动词时态和语态讲练 导学案（无答案）--2025届高三下学期英语一轮复习专项

动词的时态和语态
动词的时态
1. 表示习惯性的、经常性的动作
使用一般现在时，通常和usually, normally, often等状语连用。
The course normally attracts about 20 students per year, of whom up to half will be from abroad.
这门课通常每年吸引20名左右的学生，其中一半将来自国外。
2. 表示现在的情况或状态
My parents live in Hong Kong. They were born there and have never lived anywhere else.
我的父母住在香港。他们在那里出生，从未在别的地方居住过。
3. 表示客观真理、科学事实、格言以及不受时间限制的客观存在
(1)The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 太阳东升西落。
(2)Shanghai lies in the east of China.
上海位于中国的东部。
(3)One swallow does not make a summer.
一燕不成夏。
4. 表示按照日历表、时刻表、安排表上固定安排好将要发生的事情
(1)—Mom, shall I go upstairs to get changed
—I don't think you have the time, for our flight takes off at 10：00.
——妈妈，我需要上楼换衣服吗？
——我觉得你没这个时间了，因为我们的航班10点起飞。
(2)Flight Canada A302 departs at 16：30.
加拿大航班A302在下午四点半起飞。
(3)The tryout takes place next Monday.
选拔赛将于下周一举行。
5. 在时间、条件状语从句中表将来时间
(1)I will tell him the news as soon as he comes back. 他一回来我就告诉他这个消息。
(2)My parents have promised to come to see me before I leave for Africa.
我的父母答应在我前往非洲之前来看我。
(3)Providing no one has any further questions, the meeting will be adjourned.
如果大家都没有问题要问了，那我们就休会。
1. 有明确表示过去的时间状语，表示过去的时间内发生的动作或状态
(1)We often played together when__we__were__children.
当我们还是孩子的时候我们经常在一起玩。
(2)Two__years__ago she bought an expensive mountain bike.
两年前她买了一辆昂贵的山地自行车。
(3)Mr. Bell called just__now telling you not to worry about him.
贝尔先生刚才打电话来告诉你不要为他担心。
2. 无明确表示过去的时间状语，但根据语义或语境可以判定出为发生在过去的动作或状态
(1)Scientists have many theories about how the universe came into being.
科学家有很多关于宇宙是如何形成的理论。
(2)I was brought up by my grandparents in the countryside.
我是由祖父母在农村抚养长大的。
(3)Could you repeat your phone number again I didn't hear it clearly.
你能再说一遍你的电话号码吗？我没听清。
3. 时间状语“for＋一段时间”与一般过去时连用
时间状语“for＋一段时间”，通常与现在完成时连用，表示到目前为止某动作所持续的时间。例如：
He has worked for that foreign company for__more__than__ten__years．
他已经在那个外国公司里工作十多年了。
(言外之意：目前还是在那个公司工作)
但有时“for＋一段时间”与一般过去时连用，表示在过去某动作所持续的一段时间。此时，通常有上下文提示可以表明该动作只是在过去的某段时间内持续，现在已经终止。例如：
(1)Miss. Zhao worked as a teacher for__five__years in her hometown, and now she is an editor in a newspaper. 赵小姐曾经在家乡当过五年老师，如今她是一家报社的编辑。
(worked as a teacher这一动作发生在过去，并且在过去持续了五年，现在已经终止)
(2)Frank studied the English language in London for__four__years,__so he gets a good knowledge of London. 弗兰克曾在伦敦学过四年英语，因此他对伦敦十分了解。
4. 表示“刚刚，刚才”发生的过去，使用一般过去时或者过去进行时
过去时是相对于现在时而言的，以“此时此刻”为界限，之前发生的事情都属于过去时态，因此即使是发生在刚刚的过去也应是过去时态。根据句意判定为“刚刚，刚才”，考虑使用一般过去时或者过去进行时。若动词为短暂性动词，且表示“刚刚，刚才”的含义时，动词用一般过去时；若动词为延续性动词，且表示“刚刚，刚才”时，用过去进行时。例如：
(1)—Oh, it's you. I didn't recognize you.
—I've just had my hair cut, and I'm wearing new glasses.
——哦，是你啊，我刚才没认出你来。
——我刚剪了头发，并且还戴了新的眼镜。
(2)—What's the matter, Jim You look sad.
—Oh, nothing much. Actually, I was just thinking of my friends.
——怎么了，吉米？你看起来很伤心。
——噢，没什么。事实上，我刚才正在想我的朋友们。
(3)—What's your opinion about my suggestion
—Sorry, I wasn't listening. Would you please say that again
——关于我的建议你怎么看？
——抱歉，我刚才没在听，你能不能再说一遍？
5. 一般过去时中有时出现几个连续动作并列的情况，这些动作通常是连续依次发生的
(1)I got up early, washed my face, had a quick breakfast and hurried to school. 我早早起床，洗了脸，快速地吃了早饭，然后匆忙地赶去学校。
(2)Tom was late. He opened the door quietly, moved in and walked carefully to his seat.
汤姆迟到了，他轻轻地打开门，走进来，然后小心地走向他的座位。
但是有些情况下并非是连续动作的并列，我们需要仔细鉴别。
【典题例析】
(1)As the light turned green, I stood for a moment, not ________ (move), and asked myself what I was going to do.
【解析】moving　本题并非stood, moved和asked三个动作的并列，因为这三个动作并非连续的并列动作，实际上本题横线处是一个伴随状语， stood for a moment的时候实际上就是没有动，因此用moving作stood for a moment的伴随状语更为合理。
(2)The moment he got the news, Mr. Mathews hurried out of his house, and ________ (start) his car, drove all the way to town.
【解析】having started　根据题中and的位置关系可知本题并非是三个动作并列，而是hurried和drove的并列。题干中横线处是状语，而且明显和drove存在先后关系，即状语的动作先于后面句子中的谓语动词而发生，因此使用分词的完成式。
1. be going to
第一，指说话之前已计划或思考过的意图和打算。第二，表示客观迹象，表明马上要发生。
(1)I am going to see the doctor tomorrow.
我打算明天去看医生。
(2)Boys and girls, you are going to hear a most incredible tale. 孩子们，你们马上就要听到一个令人难以置信的故事。
(3)Dark clouds are gathering. It's going to rain.
乌云正在聚集，快下雨了。
2. will
will用于将来时常用于以下两种情况：
第一，表示客观上将来势必发生的事情(根据自然规律必然会或注定会)。
第二，没有经过计划，临时做出的计划或打算。
(1)Population experts predict that most people will live in cities in the near future.
人口专家预测不远的将来大部分人都将生活在城市里。
(2)It will soon be Christmas and the New Year.
很快就要到圣诞节和新年了。
(3)—Ann is in hospital.
—Oh, really I didn't know. I will go and visit her.
——安住院了。
——噢，真的吗？我不知道，我这就去看她。
3. be about to do
表示一种即将发生的将来，理解为“正要做某事”，不与具体的时间状语连用。
Tom was about to close the window when his attention was caught by a bird. 汤姆正要关窗户，这时他的注意力被一只鸟儿吸引了。
4. be to do
表示按计划中约定的或按职责、义务、要求必须去做的事(表示某种命令)或即将发生的动作。
(1)We are to discuss the report next Saturday.
我们将于下周六来讨论这个报告。
(2)The meeting is to take place early tomorrow.
会议将于明天一早举行。
(3)You are to hand in the compositions on Monday. 你们周一上交作文。(命令)
(4)The work is to be finished by the end of the week. 这个工作周末务必完成。
1. 表示此时此刻正在进行的动作
(1)—Hi, let's go skating.
—Sorry, I'm busy right now. I am filling in an application form for a new job.
——嗨，我们去溜冰吧。
——抱歉，我正在忙，为找一份新工作我正在填写一张申请表。
(2)Hurry up, kids！The school bus is waiting for us! 赶快，孩子们。校车正在等我们。
2. 表示现阶段正在进行的动作(说话时不一定正在进行)
(1)Wushu, a Chinese martial art, is still trying to get into the Olympics.
中国武术仍然正在尝试着进入奥运会。
(2)Teenagers are damaging their health because they play computer games too much.
青少年们正损害着自己的健康，因为他们过度地玩电脑游戏。
3. 与always, continually, constantly等连用表示赞扬、批评等感彩
(1)You are always telling people about your exciting sculpture classes.
你总是跟别人讲起你那精彩的雕塑课。(批评)
(2)Why are you always coming late for class You are close to being suspended.
你怎么上学总是迟到？你快被开除了。(批评)
1. 表示过去的某一时刻或某一阶段正在进行的动作
(1)May I ask what you were doing in my restaurant this time yesterday evening
我能问一下昨天晚上这个时候你在我的餐馆干嘛吗？
(2)—It was really very kind of you to give me a lift home.
—Oh, don't mention it. I was coming past your house anyway.
——你能让我搭便车回家真是太好了。
——哦，别客气。反正我当时正好经过你家。
2. 用过去进行时主要是为了使语气委婉、客气
I was wondering if you can give me a lift.
不知你能否让我搭一下车。
表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作或存在的状态。
(1)Daniel's family will be enjoying their holiday in Huangshan this time next week.
下周的这个时候，丹尼尔一家将正在黄山享受他们的假日。
(2)We will be flying over the Atlantic at this time tomorrow.
明天这个时候我们将正在飞越大西洋。
【即时巩固】
(1)On Monday mornings, it usually ________ (take) me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles.
(2)If nothing ________ (do), the oceans will turn into fish deserts.
(3)Around two o'clock every night, Sue will start talking in her dream. It somewhat ________ (bother) us.
(4)Hurry up！Mark and Carl ________ (expect) us.
(5)—I hear you ________ (work) in a pub. What's it like
—Well, it's very hard work and I'm always tired, but I don't mind.
(6)—This returned scholar has become one of the top experts in this field.
—Yes, I know him very well. He ________ (work) for ten years at an institute in the USA.
1. 固定句型中的现在完成时
【句型1】　It is the first time that...表示“第一次做某事”，该结构中需使用现在完成时。例如：
It is the first time that I have been to the Great Wall. 这是我第一次去长城。
【句型2】It was the first time that...，从句中需使用过去完成时。例如：
It was the first time that I had been out with her alone. 这是我第一次和她单独外出。
此外【句型1】、【句型2】可以有多种变体的形式：
It/That/This is/was the first/second/third.../the last time that...
(1)This__is__the__first__time__that I have ever been abroad at all. 这完全是我第一次出国。
(2)That__was__the__first__time__that I had left England's shores.
那是我第一次离开英国的海滨。
【句型3】It's time that...这一句型表示“该是做某事的时候了”。这一句型的that从句中需使用虚拟语气，其构成是在从句中使用过去时或should do，即It's time that sb. did/should do...。例如：
(1)Isn't it time you got (should get) down to marking the papers
是不是你该开始批阅试卷了？
(2)Now I think it's time you went (should go) to bed. 现在我想你该上床睡觉了。
(3)It's time that the local government should take (took) immediate action to cope with the environmental problems.
该是当地政府立即采取行动来处理环境问题的时候了。
【注意】 该句型中time前面有时可以使用一些修饰语，构成It's high/about time that sb. did/should do...。例如：
I think it is high time that Mr. Smith made (should make) up his mind.
我想该是史密斯先生做决定的时候了。
2. 现在完成时有时用在时间和条件状语从句中，用来替代将来完成时
(1)—I'm going to leave at the end of this month.
—I don't think you should do that until you've found another job.
——我打算本月底离开。
——我想在找到另一份工作前你不该那么做。
(2)I'm sorry to tell you that we will not tell you the results of the survey until we have looked through all the data.
我很抱歉地告诉你，我们将不会告诉你调查的结果直到我们已经浏览完所有的数据。
3. 现在完成时常用短语与从句
若状语为over/in/during the past/last ten years或与since引导的从句连用，通常使用现在完成时。若强调动作在过去的几年中一直持续进行到现在，需使用现在完成进行时。此外状语so far(至今为止)、up to/till now(到目前为止)通常与现在完成时连用。
(1)Since I decided to take the health expert's advice, I have taken to jogging in the morning every day. 自从我决定接受健康专家的建议以来，我就已经慢慢养成了每天早晨慢跑的习惯。
(2)In__the__past__few__years,__thousands of films have been produced all over the world.
近几年来，在全世界范围内几千部电影已经被制作了出来。
(3)—That's the first time that he has won the award in this field.
—Yes. He has been exploring his maximum potential in__the__past__decade．
——那是他第一次在这个领域赢得这个奖项。
——是的，在过去十年里他一直在开发他最大的潜能。
(4)In__the__past__few__years,__the fast food restaurant has improved the cooking skill and catered to different customers' popular demands.
近几年来，快餐店已经提高了烹饪技能并且迎合不同顾客的需求。
(5)They have been stopped from leaving their homes since King Gyanendra seized control of the government three months ago.
自从国王贾南德拉三个月前控制了政府，他们已经被禁止离开家。
1. 过去的过去
过去完成时表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前，某动作已经发生，即表示动作发生在“过去的过去”。因此，使用过去完成时的句子中常有一个表示过去的动作或时间状语作为参照。例如：
(1)By__the__end__of__yesterday,__we had received over 1，000 letters from all over the world.
到昨天为止，我们已经收到了来自世界各地的1000多封信。
(2)I had worked in a car factory for two years before__I__came__here．
我来这儿之前已在一家汽车厂工作了两年。
(3)Nobody knew how to answer the question, for they hadn't attended the maths class.
没人知道如何回答这个问题，因为他们都没上数学课。
2. 表示“原本……，本打算而未能……”
hope, wish, plan, want, mean, intend, attempt, expect等表示“打算”“计划”“希望”“试图”“认为”等的动词用于过去完成时，表示“本打算(本计划、本希望、本认为)做而未做”。该过去完成时也可转化成hoped/wished/planned/wanted/meant/intended/attempted/expected to have done，也理解为“本打算(本计划、本希望、本认为)做而未做”。例如：
(1)I had hoped to come to your party, but I was too busy.
我本打算参加你的晚会，但太忙了。
(2)I hadn't meant to be so rude. I was quite annoyed, though. 我当时不是有意这么粗鲁的，不过我太生气了。
3. 固定句型中的过去完成时
在Hardly(Scarcely)．..when...和No sooner...than...这两个句型中， Hardly (Scarcely)和No sooner后面使用过去完成时；hardly, no sooner放句首时部分倒装；when和than后面使用一般过去时并且不倒装。例如：
No__sooner had the boy spoken these words than the warden hit him on the head with the soup spoon. 孩子的话刚出口，大师傅就用汤匙打他的脑袋。
　　　表示到将来某一时间某一动作将已经完成，常和“by＋将来某时间”或“by the time＋一般现在时”连用。 by the time相当于时间状语从句的引导词，其后面使用的一般现在时表示一般将来时。将来完成时使用will have done表示。
(1)By__next__week,__the conference will have lasted a full week.
到下周为止，会议将已经持续了一整周。
(2)By__the__time Jane gets home, her aunt will have left for London to attend a meeting.
简到家时，她姑姑将已去往伦敦参加会议了。
(3)Maybe by__then you will have changed your mind. 也许到那时候你已经改变主意了。
(4)By__the__time he comes back, I will have finished reading the report.
他回来的时候，我将已经完成了报告的阅读。
1. 现在完成进行时的基本含义
现在完成进行时表示动作从过去一直持续到现在并且有可能继续下去。现在完成进行时的构成形式为：has/have been＋现在分词。
(1)I have been reading Hemingway's Farewell to Arms recently.
我最近一直在读海明威的《永别了，武器》。
(2)I have been learning English since three years ago.
从三年前开始我就一直在学习英语。
(3)Now that she is out of job, Lucy has been considering going back to school, but she hasn't decided yet. 既然她失业了，露西一直在考虑着重返校园，但是她还没有决定。
(4)You know, I have been looking for a job for three months, and this is my first formal interview. 你知道，我已经找了三个月的工作了，这是我第一个正式的面试。
2. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别
现在完成进行时强调动作从过去持续到现在，无间断，强调动作持续的过程；现在完成时所表示的动作则是终止性的，强调对现在造成的影响。
(1)I have been writing letters since breakfast.
早饭后我一直在写信。(尚未写完)
(2)I have written five letters since breakfast.
早饭后我已经写了五封信了。(已经写完)
　　　过去完成进行时，表示动作从过去的过去一直持续到过去为止，并且有可能继续下去。如：
(1)I felt fed up because I had been looking after these naughty boys. 我感觉受够了，因为在这之前我一直在照顾这些调皮的男孩。
(2)I had been looking for my documents for hours before I found them. 在我找到那些文件之前我已经连续找了好几个小时了。
　　　过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。这种时态常用于主句是一般过去时的宾语从句中。过去将来时的表达方法与一般将来时一样，只是有关动词需用过去式。
(1)She said she would be there at seven o'clock, and he thought she would keep her word. 她说她会七点到那儿的，并且他认为她会信守诺言。
(2)He promised that he would come, but he hasn't arrived until now.
他承诺他会来，但是现在还没到。
(3)When he was to open the door, he found his keys were nowhere. 当他正要开门的时候，他发现他的钥匙不知道去哪里了。
(4)Mo Yan's novels sell well, but years ago few could have imagined such a big share in the marketing that they were to have.
莫言的小说现在卖得很好，但是很多年前谁也想不到这些书将会占据这么大的市场份额。
【即时巩固】
(7)He was unhappy when he sold his guitar. After all, he ________ (have) it for a very long time.
(8)Excuse me, Marcia, a reporter from Vanity Fair ________ (phone) all day. Could you speak to her now
(9)—Tommy is planning to buy a car.
—I know. By next month, he ________ (save) enough for a used one.
(10)—Could I use your car tomorrow morning
—Sure. I ________ (write) a report at home.
(11)—Did you know more about the mine accident
—Oh, sorry, I had no idea. I ________ (phone) the Rescue Center now.
(12)I found the lecture hard to follow because it ________ (start) when I arrived.
动词的语态
动词语态是指特殊的动词形式，用以表示动作的主语与宾语之间的关系。英语的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。
二、 主动表被动的情况
1. 形容词worth 后用动名词的主动形式表示被动含义。
This problem is well worth considering.
这个问题很值得考虑。
2. want, need, require 作“需要”讲时，后用动名词的主动形式表被动含义，这时动名词同句子的主语之间在逻辑上有动宾关系。
The house needs/wants/requires repairing.
＝The house needs/wants/requires to be repaired.
房子需要修理。
3. 不定式在某些形容词(difficult, easy, hard, comfortable, pleasant, fit, unfit, light, heavy, good, safe, dangerous等)后作状语且和句子的主语(或宾语)构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，用主动形式表示被动含义。
(1)The question is difficult (for me) to understand. 这个问题(对我来说)很难理解。
(2)She is easy (for people) to get along with.
她很容易(与人)相处。
4. sb. be to blame for sth.意为“某人因某事被责备”，用主动形式表被动。
Personally speaking, he is the last person to blame. 就个人而言，他是最不应该受责备的人。
5. 表示主语的某种属性特征的动词，如read, write, act, sell, wash, clean, open, cook, lock, shut, dry, eat, drink等。这类动词一般不单独使用，常与副词(easily, well), 情态动词(won't, can't)连用。
(1)This coat dries easily.
(2)The pen writes smoothly.
(3)Smelling sweet, the cakes sell well.
(4)The door can't/won't close.
(5)The radio won't work.
6. “介词in, on, under 等＋n.”构成的介词短语表示被动意义。
(1)The house facing the lake is in the possession of John.
＝The house facing the lake is possessed by John.
面朝湖的房子是约翰的。
(2)The question is under discussion.
＝The question is being discussed.
这个问题正在讨论中。
7. 不定式中的特殊用法
(1)I have a letter to post.(动作由主语自己完成)
(2)I have a letter to be posted.(动作由别人完成)
8. with＋n.＋to do结构
With a lot of things to buy, we went to the supermarket. 有很多东西要买，我们去了超市。
【即时巩固】
(13)Would you please make up a topic worth ________ (discuss) at tomorrow's meeting
(14)When Tim ________ (ask) why he was late for school, he just kept silent.
(15)—Tell me one thing you're proud of your junior high school, Tony.
—I ________ (choose) as captain of the school football team.
挑战训练：
1. Auchintoul was originally a tower house built in the late 16th century though very little of the original building ________ (remain)．
2. If you feel any signs that the interview ________ (go) horribly, it's important to maintain your confidence and a positive attitude, however discouraged you may be.
3. Follow the activities as required and you ________ (update) on a range of exciting events, such as lectures by inspiring entrepreneurs.
4. (2022·全国新高考卷Ⅰ)The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that ________ (be) previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority.
5. —Hi, Tracy, you look tired.
—I am tired. I ________ (paint) the living room all day.
6. (2023·新高考Ⅱ卷)As a little girl, I ____________ (wish) to be a zookeeper when I grew up.
7. Was it the second time that she ________ (accuse) of stealing money from her neighbor
8. —Did Alan enjoy seeing his old friends yesterday
—Yes, he did. He ________ (see) his old friends for a long time.
9. It's about time that we ________ (go) to the banquet.
10. I won't invite you to the house warming party until I ________ (move) in.
11. John was given the same suitcase his father and grandfather ________ (take) with them to school.
12. (2023·全国乙卷)The remarkable development of this city, which is consciously designed to protect the past while stepping into the modern world, ____________ (mean) there is always something new to discover here, and I could be photographing Beijing for the next 50 years.
13. —Ouch！You hurt me!
—I am sorry. But I ________ (not mean) any harm. I ________ (try) to drive a rat out.
14. There ________ (arise) a trend that 3D films will become more popular ever since the film Avatar hit the market.
15. (2022·全国甲卷)In the last five years, Cao ________ (walk) through 34 countries in six continents, and in 2016, he reached the top of Kilimanjaro, Africa's highest mountain.
16. It is said that the novel J. K. Rowling had devoted so many years to ________ (get) published last week.
17. I watch sports the way a dog will watch TV: I'm attracted by the motion and color, but no actual comprehension ________ (take) place.
18. (2023·全国甲卷)Carson proves that a simple lyric form that has been passed down through the ages can still ____________ (employ) today to draw attention to important truths.
19. Mr. Lee, who ________ (work) as a carpenter for over five years, is now a very famous statesman in this country.
20. (2022·全国新高考卷Ⅱ)Henry ________ (fix) his car when he heard the screams.
21. You can't help wondering how hard it ________ (be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place.
22. (2023·南通高三开学考试)For example, research into the brilliant blue wings of a species of butterfly ________ (lead) to innovative technologies since scientists uncovered the secret behind their bright colour.
23. The Xi'an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China's long history. It ________ (build) originally to protect the city in the Tang Dynasty and has now been completely restored(修复)．
24. (2023·全国乙卷)Having visited several times over the last 10 years, I ____________ (amaze) by the co existence of old and new, and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage while constantly growing.
25. (2023·浙江1月卷)In the Ming Dynasty, the center was the Forbidden City, surrounded in concentric(同心的) circles by the Inner City and Outer City. Citizens of higher social classes ____________ (permit) to live closer to the center of the circles.