性从句中只起引导作用，不在从句中充当任何成分，本身无含义。引导宾语从句时，第一个宾语从句的that 可以省略；whether引导名词性从句时也只在从句中起引导作用，不在从句中充当任何成分，但是其本身的含义为“是否”； if通常只能引导名词性从句中的宾语从句，且只引导动词与形容词后面的宾语从句，而不能引导介词后面的宾语从句。if也可以引导it作形式主语的主语从句， if在从句中起引导作用，不在从句中作任何成分，其本身的含义为“是否”。
需在从句中充当一定的成分，连接代词通常在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分。注意who与whoever, what与which的区别。
也在从句中充当一定的成分，通常在从句中充当状语。
主语从句就是指在主句中充当句子主语的从句。 例如：
(1)Whether__it__is__necessary__to__hold__another__meeting__to__discuss__the__topic hasn't been approved by the committee.
是否有必要再举行一次会议来讨论这个话题还没有得到委员会的批准。
(引导词whether在主语从句中起引导作用，不充当任何成分。)
(2)That__he__didn't__pass__the__driving__test__again made his parents very upset.
他再次没有通过驾驶考试让他的父母很沮丧。
(引导词that在主语从句中起引导作用，不充当任何成分。)
(3)Whichever__team__wins__on__Saturday will go through to the national championships.
无论哪一支队伍周六赢了比赛将会进入国家锦标赛。
(引导词whichever在主语从句中充当定语)
(4)Whoever__wants__to__stay__in__a__hotel has to pay their own way.
＝Anyone who wants to stay in a hotel has to pay their own way.
任何想留在酒店的人都必须自己付费。
(引导词whoever在主语从句中充当主语)
【比较】
Those__who__leave__the__room__last ought to make sure that the windows are closed and the door locked.
最后离开房间的人必须要确保门窗都锁了。
(5)What__she__couldn't__understand was why fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons. 她所不能理解的是为什么越来越少的学生对她的课感兴趣。
(引导词what在主语从句中充当宾语)
(6)Where__we__can__look__up__his__address is still a problem.
我们在哪儿可以查到他的地址还是一个问题。
(引导词where在主语从句中充当地点状语)
(7)Why__the__sun__in__the__morning__looks__bigger__than__that__at__noon is very interesting.
为什么早上的太阳看起来比中午的大很令人感兴趣。
(引导词why在主语从句中充当原因状语)
(8)How__he__managed__to__finish__the__job is of no interest to us all. 我们对于他是怎样成功完成工作的都不感兴趣。
(引导词how在主语从句中充当方式状语)
【注意】 if 不能引导位于句首的主语从句，但是it作形式主语而后置的主语从句可用if来引导。
(1)Whether it is going to clear up keeps me wondering.(只能用whether)
我很纳闷天空是否会放晴。
(2)It is not clear to me whether/if she likes the present.(whether和if均可)
我不清楚她是否喜欢那个礼物。
【考点一】判定主语从句的引导词
高考试题对于从句的考查往往要求判定使用哪一个引导词来引导主语从句。这主要根据各引导词在从句中的功能和作用来判定。
【即时巩固】
(1)________ fashion differs from country to country may reflect the culture differences from one aspect.
(2)________Barbara Jones offers to her fans are honesty and happiness.
(3)________ there are living creatures in the outer space as those on Earth hasn't been proved until now.
【考点二】it作形式主语
在主语从句中常常可以使用it来作形式主语，而把真正的主语(一个主语从句)放置到后面去。例如：
(1)The Foreign Minister said, “It is our hope that__the__two__sides__will__work__towards__peace．”
外交部长说，双方努力争取和平是我们的希望。
(It为形式主语，而that引导的从句为真正的主语)
(2)It is still under discussion whether__the__old__bus__station__should__be__replaced__with__a__modern__hotel__or__not. 旧车站是否应该被现代化的宾馆取代还在讨论中。
(3)It is uncertain what__side__effect__the__medicine__will__bring__about,__although about two thousand patients have taken it.
这种药会带来怎样的副作用还不确定，尽管大约2000个病人已经服了这种药。
【即时巩固】
(4)Before a problem can be solved, it must be obvious ________ the problem itself is.
(5)It was never clear ________ the man hadn't reported the accident sooner.
(6)It is obvious to the students ________ they should get well prepared for their future.
(7)It is not immediately clear ________ the financial crisis will soon be over.
所谓宾语从句是指跟在及物动词后面、介词后面以及一些表示情感意义的或确信意义的形容词(afraid, glad, happy, pleased, sorry, anxious, worried, surprised, disappointed, certain, sure等)后面的从句。例如：
(1)With his work completed, the businessman stepped back to his seat, feeling pleased that__he__was__a__man__of__action. 工作完成了，那个商人走回座位，对于自己是个善于行动的人感到很满意。
(形容词后面跟宾语从句，此时引导词that可省略)
(2)A modern city has been set up in what__was__a__wasteland__ten__years__ago. 一个现代化的城市已经在10年前的一块荒地上被建了起来。
(引导词what在宾语从句中充当主语)
(3)He spoke proudly of his part in the game, without mentioning what__his__teammates__had__done. 他对自己在比赛中的角色很自豪，没有提及他的队友所做的事情。
(引导词what在宾语从句中充当宾语)
(4)It is not always easy for the public to see what__use__a__new__invention__can__be__of__to__human__life. 对于公众而言，要看出一个新发明对于人类生活可能有怎样的作用并不总是很容易的。
(引导词what在宾语从句中充当定语)
(5)There is disagreement among economists about what__money__is__and__how__money__is__measured. 经济学家中关于什么是钱以及钱是如何衡量的存在分歧。
(引导词what在宾语从句中充当表语；引导词how在宾语从句中充当方式状语)
(6)Mary wrote an article on why__the__team__had__failed__to__win__the__game. 玛丽写了一篇关于为什么这个队没有赢得比赛的文章。
(引导词why在宾语从句中充当原因状语)
(7)She will write a book on how__young__mother__should__raise__their__babies. 她将会写一本关于年轻的妈妈应该如何抚养孩子的书。
(引导词how在宾语从句中充当方式状语)
(8)At first he hated the new job but decided to give himself a few months to see if__it__got__any__better. 起初他讨厌这份新工作，但是后来决定给自己几个月来看看情况是否会变好一些。
(if在宾语从句中只起引导作用，不充当任何成分)
(9)We haven't settled the question of whether__it__is__necessary__for__him__to__study__abroad. 我们还没有解决是否有必要让他出国学习的问题。
(引导词whether在宾语从句中只起引导作用，不充当任何成分)
【考点一】宾语从句引导词的判定
判定宾语从句中的引导词，主要依据该引导词在宾语从句中充当何种成分以及该引导词的含义是否符合该宾语从句的上下文的逻辑意义。
【即时巩固】
(8)How much one enjoys himself travelling depends largely on ________ he goes with, whether his friends or relatives.
(9)The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of ________ others actually understand.
(10)We've offered her the job, but I don't know ________ she'll accept it.
【考点二】it作形式宾语
在宾语从句中，常可以使用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语放到后面。能带“宾语＋宾补”的动词常可以使用it作形式宾语，这样的动词有make, find, feel, believe, think, suppose, consider, see to等。例如：
(1)We all consider it important that__children__should__take__plenty__of__milk__as__they__grow. 我们都认为孩子在长身体时多喝牛奶是非常重要的。
(2)We find it necessary that__we__(should)__practice__spoken__English__every__day．
我们发现每天练习英语口语很有必要。
所谓表语从句是指跟在系动词后面充当句子表语的从句。
(1)Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer what it was 20 years ago, when it was so poorly equipped. 那个学校已经发生了巨大的变化。它已经不再是20年前的样子了，那个时候它装备得很差。
(引导词what在表语从句中充当表语)
(2)Actually, girls can be whatever they want to be just like boys, whether it is a pilot, an astronaut, or a manager. 实际上，女孩可以和男孩一样想从事什么职业就从事什么职业——不管是飞行员、宇航员还是经理。
(引导词whatever在表语从句中充当表语)
(3)The question is whether we can reduce the cost of the product.
问题是我们能否降低产品的成本。
(引导词whether仅起引导作用，不充当任何成分)
(4)My suggestion is that we (should) have a discussion about this matter instead of just laying it aside. 我的建议就是我们应当讨论一下这个问题，而不应把它放在一边。
(引导词that仅起引导作用，不充当任何成分)
(5)I am afraid he's more of a talker than a doer, which is why he never finishes anything.
恐怕他是个健谈者而不是实干家，这就是他完不成任何事情的原因。
(引导词why在表语从句中充当原因状语)
(6)The problem is how we can improve our reading skills in such a short time. 问题是我们如何在这么短的时间内提高我们的阅读能力。
(引导词how在表语从句中充当方式状语)
(7)The most urgent problem at present is who will take the place of the manager after he retires next month. 目前最紧迫的问题是经理下个月退休后谁来代替他。
(引导词who在表语从句中充当主语)
(8)The most urgent problem we need to solve at the moment is where we will put up for the night in this completely dark mountain area.
当前我们需要解决的最紧急的问题是，在这个漆黑的山区我们将暂时在哪里过夜。
(引导词where在表语从句中充当地点状语)
【注意】 当主句主语是reason时，表语从句一般由that引导，而不用why或because。这种用法常见于句型：The reason why...is that...。
The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.
我们为什么必须要种树的理由是树可以给我们提供新鲜的空气。
◆除上述的词以外， because, as if, as though等也可引导表语从句。
(1)He has lung cancer. That is because he has been smoking too much.
他患有肺癌，那是因为他抽烟太多了。
【比较】
He didn't work hard. That is why he failed the exam.
他学习不努力，那就是为什么他考试失败了。
(2)They looked as if/though they had been friends for many years.
他们看起来好像是很多年的朋友了。
【注意】 if不能引导表语从句。
【即时巩固】
(11)One reason for her preference for city life is ________ she can have easy access to places like shops and restaurants.
(12)—I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sundays.
—That's ________ I don't agree. You should have a more active life.
(13)I'd like to start my own business—that's ________ I'd do if I had the money.
(14)Having attended the 2010 World Expo, the tourists exclaimed Shanghai is really ________ legend(传奇) continues.
同位语从句是指跟在名词后面，进一步说明该名词具体内容的从句。可以带同位语从句的名词主要是一些可加进具体内容的，表示信息、思想等概念的抽象名词，如news, fact, idea, hope, belief, truth, promise, thought, fear, doubt, possibility, order, suggestion, proposal等。同位语从句与其前面的名词是同等关系而非修饰限定关系。
(1)We were very excited at the news that our Chinese athletes won many gold medals.
我们对于中国运动员赢得了很多金牌这个消息感到很兴奋。
(引导词that仅起引导作用，不充当任何成分)
(2)Some researchers believe that there is no doubt that a cure for AIDS will be found.
一些研究者相信治疗艾滋病的疗法将会被找到是毫无疑问的。
(引导词that仅起引导作用，不充当任何成分，如果是肯定句用whether引导)
(3)Do you have any idea what is actually going on in the classroom
你是否知道教室里真正在发生什么事情？
(引导词what在同位语从句中充当主语)
(4)The question came up at the meeting whether we have enough money for our research.
我们是否有足够的钱进行我们的研究，这个问题在会上被提了出来。
(引导词whether仅起引导作用，不充当任何成分)
【注意】 if不能引导同位语从句。
◆同位语从句与定语从句的区别
(1)当同位语从句与定语从句的引导词同为that时区别如下：
that引导同位语从句仅在从句中起引导作用，不充当任何成分； that引导定语从句时需在定语从句中充当一定的成分，如主语、宾语、表语等。试分析如下例句：
①The idea that we can have a four week holiday around Britain is put up by Tim.
②The idea that Tim put up is that we can have a four week holiday around Britain.
简析：通过对比我们可以发现，①句中的that只起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何成分， 因此它引导的是同位语从句，其中that不能省略；而②句中that不仅起引导作用，同时在从句中还充当了动词put up的宾语，因此它是定语从句，此时that可用which代替，也可省略。
(2)同位语从句是对前面抽象名词的进一步说明和解释，属于名词性的；定语从句是对其先行词进行修饰或限制，属于形容词性的。例如：
①Nobody believes his reason for being late that he had to look after his sick mother at home.
②The reason why the manager adapted to the new situations quickly is that he has a flexible attitude.
【即时巩固】
(15)With your help, there is no doubt ________ our plan is meant for will work out successfully.
(16)Modern science has given clear evidence ________ smoking can lead to many diseases.
(17)There is clear evidence ________ the most difficult feeling of all to interpret is bodily pain.
(18)Information has been put forward ________ more middle school graduates will be admitted to universities.
(19)Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class ________ he had to meet his uncle at the airport.
七、 whether与if引导名词性从句的用法辨析
whether和if都可以表示“是否”，但是在引导具体的名词性从句时，两者是有区别的：
只用whether不用if引导的从句 可以用if来引导的从句(if表示“是否”)
1. 主语从句置于句首时
2. 表语从句
3. 同位语从句
4. 介词后面的宾语从句
5. 直接与or not连用
6. 在不定式前，与不定式构成to do结构 1. 动词或形容词后面的宾语从句 2. it作形式主语而后置的主语从句也可用if来引导。如： It is not clear to me if she likes the present.
总结：在名词性从句中凡是可以用if来引导的从句均可使用whether引导，而whether可以引导的很多从句类型不一定能使用if来引导。
【即时巩固】
请使用whether/if完成句子
(20)________ we shall hold a meeting hasn't been decided yet.
(21)It hasn't been decided yet ________ we shall hold a meeting.
(22)The problem is ________ we finish the task on time.
(23)She doesn't decide ________ to tell her husband the truth.
(24)I wonder ________ the news is true.
(25)I'm not sure ________ I can pass the exam successfully.
(26)I want to know ________ or not the train goes to King Street.
(27)We discussed ________ we can go there by bus.
八、 名词性从句中的虚拟语气
在一些表示“坚持、命令、建议或要求”等词构成的从句中，常用虚拟语气，从句中的谓语动词形式为should＋动词原形，其中should可省略。常用词有：
一坚持 insist
二命令 order, command
三要求 require, request, demand
四建议 suggest, advise, recommend, propose
这些词在其他名词性从句中虽然发生了一些词形、词性的变化，但是从句中虚拟的用法不变。
(1)He suggested that a meeting (should) be held immediately.(宾语从句)
(2)It was suggested that a meeting (should) be held immediately.(主语从句)
(3)His suggestion was that a meeting (should) be held immediately.(表语从句)
(4)He made a suggestion that a meeting (should) be held immediately.(同位语从句)
当堂达标·跟踪演练
1. Being a new student, Tom rather cares about ________ his classmates are supposed to treat him in the class.
2. The government will take ________ action it thinks necessary to rebuild the public's faith in the justice of the law.
3. Many anti piracy experts are able to determine ________ an item has been pirated or not, based on the maker's style and qualifications.
4. The director of our department is determined to promote ________ he thinks is energetic, wise and capable to the position.
5. (2023·新高考Ⅱ卷)They also need to be ready to give interviews in English with international journalists. This is ________ they need an English trainer.
6. You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is ________ I disagree.
7. ________ seems to be a strong competition in China for senior high school students to enter universities does exist in other countries as well.
8. (2022·1月浙江卷改编)I wasn't sure ________ it meant exactly, but at least we had a topic.
9. This should serve as a warning ________ people should be aware of their surroundings, especially when crossing roads.
10. (2023·浙江名校协作体联考)“Explore and understand society in practice, and influence the people around us. That's ________ the meaning of the project lies，” said Ding.
11. By boat is the only way to get here, and this is ________ we arrived.
12. (2022·安徽滁州高三期中)So she wants to consult some experts and gain some instructions. But ________ she could get better suggestions and ________ will give her better advice also puzzle her.
13. The time is not far away ________ the information will be made known ________ more workers will be trained for their jobs.
14. Part of the reason why Charles Dickens loved his own novel, David Copperfield, was ________ it was rather closely modeled on his own life.
15. (2023·镇江南京九校联考)Breathwork is thought to influence the vagus nerve, which stretches from the brain to the gut and makes up the majority of ________ is known as the parasympathetic nervous system.
16. ________ Obama was elected president of the USA is a big success for the blacks in America.
17. Parents should guide their children, not direct them. Observe ________ your child's talent and interests lie, and then encourage them in those directions.
18. —What impresses you most about Beijing
—The street, the length of which is four times ________ it is in my hometown.
19. If you are still unaware of the danger of drug addiction, consult an expert, who will show you examples of ________ it affects one's health.
20. (2023·宁波4月模拟)Since the pre Qin period, Chengdu has been an important cultural town in China. But ________ really sets the city apart, culturally, is its opera.
21. I think __________ impresses me about his painting is the colours he uses.
22. What puzzles Lily's friends is ________ she always has so many crazy ideas.
23. It is not a problem ________ we can win the battle; it's just a matter of time.
24. While they are rare north of 88°， there is evidence ________ they range all the way across the Arctic, and so far south as James Bay in Canada.
25. (2023·连云港2月调研)________ adds to the amazement may be the occasional sight of golden snub nosed monkeys and constant sounds of birds singing.
在复合句中修饰某一名词、代词或句子的从句叫定语从句。引导定语从句的词叫关系词，被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。关系词在定语从句中的作用主要是：引导定语从句并且在定语从句中充当一定的成分。
引导定语从句的关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两类。关系代词主要有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词主要有when, where, why等。关系代词在定语从句中主要充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分，而关系副词则主要在定语从句中充当状语。
定语从句分为两大类，即限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句是对先行词的修饰或限定；非限制性定语从句是对先行词的补充说明。例如：
The doctor has a son who works as a teacher.(限制性定语从句，医生有一个做老师的儿子。言下之意，他可能还有其他不做老师的儿子。)
The doctor has a son, who works as a teacher.(非限制性定语从句，医生有一个儿子，这个儿子做老师。言下之意，他只有一个儿子。)
二、 关系代词引导定语从句
1. 关系代词that引导定语从句
关系代词that引导定语从句既可以指人也可以指物，在定语从句中代替先行词充当主语、宾语、表语等成分。在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略。关系代词that不能用于引导非限制性定语从句。例如：
(1)Do you still remember that we visited three months ago 你还记得三个月前我们去拜访的那个养鸡场吗？
(关系代词that引导定语从句，指物，在从句中充当宾语，此处that可以省略)
(2)Our headmaster mentioned that won the first prize in the latest National Maths Competition. 我们校长提到了一个在最近的全国数学竞赛中获得第一名的学生。
(关系代词that引导定语从句，指人，在定语从句中充当主语)
(3)He is no longer that he used to be. 他已经不再是以前的那个懒人了。
(关系代词that引导定语从句，指人，在定语从句中充当表语)
【即时巩固】
(1)We should realize the fact that when you graduate from university, you are still not prepared for the possible situations ________ we may face in the working world.
2. 关系代词which引导定语从句
which引导定语从句仅指物，在定语从句中代替先行词充当主语、宾语、表语等，偶尔作定语。which引导非限制定语从句时，有时指代前面的整句话。关系代词which引导定语从句作宾语时可以省略。例如：
(1)In an hour, we can travel to which would have taken our ancestors' days to reach.
在一小时之内，我们就可以旅行到原本要花费我们祖先几天才能到达的地方。
(关系代词which引导限制性定语从句，在从句中充当主语)
(2)Jim__passed__the__driving__test,__which surprised everybody in the office.
吉米通过了驾驶考试，这一点让我们办公室里的每个人都很惊讶。
(which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整个句子的内容，在从句中充当主语)
(3)Her sister has become ， which she wants to be. 她的姐姐成了一名律师，这也正是她所期望的职业。
(which引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中充当表语，注意此处的先行词a lawyer是一种职业不是指人)
(4)The__result__of__the__experiment__was__very__good,__which we hadn't expected.
实验的结果很好，这出乎我们的意料。
(which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整个句子的内容，在从句中充当宾语)
(5)They stayed with me for three weeks, during which time they drunk all the wine I had. 他们和我一起待了三周，在这期间他们喝光了我所有的酒。
(which在从句中作定语，修饰time)
【即时巩固】
(2)Personal space is the region surrounding a person ________ they regard as psychologically theirs.
(3)His promise that he would give away half of the year's income to the disabled turned out a lie, ________ made the public feel cheated.
3. 关系代词who与whom引导定语从句
关系代词who与whom引导定语从句仅指人。who引导定语从句，在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语等；whom引导定语从句，在定语从句中充当宾语。关系代词who和whom作宾语时可以省略。
在“介词＋关系代词”这一结构中，介词后面只能用whom不能用who。例如：
(1)The man who/whom/that/不填 you met yesterday is Mr. Smith.
昨天你碰到的那个人是史密斯先生。
(2)I have many friends to whom I am going to send postcards.
我有很多需要给他们寄贺卡的朋友。
【比较】
I have many friends who/whom/that/不填I am going to send postcards to.
(3)In this earthquake, the number of people who/that lost homes reached as many as 250，000.
在这次地震中失去家园的人数多达250000。
4. 关系代词whose引导定语从句
whose引导定语从句既可指人也可指物。在定语从句中充当定语，常用在某个名词之前来修饰该名词作定语。例如：
(1)I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea. 我想要一个窗子朝向大海的房间。
(关系代词whose引导定语从句，在定语从句中充当window一词的定语)
(2)Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, whose effects the people are still suffering from.
上个月东南亚部分地区受到了洪水的袭击，人们仍然还在遭受它的影响。
(关系代词whose引导定语从句，在定语从句中充当effects一词的定语)
(3)She is looking after the little child whose parents have gone to London.
她在照看其父母去了伦敦的那个小孩。
(关系代词whose引导定语从句，在定语从句中充当parents一词的定语)
◆whose指物时可以用“the＋名词＋of which”或者“of which＋the＋名词”的结构来替换。例如：
The house, whose roof was damaged, has now been repaired.
＝The house, the roof of which was damaged, has now been repaired.
＝The house, of which the roof was damaged, has now been repaired.
屋顶损坏的房子现在已经修好了。
【即时巩固】
(4)More and more people go jogging in the morning, ________ benefits for health arise from the air rich in oxygen.
(5)After the flooding, people were suffering in that area, ________ urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive.
5. 关系代词as引导定语从句
as引导非限制性定语从句位置关系不同于其他的定语从句，既可以位于先行词前面，也可以位于先行词后面。as引导定语从句表示“正如”的含义，同时as一词要在定语从句中充当一定的成分，如充当主语、宾语、表语等成分。例如：
(1)He forgot to bring his pen with him, as was often the case.
他忘了带笔，这是常事。
(2)As is known to all, Mark Twain is a great American writer. 众所周知，马克·吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。
(3)As we all know, the earth is round.
＝The earth is round, as we all know.
众所周知(正如我们大家都知道的)，地球是圆的。
(4)As a poet points out, life is but a dream.
正如一位诗人指出的，生活仅仅就是一场梦。
◆as引导限制性定语从句常用在一些固定结构中，如the same...as; such...as; as...as; so...as等。as一词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语等成分。例如：
(1)He bought the same washing machine as you did yesterday.
他买了一个和你昨天买的一样的洗衣机。
(2)It was fashionable for fans to wear the same clothing as the Beatles did, and to get haircuts that matched their style as well.
对于粉丝们而言，穿和披头士乐队一样的衣服、去理和他们风格一样的发型是一种时尚。
【比较】
(1)He is such a clever boy that we all like him.
他是如此聪明的一个男孩以至于我们都喜欢他。
(such...that...为结果状语从句， that不作任何成分)
(2)He is such a clever boy as we all like.
他是如此聪明的一个男孩，我们都喜欢他。
(such...as...是定语从句，引导词as在定语从句中作宾语)
6. “介词＋which”与“介词＋whom”引导定语从句
“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句，指物时用“介词＋which”，指人时用“介词＋whom”。“介词＋which”或“介词＋whom”引导定语从句，主要涉及的考点是选用介词的判定。例如：
(1)In ten years, Jill went from working in the mailroom to running the company, in which more than 1，000 people now work. 在十年时间里，吉尔从在邮局工作一直做到经营一家现在有1000多人在其中工作的公司。
(先行词为the company，与定语从句搭配起来应为：more than 1，000 people now work in the company, 因此使用介词in＋which来引导定语从句)
(2)The colorless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen.
这种无色的气体是氧气，离了它我们不能活。
(先行词为the colorless gas，根据含义与定语从句搭配起来应为：we cannot live without the colorless gas，因此使用without which来引导定语从句)
(3)Mr. Smith, from whom I have learned a lot, is a famous scientist. 史密斯是个著名的科学家，我从他身上学到了很多。
(4)The woman to/with whom we spoke is from the USA. 和我们讲话的那位女士是个美国人。
(5)The girl with whom she was traveling is her best friend.
和她一道旅行的那个女孩是她最好的朋友。
(6)This is the house in which we lived last year. 这是我们去年居住的房子。
(7)We will never forget the day on which we went on a strike.
我们永远都不会忘记我们罢工的那一天。
(8)We will never forget the days during/in which it was very difficult to contact the relatives in a distant place. 我们将永远都不会忘记那些很难联系到远方亲戚的日子。
(9)He made a hole in the wall, through which he could see what was going on outside the house. 他在墙上弄了个洞，透过这个洞他可以看见外面正在发生的事情。
【即时巩固】
(6)All the people agree that it is so difficult a task ________ no one can carry out within three weeks.
(7)What impressed me most in 2003 was the success of Shenzhou Ⅴ and China's becoming the third nation to send a man into space, ________ all our Chinese are proud.
(8)She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction ________ had taken more than three years.
(9)I saw a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction ________ she had come.
7. 关系副词when引导定语从句
关系副词when引导定语从句修饰表示时间的先行词，且在定语从句中充当时间状语。when常可以使用“介词＋which”来替换。例如：
(1)I shall never forget the days when (during/in which) I lived in the country with farmers, which has a great effect on my life.
我永远也不会忘记和农民们一起住在农村的时光，这对我的人生有很重大的影响。
(2)We are living in an age when (in which) many things are done on computer. 我们生活在一个很多事情都在电脑上完成的时代。
8. 关系副词where引导定语从句
关系副词where引导定语从句，先行词可以是表示地点的名词，且在定语从句中充当地点状语。where 一词通常可使用“介词＋which”来替换。例如：
(1)After living in Paris for fifty years, he returned to the small town where (in which) he grew up as a child. 在巴黎住了50年后，他回到了他曾在那儿长大的那个小镇。
(2)He points at the company and tells us that it is just the one where (in which) he worked for 30 years. 他指着那个公司告诉我们那就是他工作过三十年的地方。
where引导定语从句修饰表示非地点的先行词是一个难点，也是高考的热点。此类先行词并非指地点，但是我们可以将其看作是一种抽象地点来理解，或者将where替换成“介词＋which”来理解。例如：
(1)I think of many cases where students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldn't write a good essay.(where＝in which)
我思考了许多例子，在这些例子中学生显然懂得了很多英语单词和表达，却写不出好文章。
(2)He's got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane.(where＝in which)
他使自己陷入了一个危险的境地，在这种情形下他很有可能失去对飞机的控制。
9. 关系副词why引导定语从句
关系副词why引导定语从句修饰表示原因的先行词reason。why引导定语从句其先行词就只有reason一词，且在定语从句中充当原因状语。why通常可以用for which来替换。例如：
He didn't know the reason why (for which) he was dismissed.
他不知道他为什么被解雇了。
【比较】
(1)The reason why (for which) I am writing is that I'm eager to tell you about the party.
我写信的原因是我迫切地想要告诉你有关聚会的事。
(2)The reason that/which/不填he gave at the meeting sounded not so convincing. 他在会上所给出的理由听起来不是很令人信服。
【即时巩固】
(10)Adolescence is a critical stage in the growth of children ________ they tend to be restless, rebellious and consequently, some even aggressive.
(11)In the fast moving information age, teenagers should keep pace with the media environment ________ they communicate with the outside world.
(12)When reading a novel, it is important to look at the political and cultural context ________ the novel is written.
当堂达标·跟踪演练
1. He broke his word to me before, so give me one reason ________ I should trust him now.
2. The reason ________ he presented for his being late for the meeting, to be honest, was just an excuse that he had made up.
3. Life is a long and rough journey, in a sense, ________ you have to make tough decisions sometimes.
4. In the era of digital technology, the occasions ________ people living apart from each other choose to communicate face to face are becoming rarer and rarer.
5. (2023·全国甲卷)Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, ________ Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow”．
6. Peter and Mary have finally reached a compromise, ________ the wife cooks the meals while the husband washes the dishes.
7. The Digital World is a set of volumes __________ aim to describe how digital systems influence society and help readers understand the nature of digital systems and their many interacting parts.
8. We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us ________ we gave some bells and glasses.
9. The WHO says superbugs can also pass along genetic material ________ helps other bacteria become resistant to drug treatment.
10. (2023·全国甲卷)“There was once a town in the heart of America, ________ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with its surroundings，” her fable begins, borrowing some familiar words from many age old fables.
11. As we all know, the Chinese Red Cross is one of the organizations, ________ the purpose is to help the sick and the needy.
12. The number of smokers, ________ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
13. Last March, a deadly earthquake and tsunami struck Japan, causing a nuclear disaster, ________ shadows many Japanese are still living in.
14. Nature is at its most beautiful in spring ________ all kinds of flowers are in blossom, ________ attracts people from all walks of life to take a spring outing.
15. (2022·浙江1月卷)Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics __________ are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change.
16. The large board in the corner had been replaced by a big screen, __________ customers' comments on the month's best seller were being displayed.
17. (2022·1月浙江卷改编)Westinghouse's firm developed a system using alternating current(交流电), ________ soon became the major form of power delivery.
18. The professor built a glass wall ________ he could observe what was going on inside.
19. We felt it a pity that the research team failed to find such a plant ________ had been described in the botanist's diary.
20. (2023·邯郸二模)The reason ________ the 12th lunar month is called la yue has a lot to do with the custom of sacrifice.
21. New discoveries have been made by radio telescopes to solve key physics problems, ________ the largest is FAST.
22. BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool ________ gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.
23. At the Chinese art festival, there are different stands ________ artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors.
24. In ancient China lived an artist ________ paintings were almost lifelike.
25. (2023·苏锡常镇一模)I had been a passive admirer of the work done by him and gardeners generally until quite recently, ________ I decided to turn my hand to cultivating some plants.
名词性从句
一、 名词性从句的含义
所谓名词性从句即是因为该从句具有名词的性质与功能，故以名词性从句来命名。四类从句判定的依据主要根据从句所处的位置关系来进行。
名词性从句一共分为四类：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。
二、 引导名词性从句的引导词
我们可以把名词性从句的引导词归为三类：
(1)连接词：that; whether; if
(2)连接代词：what; which; who; whom; whose; whatever; whichever; whoever
(3)连接副词： when; where; why; how; how long; how soon; how much; how many; how far等
that在名词性从句中只起引导作用，不在从句中充当任何成分，本身无含义。引导宾语从句时，第一个宾语从句的that 可以省略；whether引导名词性从句时也只在从句中起引导作用，不在从句中充当任何成分，但是其本身的含义为“是否”； if通常只能引导名词性从句中的宾语从句，且只引导动词与形容词后面的宾语从句，而不能引导介词后面的宾语从句。if也可以引导it作形式主语的主语从句， if在从句中起引导作用，不在从句中作任何成分，其本身的含义为“是否”。
需在从句中充当一定的成分，连接代词通常在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分。注意who与whoever, what与which的区别。
也在从句中充当一定的成分，通常在从句中充当状语。
主语从句就是指在主句中充当句子主语的从句。 例如：
(1)Whether__it__is__necessary__to__hold__another__meeting__to__discuss__the__topic hasn't been approved by the committee.
是否有必要再举行一次会议来讨论这个话题还没有得到委员会的批准。
(引导词whether在主语从句中起引导作用，不充当任何成分。)
(2)That__he__didn't__pass__the__driving__test__again made his parents very upset.
他再次没有通过驾驶考试让他的父母很沮丧。
(引导词that在主语从句中起引导作用，不充当任何成分。)
(3)Whichever__team__wins__on__Saturday will go through to the national championships.
无论哪一支队伍周六赢了比赛将会进入国家锦标赛。
(引导词whichever在主语从句中充当定语)
(4)Whoever__wants__to__stay__in__a__hotel has to pay their own way.
＝Anyone who wants to stay in a hotel has to pay their own way.
任何想留在酒店的人都必须自己付费。
(引导词whoever在主语从句中充当主语)
【比较】
Those__who__leave__the__room__last ought to make sure that the windows are closed and the door locked.
最后离开房间的人必须要确保门窗都锁了。
(5)What__she__couldn't__understand was why fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons. 她所不能理解的是为什么越来越少的学生对她的课感兴趣。
(引导词what在主语从句中充当宾语)
(6)Where__we__can__look__up__his__address is still a problem.
我们在哪儿可以查到他的地址还是一个问题。
(引导词where在主语从句中充当地点状语)
(7)Why__the__sun__in__the__morning__looks__bigger__than__that__at__noon is very interesting.
为什么早上的太阳看起来比中午的大很令人感兴趣。
(引导词why在主语从句中充当原因状语)
(8)How__he__managed__to__finish__the__job is of no interest to us all. 我们对于他是怎样成功完成工作的都不感兴趣。
(引导词how在主语从句中充当方式状语)
【注意】 if 不能引导位于句首的主语从句，但是it作形式主语而后置的主语从句可用if来引导。
(1)Whether it is going to clear up keeps me wondering.(只能用whether)
我很纳闷天空是否会放晴。
(2)It is not clear to me whether/if she likes the present.(whether和if均可)
我不清楚她是否喜欢那个礼物。
【考点一】判定主语从句的引导词
高考试题对于从句的考查往往要求判定使用哪一个引导词来引导主语从句。这主要根据各引导词在从句中的功能和作用来判定。
【即时巩固】
(1)________ fashion differs from country to country may reflect the culture differences from one aspect.
(2)________Barbara Jones offers to her fans are honesty and happiness.
(3)________ there are living creatures in the outer space as those on Earth hasn't been proved until now.
【考点二】it作形式主语
在主语从句中常常可以使用it来作形式主语，而把真正的主语(一个主语从句)放置到后面去。例如：
(1)The Foreign Minister said, “It is our hope that__the__two__sides__will__work__towards__peace．”
外交部长说，双方努力争取和平是我们的希望。
(It为形式主语，而that引导的从句为真正的主语)
(2)It is still under discussion whether__the__old__bus__station__should__be__replaced__with__a__modern__hotel__or__not. 旧车站是否应该被现代化的宾馆取代还在讨论中。
(3)It is uncertain what__side__effect__the__medicine__will__bring__about,__although about two thousand patients have taken it.
这种药会带来怎样的副作用还不确定，尽管大约2000个病人已经服了这种药。
【即时巩固】
(4)Before a problem can be solved, it must be obvious ________ the problem itself is.
(5)It was never clear ________ the man hadn't reported the accident sooner.
(6)It is obvious to the students ________ they should get well prepared for their future.
(7)It is not immediately clear ________ the financial crisis will soon be over.
所谓宾语从句是指跟在及物动词后面、介词后面以及一些表示情感意义的或确信意义的形容词(afraid, glad, happy, pleased, sorry, anxious, worried, surprised, disappointed, certain, sure等)后面的从句。例如：
(1)With his work completed, the businessman stepped back to his seat, feeling pleased that__he__was__a__man__of__action. 工作完成了，那个商人走回座位，对于自己是个善于行动的人感到很满意。
(形容词后面跟宾语从句，此时引导词that可省略)
(2)A modern city has been set up in what__was__a__wasteland__ten__years__ago. 一个现代化的城市已经在10年前的一块荒地上被建了起来。
(引导词what在宾语从句中充当主语)
(3)He spoke proudly of his part in the game, without mentioning what__his__teammates__had__done. 他对自己在比赛中的角色很自豪，没有提及他的队友所做的事情。
(引导词what在宾语从句中充当宾语)
(4)It is not always easy for the public to see what__use__a__new__invention__can__be__of__to__human__life. 对于公众而言，要看出一个新发明对于人类生活可能有怎样的作用并不总是很容易的。
(引导词what在宾语从句中充当定语)
(5)There is disagreement among economists about what__money__is__and__how__money__is__measured. 经济学家中关于什么是钱以及钱是如何衡量的存在分歧。
(引导词what在宾语从句中充当表语；引导词how在宾语从句中充当方式状语)
(6)Mary wrote an article on why__the__team__had__failed__to__win__the__game. 玛丽写了一篇关于为什么这个队没有赢得比赛的文章。
(引导词why在宾语从句中充当原因状语)
(7)She will write a book on how__young__mother__should__raise__their__babies. 她将会写一本关于年轻的妈妈应该如何抚养孩子的书。
(引导词how在宾语从句中充当方式状语)
(8)At first he hated the new job but decided to give himself a few months to see if__it__got__any__better. 起初他讨厌这份新工作，但是后来决定给自己几个月来看看情况是否会变好一些。
(if在宾语从句中只起引导作用，不充当任何成分)
(9)We haven't settled the question of whether__it__is__necessary__for__him__to__study__abroad. 我们还没有解决是否有必要让他出国学习的问题。
(引导词whether在宾语从句中只起引导作用，不充当任何成分)
【考点一】宾语从句引导词的判定
判定宾语从句中的引导词，主要依据该引导词在宾语从句中充当何种成分以及该引导词的含义是否符合该宾语从句的上下文的逻辑意义。
【即时巩固】
(8)How much one enjoys himself travelling depends largely on ________ he goes with, whether his friends or relatives.
(9)The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of ________ others actually understand.
(10)We've offered her the job, but I don't know ________ she'll accept it.
【考点二】it作形式宾语
在宾语从句中，常可以使用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语放到后面。能带“宾语＋宾补”的动词常可以使用it作形式宾语，这样的动词有make, find, feel, believe, think, suppose, consider, see to等。例如：
(1)We all consider it important that__children__should__take__plenty__of__milk__as__they__grow. 我们都认为孩子在长身体时多喝牛奶是非常重要的。
(2)We find it necessary that__we__(should)__practice__spoken__English__every__day．
我们发现每天练习英语口语很有必要。
所谓表语从句是指跟在系动词后面充当句子表语的从句。
(1)Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer what it was 20 years ago, when it was so poorly equipped. 那个学校已经发生了巨大的变化。它已经不再是20年前的样子了，那个时候它装备得很差。
(引导词what在表语从句中充当表语)
(2)Actually, girls can be whatever they want to be just like boys, whether it is a pilot, an astronaut, or a manager. 实际上，女孩可以和男孩一样想从事什么职业就从事什么职业——不管是飞行员、宇航员还是经理。
(引导词whatever在表语从句中充当表语)
(3)The question is whether we can reduce the cost of the product.
问题是我们能否降低产品的成本。
(引导词whether仅起引导作用，不充当任何成分)
(4)My suggestion is that we (should) have a discussion about this matter instead of just laying it aside. 我的建议就是我们应当讨论一下这个问题，而不应把它放在一边。
(引导词that仅起引导作用，不充当任何成分)
(5)I am afraid he's more of a talker than a doer, which is why he never finishes anything.
恐怕他是个健谈者而不是实干家，这就是他完不成任何事情的原因。
(引导词why在表语从句中充当原因状语)
(6)The problem is how we can improve our reading skills in such a short time. 问题是我们如何在这么短的时间内提高我们的阅读能力。
(引导词how在表语从句中充当方式状语)
(7)The most urgent problem at present is who will take the place of the manager after he retires next month. 目前最紧迫的问题是经理下个月退休后谁来代替他。
(引导词who在表语从句中充当主语)
(8)The most urgent problem we need to solve at the moment is where we will put up for the night in this completely dark mountain area.
当前我们需要解决的最紧急的问题是，在这个漆黑的山区我们将暂时在哪里过夜。
(引导词where在表语从句中充当地点状语)
【注意】 当主句主语是reason时，表语从句一般由that引导，而不用why或because。这种用法常见于句型：The reason why...is that...。
The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.
我们为什么必须要种树的理由是树可以给我们提供新鲜的空气。
◆除上述的词以外， because, as if, as though等也可引导表语从句。
(1)He has lung cancer. That is because he has been smoking too much.
他患有肺癌，那是因为他抽烟太多了。
【比较】
He didn't work hard. That is why he failed the exam.
他学习不努力，那就是为什么他考试失败了。
(2)They looked as if/though they had been friends for many years.
他们看起来好像是很多年的朋友了。
【注意】 if不能引导表语从句。
【即时巩固】
(11)One reason for her preference for city life is ________ she can have easy access to places like shops and restaurants.
(12)—I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sundays.
—That's ________ I don't agree. You should have a more active life.
(13)I'd like to start my own business—that's ________ I'd do if I had the money.
(14)Having attended the 2010 World Expo, the tourists exclaimed Shanghai is really ________ legend(传奇) continues.
同位语从句是指跟在名词后面，进一步说明该名词具体内容的从句。可以带同位语从句的名词主要是一些可加进具体内容的，表示信息、思想等概念的抽象名词，如news, fact, idea, hope, belief, truth, promise, thought, fear, doubt, possibility, order, suggestion, proposal等。同位语从句与其前面的名词是同等关系而非修饰限定关系。
(1)We were very excited at the news that our Chinese athletes won many gold medals.
我们对于中国运动员赢得了很多金牌这个消息感到很兴奋。
(引导词that仅起引导作用，不充当任何成分)
(2)Some researchers believe that there is no doubt that a cure for AIDS will be found.
一些研究者相信治疗艾滋病的疗法将会被找到是毫无疑问的。
(引导词that仅起引导作用，不充当任何成分，如果是肯定句用whether引导)
(3)Do you have any idea what is actually going on in the classroom
你是否知道教室里真正在发生什么事情？
(引导词what在同位语从句中充当主语)
(4)The question came up at the meeting whether we have enough money for our research.
我们是否有足够的钱进行我们的研究，这个问题在会上被提了出来。
(引导词whether仅起引导作用，不充当任何成分)
【注意】 if不能引导同位语从句。
◆同位语从句与定语从句的区别
(1)当同位语从句与定语从句的引导词同为that时区别如下：
that引导同位语从句仅在从句中起引导作用，不充当任何成分； that引导定语从句时需在定语从句中充当一定的成分，如主语、宾语、表语等。试分析如下例句：
①The idea that we can have a four week holiday around Britain is put up by Tim.
②The idea that Tim put up is that we can have a four week holiday around Britain.
简析：通过对比我们可以发现，①句中的that只起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何成分， 因此它引导的是同位语从句，其中that不能省略；而②句中that不仅起引导作用，同时在从句中还充当了动词put up的宾语，因此它是定语从句，此时that可用which代替，也可省略。
(2)同位语从句是对前面抽象名词的进一步说明和解释，属于名词性的；定语从句是对其先行词进行修饰或限制，属于形容词性的。例如：
①Nobody believes his reason for being late that he had to look after his sick mother at home.
②The reason why the manager adapted to the new situations quickly is that he has a flexible attitude.
【即时巩固】
(15)With your help, there is no doubt ________ our plan is meant for will work out successfully.
(16)Modern science has given clear evidence ________ smoking can lead to many diseases.
(17)There is clear evidence ________ the most difficult feeling of all to interpret is bodily pain.
(18)Information has been put forward ________ more middle school graduates will be admitted to universities.
(19)Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class ________ he had to meet his uncle at the airport.
七、 whether与if引导名词性从句的用法辨析
whether和if都可以表示“是否”，但是在引导具体的名词性从句时，两者是有区别的：
只用whether不用if引导的从句 可以用if来引导的从句(if表示“是否”)
1. 主语从句置于句首时
2. 表语从句
3. 同位语从句
4. 介词后面的宾语从句
5. 直接与or not连用
6. 在不定式前，与不定式构成to do结构 1. 动词或形容词后面的宾语从句 2. it作形式主语而后置的主语从句也可用if来引导。如： It is not clear to me if she likes the present.
总结：在名词性从句中凡是可以用if来引导的从句均可使用whether引导，而whether可以引导的很多从句类型不一定能使用if来引导。
【即时巩固】
请使用whether/if完成句子
(20)________ we shall hold a meeting hasn't been decided yet.
(21)It hasn't been decided yet ________ we shall hold a meeting.
(22)The problem is ________ we finish the task on time.
(23)She doesn't decide ________ to tell her husband the truth.
(24)I wonder ________ the news is true.
(25)I'm not sure ________ I can pass the exam successfully.
(26)I want to know ________ or not the train goes to King Street.
(27)We discussed ________ we can go there by bus.
八、 名词性从句中的虚拟语气
在一些表示“坚持、命令、建议或要求”等词构成的从句中，常用虚拟语气，从句中的谓语动词形式为should＋动词原形，其中should可省略。常用词有：
一坚持 insist
二命令 order, command
三要求 require, request, demand
四建议 suggest, advise, recommend, propose
这些词在其他名词性从句中虽然发生了一些词形、词性的变化，但是从句中虚拟的用法不变。
(1)He suggested that a meeting (should) be held immediately.(宾语从句)
(2)It was suggested that a meeting (should) be held immediately.(主语从句)
(3)His suggestion was that a meeting (should) be held immediately.(表语从句)
(4)He made a suggestion that a meeting (should) be held immediately.(同位语从句)
当堂达标·跟踪演练
1. Being a new student, Tom rather cares about ________ his classmates are supposed to treat him in the class.
2. The government will take ________ action it thinks necessary to rebuild the public's faith in the justice of the law.
3. Many anti piracy experts are able to determine ________ an item has been pirated or not, based on the maker's style and qualifications.
4. The director of our department is determined to promote ________ he thinks is energetic, wise and capable to the position.
5. (2023·新高考Ⅱ卷)They also need to be ready to give interviews in English with international journalists. This is ________ they need an English trainer.
6. You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is ________ I disagree.
7. ________ seems to be a strong competition in China for senior high school students to enter universities does exist in other countries as well.
8. (2022·1月浙江卷改编)I wasn't sure ________ it meant exactly, but at least we had a topic.
9. This should serve as a warning ________ people should be aware of their surroundings, especially when crossing roads.
10. (2023·浙江名校协作体联考)“Explore and understand society in practice, and influence the people around us. That's ________ the meaning of the project lies，” said Ding.
11. By boat is the only way to get here, and this is ________ we arrived.
12. (2022·安徽滁州高三期中)So she wants to consult some experts and gain some instructions. But ________ she could get better suggestions and ________ will give her better advice also puzzle her.
13. The time is not far away ________ the information will be made known ________ more workers will be trained for their jobs.
14. Part of the reason why Charles Dickens loved his own novel, David Copperfield, was ________ it was rather closely modeled on his own life.
15. (2023·镇江南京九校联考)Breathwork is thought to influence the vagus nerve, which stretches from the brain to the gut and makes up the majority of ________ is known as the parasympathetic nervous system.
16. ________ Obama was elected president of the USA is a big success for the blacks in America.
17. Parents should guide their children, not direct them. Observe ________ your child's talent and interests lie, and then encourage them in those directions.
18. —What impresses you most about Beijing
—The street, the length of which is four times ________ it is in my hometown.
19. If you are still unaware of the danger of drug addiction, consult an expert, who will show you examples of ________ it affects one's health.
20. (2023·宁波4月模拟)Since the pre Qin period, Chengdu has been an important cultural town in China. But ________ really sets the city apart, culturally, is its opera.
21. I think __________ impresses me about his painting is the colours he uses.
22. What puzzles Lily's friends is ________ she always has so many crazy ideas.
23. It is not a problem ________ we can win the battle; it's just a matter of time.
24. While they are rare north of 88°， there is evidence ________ they range all the way across the Arctic, and so far south as James Bay in Canada.
25. (2023·连云港2月调研)________ adds to the amazement may be the occasional sight of golden snub nosed monkeys and constant sounds of birds singing.