人教版八年级下册Unit 9 Have you ever been to a museum？ 单元语法讲解及练习（含解析）

Unit 9 Have you ever been to a museum 单元语法
一、语法知识聚焦
（一）现在完成时的概念
现在完成时是英语中一种重要的时态，用于表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或者表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。它强调的是过去的事情与现在的联系。例如，“I have lost my key.（我把钥匙弄丢了）”，丢钥匙这个动作发生在过去，但导致的结果是现在“我”没有钥匙，影响到了现在的情况。再如，“He has lived here for five years.（他在这里住了五年了）”，从过去某个时间开始他就住在这里，一直持续到现在，并且有可能继续持续下去。
（二）现在完成时的构成
现在完成时由“助动词have/has + 动词的过去分词”构成。其中，have用于第一人称单数（I）、第二人称单复数（you）、第三人称复数（they）以及复数名词作主语的情况；has则用于第三人称单数（he/she/it）以及单数名词作主语的情况。动词的过去分词形式变化有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
1. 规则变化
- 一般情况下，直接在动词原形后加 -ed。例如：work - worked，play - played。在句子 “I have worked hard this semester.（我这学期学习很努力）” 中，“worked” 就是 “work” 的过去分词形式。
- 以不发音的 -e结尾的动词，直接加 -d。如：live - lived，use - used。像 “She has lived in this city for two years.（她在这个城市住了两年了）”，“lived” 是 “live” 的过去分词。
- 以“辅音字母 + y”结尾的动词，先把y变为i，再加 -ed。例如：study - studied，carry - carried。在 “They have studied English for a long time.（他们学英语很长时间了）” 里，“studied” 是 “study” 的过去分词形式。
- 重读闭音节且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，双写这个辅音字母，再加 -ed。比如：stop - stopped，shop - shopped。“He has stopped smoking.（他已经戒烟了）” 中的 “stopped” 就是 “stop” 的过去分词。
2. 不规则变化
英语中有许多动词的过去分词形式是不规则的，需要特殊记忆。常见的如：go - gone，do - done，see - seen，eat - eaten，write - written等。例如，“I have seen this movie before.（我以前看过这部电影）”，“seen” 是 “see” 的不规则过去分词形式。
（三）现在完成时的用法
1. 表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果
这种用法强调过去动作和现在情况的关联性。例如，“I have broken my glasses. I can't see clearly now.（我把眼镜打破了。我现在看不清楚了）”，打破眼镜这个动作发生在过去，而现在的结果是看不清楚。再如，“She has finished her homework, so she can go out to play.（她已经完成了作业，所以她可以出去玩了）”，完成作业是过去的动作，现在能出去玩是这个动作造成的结果。
2. 表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态
常与表示一段时间的状语连用，如 “for + 时间段”（for two hours，for three years等）、“since + 时间点”（since last year，since 2010等）、“since + 从句（从句用一般过去时）”（since I came here，since he left school等）。例如，“We have learned English for five years.（我们学英语已经五年了）”，从过去开始学习英语，一直持续到现在。“He has been ill since last Monday.（他从上周一就生病了）”，生病这个状态从上周一开始一直持续到现在。
（四）现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
1. 侧重点不同
一般过去时单纯描述过去发生的动作或存在的状态，与现在没有关联；而现在完成时强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或者过去开始并持续到现在的动作或状态。例如，“I saw the movie yesterday.（我昨天看了那部电影）”，只是陈述昨天看电影这个过去的事实；“I have seen the movie. I know the plot very well.（我看过那部电影了。我很了解剧情）”，强调看电影这个过去的动作对现在“我了解剧情”产生的影响。
2. 时间状语不同
一般过去时通常与表示过去的具体时间状语连用，如 “yesterday（昨天）”、“last week（上周）”、“in 2020（在2020年）”、“two days ago（两天前）” 等；现在完成时则常与 “already（已经）”、“yet（还，用于否定句和疑问句）”、“just（刚刚）”、“ever（曾经）”、“never（从不）”、“for + 时间段”、“since + 时间点/从句” 等时间状语或短语连用。例如，“He visited his grandparents last weekend.（他上周末去看望了他的祖父母）”，“last weekend” 是一般过去时的典型时间状语；“I have already finished my work.（我已经完成了我的工作）”，“already” 是现在完成时常见的时间副词。
3. 动词的持续性不同
一般过去时中，瞬间动词和延续性动词都可以使用，描述过去发生的动作；现在完成时在表示动作持续到现在时，只能使用延续性动词。例如，“He left Beijing two days ago.（他两天前离开了北京）”，“left” 是瞬间动词，用在一般过去时中；而 “He has been away from Beijing for two days.（他离开北京已经两天了）”，“be away” 是延续性动词短语，用于现在完成时表示持续的状态。
（五）现在完成时的常见句型
1. 肯定句：主语 + have/has + 动词的过去分词 + 其他。例如，“I have visited the Great Wall.（我参观过长城）”，“She has eaten breakfast.（她已经吃了早餐）”。
2. 否定句：主语 + have/has + not + 动词的过去分词 + 其他。have not可以缩写为haven't，has not可以缩写为hasn't。如，“I haven't finished my homework yet.（我还没有完成作业）”，“He hasn't seen this movie.（他没看过这部电影）”。
3. 一般疑问句：Have/Has + 主语 + 动词的过去分词 + 其他？肯定回答用“Yes, 主语 + have/has.”，否定回答用“No, 主语 + haven't/hasn't.”。例如，“Have you ever been to Paris （你曾经去过巴黎吗？）”，肯定回答是“Yes, I have.（是的，我去过）”，否定回答是“No, I haven't.（不，我没去过）”。
4. 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词 + have/has + 主语 + 动词的过去分词 + 其他？例如，“What have you done since this morning （从今天早上开始你做了什么？）”，“Where has she gone （她去哪儿了？）” 。
（六）already、yet、just、ever、never在现在完成时中的用法
1. already
意为“已经”，常用于肯定句中，通常位于助动词have/has和过去分词之间，也可放在句末。例如，“I have already read this book.（我已经读过这本书了）” ，“She has finished her work already.（她已经完成了她的工作）” 。在口语中，already放在句末的情况更常见，用来加强语气。
2. yet
意为“还，尚”，用于否定句和疑问句中，通常位于句末。在否定句中，表示动作还没有发生；在疑问句中，用于询问动作是否已经发生。例如，“I haven't seen the movie yet.（我还没看过那部电影）” ，“Have you finished your homework yet （你完成作业了吗？）” 。
3. just
意为“刚刚”，表示动作刚刚发生，常位于助动词have/has和过去分词之间。例如，“He has just come back from school.（他刚从学校回来）” ，“They have just finished the game.（他们刚结束比赛）” 。just强调动作发生的时间很近。
4. ever
意为“曾经”，用于疑问句中，通常位于助动词have/has和过去分词之间，用来询问某人是否做过某事。例如，“Have you ever been to a foreign country （你曾经去过国外吗？）” ，“Has she ever tried this kind of food （她尝过这种食物吗？）” 。ever常与现在完成时搭配，用于询问经历。
5. never
意为“从不”，表示从未做过某事，位于助动词have/has和过去分词之间，用于否定句中加强否定语气。例如，“I have never been to that city.（我从未去过那个城市）” ，“He has never seen such a beautiful place.（他从未见过如此美丽的地方）” 。
二、学以致用
（一）语法填空
1. I ______ (visit) the science museum twice. It's really interesting.
2. My parents ______ (not come) back yet. I'm a little worried.
3. ______ you ever ______ (hear) of the story about the Monkey King
4. She ______ (just finish) reading the novel. She can tell you the ending.
5. They ______ (live) in this town since 2015.
6. Tom ______ (not see) his grandparents for a long time. He misses them very much.
7. Have you ______ (be) to the beach It's a great place to relax.
8. I ______ (already learn) a lot of English words. I can read simple English books now.
9. ______ she ever ______ (travel) abroad
10. We ______ (not start) the project yet. We are still preparing.
（二）阅读理解
Last week, I went to a very special museum - the Museum of Failure. It is in Helsingborg, Sweden. The museum shows more than 100 failed products from all over the world. Some of these products are quite famous. For example, there is the Apple Newton, a personal digital assistant that Apple developed in the 1990s. It was a great idea, but it didn't work well and was a big failure.
The founder of the museum is Dr. Samuel West. He said he started the museum because he wanted to encourage people to learn from failure. He believes that failure is not something to be ashamed of, but a valuable learning experience. Many companies send their employees to the museum to learn from these failed products.
Visitors to the museum can see different kinds of failed products. There are also some interactive exhibits. For example, visitors can try to use some of the failed products and experience why they didn't work. It's a very educational and fun place to visit.
1. Where is the Museum of Failure
A. In Sweden.
B. In the United States.
C. In China.
D. In Japan.
2. How many failed products does the museum show
A. Less than 100.
B. More than 100.
C. Exactly 100.
D. About 50.
3. Why did Dr. Samuel West start the museum
A. Because he wanted to make money.
B. Because he wanted to show his collection.
C. Because he wanted to encourage people to learn from failure.
D. Because he wanted to become famous.
4. What can visitors do at the museum
A. Buy some failed products.
B. See different kinds of successful products.
C. Try to use some of the failed products.
D. Make their own failed products.
5. What's the main idea of the passage
A. The history of the Museum of Failure.
B. A special museum - the Museum of Failure.
C. How to learn from failure.
D. Famous failed products.
（三）翻译句子
1. 我从未去过那个公园。
2. 他已经完成了他的报告吗？
3. 他们自从去年就住在这个城市。
4. 她刚刚买了一本新的故事书。
5. 我还没有看过这部新电影。
（四）写作任务
以 “My Unforgettable Experience” 为题，用英语写一篇短文，描述你一次难忘的经历。内容包括：这次经历是什么，发生在什么时候、什么地点，和谁一起经历的，具体的经过是怎样的，为什么它让你如此难忘，不少于80词。
答 案
（一）语法填空
1. have visited
根据句中的“twice”以及语境可知，这里强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响，即去过科学博物馆两次，要用现在完成时。主语是“I”，助动词用“have”，“visit”的过去分词是“visited”，所以填“have visited”。
2. haven't come
由“yet”可知此句为现在完成时的否定句。主语“My parents”是复数，助动词用“have”，“have not”缩写为“haven't”，“come”的过去分词是“come”，故填“haven't come”。
3. Have; heard
“ever”常与现在完成时连用，一般疑问句结构为“Have/Has + 主语 + 动词的过去分词 + 其他”，主语是“you”，助动词用“Have”，“hear”的过去分词是“heard”，所以填“Have; heard”。
4. has just finished
“just”表示“刚刚”，常用于现在完成时，且位于助动词和过去分词之间。主语“She”是第三人称单数，助动词用“has”，“finish”的过去分词是“finished”，因此填“has just finished”。
5. have lived
“since 2015”表示从2015年开始一直持续到现在，是现在完成时的时间标志，主语“They”是复数，助动词用“have”，“live”的过去分词是“lived”，所以填“have lived”。
6. hasn't seen
“for a long time”表示一段时间，用于现在完成时。主语“Tom”是第三人称单数，助动词用“has”，“has not”缩写为“hasn't”，“see”的过去分词是“seen”，故填“hasn't seen”。
7. been
“Have you ever been to...”是询问某人是否曾经去过某地的常用句型，“be”的过去分词是“been”，所以填“been”。
8. have already learned
“already”常用于现在完成时的肯定句，位于助动词和过去分词之间。主语是“I”，助动词用“have”，“learn”的过去分词是“learned”，因此填“have already learned”。
9. Has; traveled
“ever”表明句子用现在完成时，一般疑问句结构为“Have/Has + 主语 + 动词的过去分词 + 其他”，主语“she”是第三人称单数，助动词用“Has”，“travel”的过去分词是“traveled”（英式英语也可写成“travelled”），所以填“Has; traveled”。
10. haven't started
“yet”用于现在完成时的否定句或疑问句，此句是否定句。主语“We”是复数，助动词用“have”，“have not”缩写为“haven't”，“start”的过去分词是“started”，故填“haven't started”。
（二）阅读理解
1. A
根据文中“It is in Helsingborg, Sweden.”可知，失败博物馆在瑞典，所以答案选A。
2. B
由“The museum shows more than 100 failed products from all over the world.”可知，博物馆展示了超过100种来自世界各地的失败产品，答案是B。
3. C
文中提到“He said he started the museum because he wanted to encourage people to learn from failure.”，即塞缪尔·韦斯特博士创办这个博物馆是为了鼓励人们从失败中学习，所以选C。
4. C
根据“For example, visitors can try to use some of the failed products and experience why they didn't work.”可知，游客可以尝试使用一些失败的产品，答案选C。
5. B
文章主要介绍了一个特殊的博物馆——失败博物馆，包括它的位置、展示内容、创办目的以及游客可以做的事情等，所以主要内容是关于这个特殊的博物馆，答案选B。
（三）翻译句子
1. I have never been to that park.
“从未”用“never”，“去过某地”用“have/has been to...”，主语是“I”，助动词用“have”，所以翻译为“I have never been to that park.”。
2. Has he finished his report yet
“已经”用“already”或“yet”，在疑问句中用“yet”，“完成”是“finish”，主语“He”是第三人称单数，现在完成时的一般疑问句结构为“Has + 主语 + 动词的过去分词 + 其他”，“finish”的过去分词是“finished”，所以是“Has he finished his report yet ”。
3. They have lived in this city since last year.
“自从去年”是“since last year”，是现在完成时的时间标志，“居住”是“live”，主语“They”是复数，助动词用“have”，“live”的过去分词是“lived”，因此翻译为“They have lived in this city since last year.”。
4. She has just bought a new story - book.
“刚刚”用“just”，“买”是“buy”，其过去分词是“bought”，主语“She”是第三人称单数，助动词用“has”，所以是“She has just bought a new story - book.”。
5. I haven't seen this new movie yet.
“还没有”用“haven't/hasn't... yet”，主语是“I”，助动词用“have”，“have not”缩写为“haven't”，“看”是“see”，其过去分词是“seen”，所以翻译为“I haven't seen this new movie yet.”。
（四）写作任务
My Unforgettable Experience
An unforgettable experience in my life was when I went to the mountains with my classmates last summer.
It was a sunny day in July. We met at the school gate early in the morning and then took a bus to the mountains. When we arrived there, we were attracted by the beautiful scenery. The mountains were green and the air was fresh.
We started to climb the mountains. It was a bit difficult at first, but we encouraged each other and kept going. Along the way, we saw all kinds of flowers and heard the birds singing. When we reached the top of the mountain, we were so excited. We could see the whole city below us. We took a lot of photos to record this wonderful moment.
After that, we had a picnic on the top of the mountain. We shared our food and talked and laughed. It was really a great time.
This experience is unforgettable because it not only allowed me to enjoy the beauty of nature but also strengthened the friendship between me and my classmates. It taught me that as long as we work together and never give up, we can overcome difficulties and achieve our goals.