北京市通州区运河中学2024-2025学年高三下学期开学考英语试题（含答案）

2024-2025 学年第二学期高三年级开学测试
英 语
(考试时间：90 分钟 试卷满分： 100 分)
第一部分 知识运用 (共两节，30 分)
第一节 (共 10 小题；每小题 1.5 分，共 15 分)
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，
并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
Some dreams take longer to come true than others, but with the help of 21st-century social
media and her great-grandson, at the age of 110, one British woman is 1 hers at long last.
At the end of World War I, Amy Hawkins was a 7-year-old child who loved nothing more
than to 2 . As a teen, Hawkins set her 3 on becoming an entertainer. Hawkins was
on her way, touring the country with a dance troupe—until her ambition was 4 by her
mom, who didn’t see it as a respectable 5 for a young lady.
All these years later, the 110-year-old lady lives at home in Monmouth, South Wales,
surrounded by her loved ones. The four-generation family unit includes her granddaughter,
Hannah Freeman, and Freeman’s 14-year-old son, Sacha. Even though she’s no longer doing it
6 , Hawkins has never stopped singing.
“She’s like a clock, once you 7 her up she won’t stop,” Freeman said in an interview.
“She just keeps asking, ‘Would you like another one ’.”
On Hawkins’ 110th birthday, Sacha 8 his great-gran singing one of her favorite
WWI tunes. When Freeman jokingly suggested Sacha post it to TikTok, neither of them could
have 9 the overwhelmingly positive response it would receive, reaching 100,000 views
and a large number of emotional praises in just days.
Some journeys take longer than others. Sometimes, we’re detoured (绕路) along the way.
Dreams can and do come true every day. While it’s been a long time coming, Amy Hawkins is
10 a whole new generation of fans.
1. A. reflecting B. realizing C. recalling D. researching
2. A. paint B. study C. sing D. film
3. A. values B. limits C. hands D. sights
4. A. cut back B. cut short C. cut through D. cut in
5. A. method B. grade C. level D. occupation
6. A. nervously B. reasonably C. professional D. secretly
7. A. wind B. show C. bring D. cut
8. A. caught B. reported C. videoed D. remembered
9. A. suspected B. noticed C. missed D. imagined
10. A. entertaining B. becoming C. representing D. inviting
第二节：语法填空 (共 10 小题；每小题 1.5 分，共 15 分)
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写 1 个适当的单词，在
给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
A
The revealing of the Hangzhou Asian Games medals took place alongside the flame-lighting
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ceremony 11 (hold) in Liangzhu an archaeological (考古的) site of the ancient Chinese
city, The Asian Games medals have been named Shan Shui, which translates to “lake and
mountain”. The medal design 12 (comprise) a round medal in a square jade, similar to the
ceremonial jade cong, an ancient Chinese container from the Liangzhu culture. The back side of
the medal is a square seal, 13 (symbolize) the athletes’ mark on the Asian Games.
B
Shi Guangyin of Shaanxi has spent decades 14 (fight) desertification in the Maowusu
Desert. For more than thirty years, Shi led a group of tough guys in northern Shaanxi and 15
(plant) more than 53 million trees on the contracted 250, 000 mu of barren sand and alkali (碱)
beaches, creating a “green Great Wall” in Yulin. “The 16 (prevent) and control of sand
damage in the new era must not only solve ecological problems, but also solve the problem of
poverty,” Shi said.
C
There is one single seasonal delicacy 17 (prize) by Shanghai’s food lovers above all
others: the hairy crab (大闸蟹). In the days of early autumn, Shanghai locals start to wander at the
fish market, and, once hairy crab season 18 (start), it’s a nonstop three-month-long
celebration. The best crabs appear early—in the ninth lunar month for females, when the roe (蟹
黄) is 19 its peak. I’ve always found crabs difficult to eat, but the roe, 20 makes
your lips (嘴唇) and fingers yellow, is a worthy prize.
第二部分 阅读理解 (共两节，38 分)
第一节 (共 14 小题；每小题 2 分，共 28 分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡
上将该项涂黑。
A
While any work environment provides opportunities to make friends, some jobs are more
social than others.
A Coffee Shop
Thanks to Starbucks, coffee shops have never been more plentiful. Coffee places are great for
opportunities to meet people because there are usually a variety of people coming in and out
through the day. You can chat with customers and coworkers alike.
The casual environment encourages conversation and the flexible schedule allows you to
work there even if you have a full-time job already.
A Book Store
Book lovers are great fiends to have. They’re often misunderstood as being “not social,”
but they just interact with people in a different way. Bookstores are perfect for finding passionate
friends and connecting you with other folks who enjoy reading and intellectual pursuits.
Hospitality Jobs
Jobs like bartenders, restaurant workers, and wait staff usually have flexible hours and attract
a variety of people. For some, it’s their full-time career. For others, they’re working for extra
money or because they’re involved with another life goal like college) and need the flexibility.
This type of diversity is a good environment to make friends in and as a bonus, you’ll see
many different people coming through as customers as well.
Retail Sales
2
Stores and businesses are busy and have a wide variety of people coming in and out. This is
the perfect environment to meet a few new folks.
Many retail employees bond quickly with their coworkers because the jobs can be
challenging and stressful at times, so they lean on each other, share stories, and find ways to relax
and blow off steam outside of work. All of these are good for making friendships that will last.
21. Which of the following helps connect people thirsty for knowledge
A. A Coffee Shop B. Retail Sales C. Hospitality Jobs D. A Book Store
22. What can college students needing extra money choose to work as
A. Waiters. B. Librarians. C. Retailers. D. Grocers.
23. What do all the jobs have in common
A. They are stressful. B. They offer high salaries.
C. They enhance social skills. D. They require rich experience.
B
William had worked hard to pass the exams to enter high school. When
the term began, however, his father told him that there was no money to pay
for his school fees because of the summer drought. Still, William wanted to learn. windmill
He made the village library his school. One day, he found a book called Using Energy. On
the book’s cover was a picture of windmills, tall steel towers with blades (叶片) spinning like
giant fans. He learned that wind—something of which his hometown had plenty—could produce
electricity.
He couldn’t help picturing his own windmill in mind, but collecting the parts and tools he
needed would take months. In a junkyard, he dug through piles of used metal, old cars, and
worn-out tractors, searching for anything that might help him construct his machine. He made
four-foot-long blades from plastic pipe, which he melted over a fire, flattened out, and hardened
with bamboo poles.
Earning some money, he paid a blacksmith to attach the piston (活塞) to the pedal sprocket
(踏板链轮) of an old bicycle frame. This would be the axle (轮轴) of the windmill. When the
wind blew, the spinning blades would turn the bicycle wheel and spin a small dynamo (发电机),
donated by his friend.
When he had collected all the parts, William began putting them together. He fixed the blades
to the tractor fan he found, using washers (垫圈) he’d made from bottle caps. Next he pushed the
fan onto the piston joint to the bicycle frame. With the help of his two best friends, William built a
16-foot-tall tower from trunks of trees and lifted the ninety-pound windmill to the top.
The big moments eventually came. He climbed up the tower and connected two wires that
held a small bulb. As the wind whipped around him, the blades began to turn, slowly at first, then
faster and faster. The light bulb flickered (闪烁), then flashed to life. The crowd cheered from
below. “Wachitabwina (well done)!”
William’s machine now powered his house. And the story of the boy who’d built a
power-generating windmill to rescue his family from the drought spread across the Internet.
24. After reading Using Energy, what did William decide to do
A. Learn to survive a drought. B. Make use of wind.
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C. Build a village library. D. Enter a high school.
25. According to Para.3, which of the following word can best describe William
A. Determined. B. Cooperative. C. Humorous. D. Optimistic.
26. What can you learn about William’s machine
A. It was built by villagers. B. It was made from metal materials.
C. It took him years to complete it. D. It worked at the first attempt.
27. What is the best title for the passage
A. Windmills for Villages B. Ideas Worth Spreading
C. Winds Of Hope D. Learning from Experience
C
Delivering life-saving drugs directly to the brain in a safe and effective way is a challenge for
medical providers. One key reason: the blood-brain barrier, which protects the brain from
tissue-specific drug delivery. Method such as an injection or a pill aren’t as precise or immediate
as doctors might prefer, and ensuring delivery right to the brain often requires invasive, risky
techniques.
A team of engineers from Washington University in St. Louis has developed a new
nano-particle generation-delivery method that could someday vastly improve drug delivery to the
brain, making it as simple as a sniff.
“This would be a nano-particle nasal spray, and the delivery system could allow medicine to
reach the brain within 30 minutes to one hour,” said Ramesh Raliya, research scientist at the
School of Engineering & Applied Science.
“The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from foreign substances in the blood that may
injure the brain,” Raliya said. “But when we need to deliver something there, getting through that
barrier is difficult and invasive. Our non-invasive technique can deliver drugs via nano-particles,
so there's less risk and better response times.”
The novel approach is based on aerosol science and engineering principles that allow the
generation of mono-disperse nano-particles, which can deposit on upper regions of the nasal
cavity via spread. The nano-particles were tagged with markers, allowing the researchers to track
their movement.
Next, researchers exposed locusts’ antenna to the aerosol, and observed the nano-particles
travel from the antennas up through the olfactory nerve, which is used to sense the smell. Due to
their tiny size, the nano-particles passed through the brain-blood barrier, reaching the brain and
spreading all over it in a matter of minutes.
The team tested the concept in locusts because the blood-brain barriers in the insects and
humans have similarities. “The shortest and possibly the easiest path to the brain is through your
nose,” said Barani Raman, associate professor of biomedical engineering. “Your nose, the
olfactory bulb and then olfactory cortex: two steps and you’ve reached the cortex.”
To determine whether or not the foreign nano-particles disrupted normal brain function, Saha
examined the physiology response of olfactory neurons in the locusts before and after the
nano-particle delivery and found no noticeable change in the electro-physiological responses was
detected.
This is only a beginning of a set of studies that can be performed to make nano-particle-based
drug delivery approaches more principled, Raman said. The next phase of research involves fusing
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the gold nano-particles with various medicines, and using ultrasound to target a more precise dose
to specific areas of the brain, which would be especially beneficial in brain-tumor cases.
28. What is the passage mainly about
A. a novel method of drug delivery B. a challenge facing medical staff
C. a new medicine treating brain disease D. a technique to improve doctor’s ability
29. What can we learn from the passage
A. Doctors prefer using methods like an injection to treat diseases.
B. The blood-brain barrier lowers the effectiveness of a pill.
C. Locusts were tagged with markers to track their movement.
D. The medicine could reach the brain within half an hour.
30. The researchers focused their study on locusts because ________.
A. The shortest and possibly the safest path to the brain is through human’s noses
B. the delivery process consists of the olfactory bulb and the olfactory cortex
C. locusts have changeable electrophysiological responses to nanoparticles
D. human and locusts have similar structures that protect brain from foreign substances
D
How much time do you spend doing research before you make a big decision There are
people who go over every detail exhaustively before making a choice, and it is certainly possible
to overthink things. But a fair number of individuals are quick to jump to conclusions.
Psychologists call the latter a mental bias (偏见). In this case, the error is making a call based on
the least of evidence.
A research by Carmen Sanchez, a professor at the University of Illinois, and David Dunning,
a professor at the University of Michigan, has found that hasty judgments are often just one part of
larger error-prone patterns in behavior and thinking. These patterns have costs. People who tend to
make such jumps in their reasoning often choose a bet in which they have low chances of winning
instead of one where their chances are much better.
To study jumping, researchers did an experiment to examine decision-making patterns among
600 people from the general population. They applied a thinking game, in which players
encountered someone who was fishing from one of two lakes: in one lake, most of the fish were
red; in the other, most were gray. The fisher would catch one fish at a time and stop only when
players thought they could say which lake was being fished. Some players had to see many fish
before making a decision. Others—the jumpers—stopped after only one or two. Participants were
also asked questions to learn more about their thought patterns. It was found that the fewer fish a
player waited to see, the more errors that individual made in other types of beliefs, reasoning and
decisions.
So what is behind jumping Researchers commonly distinguish between two pathways of
thought: automatic, known as system l, which reflects ideas that come to the mind easily,
spontaneously and without effort; and controlled, or system 2, consisting of effortful reasoning
that is analytic, mindful and intentional. It was found that jumpers and non-jumpers were equally
influenced by automatic thoughts. The jumpers, however, did not engage in controlled reasoning
to the same degree as non-jumpers. It is system 2 thinking that helps people counterbalance mental
biases introduced by system 1. A lack of system 2 thinking is also more broadly connected to their
problematic beliefs and faulty reasoning.
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In everyday life, the question of whether we should think things through or instead go with
our heart is a frequent and important one. Recent studies show that even gathering just a little bit
more evidence may help us avoid a major mistake. Sometimes the most important decision we
make can be to take some more time before making a choice.
31. What is the main idea of the first two paragraphs
A. Overthinking things is a mental bias.
B. Evidence is a necessity for judgments.
C. Jumping results from a wish to win a bet.
D. Jumpers have a tendency to a mental mistake.
32. What can we learn from the experiment
A. Jumpers caught more fish than non-jumpers.
B. Non-jumpers gave quicker answers than jumpers.
C. People who saw fewer fish made fewer mistakes in reasoning.
D. Non-jumpers tended to see more fish before naming the lake.
33. According to the passage, in which situation is system 2 engaged more
A. On hearing that the Apollo moon landings were faked, Mia believed it.
B. After comparing different brands and models, David purchased a car.
C. Seeing the dirty windows of a restaurant, Mary decided its food was bad.
D. When picking a doctor, Jim merely accepted the recommendation from a friend.
34. What does the author intend to tell us
A. To reflect on our thought patterns regularly.
B. To realize the consequences of faulty reasoning.
C. To think twice before we make our decisions.
D. To adopt two pathways of thought before acting.
第二节（共 5 小题；每小题 2 分，共 10 分）
根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将
该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。
If you have ever had trouble persuading yourself to do things you should do or would like to
do, you have experienced procrastination. If you are a typical procrastination, perhaps you spend
an excessive amount of time watching TV, playing video games checking Facebook, eating (even
when you’re not hungry), obsessively cleaning or pacing back and forth through the office.
35 Once again, you end up doing nothing. Sound familiar
Lazy people don’t do anything and are just fine with it. 36 They truly want to
fulfil their obligations but just can’t figure out how.
37 Relaxing recharges you with energy. In contrast, procrastinating drains it from
you. The less energy you have, the greater the chances of you putting of your responsibilities, and,
once more, you will accomplish nothing.
The studies on procrastination ever conducted indicates that failure of the ability to listen to
ourselves is most likely the main reason why we put things off. The scientific name of this ability
is self-regulation. Self-regulation is the ability to consciously control your emotions. 38
Thanks to this, you will procrastinate less. Current research indicates that willpower can be
compared to a muscle. It is possible to strengthen it through training.
To overcome procrastination, you need to start by setting the bar as low as possible. Creating
habits isn’t about quantity; it’s about small steps and regular repetition. By making gradual
6
increases once you learn a new habit, you can strengthen your willpower muscle. As you slowly
raise the bar, your willpower will gain strength. 39
A. Don’t confuse procrastination with relaxation, either.
B. The more powerful it is the easier it will be for you to make a breakthrough.
C. Afterwards, you feel powerless and are overcome with feelings of guilt and frustration.
D. If you train willpower to perform one activity, you can use its strength to do other things as
well.
E. Procrastinators, however, have the desire to actually do something but can’t force themselves to
start.
F. Learning how to develop good habits and kick bad ones can be achieved by taking small steps.
G. The more developed this ability is, the more often you will do what you tell yourself to do and
the better you will resist temptation.
第三部分 书面表达（共两节，32 分）
第一节（共 4 小题；第 40、41 题各 2 分，第 42 题 3 分，第 43 题 5 分，共 12 分）
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
We all love to criticize, but unfortunately, we also hate being criticized. We freely post and
comment on others, but feel annoyed at the way others assess us, both online and in person. The
world seems unlikely to change anytime soon. Fortunately, though, each of us can change now we
give and take criticism, which will make us less likely to harm others, more resistant to being
angry, and better able to benefit from feedback—even when it is negative.
Criticism is defined as judgment of the merits（优点） and faults of something or someone
in written or spoken form. Technically, criticism can include praise, but that isn’t what concerns us
here. What annoys us is criticism of the negative variety, even when well-intentioned—so-called
constructive criticism, which means to provide guidance so we can improve. Worst of all is
destructive criticism, which aims to cause hurt or damage.
The culture of criticism isn’t going away. The only way to flourish（繁荣） in it, and despite
it, is to adopt new habits of getting and giving critical feedback. One rule is to assume that
criticism, even when it seems personal, is not actually about you personally. When we receive
criticism, we make it personal in two ways. First, we may naturally analyze the critic rather than
the criticism. Second, we tend to consider the criticism a judgment on our natural abilities, rather
than on our performance. Interestingly, even among young children, research shows that viewing
criticism as a judgment on one’s abilities can lead to lower self-worth, lower positive mood, and
less persistence at tasks.
If taking criticism is particularly hard for you, you are not alone. However, taking criticism
badly is more embarrassing, ultimately, than the criticism itself. If we do the work to learn to
accept negative feedback, we will be much better off.
40. What will be the results of changing the way we give and take criticism
41. What is the difference between constructive and destructive criticism？
42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
Children who receive criticism have lower self-worth because they take criticism as a judgment
on their performance.
43. What benefit(s) would you gain from learning to accept negative feedback （In about 40 words）
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参 考 答 案
第一部分
第一节
1 B．A. reflect 反思，反射；B. realize 实现，意识到；C. recall 回忆；D. research 研究。根据
上文 Some dreams take longer to come true than others 可知，有些梦想要比其他的更久才能实
现，但在 21 世纪的社交媒体和她曾孙的帮助下，一位 110 岁的英国女性终于实现了自己的
梦想。
2 C．A. paint 画画；B. study 学习；C. sing 唱歌；D. film 电影，摄制电影。根据下文 Hawkins
was on her way, touring the country with a dance troupe (歌舞团)和 Hawkins has never stopped
singing.可知，霍金斯最喜欢唱歌。
3 D．A. value 价值；B. limit 限制；C.hand 手；D. sight 视力，景象，眼界。根据本句结构可
知，这里是短语 set one’s sight on 力求，立志于。由此可见，十几岁时的霍金斯立志要当一
个艺人。
4 B．A. cut back 削减，修剪；B. cut short 缩短，打断；C. cut through 刺穿，抄近路走过；
D. cut in 插嘴，超车。根据下句 who didn’t see it as a respectable(5)____for a young lady 可知，
霍金斯的妈妈认为当艺人不体面，由此可判断出是不赞同她去走这条路的，因此霍金斯的雄
心被打断了。
5 D．A. method 方法；B. grade 年级，分数；C. level 水平；D. occupation 职业。根据上文中
的 Hawkins set her(3)____ on becoming an entertainer.以及 until her ambition was (4)____ by her
mom 可判断出，霍金斯长大了想把当艺人当成一份工作，但是被妈妈不认同，因为她妈妈
认为艺人是一个不受尊重的职业。
6 C．A.nervously 焦虑地；B. reasonably 合理地；C.professionally 专业地；D. secretly 秘密地。
根据第二段第三句 until her ambition was (4)____ by her mom, who didn’t see it as a respectable
(5)____ for a young lady.可知，霍金斯由于妈妈的阻挠，没有从事唱歌这个职业，因此就有
了，她不是专业歌手，但是从未停止唱歌。
7 A．A. wind up 摇上，结束，上紧钟表，使紧张；B. show up 显示；C. bring up 养育，提
出，呕吐；D. cut up 切碎。Shes like a clock, once you wind her up she won’t stop 她像个闹钟，
一旦你给她上紧发条，她就不会停下来。
8 C．A. catch(caught)抓住；B. report 报告；C.video 录制；D. remember 记得。根据第五段第
二句 When Freeman jokingly suggested Sacha post it to TikTok 可知，此处是把录制的视频发布
到抖音上去。
9 D．A. suspect 怀疑；B. notice 注意到；C. miss 想念；D. imagine 想象。根据空后 the
overwhelmingly positive response it would receive, reaching 100, 000 views and a large number
of emotional praises in just days.可知，录制的视频发布到网上以后在短短几天内得到如此压
倒性的积极回应，点击量达到了 10 万次，这很难想象的到。
10 A．考查动词及语境理解。A. entertain 娱乐，招待；B. become 成为；C. represent 代表；
D. invite 邀请。根据空前一句 While it’s been a long time coming 可知，由于母亲的原因霍金
斯没有从事歌唱事业，但是在 110 岁的时候一举成名迎来了自己的第一批粉丝。
第二节
11. held 12. comprises 13. symbolizing 14. fighting 15. planted
16. prevention 17. prized 18. starts 19. at 20. which
第二部分
第一节
A 篇
21. D 根据原文中提到的 Book Store 部分，“Bookstores are perfect for finding passionate friends
and connecting you with other folks who enjoy reading and intellectual pursuits.”这里明确提到
书店适合寻找热爱阅读和知识追求的人。
22. A 问需要额外赚钱的大学生可以选择什么工作。文章在酒店业（hospitality jobs）部分提
到，这类工作如服务员、调酒师等，适合那些需要灵活时间的人，比如大学生。因此，答案
应该是 A 选项，服务员。
23. C 文章每个部分都提到这些工作环境促进社交，比如咖啡店的随意交流，书店的知识分
享，酒店业的多样性，以及零售业同事间的互助。因此，共同点应该是 C 选项，增强社交
技能。
B 篇是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了，辍学的威廉不能去学校，他把村图书馆作为他的学校，看
到了《使用能量》这本书，他运用从书中所学的知识建造了一个发电风车来帮助他的家人摆
脱干旱。
24. B 结合上文威廉看到了《使用能量》这本书后，收集零件建造发电风车和倒数第二段中
的 As the wind whipped around him, the blades began to turn, slowly at first, then faster and faster.
The light bulb flickered (闪烁), then flashed to life.(当风吹来时，刀刃开始慢慢地转动，然后越
来越快。灯泡闪烁，然后闪着生命。)，可知威廉读了《使用能量》之后，决定建造发电风
车，利用风来发电，最后成功了。
25. A 由第三段中的 He couldn’t help picturing his own windmill in mind, but collecting the parts
and tools he needed would take months. In a junkyard, he dug through piles of used metal, old
cars, and worn-out tractors, searching for anything that might help him construct his machine.(他
忍不住想象自己的风车，但收集他需要的零件和工具需要几个月。在一个垃圾场，他挖了成
堆的旧金属、旧车和破旧的拖拉机，寻找任何能帮助他建造机器的东西。)和第四段中的
Earning some money, he paid a blacksmith to attach the piston (活塞) to the pedal sprocket (踏板
链轮) of an old bicycle frame.(他挣了些钱，付钱给一个铁匠把活塞装到旧自行车架上的踏板
链轮上。)，结合上文可知，因为没钱，威廉辍学，但看了《使用能量》这本书后，他决定
建造发电风车，他花了几个月时间在垃圾场收集需要的零件，又赚钱请人帮忙，最后终于成
功建造了发电风车，纵使困难重重，威廉并未放弃，说明他是个意志坚定的(Determined)人。
26. D 由倒数第二段中的 As the wind whipped around him, the blades began to turn, slowly at
first, then faster and faster. The light bulb flickered (闪烁), then flashed to life.(当风吹来时，刀刃
开始慢慢地转动，然后越来越快。灯泡闪烁，然后闪着生命。)，可知威廉建造的发电风车
第一次就成功发电了。
27. C 第一段讲因为没钱，威廉辍学了，但他还想学习，第二段讲看了《使用能量》这本书
后，他决定建造发电风车，第三四段讲威廉收集建造发电风车的零件和工具，第五六段讲威
廉建造的发电风车成功发电了，最后一段讲威廉建造的发电风车帮助他的家人摆脱了干旱，
可知文章主要讲威廉运用从书中所学的知识建造了一个发电风车，利用风来发电，帮助他的
家人摆脱干旱的故事，可以说是风带来了希望，拯救了他们，C 项“希望之风”符合文意。
C 篇文章主要说明了华盛顿大学圣路易斯分校的一个工程师团队开发了一种新的纳米粒子
生成递送方法，可以极大地改善药物递送到大脑的过程。文章介绍了这种新型给药方式的原
理以及研究的操作过程。
28. A 根据第二段 A team of engineers from Washington University in St. Louis has developed a
new nano-particle generation-delivery method that could someday vastly improve drug delivery to
the brain, making it as simple as a sniff.(来自华盛顿大学圣路易斯分校的一个工程师团队开发
了一种新的纳米粒子生成递送方法，该方法可能在未来的某一天极大地改善药物递送到大脑，
使其变得像抽鼻子一样简单)结合文章还介绍了这种新型给药方式的原理以及研究的操作过
程。可知，本文主要介绍一种新型的给药方法。故选 A。
29. B 根据第一段 Delivering life-saving drugs directly to the brain in a safe and effective way is a
challenge for medical providers. One key reason: the blood-brain barrier, which protects the brain
from tissue-specific drug delivery. Methods such as an injection or a pill aren't as precise or
immediate as doctors might prefer, and ensuring delivery right to the brain often requires invasive,
risky techniques.(以安全有效的方式将拯救生命的药物直接送到大脑是医疗提供者面临的一
个挑战。一个关键原因是：血脑屏障，它保护大脑免受组织特异性药物输送的影响。注射或
药片等方法并不像医生希望的那样精确或直接，而且确保直接将药物送入大脑通常需要侵入
性的、有风险的技术)可知，B 选项“血脑屏障降低药效”正确。
30. D 根据倒数第三段中 The team tested the concept in locusts because the blood-brain barriers
in the insects and humans have similarities.(该团队在蝗虫身上测试了这一概念，因为这种昆虫
的血脑屏障与人类有相似之处)可知，研究人员之所以把研究重点放在蝗虫身上，是因为人
类和蝗虫有相似的保护大脑免受外来物质侵害的结构。
D 篇文章主要向读者讲述了很多人做决定前会考虑，并对其进行了说明。
31. D 根据文章第一段 In this case, the error is making a call based on the least of evidence.( 在
这种情况下，错误是基于最少的证据做出判断。)和文章第二段 A research …has found that
hasty judgments are often just one part of larger error-prone patterns in behavior and thinking.
These patterns have costs. People who tend to make such jumps in their reasoning often choose a
bet in which they have low chances of winning instead of one where their chances are much
better.(伊利诺伊大学(University of Illinois)教授卡门·桑切斯(Carmen Sanchez)和密歇根大学
(University of Michigan)教授戴维·邓宁(David Dunning)的一项研究发现，草率的判断往往只
是行为和思维中容易出错的更大模式的一部分。这些模式有成本。那些倾向于在推理中做出
这种跳跃的人通常会选择胜算不大的赌注，而不是胜算大得多的赌注。)可知，文章前两段
主要讲述了思维跳跃者往往会犯心理错误。
32. D 根据文章第三段 The fisher would catch one fish at a time and stop only when players
thought they could say which lake was being fished. Some players had to see many fish before
making a decision. Others—the jumpers—stopped after only one or two.( 渔民一次只能捕到一
条鱼，只有当玩家认为他们能够说出在哪个湖钓鱼时才会停下来。有些玩家在做出决定前必
须看到许多鱼。其他人——思维跳跃者——只跳了一两次就停止了。)可知，非跳跃思维者
在给湖命名前倾向于看到更多的鱼。
33. B 根 据 文 章 第 四 段 and controlled, or system 2, consisting of effortful reasoning that is
analytic, mindful and intentional. It was found that jumpers and non-jumpers were equally
influenced by automatic thoughts. The jumpers, however, did not engage in controlled reasoning
to the same degree as non-jumpers. It is system 2 thinking that helps people counterbalance mental
biases introduced by system 1. A lack of system 2 thinking is also more broadly connected to their
problematic beliefs and faulty reasoning.(受控的，或系统 2，由分析的，有意识的和有意的努
力推理组成。研究发现，跳跃者和非跳跃者受到自动思维的影响是一样的。然而，跳跃者并
没有像非跳跃者那样进行控制推理。正是第二系统的思维方式帮助人们对抗由第一系统引入
的心理偏见。第二系统思维的缺乏也与他们有问题的信念和错误的推理有更广泛的联系。)
可知，在比较了不同的品牌和车型后，大卫购买了一辆汽车，符合系统 2。
34. C 根据文章最后一段 In everyday life, the question of whether we should think things through
or instead go with our heart is a frequent and important one. Recent studies show that even
gathering just a little bit more evidence may help us avoid a major mistake. Sometimes the most
important decision we make can be to take some more time before making a choice.( 在日常生活
中，我们是应该深思熟虑，还是应该用心去做，这是一个频繁而重要的问题。最近的研究表
明，即使再多收集一点证据，也可以帮助我们避免重大错误。有时候，我们做出的最重要的
决定可能是在做出选择之前多花些时间。)可知，作者想要告诉我们在行动之前应该三思而
后行。
第二节
35. C 根据前文 If you have ever had trouble persuading yourself to do things you should do or
would like to do, you have experienced procrastination. If you are a typical procrastination,
perhaps you spend an excessive amount of time watching TV, playing video games checking
Facebook, eating (even when you’re not hungry), obsessively cleaning or pacing back and forth
through the office.如果你是一个典型的拖延症患者，也许你花了太多的时间看电视、玩电子
游戏、上脸书、吃东西（即使你不饿）、强迫性地打扫卫生或在办公室里来回踱步）可知，
空处应是这么做的后果。所以 Afterwards, you feel powerless and are overcome with feelings of
guilt and frustration.之后，你感到无能为力，并被内疚和挫败感所征服 C 选项符合语境。
36. E 根据前文 Lazy people don’t do anything and are just fine with it.（懒惰的人什么都不做，
而且觉得很好）和后文 They truly want to fulfil their obligations but just can’t figure out how.
（他们真的很想履行自己的义务，只是不知道该怎么做）可知，空处应是过渡句，由讲述懒
惰的人到有拖延症的人，并指出二者的区别。所以 Procrastinators, however, have the desire to
actually do something but can’t force themselves to start. （然而，拖延者有真正想做某事的愿
望，但不能强迫自己开始）符合语境。
37. A 分析设空，位于段首，是本段的中心句，根据后文 Relaxing recharges you with energy.
In contrast, procrastinating drains it from you. The less energy you have, the greater the chances
of you putting of your responsibilities, and, once more, you will accomplish nothing（. 放松能让你
重新充满能量。相反，拖延症会耗尽你的精力。你的精力越少，你就越有可能拖延你的责任，
然后，再一次，你将一事无成）可知，本段是讲放松和拖延症的区别，所以 A 项 Don’t confuse
procrastination with relaxation, either. 也不要把拖延和放松混为一谈）符合语境。
38. G 根据前文 The studies on procrastination ever conducted indicates that failure of the ability
to listen to ourselves is most likely the main reason why we put things off. The scientific name of
this ability is self-regulation. Self-regulation is the ability to consciously control your emotions.
（关于拖延症的研究表明，无法倾听自己的能力很可能是我们做事拖延的主要原因。这种能
力的学名是自我调节。自我调节是有意识地控制自己情绪的能力）可知，本段是在讲述自我
调节能力差是我们做事拖延的主要原因，所以 G 项 The more developed this ability is, the more
often you will do what you tell yourself to do and the better you will resist temptation.（这种能力
越强，你就会越经常地去做你告诉自己要做的事情，你就能更好地抵制诱惑）符合语境。
39. B 分析设空，空处位于段尾，是对本段的总结，根据前文 To overcome procrastination, you
need to start by setting the bar as low as possible. Creating habits isn’t about quantity; it’s about
small steps and regular repetition. By making gradual increases once you learn a new habit, you
can strengthen your willpower muscle. As you slowly raise the bar, your willpower will gain
strength.（为了克服拖延症，你需要从设定尽可能低的标准开始。养成习惯与数量无关；这
是关于小步骤和定期重复。一旦你学会了一个新习惯，通过逐渐增加，你可以增强你的意志
力。当你慢慢提高杆时，你的意志力就会增强）可知，下文是增强意志力带来的好处。B 项
The more powerful it is the easier it will be for you to make a breakthrough.（它越强大，你就越
容易取得突破）符合语境。
第三部分
第一节
本文为一篇说明文，说明了批评对我们的影响及我们应如何正确地对待批评。
40. 根据第一段 Fortunately, though, each of us can change how we give and take criticism,
which will make us less likely to harm others, more resistant to being angry, and better able to
benefit from feedback—even when it is negative.（幸运的是，我们每个人都可以改变我们给予
和接受批评的方式，这将使我们不太可能伤害别人，更抵制愤怒，并能更好地从反馈中获益
—即使是消极的反馈。）可知，改变我们给予和接受批评的方式会使我们不太可能伤害别人，
更抵制愤怒，并能更好地从反馈中获益—即使是消极的反馈。故答案为 We will be less likely
to harm others, more resistant to being angry, and better able to benefit from feedback—even
when it is negative.
41. 根据第二段 What annoys us is criticism of the negative variety，even when well-intentioned
—so-called constructive criticism, which means to provide guidance so we can improve. Worst of
all is destructive criticism, which aims to cause hurt or damage.（让我们烦恼的是负面的批评，
即使是善意的所谓建设性的批评，也意味着提供指导，让我们提高。最糟糕的是破坏性的批
评，它的目的是造成伤害或破坏。）可知，建设性的批评是指提供指导，使我们能够改进，
而破坏性的批评旨在造成伤害或损害。故答案为 Constructive criticism means to provide
guidance so we can improve, while destructive criticism aims to cause hurt or damage.
42. 根据文章倒数第二段 Second, we tend to consider the criticism a judgment on our natural
abilities, rather than on our performance. Interestingly, even among young children, research
shows that viewing criticism as a judgment on one’s abilities can lead to lower self-worth, lower
positive mood, and less persistence at tasks.（第二，我们倾向于认为批评是对我们天生能力的
判断，而不是对我们的表现的判断。有趣的是，研究表明，即使是在年幼的孩子中，将批评
视为对一个人能力的判断，也会导致自我价值降低、积极情绪降低、任务坚持度降低。）可
知，接受批评的孩子自我价值较低，因为他们把批评当成对自己能力的评判，而不是表现得
判断。故答案为 Children who receive criticism have lower self-worth because they take criticism
as a judgment on their performance. 理由是 They take criticism as a judgment on their abilities.
43. 根据最后一段 If we do the work to learn to accept negative feedback, we will be much better
off.（如果我们努力学习接受负面反馈，我们就会变得更好。）可知，学习接受负面反馈能
帮助我们更容易抵制愤怒，同时更正确地进行批评。此外，接受负面反馈还能帮助我们正确
地看待自己的不足，纠正错误并提高自己。故答案可以为 Learning to accept negative feedback
can help us resist anger more easily and criticize more correctly. In addition, accepting negative
feedback can help us put our shortcomings in perspective, correct our mistakes and improve
ourselves.