中考英语专题复习——名词
【知识讲解】
一、名词的分类
①专有名词:表示特定的人、地方、组织、机构、事物等的名称,首字母通常大写。例如:China(中国)、Tom(汤姆)、the Great Wall(长城)、the United States(美国)。
②普通名词:分为可数名词和不可数名词。
★可数名词:可以用数目来计算,有单数和复数形式。例如:book - books(书)、pen - pens(钢笔)、apple - apples(苹果)。
★不可数名词:不可以用数目来计算,通常没有复数形式。例如:water(水)、milk(牛奶)、bread(面包)、rice(米饭)、information(信息)。
二、可数名词复数的变化规则
①一般情况:在词尾加-s。例如:map - maps、boy - boys、day - days。
以s, x, ch, sh结尾:在词尾加-es。例如:bus - buses、box - boxes、watch - watches、brush - brushes。
②以辅音字母+ y结尾:变y为i,再加-es。例如:family - families、city - cities。
③以f或fe结尾:多数变 f 或 fe 为 v,再加 -es。例如:knife - knives、leaf - leaves、wolf - wolves。但也有一些直接加 -s,如:roof - roofs、belief - beliefs。
④以o结尾:常见的“英雄爱吃西红柿土豆”:加 -es,其他加-s。例如:hero- heroes(英雄)、tomato - tomatoes(西红柿)、potato - potatoes(土豆)、photo - photos(照片)。
三、不可数名词量的表示
①用 some, any, much, a little, a lot of, lots of 等修饰:some water(一些水)、any milk(任何牛奶)、much bread(许多面包)、a little rice(一点米饭)、a lot of information(许多信息)。
②用“数词+量词+of+不可数名词”结构:a glass of water(一杯水)、two cups of tea(两杯茶)、a piece of paper(一张纸)、three pieces of news(三条新闻)。当数词大于1时,量词用复数形式。
四、名词所有格
①'s 所有格:
·一般在名词后加's。例如:Tom's book(汤姆的书)、the girl's bag(女孩的包)。
·以 s 结尾的复数名词,在词尾加 '。例如:the teachers' office(教师办公室)、the students' books(学生们的书)。
·表示两者或多者共同拥有,在最后一个名词后加's。例如:Tom and Mike's room(汤姆和迈克共有的房间)。表示两者或多者各自拥有,在每个名词后都加's。例如:Tom's and Mike's rooms(汤姆的房间和迈克的房间)。
②of 所有格:用于无生命的事物或较长的名词词组。例如:the door of the room(房间的门)、the name of the school(学校的名字)。
③双重所有格:“of + 名词所有格 / 名词性物主代词” 结构。例如:a friend of my father's(我父亲的一个朋友)、a book of mine(我的一本书)。
五、易考点
①可数名词与不可数名词的区分:常考一些容易混淆的名词,如:news(新闻,不可数)、paper(纸,不可数;试卷,报纸,可数)、room(空间,不可数;房间,可数)。例如:There is no room for you to stand.(这里没有你站的空间。) I have a lot of papers to do.(我有许多试卷要做。)
②名词复数形式的特殊变化:不规则变化的名词复数,如:man - men、woman - women、child - children、foot - feet、tooth - teeth 等,是常考点。例如:There are many women teachers in our school.(我们学校有许多女教师。)
③名词所有格的用法:尤其是's 所有格和 of 所有格的选择,以及双重所有格的含义。例如:The photo of my family is on the wall.(我们家的照片在墙上。) This is a photo of my father's.(这是我父亲的一张照片。)
【中考习题】
(一) 单项选择
1、(2024·北京) —How many ______ are there in your school —About 50.
A. woman teachers B. women teacher C. women teachers D. woman teacher
答案:C(复合名词复数需同时变主体名词和修饰词)
2、(2025·模拟) The ______ of the room is white.
A. wall B. walls' C. walls D. walls's
答案:C(无生命名词所有格用of结构,此处直接用复数表整体)
3、(2025·模拟) How many ______ are there in the zoo
A. sheep B. sheeps C. sheepes D. sheep’s
A (单复同形)
4、(2024·北京) This is not my book. It’s ______.
A. Mary B. Marys C. Mary’s D. Marys’
C (’s所有格表所属)
5、(2025·预测) We need three ______ to make the salad.
A. tomato B. tomatos C. tomatoes D. tomato’s
C (以o结尾有生命名词加-es)
6、(2024·上海) The news ______ exciting. Everyone ______ cheering.
A. is; is B. are; are C. is; are D. are; is
C (news不可数,谓语用单数;everyone谓语用单数)
7、(2025·模拟) Look! There are many ______ in the sky.
A. child B. childs C. children D. childrens
C (child→children)
8、(2024·北京)Whose storybook is this - It's ______. ( )
A. Lucy B. Lucy's C. Lucys D. Lucys'
答案:B 解析:表示 “露西的”,要用名词所有格 “Lucy's”,选 B。
9、(2023·北京)The ______ of the trees in the water was very clear. ( )
A. mirror B. sight C. reflection D. shadow
答案:C 解析:“reflection” 有 “倒影” 的意思,符合 “树在水中的倒影很清晰” 这一语境。
10、(2024·山东菏泽) —My holiday was terrible because of the heavy ______.
—I agree! There were too many cars on the road.
A. rain B. work C. traffic D. noise
C (不可数名词搭配)
11、(2024·福建) —I like the ______ in that restaurant near our school.
—Me, too. They have the best cooks in our town.
A. food B. table C. service D. music
A (不可数名词表类别)
12、(2024·北京) This is not my bike. It’s ______.
A. Mary B. Marys C. Mary’s D. Marys’
C (’s所有格表所属)
13、(2024·上海) The police ______ searching for the lost child.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
B (集体名词复数谓语)
14、There are four ______ in the family.
people B. peoples C. a people D. the people
A “people” 意为 “人,人们”,本身就是复数概念,不需要加 “s”
15、The ______ of the song is very beautiful.
A. voice B. sound C. noise D. tune
D “tune” 意为 “曲调,旋律”,常用来形容歌曲的旋律优美,符合句子语境。
“voice” 主要指人的嗓音,“sound” 泛指一切声音,范围较广,“noise” 通常指噪音。
(二) 用所给词的正确形式填空
1.We need some ______ (potato) and two ______ (loaf) of bread.
potatoes; loaves 34
2.We need two ______ (box) of ______ (apple).
答案:boxes; apples(box复数→boxes;apple可数需加-s)
3.This is ______ (Lucy and Lily) bedroom. They share it.
Lucy and Lily’s 58
4.The ______ (teacher) office is on the third floor.
teachers’ 15
5.Could you pass me two ______ (piece) of ______ (paper)
pieces; paper (不可数名词量词
(三)翻译题
1.十分钟的步行路程就能到图书馆。
It’s ten minutes’ walk to the library.
2.这是汤姆和杰瑞共用的书包。
This is Tom and Jerry’s schoolbag .
3.我们需要三瓶牛奶和五片面包。
We need three bottles of milk and five pieces of bread .