考点17定语从句（核心考点精讲精练）
1. 高考真题考点分布
考点 题型 定语从句
年份 试卷类型 考点 考向
语法填空 2024 2024·新课标I卷 which/that 限制性定语从句--关系代词
2024·新课标II卷 who 非限制性定语从句--关系代词
2024·全国甲卷 which 限制性定语从句--关系代词
2024·北京卷 who 非限制性定语从句--关系代词
2024·浙江1月 which/that 限制性定语从句--关系代词
2023 2023·新课标I卷 / /
2023·新课标II卷 / /
2023·全国乙卷 which/that 限制性定语从句--关系代词
2023·全国甲卷 where；as 非限制性定语从句--关系副词 非限制性定语从句--关系代词
2023·北京卷 where 非限制性定语从句--关系副词
2023·浙江1月 / /
2022 2022·新课标I卷 that 限制性定语从句--关系代词
2022·新课标II卷 / /
2022·全国乙卷 / /
2022·全国甲卷 who 非限制性定语从句--关系代词
2022·北京卷 which 非限制性定语从句--关系代词
2022·浙江1月 that/who 限制性定语从句--关系代词
2. 命题规律及备考策略
【命题规律】
近3年新高考卷对于定语从句的考查共计13次，主要考查：
1．定语从句中的关系代词；
2．定语从句中关系副词；
3. 定语从句中的主谓一致；
4. 定语从句中的时态。
【备考策略】
了解定语从句的基本用法;
区分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句;
熟知关系代词和关系副词的用法并能正确判断使用哪种关系词；
掌握"介词+关系代词"引导的定语从句及as和which引导的定语从句的区别。
【命题预测】
预测2025年定语从句仍会是高考考查的重点和热点之一, 预测高考对该考点的考查集中在关系代词(that,which,who，as等)及关系副词(when,where等)的选用上。
必备基础知识：
定语从句的概念
在复合句中，修饰限定某一名词(或代词)的句子，叫定语从句。定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词，故又称为形容词性从句。
定语从句的位置
定语从句常置于被修饰词之后；as引导的非限制性定语从句可置于主句前、句中，也可置于主句之后。
定语从句的功能
相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语。
定语从句的类别
定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两类。
先行词
定语从句修饰的名词和代词叫先行词。
6）关系词的三大作用
替代作用：在定语从句中替代先行词。
成分作用：在定语从句中充当句子成分。
连接作用：连接主句和定语从句。
关系代词/副词 先行词 在从句中的作用
who 人 主语、宾语
whom 人 宾语
which 物 主语、宾语
that 人或物 主语、宾语、表语、状语
whose 人或物 定语
as 人或物 主语、宾语、表语
when 时间名词 时间状语
where 地点名词或抽象名词(situation，point，activity，case，stage等) 地点状语
why the reason 原因状语
01 关系代词引导的定语从句
一、常见关系代词的基本用法
1. that
可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语。指人时，相当于who或 whom；指物时，相当于which。不能引导非限制性定语从句；不可置于介词后作宾语。
2. which
指物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语。如：
The book which/that was on the desk was bought by my father.（主语）
3. who, whom, whose
（1）who: 主格, 在从句中作主语，只可指人
（2）whom: 宾格，在从句中只能作宾语; 只可指人
（3）whose: 表所属关系，在从句中作定语。译为：某人的，某物的
（4）whose + 名词 =the + n. + of which (某物的) = he + n. + of whom (某人的)
注意：
① 关系代词作介词宾语 (在定语从句中，介词提前时，介词后：表人用 whom；表物用 which)
② 关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时, 介词可放于从句之首, 也可放于从句之末. 但以放于句首较为正式.（介词前置，必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。关系代词who 和 that 用作介词宾语时, 介词必须放在句末。）
There are 30 students in this class, who are from the north of China.
这个班里有30名学生，他们来自中国北方。
Do you know the boy whose handwriting is very beautiful
你认识那个书法非常漂亮的男孩吗？
I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea.
→I'd like a room, the window of which looks out over the sea.
→I'd like a room, of which the window looks out over the sea.
我想要一个窗户朝向大海的房间。
4. as
a：as作为关系代词，常常用于固定句型中。
the same...as , as, such....as , so....as
They could only read such stories as had been rewritten in simple English.(as作主语)
他们只能读类似这样的一些用简易英语改写的故事。
These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.(as作宾语)
这些房子以人们期望的低价出售。
This is the same knife as I lost.(as作宾语)
这把小刀和我丢的那把很相似。
b：such ... as ... 与such ... that ... 的区别
such ... as ... 中的as引导的是定语从句，而such ... that ... 中的that引导的是结果状语从句。当as引导定语从句时，as在从句中一般作主语或宾语，而that引导结果状语从句时，that在从句中不作任何成分。
This is such a difficult problem as most of us can't work out.
这是一个我们大多数人都不能解决的难题。
(从句中的work out缺少宾语，前面的as是关系代词，用作work out的宾语。)
She is such a kind girl that many students like her.
她是个善良的女孩所以很多学生喜欢她。
(状语从句是完整的句子，前面的that只起引导从句的作用，在从句中不作成分。)
二、that、 which的辨析
1. 只能用that，不能用which的情况
（1）先行词是all，something，everything，anything，nothing，little，much，few等不定代词或先行词被all，any，every，no，little，much，some等词修饰。
All the people that come from the country work much harder.
所有来自农村的人工作都更努力得多。
（2）先行词被序数词、 形容词最高级、 the only， the very， the last等修饰时， 关系代词通常只用that， 不用which.如：
The first English novel that I read was Cities.
我读的第一本英文小说是《城市》。
This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.
这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。
This is the only thing that we can do now.
这是我们现在惟一能做的事情。
（3）先行词既有人又有物时， 关系代词只用that， 不用which.如：
The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.
我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。
The foreign visitors spoke highly of the pioneers and their performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace. 外国游客高度赞扬了他们在少年宫所看到的少先队员以及他们的表演。
（4） 关系代词在限定性定语从句中作表语并带有类比含义时， 通常只用that， 不用which.如：
He is no longer the star that he was.
他不再是过去的那位明星了。
Our school is no longer the school that it used to be.
我们的学校不再是以前的那所学校了。
（5） 句中其他位置已出现which， 为避免重复， 不用which而用that引导限定性定语从句。如：
Which is the car that has overtaken us？ 超过我们的是哪辆车？
2. 只用which，不能用that的情况
（1） 在介词提前到关系代词之前形成“介词＋关系代词”结构来修饰表事物的先行词时， 关系代词必须用which.如：
The house in which we live is very large. 我们住的房子非常大。
This is the reference book of which the teacher is speaking.
这就是老师正在谈及的那本参考书。
注意： 如果介词不放在修饰事物的限定性定语从句的句首， which就可换为that， 如：
This is the question which/that we’ve had so much discussion about. =This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion. 这就是我们已经多次讨论过的问题。
（2） 先行词为“those＋表事物的复数名词”时， 关系代词通常只用which而不用that.例如：
Students should keep in mind those regulations which restrict their behavior.
学生应牢记那些规范自己的行为准则。
A bookshop should deal with a variety of those best sellers which are newly published.
书店应该经营新出版的各种畅销书。
（3）当先行词指物，关系词在句中作主语或宾语，引导非限制性定语从句的关系词只能用which，而不用that。
三、 as，which的辨析
一、相同点
两者引导非限制性定语从句时，可指代主句中的部分或整个句子的内容，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，位于主句之后有时可互换。
The meeting was put off, as /which was exactly what we wanted. 会议被推迟了，这正是我们想要的。
He was a doctor, as/which I knew from his manner. 他是一名医生，我是从他的举止中知道的。
二、不同点
1. as可以放在主句前后，也可插入主句之中；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句之后。
As is known to all, fish can’t live without water. 众所周知，鱼离开水无法生存。
Air, as we know, is gas. 正如我们所知，空气是气体。
2. 在非限制性定语从句中，which后的be动词不可省；而as后的be动词可以省略。
She told me she won the match, which was a lie. 她告诉我们她赢得了比赛，这是一个谎言。
The material is elastic, as (was) shown in the figure. 这种材料是有弹性的，正如图中所示。
3. which在非限制性定语从句中作主语时可用各类动词作谓语；而as作主语时，谓语常用系动词，如be，seem，become等，一般不用其他行为动词。
He saw the girl, which delighted him. 他看见了那个女孩，这让他很高兴。
He didn’t say anything at the meeting, as/which seemed very strange. 他在会议上一言未发，这看起来非常奇怪。
as常用＂正如＂含义，
常用的结构有as we know（众所周知）；as often happens（正如常发生的那样）；as is often the case（情况常常如此）；as we all can see（正如我们看到的）；be announced / expected / known / imagined / mentioned / said / shown / reported等。这些结构常放句首，偶尔也可以放句中或句末。
As is known to all, China is a developing country. 众所周知，中国是一个发展中国家。
Kate was late for school, as often happened. 凯特上学迟到了，正如常发生的那样。
5. 在非限制性定语从句中，which可指代主句中的某一个单词，as不可以。
My brother enjoyed playing basketball, which he really plays well. 我哥哥喜欢打篮球，他打得非常好。
Beijing, which he was born in, is our capital. 北京，他出生的地方，是我们的首都。
6. ＂介词+关系代词（介宾代物）＂中关系代词只能用which。
The Travel Agency, with which our company has been dealing for several years, has opened for new branches. 那家与我们交易了好几年的旅行社又开了新的分店。
Air is a mixture of gases, of which oxygen forms 21 percent. 空气是一种气体的综合体，其中氧气占了21%。
7. 从句中的谓语动词是否定形式时，常用which。
He can write a letter in English, which I can not. 他可以用英语写信，我不能。
Metal will bear beating with a hammer, which a stone will not. 金属能承受得住用锤子敲打，但是石头则不能。
8. 非限制性定语从句中的关系代词代表前面主句中的宾语从句时，常用which。
He said he had passed the exam, which was untrue. 他说他通过了考试，这是假的。
【2024全国甲卷】Yellowstone was the ____49largest____（large）United States national park—2.2 million acres—until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska, _____50_____ became a national monument in 1978, took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres.
1.（2024·广东省高三开学大联考）The typical Chinese alcoholic beverage is baijiu, ________ is made from various grains.
2.（2024·内蒙古包头市高三调研）Pablo Picasso is one of the most famous artists in the world, _______full name is really a long one, in fact a mixture of many names.
3.（2024·江苏省四所名校高三期中联考）His reply to “Can we Chinese possibly make missiles ” was a determined “Why not We Chinese are able to make the same things_______ other people make.”
02关系副词引导的定语从句
当定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语、定语和表语时，要选用关系副词。其中when, where, why是常见的三个关系副词。
关系副词 先行词 作用
when 时间名词 时间状语 表时间的介词(如：in, on, at, during等)＋which；
where 地点名词或抽象名词(situation，point，activity，case，stage等) 地点状语 表地点的介词(如：in, at, on, under等)＋which；
why the reason 原因状语 表原因的介词(如：for)＋which。
We will put off the picnic in the park until next week，when the weather may be better.
我们将把在公园里的野餐推迟到下个星期，那时候天气可能会更好。
Do you know the reason why he didn't attend the meeting yesterday
你知道他昨天为什么没有出席会议的原因吗？
1. when的用法
when修饰时间名词，在从句中作时间状语。其先行词通常为time, day, year, week等。
I'll never forget the day when my son was born.
我永远忘不了我儿子出生的那一天。
易错点：当表示时间的先行词在从句中作主语或宾语时，关系词不用when而用that或which。
The season which/that they were talking about was autumn.
他们正在谈论的季节是秋天。
2. where的用法
where用于修饰地点名词如place, park, factory, house等。在从句中作地点状语，相当于介词+which。
Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment where they live.
现在人们更加关心他们居住的环境。
b.当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如：point， situation， case， stage， family等时，如果引导词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词where引导定语从句；如果不作状语，则用关系代词that/which。
Students should involve themselves in community activities where they can gain experience for growth.
学生应该参与社区活动，在那里他们可以获得成长的经验。
Remember that there is still one point that/which we must make clear at the conference tomorrow.
记住在明天的会议上我们还有一点必须弄清楚。
She's in a hopeless situation，where we will keep a very close eye on her.
她处于无望的处境中，在这种情况下我们将密切注意她。
c.先行词occasion当“时刻”讲时，用关系副词when；当“场合”讲时，用关系副词where。
Please describe an occasion where you met real difficulties.
请描述你遇到真正困境的场景。
Occasions are rare when I have the time to spend a day with my kids.
我有时间和孩子们度过一天的时机很少。
3. why的用法
why相当于for which, 在从句中作原因状语，但若关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，定语从句要用that或which引导。
Can you tell me the reason why(=for which) you are late again
你能告诉我你再次迟到的原因吗？
The boss doesn’t want to hear any reason (that/which) you might give.
老板不想听你所提出的任何理由。
1.【2023年全国甲卷】“There was once a town in the heart of America, ___44___ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with its surroundings,” her fable begins, ___45borrowing___ (borrow) some familiar words from many age-old fables.
【方法指导】
1．先行词是表示时间、地点或原因(一般为reason)的名词，从句中缺少状语时用关系副词when，where，why。有时可用“介词＋which”结构替换。
2．当定语从句中缺少主语或宾语时，即使先行词是表示时间、地点和原因的词仍用which/that。
3．当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如point，situation，case，stage等，如果引导词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词where引导定语从句；如果作主语、宾语或表语，则用关系代词that/which。
2.【2023年北京卷】Nina recently finished her year-long series of runs in Chicago, ____18____ thousands were attending a water conference.
1.（2024·粤湘鄂名校联盟高三第一次联考）These events have transformed Jingdezhen into an incredible platform for diversified cooperation and communication, ________ young artistic talents are drawn to its flame like moths.
2.（2024·江苏省徐州市第七中学学情调研）However, he could not forget about an earlier time ________ his village had been struggling with a serious air quality problem.
03 “介词＋关系代词”引导
1 关系代词的确定
在介词后作宾语的关系代词只有which和whom。如果先行词是物，引导词用which；如果先行词是人，则引导词用whom。
This is the train on which I went to Shanghai.
这就是我去上海所乘坐的那列火车。
This is the student for whom I bought the dictionary.
这就是我为他买词典的那个学生。
介词一般放在关系代词which和whom之前，如果介词和句中动词组成固定词组时，这个介词一般不前置。
My youngest brother，whom I have to look after，is demanding.
我得照看我最小的弟弟，他真是让人费神。
2 关系代词前介词的确定
依据定语从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配来确定。
The fellow to whom I spoke made no answer at first.
我与之说话的那个人起初没有回答。(speak to)
The West Lake, for which Hangzhou is famous, is a beautiful place.
西湖是一个美丽的地方，杭州因此而闻名。(be famous for)
根据先行词来确定。
I'll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.
我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的童年时光。(during the time)
Air, without which man can't live, is really important.
空气真的很重要，没有它人类就不能生存。(without air)
3 “名词/代词＋介词＋关系代词”结构
此类结构常见的有“some/many/most/all/none＋of＋which/whom”等。
Here are the questions, some of which I think are difficult for you.
问题都在这儿，其中一些我认为对你来说很难。
He has three sons, none of whom are doctors.
他有三个儿子，没有一个是当医生的。
4 “复合介词短语＋关系代词which”
从句部分常与先行词用逗号隔开，且从句部分常用倒装语序。
He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tree.
他住在一所大房子里，房子前面有一棵大树。
5 “介词＋which/whom＋不定式”
The poor man has no house in which to live.
→The poor man has no house to live in.
→The poor man has no house in which he can live.
那个穷人没房子住。
有时为表达清楚，也可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from/to等，平时也应掌握，但非高考重点。
China is the birthplace of kites，from where kite flying spreads to Japan，Thailand，India and so on.
中国是风筝的发源地，从这里，放风筝传到了日本、泰国、印度等国家。
1.【2022年天津卷第二次】Guide books are prepared to suit the convenience of the traveler, ________ routes round a city or a site are often suggested.
A. for which B. with which
C. for whom D. with whom
2.【2021年天津卷第一次】William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes ________ we can learn without repeating them.
A．from which B．in which C．with whom D．for whom
【方法指导】
1．若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词＋whose＋名词”结构。
2．该结构中介词的选用
(1)一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：
①先行词的意义；
②从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配；
③句子的意思。
(2)表示“整体和部分关系”，介词常用of。常见结构：
①在some，any，few，little，none，all，both，neither，many，most，each等代词或数词的前、后可以用of which/whom。
②the＋比较级或最高级前、后用of which/whom等。
(3)有时“介词＋where”可以引导定语从句，此时要和“介词＋which”引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。
1.（2023·湖南省部分校教育联盟摸底测）In the main cultural venue of Jiaxing city’s Xiuzhou District, Zhejiang Province, a few elderly women are using their imagination and some bright colors to paint the wonderful scenes of life in Jiangnan, or “south of the Yangtze River”. They are members of a farmer-painter group known as the “Ten Sisters”, formed in 2009. The group has 12 rural residents, the oldest of ____58____ is 76 years old and the youngest 61.
2.（2024·天津滨海新区·高三三模）The Zhuang is an ethnic group________ the population is the largest of all ethnic groups in China.
A．of whom B．of which C．of who D．of that
3.（2024·天津河北区·高三二模）Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree ______ they can be controlled.
A．on which B．by which C．to which D．from which
04 定语从句中的其它问题
一、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
1. 形式不同
限制性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开，口语中使用时也不停顿；而非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开，口语中使用时有停顿。
2. 功能不同
限制性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别，如果去掉，就会造成句意不完整或概念不清；而非限制性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整。
People who take physical exercise live longer. 进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义)
His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。(若把从句去掉，句子意义仍然完整)
3. 翻译不同
在翻译定语从句时，一般把限制性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前，而把非限制性定语从句与主句分开。
He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽车被窃的那个人。
I’ve invited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我邀请了吉姆，他就住在隔壁。
4. 含义不同
比较下面的两个句子：
I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一个医生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一个)
I have a sister, who is a doctor. 我有一个姐姐，她是当医生的。(只有一个姐姐)
5. 先行词不同
限制性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词则可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或句子；另外，当先行词为专有名词或其他具有独一无二性的普通名词时，通常要用非限制性定语从句，而不用限制性定语从句。
Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得开车很快，这是很危险的。(which指drive too fast)
He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改变了主意，这使我很生气。(which指整个主句)
Mr. Smith, who is our boss, will leave for Japan next week. 我们的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。(先行词为专有名词，要用非限制性定语从句修饰)
Her father, who has a lot of money, wishes her to study abroad. 她父亲很有钱，希望她出国学习。(先行词为表独一无二意义的普通名词，要用非限制性定语从句修饰)
6. 关系词不同
关系词that和why可用于限制性定语从句中，通常不用于非限制性定语从句；另外，在限制性定语从句中，关系词有时可以省略，而在非限制性定语从句中关系词一律不能省略。
二、定语从句中的主谓一致
1）在定语从句中，谓语动词的单数，复数依据它所修饰的先行词。
I, who am your teacher, will help you with everything.
He who breaks the school rules should be punished.
Those who break the school rules should be punished.
Anyone who breaks the school rules should be punished.
2）. One of +the+复数名词+定语从句，谓语动词用复数，the only one of +the 复数名词+定语从句，谓语动词用单数。
He is one of the teachers in our school who teach well.
He is the only one of the teachers in our school who teaches well.
三、the way 后接定语从句的情况。
1．在定语从句中，the way在从句中充当方式状语时，其后的关系词可以是in which，that或省略；但是当它在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分时，其后的关系词就用that或which。
2．先行词time作“次数”讲时，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；当先行词time作“一段时间，时代”讲且作状语时，应用关系副词when或“介词at/during＋which”引导定语从句。
①What surprised me was not what he said but the wayhe said it.
让我吃惊的不是他说的话，而是他说话的方式。
②The way he explained to us was quite simple.
他向我们解释的那种方法很简单。
③It's not the first time (that) you've found yourself in this situation.
你陷入这种状况已经不是第一次了。
④There was a time when/during which each teacher spent an hour，one day a week，testing pupils in every subject.
曾经，每个老师每周都有一天花上一小时对学生的每门功课进行测试。
四、time后接定语从句的情况。
先行词是time时，若time作“次数”讲，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；若time作“一段时间，时代”讲，应用关系副词when或“介词at/during＋which”引导定语从句。
This is the first time (that) I have talked with a foreigner face to face.
这是我第一次和一个外国人面对面交流。
There was a time when I hated going to school.
曾经有一段时间我讨厌上学。
五、关系代词和关系副词的辨析
用法 依据
根据从句谓语动词 若是及物动词，后面若无宾语，用关系代词；若是不及物动词则用关系副词。
根据关系词在从句中作的成分 把关系词放进定语从句中，若作主语或宾语用关系代词；作状语则用关系副词。
先行词是表示时间或地点等的名词时,如果先行词一样,但是关系词在从句中所作的成分不同,那么所用关系词也不同。具体分为以下几点:
1.先行词是表示时间或地点的名词
若关系词在从句中作时间状语或地点状语,则用when或where;若作主语、宾语等,则用that或which。
The date (that/which) I'll always remember is Oct.28, 1968. 我会一直记得的日子是1968年10月28日。(that/which在从句中作宾语)
The date when I was born is Oct.28, 1968. 我出生的日子是1968年10月28日。(when在从句中作时间状语)
After about an hour's drive, we reached the small town where I was brought up and which/that is located at the foot of the mountain. 大约一个小时的车程之后,我们抵达这个小镇。我就是在这个小镇长大的,它坐落在山脚下。(where在从句中作地点状语;which/that在从句中作主语)
2.先行词是表示原因的名词reason若关系词在从句中作原因状语,则用why;若作主语、宾语等,则用that或which。
The reason (which/that) he told me for his being late is that he got up late.他告诉我他迟到的原因是他起床晚了。(which/that在从句中作宾语)
特别提醒 遇到类似的题目,考生应特别注意从句中动词是及物动词还是不及物动词。及物动词后应接宾语;不及物动词后如有介词,可加宾语,如无介词,则应用关系副词。
The reason why he was late is that he got up late.他迟到的原因是他起床晚了。(why在从句中作原因状语)
六、定语从句与其它句型的辨析
1）限制性定语从句与同位语从句的区别
关系副词引导限制性定语从句中的关系词有跟他们含义相应的先行词，而引导同位语从句时则没有与他们含义相应的先行词。
Sorry, I’ve forgot the day when we met for the first time.
抱歉，我记不起我们第一次见面的日子了。（定语从句，先行词the day 与when含义相应）
I’ve no idea when we met for the first time.
我不知道我们第一次是什么时候见面的。（同位语从句，idea与when没有任何联系）
2）定语从句与时间状语从句的区别
当定语从句的引导词与时间状语从句的连接词都是when时，定语从句修饰、限制、说明时间名词，只能放在先行词的后面；而时间状语从句说明动作发生的情况，并且可以放在主句的前面。
Do you know the time when the class is over 你知道下课的时间吗？（定语从句）
It was already five o’clock when the class was over.
=When the class was over, it was already five o’clock.
当课结束时，已经是五点钟了。（时间状语从句）
3）定语从句与地点状语从句的区别
当定语从句的引导词与地点状语从句的连接词都是where时，定语从句修饰、限制、说明地点名词；而状语从句则说明动作发生的地点，where没有对应的地点名词或代词。
This is the place where we used to live a few years ago.
这就是几年前我们常居住的地方。（定语从句）
Let’s go where we can find a better job.
我们到我们能找到更好工作的地方去吧。（地点状语从句）
4）定语从句与强调句型的区别
定语从句对名词或代词的修饰和限制，关系词可能是that, which, as, who, but, 另一方面，句子中的It有所指；而强调句型是对某部分加强语气，强调语气的连接词只能是that, who，并且句子中的It 没有任何意义；一般比较明显，而有时就难以区别，还需要根据上下文的语境来判断。
It is a book that he wants.
它究竟是强调句型还是定语从句，就要从语境上来考察。如果它是用来回答What is this / that 这样的问题，意思是：它是一本他想要的书。句子显然是定语从句。如果是用来回答What does he want 这样的问题，那么意思是：他想要的是一本书。显然，句子是强调句型。
5）定语从句与结果状语从句的区别
定语从句中的关系词在从句中还要作某种成分，因而从句成分不完整；而结果状语从句中的连接词不作任何句子成分，因此句子成分完整。
It is such an interesting book as we all like.
它是我们大家都喜欢的如此有趣的书。（定语从句）
It is such an interesting book that we all like it.
它是一本如此有趣的书，我么大家都喜欢它。（结果状语从句）
比较：It is such an interesting book that we all like. 强调句型。意思是：我们大家都喜欢的是一本如此有趣的书。
6）定语从句与独立主格结构的区别
定语从句一般有关系词、主谓结构完整；而独立主格结构没有关系词、也没有谓语动词。
The book being very interesting, we all like it. 由于这本书有趣，我们大家都喜欢它。
The book which / that is very interesting was published last year. 这本有趣的书是去年出版的。
【2022新高考I卷】The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that __________ (be)previously unprotected....After a three-year pilot period, the GPNP will be officially set up next year.
2.【2024北京卷】 When we slow down, we create space to reflect on our thoughts and emotions, which helps us identify important areas of our lives and ___13___ (give) us the opportunity to make right choices.
（河北省石家庄市二中2023年高三试题）However, after 2012 the number of mid-lake islands _________ the gulls made their nests kept decreasing, leading to the number of the baby gulls dropping to 2,000.
05 书面表达中定语从句易错点聚焦
(一)定语从句意识缺失
1．关系代词被普通代词取代
(误)I have many collections of stamps，some_of_them are my favorite.
(正)I have many collections of stamps，some_of_which are my favorite.
2．关系代词遗漏
(误)The last one leaves the classroom please close the windows.
(正)The last one who_leaves the classroom please close the windows.
第一句从汉语意思角度是对的，但是汉语的干扰破坏了英语句式结构。
(二)假冒伪劣的定语从句
1．有从无主式
(误)My friend Jane，who is very friendly to us classmates.
(正)My friend Jane is very friendly to us classmates.
(正)My friend Jane，who is very friendly to us classmates，has_a_variety_of_hobbies.
笫一句虎头蛇尾，属于有从无主式的句子，即有从句但没有主句。
2．从句成分残缺式
(误)Those who_against it think that it is unnecessary to move the zoos out of the city.
(正)Those who_are_against it think that it is unnecessary to move the zoos out of the city.
第一句定语从句的谓语不完整。介词against不能单独作谓语。
3．画蛇添足式
(误)As can be seen from the picture，that a sad boy stands between his angry parents.
(误)As can be seen from the picture，a man who is talking happily.
(误)I have many collections of stamps，and some of which are my favorite.
第一句中关系代词as代替逗号后面的整个主句，因此主句是不需要连接词来引导的。所以，应去掉that。
第二句中同样as代替逗号后面的整个主句，主句中的who是多余的。
第三句中如果要满足定语从句的话，显然并列连词and是多余的。
（最新模拟试题演练）
1.【2024届河南省三门峡部分名校高三下学期模拟考试】 Each dancer carries a bamboo stick, 4 is struck against the ground to the music. This dance is typically performed 5 (celebrate) the end of the harvest season.
2.【安徽省蚌埠市皖北私立联考2023-2024学年高三下学期期中】In a unanimous resolution, the UN General Assembly recognized the significance of the Lunar New Year, 12 is celebrated in numerous UN member states.
3.【2024届内蒙古呼和浩特市高三下学期二模考试】Harare’s Eastgate Centre is a superb example of biomimicry. It was created by Mick Pearce who was inspired while watching a nature documentary 25 termites (白蚁) were constructing their nests.
4.【2024届河南省濮阳市高三下学期二模】She told China Daily that hanfu is gaining appeal and 35 (recognize) in Hong Kong among people of different age groups, and that her association is growing day by day. “At first, we only had a dozen or so pieces of hanfu, 36 would be kept at home and taken out when they were needed. Now, we have over 100 pieces and need to rent a warehouse for storage,” she said.
5.【2024届广东省惠州市高三下学期一模拟考试】In addition to “Happy Loong”, the Gansu Provincial Museum offers stuffed toys inspired 47 the flying apsaras (飞天) of the Mogao Grottoes and the bronze galloping horse from the Easter Han Dynasty (25-220), all of 48 combine rich history with Gen-Z appeal.
6.【2024届贵州省遵义市高三下学期第二次模拟测试】Walking through his neighborhood supermarket in Australia, 1 packs of Chinese sauerkraut (酸菜) line the shelves, Huang Xiqing feels like he’s shopping in his hometown of Shenyang in Liaoning province.
7.【2024届贵州省遵义市高三下学期第二次模拟测试】Chinese sauerkraut, a pickle which 3 (make) of Chinese cabbage, is a traditional specialty of the northeastern region and is now sold around the country 4 exported overseas.
8.【2024届山东省聊城市高三下学期二模】Acrobats can act like fish swimming 7 (smooth) in the water, birds flying through trees and butterflies dancing among flowers, showcasing wonderful skills 8 require years of hard training.
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10.【2024届四川省泸州市高三下学期三模】 In ancient times, needlework was a must-learn skill for women, 26 had to make clothes for their families.
11.【2024届河南省开封市高三下学期三模】In addition to the shipwrecks, a variety of artifacts, including pottery, porcelain and ironware, have been unearthed, most of 35 were made in kilns (窑炉) in Jingdezhen, Jiangxi province, known as China’s “porcelain capital.”
12.【2024届四川省绵阳市高三下学期第三次诊断性考试】Located near the archaeological site of the Yin Ruins, 54 is also the location of the last capital of the Shang Dynasty(1600-1046 B．C．), the expanded Yinxu Museum is the first museum 55 (present) the Shang civilization comprehensively.
13.【2024届广东省佛山市禅城区高三下学期统一调研测试】It not only offers a way for young people to interact with a city in a meaningful way but also provides them with a new social scene 9 individuals with similar interests can connect and form friendship.
14.【2024届湖北省高三下学期新高考三模】This year, their modest home were decorated with pink cherry blossoms, 5 Wong said could bring good luck.
15.【2024届安徽省合肥市高三下学期二模】The opportunity came in 2008, 5 China launched a national program for global top talent.
16.【2024届江西省景德镇市高三下学期第三次质量检测】Qiang embroidery(羌绣)is a peculiar flower in China’s folk handicrafts and reflect the wisdom of the Qiang people. It dates back to the Han Dynasty 11 it was adopted for use on clothing. The Qiang people adore nature, 12 flowers, grasses, fruits, vegetables, and animals are used as inspiration for the embroidery’s most common patterns.
17.【2024届福建省南平市建阳区福建省南平市建阳区高三预测绝密卷模拟】“I 25 (live) in Maryland for four years when I was young. So I wanted to combine my past, 26 is my filling, with my present home,” Houston said.
18.【四川省成都市成实外教育联盟2023-2024学年高三下学期联考】Taoism is China’s native religion. 34 is evident in its best-known symbol, the circle of yin and yang, it’s also a religion of unity and opposites.
19.【2024届江西省新余市高三下学期二模】As spring comes, it is sensible to open the windows 49 (air) out stuffy homes, remove dirt, and repair any damages 50 occurred during the winter months. Inventions such as vacuum cleaners, washing machines, and cleaning agents have made the process more efficient and convenient.
20.【2024届河南省通义大联考高三下学期最后一卷】Though City would be petrified of 54 (lose) De Bruyne due to a lack of European football, he did have better news for the club.
21.（2024·粤湘鄂名校联盟高三第一次联考）These events have transformed Jingdezhen into an incredible platform for diversified cooperation and communication, ________ young artistic talents are drawn to its flame like moths.
22.（2024·广东省高三开学大联考）The typical Chinese alcoholic beverage is baijiu, ________ is made from various grains.
23.（2024·河南省安阳市TOP二十名校摸底）According to the legend, the Jade Emperor(ruler of heaven) would like to measure time by twelve different animals. He told animals that he would hold a great race on his birthday, the prize of ________ was twelve positions on the Chinese zodiac calendar.
24.（2024·江苏省高邮市第一中学月考）Despite it being a busy work day, thousands of people wearing black came to the Mingyangshan Mortuary House in the city, ____59____the memorial service was held at 10 am, to present bouquets (花束) and bunches of rice and pay tribute (颂词) to Yuan.
25.（2024·湖南省益阳市质量检测）Legends have been passed on about Zheng He in the countries and regions ____41____ he set foot.
26.（2024·内蒙古包头市高三调研）Pablo Picasso is one of the most famous artists in the world, _______full name is really a long one, in fact a mixture of many names.
27.（2024·江苏省四所名校高三期中联考）His reply to “Can we Chinese possibly make missiles ” was a determined “Why not We Chinese are able to make the same things_______ other people make.”28.（2024·江苏省苏州市常熟市阶段性抽测二）He learned carpentry in his teens, after ____ ____ he taught himself the arts of painting, poetry, calligraphy and seal cutting.
29.（2024·山西省高三1月适应性调研考试（一模））In addition to the new rocket for manned mission, China is also developing a new crewed capsule and a lunar lander, _______ will be able to send three astronauts to the lunar orbit and allow two of them to land on the moon.
30.（2024·湖北省腾云联盟八月联考）The PLA Navy currently operates two carriers CNS Liaoning and CNS Shandong, both of ____ ____ have a displacement of around 50, 000 tons and use a ski jump mode for launching fixed wing aircraft.
31.【2024届山东省日照市高三下学期二模】After she moved to China over 12 years ago, she became even more crazy about Chinese medicine. Living in a community with a drugstore 3 Chinese traditional herbs and medicine were sold, Halpyarovich met an experienced doctor.
32.【2024届湖南省永州市高三下学期第三次模拟】The highest tier (层) has more than 1,100 levels, 6 (wind) from the foot of the mountain to the top, creating a magnificent landscape 7 resembles a staircase to the clouds.
（2024·山东日照·三模）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Jili silk is a type of silk produced in Jili Village, Huzhou City Zhejiang Province. Jili Village has produced silk 51 the village was established in the late Yuan Dynasty. Jili silk is soft and fine with 52 even thickness and shiny white color. With these features, Jili silk is widely recognized in China and across the world.
In the mid-Ming Dynasty this silk became well-known for 53 (be) one of the materials used to make the emperor’s robes. In the Qing Dynasty, the government used to purchase a large amount of Jili silk each year. In 1851, Shanghai merchant Xu Rongcun took Jili silk to the first World Expo held in London, 54 the fabric won two top awards. In 2011, Jili silk 55 (include) in the list of China’s national intangible cultural heritage items.
The silkworm (蚕) 56 (raise) for Jili silk is called the Lianxin, literally meaning lotus seed. In Jili Village, wooden reeling tools were designed 57 (specific) for Jili silk. The silk making technique was traditionally passed down by female members of a family. In addition to being used for clothes, quality Jili silk can also be made into strings for Chinese guqin, or used as materials 58 (restore) ancient silk scrolls (卷轴).
Today, through genetic screening technology, inheritors of Jili silk making can make silk with natural colors. The step of dyeing (染色) thus becomes 59 (necessary) in some cases. The efforts of combining the 60 (wise) of Jili silk making with modern technology are giving a new life to the ancient Chinese handicraft in the modern era.
2024年
1.【2024新课标Ⅰ卷】Glasshouse stands ____63____ a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route ____64____ brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the _____65_____ (rich) of gardening in England.
2.【2024全国甲卷】Yellowstone was the ____49____（large）United States national park—2.2 million acres—until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska, _____50_____ became a national monument in 1978, took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres.
3.【2024新课标ⅠⅠ卷】Chinese cultural elements commemorating (纪念) Tang Xianzu, ___36___ is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia,” add an international character to Stratford-upon-Avon, William Shakespeare’s hometown.
4.【2024北京卷】Tinniswood, ___17___ doesn’t smoke and rarely drinks, credited moderation for helping him stay healthy during his long life. “If you eat too much or do too much of anything, you’re going to suffer eventually,” he said.
5.【2024浙江1月卷】Of course, shops are not charities — they price goods in the way ____38____ will make them the most money.
2023年
1.【2023年全国乙卷】But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place ____43____ welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life, with 21st-century architectural ____44____ (wonder) standing side by side with historical buildings of the past.s
2.【2023年全国乙卷】The color she choose came in a box which had a picture of a woman that hair color looked just perfect.
3.【2023年全国甲卷】“There was once a town in the heart of America, ___44___ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with its surroundings,” her fable begins, ___45___ (borrow) some familiar words from many age-old fables.
4.【2023年全国甲卷】Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, ___43___ Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow.”...
5.【2023年全国甲卷】 She even played some recordings of their singing, what was fun.
6.【2023年北京卷】Nina recently finished her year-long series of runs in Chicago, ____18____ thousands were attending a water conference.
2022年
1.【2022新高考I卷】The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species ________ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
2【2022全国甲卷】On the 1,100. Kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, _________ lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three province.
3【2022年浙江1月】Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics __________ are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change.
【2022年北京卷】That includes cups, bottles, and bags, most of ____18____ are only good for one use.
5. 【2022年天津卷第二次】Guide books are prepared to suit the convenience of the traveler, ________ routes round a city or a site are often suggested.
A. for which B. with which
C. for whom D. with whom
2021年
1.【2021.1 浙江卷】BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool 2 gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.
2．【2021年天津卷第一次】William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes ________ we can learn without repeating them.
A．from which B．in which C．with whom D．for whom
3. 【2021年天津卷第二次】In the spring, a season ________ we are 1earning new rhythms of life，many of us find comfort in the natural world.
A. when B. where C. what D. which
4.【2021.3 天津卷 】At the Chinese art festival, there are different stands artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors.
A.where B.which C. that D. when考点17定语从句（核心考点精讲精练）
1. 高考真题考点分布
考点 题型 定语从句
年份 试卷类型 考点 考向
语法填空 2024 2024·新课标I卷 which/that 限制性定语从句--关系代词
2024·新课标II卷 who 非限制性定语从句--关系代词
2024·全国甲卷 which 限制性定语从句--关系代词
2024·北京卷 who 非限制性定语从句--关系代词
2024·浙江1月 which/that 限制性定语从句--关系代词
2023 2023·新课标I卷 / /
2023·新课标II卷 / /
2023·全国乙卷 which/that 限制性定语从句--关系代词
2023·全国甲卷 where；as 非限制性定语从句--关系副词 非限制性定语从句--关系代词
2023·北京卷 where 非限制性定语从句--关系副词
2023·浙江1月 / /
2022 2022·新课标I卷 that 限制性定语从句--关系代词
2022·新课标II卷 / /
2022·全国乙卷 / /
2022·全国甲卷 who 非限制性定语从句--关系代词
2022·北京卷 which 非限制性定语从句--关系代词
2022·浙江1月 that/who 限制性定语从句--关系代词
2. 命题规律及备考策略
【命题规律】
近3年新高考卷对于定语从句的考查共计13次，主要考查：
1．定语从句中的关系代词；
2．定语从句中关系副词；
3. 定语从句中的主谓一致；
4. 定语从句中的时态。
【备考策略】
了解定语从句的基本用法;
区分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句;
熟知关系代词和关系副词的用法并能正确判断使用哪种关系词；
掌握"介词+关系代词"引导的定语从句及as和which引导的定语从句的区别。
【命题预测】
预测2025年定语从句仍会是高考考查的重点和热点之一, 预测高考对该考点的考查集中在关系代词(that,which,who，as等)及关系副词(when,where等)的选用上。
必备基础知识：
定语从句的概念
在复合句中，修饰限定某一名词(或代词)的句子，叫定语从句。定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词，故又称为形容词性从句。
定语从句的位置
定语从句常置于被修饰词之后；as引导的非限制性定语从句可置于主句前、句中，也可置于主句之后。
定语从句的功能
相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语。
定语从句的类别
定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两类。
先行词
定语从句修饰的名词和代词叫先行词。
6）关系词的三大作用
替代作用：在定语从句中替代先行词。
成分作用：在定语从句中充当句子成分。
连接作用：连接主句和定语从句。
关系代词/副词 先行词 在从句中的作用
who 人 主语、宾语
whom 人 宾语
which 物 主语、宾语
that 人或物 主语、宾语、表语、状语
whose 人或物 定语
as 人或物 主语、宾语、表语
when 时间名词 时间状语
where 地点名词或抽象名词(situation，point，activity，case，stage等) 地点状语
why the reason 原因状语
01 关系代词引导的定语从句
一、常见关系代词的基本用法
1. that
可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语。指人时，相当于who或 whom；指物时，相当于which。不能引导非限制性定语从句；不可置于介词后作宾语。
2. which
指物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语。如：
The book which/that was on the desk was bought by my father.（主语）
3. who, whom, whose
（1）who: 主格, 在从句中作主语，只可指人
（2）whom: 宾格，在从句中只能作宾语; 只可指人
（3）whose: 表所属关系，在从句中作定语。译为：某人的，某物的
（4）whose + 名词 =the + n. + of which (某物的) = he + n. + of whom (某人的)
注意：
① 关系代词作介词宾语 (在定语从句中，介词提前时，介词后：表人用 whom；表物用 which)
② 关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时, 介词可放于从句之首, 也可放于从句之末. 但以放于句首较为正式.（介词前置，必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。关系代词who 和 that 用作介词宾语时, 介词必须放在句末。）
There are 30 students in this class, who are from the north of China.
这个班里有30名学生，他们来自中国北方。
Do you know the boy whose handwriting is very beautiful
你认识那个书法非常漂亮的男孩吗？
I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea.
→I'd like a room, the window of which looks out over the sea.
→I'd like a room, of which the window looks out over the sea.
我想要一个窗户朝向大海的房间。
4. as
a：as作为关系代词，常常用于固定句型中。
the same...as , as, such....as , so....as
They could only read such stories as had been rewritten in simple English.(as作主语)
他们只能读类似这样的一些用简易英语改写的故事。
These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.(as作宾语)
这些房子以人们期望的低价出售。
This is the same knife as I lost.(as作宾语)
这把小刀和我丢的那把很相似。
b：such ... as ... 与such ... that ... 的区别
such ... as ... 中的as引导的是定语从句，而such ... that ... 中的that引导的是结果状语从句。当as引导定语从句时，as在从句中一般作主语或宾语，而that引导结果状语从句时，that在从句中不作任何成分。
This is such a difficult problem as most of us can't work out.
这是一个我们大多数人都不能解决的难题。
(从句中的work out缺少宾语，前面的as是关系代词，用作work out的宾语。)
She is such a kind girl that many students like her.
她是个善良的女孩所以很多学生喜欢她。
(状语从句是完整的句子，前面的that只起引导从句的作用，在从句中不作成分。)
二、that、 which的辨析
1. 只能用that，不能用which的情况
（1）先行词是all，something，everything，anything，nothing，little，much，few等不定代词或先行词被all，any，every，no，little，much，some等词修饰。
All the people that come from the country work much harder.
所有来自农村的人工作都更努力得多。
（2）先行词被序数词、 形容词最高级、 the only， the very， the last等修饰时， 关系代词通常只用that， 不用which.如：
The first English novel that I read was Cities.
我读的第一本英文小说是《城市》。
This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.
这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。
This is the only thing that we can do now.
这是我们现在惟一能做的事情。
（3）先行词既有人又有物时， 关系代词只用that， 不用which.如：
The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.
我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。
The foreign visitors spoke highly of the pioneers and their performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace. 外国游客高度赞扬了他们在少年宫所看到的少先队员以及他们的表演。
（4） 关系代词在限定性定语从句中作表语并带有类比含义时， 通常只用that， 不用which.如：
He is no longer the star that he was.
他不再是过去的那位明星了。
Our school is no longer the school that it used to be.
我们的学校不再是以前的那所学校了。
（5） 句中其他位置已出现which， 为避免重复， 不用which而用that引导限定性定语从句。如：
Which is the car that has overtaken us？ 超过我们的是哪辆车？
2. 只用which，不能用that的情况
（1） 在介词提前到关系代词之前形成“介词＋关系代词”结构来修饰表事物的先行词时， 关系代词必须用which.如：
The house in which we live is very large. 我们住的房子非常大。
This is the reference book of which the teacher is speaking.
这就是老师正在谈及的那本参考书。
注意： 如果介词不放在修饰事物的限定性定语从句的句首， which就可换为that， 如：
This is the question which/that we’ve had so much discussion about. =This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion. 这就是我们已经多次讨论过的问题。
（2） 先行词为“those＋表事物的复数名词”时， 关系代词通常只用which而不用that.例如：
Students should keep in mind those regulations which restrict their behavior.
学生应牢记那些规范自己的行为准则。
A bookshop should deal with a variety of those best sellers which are newly published.
书店应该经营新出版的各种畅销书。
（3）当先行词指物，关系词在句中作主语或宾语，引导非限制性定语从句的关系词只能用which，而不用that。
三、 as，which的辨析
一、相同点
两者引导非限制性定语从句时，可指代主句中的部分或整个句子的内容，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，位于主句之后有时可互换。
The meeting was put off, as /which was exactly what we wanted. 会议被推迟了，这正是我们想要的。
He was a doctor, as/which I knew from his manner. 他是一名医生，我是从他的举止中知道的。
二、不同点
1. as可以放在主句前后，也可插入主句之中；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句之后。
As is known to all, fish can’t live without water. 众所周知，鱼离开水无法生存。
Air, as we know, is gas. 正如我们所知，空气是气体。
2. 在非限制性定语从句中，which后的be动词不可省；而as后的be动词可以省略。
She told me she won the match, which was a lie. 她告诉我们她赢得了比赛，这是一个谎言。
The material is elastic, as (was) shown in the figure. 这种材料是有弹性的，正如图中所示。
3. which在非限制性定语从句中作主语时可用各类动词作谓语；而as作主语时，谓语常用系动词，如be，seem，become等，一般不用其他行为动词。
He saw the girl, which delighted him. 他看见了那个女孩，这让他很高兴。
He didn’t say anything at the meeting, as/which seemed very strange. 他在会议上一言未发，这看起来非常奇怪。
as常用＂正如＂含义，
常用的结构有as we know（众所周知）；as often happens（正如常发生的那样）；as is often the case（情况常常如此）；as we all can see（正如我们看到的）；be announced / expected / known / imagined / mentioned / said / shown / reported等。这些结构常放句首，偶尔也可以放句中或句末。
As is known to all, China is a developing country. 众所周知，中国是一个发展中国家。
Kate was late for school, as often happened. 凯特上学迟到了，正如常发生的那样。
5. 在非限制性定语从句中，which可指代主句中的某一个单词，as不可以。
My brother enjoyed playing basketball, which he really plays well. 我哥哥喜欢打篮球，他打得非常好。
Beijing, which he was born in, is our capital. 北京，他出生的地方，是我们的首都。
6. ＂介词+关系代词（介宾代物）＂中关系代词只能用which。
The Travel Agency, with which our company has been dealing for several years, has opened for new branches. 那家与我们交易了好几年的旅行社又开了新的分店。
Air is a mixture of gases, of which oxygen forms 21 percent. 空气是一种气体的综合体，其中氧气占了21%。
7. 从句中的谓语动词是否定形式时，常用which。
He can write a letter in English, which I can not. 他可以用英语写信，我不能。
Metal will bear beating with a hammer, which a stone will not. 金属能承受得住用锤子敲打，但是石头则不能。
8. 非限制性定语从句中的关系代词代表前面主句中的宾语从句时，常用which。
He said he had passed the exam, which was untrue. 他说他通过了考试，这是假的。
【2024全国甲卷】Yellowstone was the ____49largest____（large）United States national park—2.2 million acres—until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska, _____50_____ became a national monument in 1978, took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres.
【答案】which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意同上。本空所在句子为定语从句，先行词为Wrangell-Saint Elias，从句中作主语，指物，引导非限制性定语从句用which，故填which。
1.（2024·广东省高三开学大联考）The typical Chinese alcoholic beverage is baijiu, ________ is made from various grains.
【答案】which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：典型的中国酒精饮料是白酒，由各种谷物制成。此处是一个非限制性定语从句，从句缺主语，先行词指物。故填which。
2.（2024·内蒙古包头市高三调研）Pablo Picasso is one of the most famous artists in the world, _______full name is really a long one, in fact a mixture of many names.
【答案】whose
【解析】查定语从句。句意：巴勃罗·毕加索是世界上最著名的艺术家之一，他的全名其实是一个很长的名字，实际上是许多名字的混合体。分析可知， 2 full name is really a long one在句中为非限制性定语从句，先行词为Pablo Picasso，空处在从句中作定语，指毕加索的全名，所以用关系代词whose，故填whose。
3.（2024·江苏省四所名校高三期中联考）His reply to “Can we Chinese possibly make missiles ” was a determined “Why not We Chinese are able to make the same things_______ other people make.”
【答案】that
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：他对“我们中国人有可能制造导弹吗？”这个问题的回答是坚定的，即“为什么不呢？我们中国人能够制造和其他人一样的东西。”分析句子可知，此处考查引导定语从句的关系词，指代先行词things，指物，在从句中作宾语，先行词前有the same修饰，关系代词只能用that。故填that。
02关系副词引导的定语从句
当定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语、定语和表语时，要选用关系副词。其中when, where, why是常见的三个关系副词。
关系副词 先行词 作用
when 时间名词 时间状语 表时间的介词(如：in, on, at, during等)＋which；
where 地点名词或抽象名词(situation，point，activity，case，stage等) 地点状语 表地点的介词(如：in, at, on, under等)＋which；
why the reason 原因状语 表原因的介词(如：for)＋which。
We will put off the picnic in the park until next week，when the weather may be better.
我们将把在公园里的野餐推迟到下个星期，那时候天气可能会更好。
Do you know the reason why he didn't attend the meeting yesterday
你知道他昨天为什么没有出席会议的原因吗？
1. when的用法
when修饰时间名词，在从句中作时间状语。其先行词通常为time, day, year, week等。
I'll never forget the day when my son was born.
我永远忘不了我儿子出生的那一天。
易错点：当表示时间的先行词在从句中作主语或宾语时，关系词不用when而用that或which。
The season which/that they were talking about was autumn.
他们正在谈论的季节是秋天。
2. where的用法
where用于修饰地点名词如place, park, factory, house等。在从句中作地点状语，相当于介词+which。
Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment where they live.
现在人们更加关心他们居住的环境。
b.当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如：point， situation， case， stage， family等时，如果引导词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词where引导定语从句；如果不作状语，则用关系代词that/which。
Students should involve themselves in community activities where they can gain experience for growth.
学生应该参与社区活动，在那里他们可以获得成长的经验。
Remember that there is still one point that/which we must make clear at the conference tomorrow.
记住在明天的会议上我们还有一点必须弄清楚。
She's in a hopeless situation，where we will keep a very close eye on her.
她处于无望的处境中，在这种情况下我们将密切注意她。
c.先行词occasion当“时刻”讲时，用关系副词when；当“场合”讲时，用关系副词where。
Please describe an occasion where you met real difficulties.
请描述你遇到真正困境的场景。
Occasions are rare when I have the time to spend a day with my kids.
我有时间和孩子们度过一天的时机很少。
3. why的用法
why相当于for which, 在从句中作原因状语，但若关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，定语从句要用that或which引导。
Can you tell me the reason why(=for which) you are late again
你能告诉我你再次迟到的原因吗？
The boss doesn’t want to hear any reason (that/which) you might give.
老板不想听你所提出的任何理由。
1.【2023年全国甲卷】“There was once a town in the heart of America, ___44___ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with its surroundings,” her fable begins, ___45borrowing___ (borrow) some familiar words from many age-old fables.
【44题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：“从前，在美国的中心地带有一个小镇，那里所有的生命似乎都和周围的环境一起享受着和平的生活，”她的寓言是这样开头的，借用了许多古老寓言中的一些熟悉的词。句中先行词为town，在非限定性定语从句作地点状语，所以用关系副词where引导。故填where。
【方法指导】
1．先行词是表示时间、地点或原因(一般为reason)的名词，从句中缺少状语时用关系副词when，where，why。有时可用“介词＋which”结构替换。
2．当定语从句中缺少主语或宾语时，即使先行词是表示时间、地点和原因的词仍用which/that。
3．当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如point，situation，case，stage等，如果引导词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词where引导定语从句；如果作主语、宾语或表语，则用关系代词that/which。
2.【2023年北京卷】Nina recently finished her year-long series of runs in Chicago, ____18____ thousands were attending a water conference.
【答案】where
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：最近，尼娜在芝加哥结束了长达一年的系列跑步活动，数千人在那里参加了一个水会议。非限制性定语从句修饰先行词Chicago，在从句中作地点状语，故填where。
1.（2024·粤湘鄂名校联盟高三第一次联考）These events have transformed Jingdezhen into an incredible platform for diversified cooperation and communication, ________ young artistic talents are drawn to its flame like moths.
【答案】where
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：这些活动将景德镇变成了一个不可思议的多元化合作交流平台，年轻的艺术人才像飞蛾一样被吸引到这里。此处为非限制性定语从句修饰先行词platform，先行词在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where。故填where。
2.（2024·江苏省徐州市第七中学学情调研）However, he could not forget about an earlier time ________ his village had been struggling with a serious air quality problem.
【答案】when
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：然而，他不能忘记，早年间村庄一直在努力应付着严重的空气质量问题。分析句子结构可知，设空处应填关系词，引导定语从句，先行词是time，指时间；从句主语是his village，从句谓语是had been struggling with，从句宾语是a serious air quality problem，则设空处应填when，充当从句时间状语。故填when。
03 “介词＋关系代词”引导
1 关系代词的确定
在介词后作宾语的关系代词只有which和whom。如果先行词是物，引导词用which；如果先行词是人，则引导词用whom。
This is the train on which I went to Shanghai.
这就是我去上海所乘坐的那列火车。
This is the student for whom I bought the dictionary.
这就是我为他买词典的那个学生。
介词一般放在关系代词which和whom之前，如果介词和句中动词组成固定词组时，这个介词一般不前置。
My youngest brother，whom I have to look after，is demanding.
我得照看我最小的弟弟，他真是让人费神。
2 关系代词前介词的确定
依据定语从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配来确定。
The fellow to whom I spoke made no answer at first.
我与之说话的那个人起初没有回答。(speak to)
The West Lake, for which Hangzhou is famous, is a beautiful place.
西湖是一个美丽的地方，杭州因此而闻名。(be famous for)
根据先行词来确定。
I'll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.
我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的童年时光。(during the time)
Air, without which man can't live, is really important.
空气真的很重要，没有它人类就不能生存。(without air)
3 “名词/代词＋介词＋关系代词”结构
此类结构常见的有“some/many/most/all/none＋of＋which/whom”等。
Here are the questions, some of which I think are difficult for you.
问题都在这儿，其中一些我认为对你来说很难。
He has three sons, none of whom are doctors.
他有三个儿子，没有一个是当医生的。
4 “复合介词短语＋关系代词which”
从句部分常与先行词用逗号隔开，且从句部分常用倒装语序。
He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tree.
他住在一所大房子里，房子前面有一棵大树。
5 “介词＋which/whom＋不定式”
The poor man has no house in which to live.
→The poor man has no house to live in.
→The poor man has no house in which he can live.
那个穷人没房子住。
有时为表达清楚，也可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from/to等，平时也应掌握，但非高考重点。
China is the birthplace of kites，from where kite flying spreads to Japan，Thailand，India and so on.
中国是风筝的发源地，从这里，放风筝传到了日本、泰国、印度等国家。
1.【2022年天津卷第二次】Guide books are prepared to suit the convenience of the traveler, ________ routes round a city or a site are often suggested.
A. for which B. with which
C. for whom D. with whom
【答案】C
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：旅游指南是为了给游客提供方便的，里面为游客建议了参观一个城市或景点的线路。分析句子成分可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词traveler；结合句意，路线是给游客提供、为了游客而给出的建议，故需要用介词for表示“给……”，先行词为人，故for后用whom。故选C项。
2.【2021年天津卷第一次】William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes ________ we can learn without repeating them.
A．from which B．in which C．with whom D．for whom
【答案】A
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：威廉·哈斯蒂曾经说过，历史会告诉我们过去的错误，我们可以从中学习避免重复犯错。分析句子可知，past mistakes为现行词，_____ we can learn without repeating them.为定语从句，从句中谓语动词can learn可知，要从过去的错误中学习，learn from“从……中学习”，可知应用from which引导定语从句。故选A。
【方法指导】
1．若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词＋whose＋名词”结构。
2．该结构中介词的选用
(1)一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：
①先行词的意义；
②从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配；
③句子的意思。
(2)表示“整体和部分关系”，介词常用of。常见结构：
①在some，any，few，little，none，all，both，neither，many，most，each等代词或数词的前、后可以用of which/whom。
②the＋比较级或最高级前、后用of which/whom等。
(3)有时“介词＋where”可以引导定语从句，此时要和“介词＋which”引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。
1.（2023·湖南省部分校教育联盟摸底测）In the main cultural venue of Jiaxing city’s Xiuzhou District, Zhejiang Province, a few elderly women are using their imagination and some bright colors to paint the wonderful scenes of life in Jiangnan, or “south of the Yangtze River”. They are members of a farmer-painter group known as the “Ten Sisters”, formed in 2009. The group has 12 rural residents, the oldest of ____58____ is 76 years old and the youngest 61.
【答案】whom
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：该集团有12名农村居民，其中年龄最大的76岁，年龄最小的61岁。空格处是“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词residents，指人，因此空格处用关系代词whom，故填whom。
2.（2024·天津滨海新区·高三三模）The Zhuang is an ethnic group________ the population is the largest of all ethnic groups in China.
A．of whom B．of which C．of who D．of that
【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：壮族是中国所有少数民族中人口最多的一个民族。分析可知，设空处为“介词+ 关系代词”引导定语从句，先行词为“an ethnic group”，作of的宾语，应用关系代词which。故选B。
3.（2024·天津河北区·高三二模）Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree ______ they can be controlled.
A．on which B．by which C．to which D．from which
【答案】C
【解析】考查介词
+关系代词引导的定语从句。句意：人类和动物面部表情的不同之处，在于某程度上人类面部表情可以受到控制。分析句子可知，空格处引导定语从句，修饰先行词the degree，关系代词which在句中指代先行词degree(程度)，表示“某种程度”应为“to some degree”，故介词to符合句意。故选C项。
04 定语从句中的其它问题
一、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
1. 形式不同
限制性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开，口语中使用时也不停顿；而非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开，口语中使用时有停顿。
2. 功能不同
限制性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别，如果去掉，就会造成句意不完整或概念不清；而非限制性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整。
People who take physical exercise live longer. 进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义)
His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。(若把从句去掉，句子意义仍然完整)
3. 翻译不同
在翻译定语从句时，一般把限制性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前，而把非限制性定语从句与主句分开。
He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽车被窃的那个人。
I’ve invited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我邀请了吉姆，他就住在隔壁。
4. 含义不同
比较下面的两个句子：
I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一个医生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一个)
I have a sister, who is a doctor. 我有一个姐姐，她是当医生的。(只有一个姐姐)
5. 先行词不同
限制性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词则可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或句子；另外，当先行词为专有名词或其他具有独一无二性的普通名词时，通常要用非限制性定语从句，而不用限制性定语从句。
Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得开车很快，这是很危险的。(which指drive too fast)
He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改变了主意，这使我很生气。(which指整个主句)
Mr. Smith, who is our boss, will leave for Japan next week. 我们的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。(先行词为专有名词，要用非限制性定语从句修饰)
Her father, who has a lot of money, wishes her to study abroad. 她父亲很有钱，希望她出国学习。(先行词为表独一无二意义的普通名词，要用非限制性定语从句修饰)
6. 关系词不同
关系词that和why可用于限制性定语从句中，通常不用于非限制性定语从句；另外，在限制性定语从句中，关系词有时可以省略，而在非限制性定语从句中关系词一律不能省略。
二、定语从句中的主谓一致
1）在定语从句中，谓语动词的单数，复数依据它所修饰的先行词。
I, who am your teacher, will help you with everything.
He who breaks the school rules should be punished.
Those who break the school rules should be punished.
Anyone who breaks the school rules should be punished.
2）. One of +the+复数名词+定语从句，谓语动词用复数，the only one of +the 复数名词+定语从句，谓语动词用单数。
He is one of the teachers in our school who teach well.
He is the only one of the teachers in our school who teaches well.
三、the way 后接定语从句的情况。
1．在定语从句中，the way在从句中充当方式状语时，其后的关系词可以是in which，that或省略；但是当它在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分时，其后的关系词就用that或which。
2．先行词time作“次数”讲时，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；当先行词time作“一段时间，时代”讲且作状语时，应用关系副词when或“介词at/during＋which”引导定语从句。
①What surprised me was not what he said but the wayhe said it.
让我吃惊的不是他说的话，而是他说话的方式。
②The way he explained to us was quite simple.
他向我们解释的那种方法很简单。
③It's not the first time (that) you've found yourself in this situation.
你陷入这种状况已经不是第一次了。
④There was a time when/during which each teacher spent an hour，one day a week，testing pupils in every subject.
曾经，每个老师每周都有一天花上一小时对学生的每门功课进行测试。
四、time后接定语从句的情况。
先行词是time时，若time作“次数”讲，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；若time作“一段时间，时代”讲，应用关系副词when或“介词at/during＋which”引导定语从句。
This is the first time (that) I have talked with a foreigner face to face.
这是我第一次和一个外国人面对面交流。
There was a time when I hated going to school.
曾经有一段时间我讨厌上学。
五、关系代词和关系副词的辨析
用法 依据
根据从句谓语动词 若是及物动词，后面若无宾语，用关系代词；若是不及物动词则用关系副词。
根据关系词在从句中作的成分 把关系词放进定语从句中，若作主语或宾语用关系代词；作状语则用关系副词。
先行词是表示时间或地点等的名词时,如果先行词一样,但是关系词在从句中所作的成分不同,那么所用关系词也不同。具体分为以下几点:
1.先行词是表示时间或地点的名词
若关系词在从句中作时间状语或地点状语,则用when或where;若作主语、宾语等,则用that或which。
The date (that/which) I'll always remember is Oct.28, 1968. 我会一直记得的日子是1968年10月28日。(that/which在从句中作宾语)
The date when I was born is Oct.28, 1968. 我出生的日子是1968年10月28日。(when在从句中作时间状语)
After about an hour's drive, we reached the small town where I was brought up and which/that is located at the foot of the mountain. 大约一个小时的车程之后,我们抵达这个小镇。我就是在这个小镇长大的,它坐落在山脚下。(where在从句中作地点状语;which/that在从句中作主语)
2.先行词是表示原因的名词reason若关系词在从句中作原因状语,则用why;若作主语、宾语等,则用that或which。
The reason (which/that) he told me for his being late is that he got up late.他告诉我他迟到的原因是他起床晚了。(which/that在从句中作宾语)
特别提醒 遇到类似的题目,考生应特别注意从句中动词是及物动词还是不及物动词。及物动词后应接宾语;不及物动词后如有介词,可加宾语,如无介词,则应用关系副词。
The reason why he was late is that he got up late.他迟到的原因是他起床晚了。(why在从句中作原因状语)
六、定语从句与其它句型的辨析
1）限制性定语从句与同位语从句的区别
关系副词引导限制性定语从句中的关系词有跟他们含义相应的先行词，而引导同位语从句时则没有与他们含义相应的先行词。
Sorry, I’ve forgot the day when we met for the first time.
抱歉，我记不起我们第一次见面的日子了。（定语从句，先行词the day 与when含义相应）
I’ve no idea when we met for the first time.
我不知道我们第一次是什么时候见面的。（同位语从句，idea与when没有任何联系）
2）定语从句与时间状语从句的区别
当定语从句的引导词与时间状语从句的连接词都是when时，定语从句修饰、限制、说明时间名词，只能放在先行词的后面；而时间状语从句说明动作发生的情况，并且可以放在主句的前面。
Do you know the time when the class is over 你知道下课的时间吗？（定语从句）
It was already five o’clock when the class was over.
=When the class was over, it was already five o’clock.
当课结束时，已经是五点钟了。（时间状语从句）
3）定语从句与地点状语从句的区别
当定语从句的引导词与地点状语从句的连接词都是where时，定语从句修饰、限制、说明地点名词；而状语从句则说明动作发生的地点，where没有对应的地点名词或代词。
This is the place where we used to live a few years ago.
这就是几年前我们常居住的地方。（定语从句）
Let’s go where we can find a better job.
我们到我们能找到更好工作的地方去吧。（地点状语从句）
4）定语从句与强调句型的区别
定语从句对名词或代词的修饰和限制，关系词可能是that, which, as, who, but, 另一方面，句子中的It有所指；而强调句型是对某部分加强语气，强调语气的连接词只能是that, who，并且句子中的It 没有任何意义；一般比较明显，而有时就难以区别，还需要根据上下文的语境来判断。
It is a book that he wants.
它究竟是强调句型还是定语从句，就要从语境上来考察。如果它是用来回答What is this / that 这样的问题，意思是：它是一本他想要的书。句子显然是定语从句。如果是用来回答What does he want 这样的问题，那么意思是：他想要的是一本书。显然，句子是强调句型。
5）定语从句与结果状语从句的区别
定语从句中的关系词在从句中还要作某种成分，因而从句成分不完整；而结果状语从句中的连接词不作任何句子成分，因此句子成分完整。
It is such an interesting book as we all like.
它是我们大家都喜欢的如此有趣的书。（定语从句）
It is such an interesting book that we all like it.
它是一本如此有趣的书，我么大家都喜欢它。（结果状语从句）
比较：It is such an interesting book that we all like. 强调句型。意思是：我们大家都喜欢的是一本如此有趣的书。
6）定语从句与独立主格结构的区别
定语从句一般有关系词、主谓结构完整；而独立主格结构没有关系词、也没有谓语动词。
The book being very interesting, we all like it. 由于这本书有趣，我们大家都喜欢它。
The book which / that is very interesting was published last year. 这本有趣的书是去年出版的。
【2022新高考I卷】The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that __________ (be)previously unprotected....After a three-year pilot period, the GPNP will be officially set up next year.
答案：were
解析：考查时态和主谓一致。句意：该计划将把保护范围扩大到大量以前未受保护的地区，将许多现有的大熊猫保护区纳入一个管理机构，以提高效率，减少管理上的不一致性。设空处在that引导的限制性定语从句中作谓语，先行词为a significant number of areas，先行词在从句中作主语，根据“previously (之前地)”可知从句的时态应为一般过去时，根据主谓一致，从句主语复数，从句谓语复数形式。故填were。
2.【2024北京卷】 When we slow down, we create space to reflect on our thoughts and emotions, which helps us identify important areas of our lives and ___13___ (give) us the opportunity to make right choices.
【13题详解】
考查时态和主谓一致。句意：当我们放慢脚步时，我们会创造空间来反思我们的想法和情绪，这有助于我们确定生活中的重要领域，并给我们做出正确选择的机会。which引导的非限制性定语从句中，根据helps可知，从句使用一般现在时，which指代前边的整个句子，所以从句谓语应用第三人称单数形式gives，gives与helps并列，作并列谓语。故填gives。
（河北省石家庄市二中2023年高三试题）However, after 2012 the number of mid-lake islands _________ the gulls made their nests kept decreasing, leading to the number of the baby gulls dropping to 2,000.
【答案】where
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：然而，2012年之后，海鸥筑巢的湖中岛屿数量不断减少，导致小海鸥的数量降至2000只。分析句子结构，空处引导定语从句，先行词是mid-lake islands，代替先行词在句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where引导从句，故填where。
05 书面表达中定语从句易错点聚焦
(一)定语从句意识缺失
1．关系代词被普通代词取代
(误)I have many collections of stamps，some_of_them are my favorite.
(正)I have many collections of stamps，some_of_which are my favorite.
2．关系代词遗漏
(误)The last one leaves the classroom please close the windows.
(正)The last one who_leaves the classroom please close the windows.
第一句从汉语意思角度是对的，但是汉语的干扰破坏了英语句式结构。
(二)假冒伪劣的定语从句
1．有从无主式
(误)My friend Jane，who is very friendly to us classmates.
(正)My friend Jane is very friendly to us classmates.
(正)My friend Jane，who is very friendly to us classmates，has_a_variety_of_hobbies.
笫一句虎头蛇尾，属于有从无主式的句子，即有从句但没有主句。
2．从句成分残缺式
(误)Those who_against it think that it is unnecessary to move the zoos out of the city.
(正)Those who_are_against it think that it is unnecessary to move the zoos out of the city.
第一句定语从句的谓语不完整。介词against不能单独作谓语。
3．画蛇添足式
(误)As can be seen from the picture，that a sad boy stands between his angry parents.
(误)As can be seen from the picture，a man who is talking happily.
(误)I have many collections of stamps，and some of which are my favorite.
第一句中关系代词as代替逗号后面的整个主句，因此主句是不需要连接词来引导的。所以，应去掉that。
第二句中同样as代替逗号后面的整个主句，主句中的who是多余的。
第三句中如果要满足定语从句的话，显然并列连词and是多余的。
（最新模拟试题演练）
1.【2024届河南省三门峡部分名校高三下学期模拟考试】 Each dancer carries a bamboo stick, 4 is struck against the ground to the music. This dance is typically performed 5 (celebrate) the end of the harvest season.
4．考查定语从句。句意：每个舞者都带着一根竹竿，随着音乐敲击地面。非限制性定语从句修饰先行词stick，在从句作主语，指物，故填which。
5．考查非谓语动词。句意：这种舞蹈通常是为了庆祝丰收季节的结束而表演的。此处celebrate在句中作目的状语，应用不定式。故填to celebrate。
2.【安徽省蚌埠市皖北私立联考2023-2024学年高三下学期期中】In a unanimous resolution, the UN General Assembly recognized the significance of the Lunar New Year, 12 is celebrated in numerous UN member states.
12．考查定语从句。句意：在一项一致通过的决议中，联合国大会承认了农历新年的重要性，许多联合国成员国都庆祝农历新年。先行词为Lunar New Year，作非限制性定语从句的主语，关系代词为which。故填which。
3.【2024届内蒙古呼和浩特市高三下学期二模考试】Harare’s Eastgate Centre is a superb example of biomimicry. It was created by Mick Pearce who was inspired while watching a nature documentary 25 termites (白蚁) were constructing their nests.
25．考查定语从句。句意：它是由米克·皮尔斯创建的，他在观看一部白蚁筑巢的自然纪录片时受到启发。空处引导一个定语从句，修饰先行词a nature documentary，且在从句中作地点状语，所以应用where。故填where。
4.【2024届河南省濮阳市高三下学期二模】She told China Daily that hanfu is gaining appeal and 35 (recognize) in Hong Kong among people of different age groups, and that her association is growing day by day. “At first, we only had a dozen or so pieces of hanfu, 36 would be kept at home and taken out when they were needed. Now, we have over 100 pieces and need to rent a warehouse for storage,” she said.
35．考查名词。句意：她对《中国日报》表示，汉服在香港不同年龄段的人群中越来越有吸引力和认可度，她的协会也在日益壮大。动词 gain 后需接名词作宾语，recognition 认可，不可数名词。故填recognition。
36．考查定语从句。句意：她说：“一开始，我们只有十几件汉服，这些汉服会被放在家里，需要的时候才会拿出来。”分析句子结构可知，空处需用关系词引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是hanfu，指物，关系词在定语从句中作主语，所以空处需用关系代词 which 引导定语从句。故填which。
5.【2024届广东省惠州市高三下学期一模拟考试】In addition to “Happy Loong”, the Gansu Provincial Museum offers stuffed toys inspired 47 the flying apsaras (飞天) of the Mogao Grottoes and the bronze galloping horse from the Easter Han Dynasty (25-220), all of 48 combine rich history with Gen-Z appeal.
47．考查介词。句意：除了 "开心龙"，甘肃省博物馆还推出了以莫高窟飞天和东汉青铜奔马为灵感的毛绒玩具，这些产品都将厚重的历史和新时代的吸引力融为一体。分析句子可知，这里使用介词，且表示被启发，使用表示被动的介词by。故填by。
48．考查定语从句。句意：除了 "开心龙"，甘肃省博物馆还推出了以莫高窟飞天和东汉青铜奔马为灵感的毛绒玩具，这些产品都将厚重的历史和新时代的吸引力融为一体。分析句子可知，这是一个定语从句，先行词是stuffed toys，在从句中作主语，表示这些玩具结合了丰富的历史和对新时代的吸引力，因此使用of which的非限定性定语从句形式。故填which。
6.【2024届贵州省遵义市高三下学期第二次模拟测试】Walking through his neighborhood supermarket in Australia, 1 packs of Chinese sauerkraut (酸菜) line the shelves, Huang Xiqing feels like he’s shopping in his hometown of Shenyang in Liaoning province.
考查定语从句。句意：漫步在澳大利亚附近的超市，一包包的中国酸菜摆在货架上，黄锡清感觉自己像是在家乡辽宁省沈阳市购物。空格处单词引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Australia，关系词代替先行词在定语从句中作地点状语，表示“在澳大利亚”，应使用关系副词where引导该从句。故填where。
7.【2024届贵州省遵义市高三下学期第二次模拟测试】Chinese sauerkraut, a pickle which 3 (make) of Chinese cabbage, is a traditional specialty of the northeastern region and is now sold around the country 4 exported overseas.
3．考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：中国酸菜是一种由白菜制成的泡菜，是东北地区的传统特产，现在销往全国各地并出口到海外。make(制作)是定语从句中谓语动词，与主语which(即先行词a pickle)之间是被动关系，描述客观事实，应使用一般现在时态，又因主语是单数名词，所以谓语动词也应使用单数形式。综上，谓语应用一般现在时的被动语态，单数形式。故填is made。
4．考查连词。句意：中国酸菜是一种由白菜制成的泡菜，是东北地区的传统特产，现在销往全国各地并出口到海外。exported和sold之间是并列谓语动词，用连词and连接。故填and。
8.【2024届山东省聊城市高三下学期二模】Acrobats can act like fish swimming 7 (smooth) in the water, birds flying through trees and butterflies dancing among flowers, showcasing wonderful skills 8 require years of hard training.
7.考查副词。句意：杂技演员可以像鱼在水中平稳地游动，像鸟在树林中飞翔，像蝴蝶在花丛中翩翩起舞，展示出需要多年艰苦训练的精彩技艺。此处修饰动词swimming，应使用副词作状语。故填smoothly。
8．考查定语从句。句意：同上。此处是限定性定语从句，先行词是skills，指物，从句中缺少主语，应使用关系代词which或that引导。故填which/that。
9.【2024届四川省眉山市仁寿县四川省仁寿第一中学校模拟】The Dongfeng Landing Site has a search zone of tens of thousands of square kilometers, which 5contains (contain) desert, salt flats, as well as wetlands that make it challenging to find out 6 the reentry module might land.
6．考查宾语从句。句意：东风着陆场的搜索区域有数万平方公里，包括沙漠、盐滩以及使确定返回舱可能着陆地点变得具有挑战性的湿地。空处引导宾语从句，从句缺少地点状语，需用连接副词where引导。故填where。
10.【2024届四川省泸州市高三下学期三模】 In ancient times, needlework was a must-learn skill for women, 26 had to make clothes for their families.
26．考查定语从句。句意：在古代，女红是女子必学的技能，要为家人缝制衣服。空处引非限制性定语从句，先行词women在从句中作主语。故填who。
11.【2024届河南省开封市高三下学期三模】In addition to the shipwrecks, a variety of artifacts, including pottery, porcelain and ironware, have been unearthed, most of 35 were made in kilns (窑炉) in Jingdezhen, Jiangxi province, known as China’s “porcelain capital.”
35．考查定语从句。句意：除了沉船外，还出土了各种各样的文物，包括陶器、瓷器和铁器，其中大部分是在江西省景德镇的窑里制作的，被称为中国的“瓷器之都”。分析句子，设空处与前文的of构成介词+关系代词引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词是artifacts，为物用which。故填which。
12.【2024届四川省绵阳市高三下学期第三次诊断性考试】Located near the archaeological site of the Yin Ruins, 54 is also the location of the last capital of the Shang Dynasty(1600-1046 B．C．), the expanded Yinxu Museum is the first museum 55 (present) the Shang civilization comprehensively.
54．考查定语从句。句意：殷墟博物馆位于殷墟考古遗址附近，也是商朝（公元前1600-1046年）最后一个首都的所在地，扩建后的殷墟博物馆是第一个全面展示商朝文明的博物馆。空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the Yin Ruins archaeological site，关系词代替先行词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which引导。故填which。
55．考查非谓语动词。句意：殷墟博物馆位于殷墟考古遗址附近，也是商朝（公元前1600-1046年）最后一个首都的所在地，扩建后的殷墟博物馆是第一个全面展示商朝文明的博物馆。present“展现，显示，表现”。本句系动词为is，此处为非谓语动词，当名词前有序数词修饰时，常用不定式作后置定语，museum有first修饰，用present的不定式。故填to present。
13.【2024届广东省佛山市禅城区高三下学期统一调研测试】It not only offers a way for young people to interact with a city in a meaningful way but also provides them with a new social scene 9 individuals with similar interests can connect and form friendship.
9．考查定语从句。句意：它不仅为年轻人提供了一种以有意义的方式与城市互动的方式，还为他们提供了一个新的社交场景，在那里，有着相似兴趣的人可以联系起来，形成友谊。空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词a new social scene，先行词指地点，关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，所以用关系副词where引导。故填where。
14.【2024届湖北省高三下学期新高考三模】This year, their modest home were decorated with pink cherry blossoms, 5 Wong said could bring good luck.
5．考查定语从句。句意：他们简朴的家被装饰着粉色的樱花，Wong 说这可以带来好运。空处引导非限制性定语从句，关系词代替先行词（cherry blossoms）在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which。故填which。
15.【2024届安徽省合肥市高三下学期二模】The opportunity came in 2008, 5 China launched a national program for global top talent.
5．考查定语从句。句意：机会出现在2008年，当时中国启动了一项面向全球顶尖人才的国家计划。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词2008，在定语从句中作时间状语，需用关系副词when引导。故填when。
16.【2024届江西省景德镇市高三下学期第三次质量检测】Qiang embroidery(羌绣)is a peculiar flower in China’s folk handicrafts and reflect the wisdom of the Qiang people. It dates back to the Han Dynasty 11 it was adopted for use on clothing. The Qiang people adore nature, 12 flowers, grasses, fruits, vegetables, and animals are used as inspiration for the embroidery’s most common patterns.
11．考查定语从句。句意：羌绣在中国民间手工艺品中是一朵独特的花，它可以追溯到汉朝，当时它被用于服装上。先行词是 the Han Dynasty，在定语从句中作时间状语，所以用 when 引导。故填 when。
12．考查连词。句意：羌族人热爱自然，所以花、草、水果、蔬菜和动物被用作刺绣最常见图案的灵感来源。根据下文“flowers, grasses, fruits, vegetables, and animals are used as inspiration for the embroidery’s most common patterns(花、草、水果、蔬菜和动物被用作刺绣最常见图案的灵感来源)”可知，前后是因果关系，故填 so。
17.【2024届福建省南平市建阳区福建省南平市建阳区高三预测绝密卷模拟】“I 25 (live) in Maryland for four years when I was young. So I wanted to combine my past, 26 is my filling, with my present home,” Houston said.
25．考查时态。句意：我年轻的时候在马里兰州住了四年。根据后文when I was young.可知为一般过去时。故填lived。
26．考查定语从句。句意：“所以我想把我的过去和我现在的家结合起来，”休斯顿说。非限制性定语从句修饰先行词past，在从句作主语，指物，故填which。
18.【四川省成都市成实外教育联盟2023-2024学年高三下学期联考】Taoism is China’s native religion. 34 is evident in its best-known symbol, the circle of yin and yang, it’s also a religion of unity and opposites.
34．考查定语从句。句意：正如其最著名的标志——阴阳圈所示，它也是一种统一和对立的宗教。引导非限制性定语从句，表示“正如”应用as，首字母大写。故填As。
19.【2024届江西省新余市高三下学期二模】As spring comes, it is sensible to open the windows 49 (air) out stuffy homes, remove dirt, and repair any damages 50 occurred during the winter months. Inventions such as vacuum cleaners, washing machines, and cleaning agents have made the process more efficient and convenient.
49．考查动词不定式。句意：随着春天的到来，明智的做法是打开窗户，让闷热的房屋通风，清除灰尘，修复冬季发生的任何损坏。此空为非谓语动词作状语，结合句意可知，此处表示的是目的，所以使用不定式形式作目的状语。故填to air。
50．考查定语从句。句意：随着春天的到来，明智的做法是打开窗户，让闷热的房屋通风，清除灰尘，修复冬季发生的任何损坏。此空为关系词引导的定语从句，从句中缺少主语，所以使用关系代词，先行词damages指的是物，且被any修饰，所以此处使用关系代词that。故填that。
20.【2024届河南省通义大联考高三下学期最后一卷】Though City would be petrified of 54 (lose) De Bruyne due to a lack of European football, he did have better news for the club.
54．考查非谓语动词。句意：虽然曼城会因为缺少欧洲足球比赛而失去德布鲁因，但他确实为俱乐部带来了更好的消息。作介词的宾语，应用动名词。故填losing。
21.（2024·粤湘鄂名校联盟高三第一次联考）These events have transformed Jingdezhen into an incredible platform for diversified cooperation and communication, ________ young artistic talents are drawn to its flame like moths.
【答案】where
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：这些活动将景德镇变成了一个不可思议的多元化合作交流平台，年轻的艺术人才像飞蛾一样被吸引到这里。此处为非限制性定语从句修饰先行词platform，先行词在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where。故填where。
22.（2024·广东省高三开学大联考）The typical Chinese alcoholic beverage is baijiu, ________ is made from various grains.
【答案】which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：典型的中国酒精饮料是白酒，由各种谷物制成。此处是一个非限制性定语从句，从句缺主语，先行词指物。故填which。
23.（2024·河南省安阳市TOP二十名校摸底）According to the legend, the Jade Emperor(ruler of heaven) would like to measure time by twelve different animals. He told animals that he would hold a great race on his birthday, the prize of ________ was twelve positions on the Chinese zodiac calendar.
【答案】which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：他告诉动物们，他将在他的生日那天举行一场盛大的赛跑，比赛的奖品是中国十二生肖的十二个位置。此处为“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句修饰先行词race，作介词的宾语，指物，故用关系代词which。故填which。
24.（2024·江苏省高邮市第一中学月考）Despite it being a busy work day, thousands of people wearing black came to the Mingyangshan Mortuary House in the city, ____59____the memorial service was held at 10 am, to present bouquets (花束) and bunches of rice and pay tribute (颂词) to Yuan.
【答案】where
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：尽管这是一个繁忙的工作日，但数千名身穿黑色衣服的人来到了明阳山殡仪馆，上午10点在那里举行了追悼仪式，他们献上花束和一束米，并向袁隆平致敬。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是the Mingyangshan Mortuary House，从句缺少地点状语，应用关系副词where引导。故填where。
25.（2024·湖南省益阳市质量检测）Legends have been passed on about Zheng He in the countries and regions ____41____ he set foot.
【答案】where
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：郑和足迹所及的国家和地区都流传着关于他的传说。分析句子可知，空出引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the countries and regions（表示地点的名词）；且从句缺状语，故用关系副词where引导该从句。故填where。
26.（2024·内蒙古包头市高三调研）Pablo Picasso is one of the most famous artists in the world, _______full name is really a long one, in fact a mixture of many names.
【答案】whose
【解析】查定语从句。句意：巴勃罗·毕加索是世界上最著名的艺术家之一，他的全名其实是一个很长的名字，实际上是许多名字的混合体。分析可知， full name is really a long one在句中为非限制性定语从句，先行词为Pablo Picasso，空处在从句中作定语，指毕加索的全名，所以用关系代词whose，故填whose。
27.（2024·江苏省四所名校高三期中联考）His reply to “Can we Chinese possibly make missiles ” was a determined “Why not We Chinese are able to make the same things_______ other people make.”
【答案】that
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：他对“我们中国人有可能制造导弹吗？”这个问题的回答是坚定的，即“为什么不呢？我们中国人能够制造和其他人一样的东西。”分析句子可知，此处考查引导定语从句的关系词，指代先行词things，指物，在从句中作宾语，先行词前有the same修饰，关系代词只能用that。故填that。
28.（2024·江苏省苏州市常熟市阶段性抽测二）He learned carpentry in his teens, after ____ ____ he taught himself the arts of painting, poetry, calligraphy and seal cutting.
【答案】which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：他十几岁时学习木工，后来自学绘画、诗歌、书法和篆刻艺术。此处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是主句陈述的内容，且空前有介词after，应用关系代词which引导。故填which。
29.（2024·山西省高三1月适应性调研考试（一模））In addition to the new rocket for manned mission, China is also developing a new crewed capsule and a lunar lander, _______ will be able to send three astronauts to the lunar orbit and allow two of them to land on the moon.
【答案】which
【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。根据句子结构和意思可知， will be able to send three astronauts to the lunar orbit and allow two of them to land on the moon是非限制性定语从句，先行词a new crewed capsule and a lunar lander在定语从句中作主语，用关系代词which。故填which。
30.（2024·湖北省腾云联盟八月联考）The PLA Navy currently operates two carriers CNS Liaoning and CNS Shandong, both of ____ ____ have a displacement of around 50, 000 tons and use a ski jump mode for launching fixed wing aircraft.
【答案】which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：中国人民解放军海军目前操作两艘航母，中国海军辽宁号和中国海军山东号，两艘排水量大约5万吨，使用滑跃模式用于发射固定翼飞机。此处为“介词+which”结构非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词CNS Liaoning and CNS Shandong，作介词的宾语，指物，故用which。故填which。
31.【2024届山东省日照市高三下学期二模】After she moved to China over 12 years ago, she became even more crazy about Chinese medicine. Living in a community with a drugstore 3 Chinese traditional herbs and medicine were sold, Halpyarovich met an experienced doctor.
3．考查定语从句。句意：Halpyarovich住在一个社区，那里有一家出售中草药和药品的药店，在那里他遇到了一位经验丰富的医生。先行词为a drugstore，在定语从句中作地点状语，关系副词为where。故填where。
32.【2024届湖南省永州市高三下学期第三次模拟】The highest tier (层) has more than 1,100 levels, 6 (wind) from the foot of the mountain to the top, creating a magnificent landscape 7 resembles a staircase to the clouds.
6．考查非谓语动词。句意：最高的一层有1100多层，从山脚蜿蜒到山顶，创造了一个宏伟的景观，就像是通往云端的楼梯。句子谓语是has，空格处作状语，主语the highest tier与wind之间为主动关系，故应用现在分词作状语，故填winding。
7．考查定语从句。句意：同上。此处引导定语从句，先行词为a magnificent landscape，指物，定语从句中缺少主语，故应用which/that引导，故填which/that。
（2024·山东日照·三模）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Jili silk is a type of silk produced in Jili Village, Huzhou City Zhejiang Province. Jili Village has produced silk 51 the village was established in the late Yuan Dynasty. Jili silk is soft and fine with 52 even thickness and shiny white color. With these features, Jili silk is widely recognized in China and across the world.
In the mid-Ming Dynasty this silk became well-known for 53 (be) one of the materials used to make the emperor’s robes. In the Qing Dynasty, the government used to purchase a large amount of Jili silk each year. In 1851, Shanghai merchant Xu Rongcun took Jili silk to the first World Expo held in London, 54 the fabric won two top awards. In 2011, Jili silk 55 (include) in the list of China’s national intangible cultural heritage items.
The silkworm (蚕) 56 (raise) for Jili silk is called the Lianxin, literally meaning lotus seed. In Jili Village, wooden reeling tools were designed 57 (specific) for Jili silk. The silk making technique was traditionally passed down by female members of a family. In addition to being used for clothes, quality Jili silk can also be made into strings for Chinese guqin, or used as materials 58 (restore) ancient silk scrolls (卷轴).
Today, through genetic screening technology, inheritors of Jili silk making can make silk with natural colors. The step of dyeing (染色) thus becomes 59 (necessary) in some cases. The efforts of combining the 60 (wise) of Jili silk making with modern technology are giving a new life to the ancient Chinese handicraft in the modern era.
【答案】51．since 52．an 53．being 54．where 55．was included 56．raised 57．specifically 58．to restore 59．unnecessary 60．wisdom
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了产自浙江省湖州市辑里村的辑里丝绸。
51．考查时间状语从句和连词。句意：自元朝末年建村以来，辑里村就开始生产丝绸。结合句意，“the village was established in the late Yuan Dynasty”是时间状语从句，主句谓语has produced使用了现在完成时态，从句是主句动作的起点，用连词since引导该从句，意为“自从……以来”。故填since。
52．考查冠词。句意：辑里丝绸柔软细腻，厚度均匀，色泽洁白。可数名词thickness意为“厚度”，泛指，even发音以元音音素开头，用不定冠词an修饰。故填an。
53．考查非谓语动词。句意：在明朝中期，这种丝绸作为制作皇帝长袍的材料之一而闻名。介词后用动名词作宾语。故填being。
54．考查定语从句。句意：1851年，上海商人徐荣存将辑里丝绸带到了在伦敦举行的第一届世博会，在那里这种面料赢得了两项最高奖项。空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词London，在从句中作地点状语，表示“在伦敦”，应用关系副词where引导该从句。故填where。
55．考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：2011年，辑里丝绸被列入国家级非物质文化遗产名录。include(把……列为一部分)是句中谓语动词，与主语Jili silk 之间是被动关系，句中有时间状语In 2011，讲述过去的事情应使用一般过去时态，又因主语是专有名词，谓语动词应使用单数形式。综上，谓语应用一般过去时的被动语态，单数形式。故填was included。
56．考查非谓语动词。句意：为辑里丝而养的蚕被称为莲心，字面意思是莲子。“(raise) for Jili silk”作后置定语，raise(饲养)是非谓语动词，与其逻辑主语silkworm之间是被动关系，用过去分词表被动。故填raised。
57．考查副词。句意：在辑里村，专门为辑里丝设计了木制缫丝工具。修饰动词designed，用副词specifically作状语，意为“特意，专门地”。故填specifically。
58．考查非谓语动词。句意：除了用于服装，优质的辑里丝还可以制作中国古琴的琴弦，或用作修复古代丝绸卷轴的材料。“(restore) ancient silk scrolls”作后置定语，restore是非谓语动词，表示一种用途和目的，用不定式作后置定语。故填to restore。
59．考查形容词。句意：因此，在某些情况下，染色步骤就变得不必要了。根据上文可知，通过基因筛选技术，辑里丝绸的制作者能够制作出具有自然颜色的丝绸，因此在某些情况下，染色的步骤变得“不必要”。需要使用反义形容词unnecessary作表语，意为“不必要的”。故填unnecessary。
60．考查名词。句意：辑里制丝的智慧与现代技术相结合的努力，赋予了中国古代手工艺在现代的新生命。提示词作宾语，用名词wisdom，意为“智慧”，不可数名词。故填wisdom。
2024年
1.【2024新课标Ⅰ卷】Glasshouse stands ____63____ a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route ____64____ brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the _____65_____ (rich) of gardening in England.
63.【答案】as
【解析】考查介词。句意：Mark Woodruff补充说：“这是当代设计的最高成就，在丝绸之路的尽头，中国亚热带西南部的植物群从温带的欧洲穿过山脉、干旱的土地和高山牧场，这些植物从亚洲的原生栖息地带到英国，定义了英国园艺的丰富和荣耀。”根据句意可知，空处指的是“作为”，应用介词as。故填as。
64.【答案】which/that
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：Mark Woodruff补充说：“这是当代设计的最高成就，在丝绸之路的尽头，中国亚热带西南部的植物群从温带的欧洲穿过山脉、干旱的土地和高山牧场，这些植物从亚洲的原生栖息地带到英国，定义了英国园艺的丰富和荣耀。”空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词design，先行词指物，关系词在定语从句中作主语，用关系代词which或that引导从句。故填which/that。
65.【答案】richness
【解析】考查名词。句意：Mark Woodruff补充说：“这是当代设计的最高成就，在丝绸之路的尽头，中国亚热带西南部的植物群从温带的欧洲穿过山脉、干旱的土地和高山牧场，这些植物从亚洲的原生栖息地带到英国，定义了英国园艺的丰富和荣耀。”空处与glory并列，应用名词形式richness，作介词of的宾语。故填richness。
2.【2024全国甲卷】Yellowstone was the ____49____（large）United States national park—2.2 million acres—until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska, _____50_____ became a national monument in 1978, took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres.
【答案】largest
【解析】考查形容词最高级。句意：黄石公园是美国最大的国家公园，占地220万英亩，直到1978年成为国家纪念碑的阿拉斯加南部的弗兰格尔-圣伊莱亚斯在1980年以1230万英亩的面积作为国家公园获得这项荣誉。本空前有the，为形容词最高级标志词，结合下文“1978年成为国家纪念碑的阿拉斯加南部的弗兰格尔-圣伊莱亚斯在1980年以1230万英亩的面积获得国家公园的荣誉”可知，用large的最高级largest作定语，故填largest。
【答案】which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意同上。本空所在句子为定语从句，先行词为Wrangell-Saint Elias，从句中作主语，指物，引导非限制性定语从句用which，故填which。
3.【2024新课标ⅠⅠ卷】Chinese cultural elements commemorating (纪念) Tang Xianzu, ___36___ is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia,” add an international character to Stratford-upon-Avon, William Shakespeare’s hometown.
36.【答案】who
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：为了纪念被誉为“亚洲莎士比亚”的汤显祖，中国文化元素为莎士比亚的故乡——埃文河畔的斯特拉特福增添了国际化的色彩。这里为定语从句的关系词，先行词为“Tang Xianzu”，在非限制性定语从句中担当主语，表示人，用关系代词who引导。故填who。
4.【2024北京卷】Tinniswood, ___17___ doesn’t smoke and rarely drinks, credited moderation for helping him stay healthy during his long life. “If you eat too much or do too much of anything, you’re going to suffer eventually,” he said.
【17题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：Tinniswood不吸烟，也很少喝酒，他认为适量饮酒有助于他在长寿期间保持健康。空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Tinniswood，先行词指人，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who引导从句。故填who。
5.【2024浙江1月卷】Of course, shops are not charities — they price goods in the way ____38____ will make them the most money.
【38题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：当然，商店不是慈善机构——他们以最赚钱的方式给商品定价。在定语从句中缺少主语，且先行词为way，所以应用关系代词that或which。故填that/which。
2023年
1.【2023年全国乙卷】But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place ____43____ welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life, with 21st-century architectural ____44____ (wonder) standing side by side with historical buildings of the past.s
【43题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：但是，除了古建筑，北京也是一个欢迎现代生活快节奏发展的地方，21世纪的建筑奇迹与过去的历史建筑并存。这里为定语从句的关系代词，先行词为“a place”，在定语从句中担当主语，所以用关系代词which或that引导。故填which/that。
【44题详解】
考查名词。句意：但是，除了古建筑，北京也是一个欢迎现代生活快节奏发展的地方，21世纪的建筑奇迹与过去的历史建筑并存。分析句子成分可知，空处为名词形式；根据下文的“historical buildings of the past”可知，空处为名词的复数形式。故填wonders。
2.【2023年全国乙卷】The color she choose came in a box which had a picture of a woman that hair color looked just perfect.
3.考查时态。句意：她选的颜色装在一个盒子里，盒子里有一张女人的照片，她的头发颜色看起来非常完美。此处是定语从句的谓语动词，由上文Last Friday可知，应用一般过去时。故choose改为chose。
4.考查定语从句。句意：她选的颜色装在一个盒子里，盒子里有一张女人的照片，她的头发颜色看起来非常完美。此处是限定性定语从句，先行词是woman，关系词在从句中作hair的定语，应用关系代词whose引导。故that改为whose。
3.【2023年全国甲卷】“There was once a town in the heart of America, ___44___ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with its surroundings,” her fable begins, ___45___ (borrow) some familiar words from many age-old fables.
【44题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：“从前，在美国的中心地带有一个小镇，那里所有的生命似乎都和周围的环境一起享受着和平的生活，”她的寓言是这样开头的，借用了许多古老寓言中的一些熟悉的词。句中先行词为town，在非限定性定语从句作地点状语，所以用关系副词where引导。故填where。
【45题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：“从前，在美国的中心地带有一个小镇，那里所有的生命似乎都和周围的环境一起享受着和平的生活，”她的寓言是这样开头的，借用了许多古老寓言中的一些熟悉的词。句中已有谓语动词，所以用非谓语动词形式。逻辑主语her fable与borrow之间为主动关系，所以用现在分词作状语。故填borrowing。
4.【2023年全国甲卷】Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, ___43___ Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow.”...
【43题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：然而，正如雷切尔·卡森在《明日寓言》中所说，寓言的形式在今天仍然具有价值。引导非限定性定语从句，且有“正如”之意，用关系代词as引导。故填as。
5.【2023年全国甲卷】 She even played some recordings of their singing, what was fun.
考查定语从句。句意：她甚至播放了一些它们唱歌的录音，这很有趣。此处非限制性定语从句修饰singing，从句缺少主语，指物，在故what改为which。
6.【2023年北京卷】Nina recently finished her year-long series of runs in Chicago, ____18____ thousands were attending a water conference.
【答案】where
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：最近，尼娜在芝加哥结束了长达一年的系列跑步活动，数千人在那里参加了一个水会议。非限制性定语从句修饰先行词Chicago，在从句中作地点状语，故填where。
2022年
1.【2022新高考I卷】The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species ________ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
答案：that
解析：考查定语从句关系词。句意：该计划旨在为生活在Giant Panda Range的所有物种提供更有力的保护，并显著改善该地区的生态系统健康。设空处为关系词引导限制性定语从句，先行词等于关系词，设空处在从句中作指物的主语，先行词为species，且先行词前为all修饰，只能用关系代词that。故填that。
2【2022全国甲卷】On the 1,100. Kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, _________ lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three province.
答案：who
解析：考查定语从句。句意：在1100公里的旅程中，8岁时因一次车祸失明的男子曹盛康穿过了三个省的40个城市和县。分析句子结合句意可知，此处是非限定性定语从句，先行词为Cao Shengkang，指人，在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who引导。故填who。
3【2022年浙江1月】Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics __________ are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change.
答案：that/who
解析：考查定语从句。句意：亚特兰大佐治亚科技研究院的教授Kim Cobb是一个少数但是不断增加的少数学者中的一员，因为气候变化，他们正在削减他们的飞机旅行。名词academics后为定语从句且在从句中作主语，应使用关系代词替代，故填that/who。
【2022年北京卷】That includes cups, bottles, and bags, most of ____18____ are only good for one use.
18.考查定语从句。句意：这包括杯子、瓶子和袋子，其中大多数（东西）只有一种用途。分析可知，most of ______are only good for one use在句中为非限制性定语从句；先行词为cups, bottles, and bags，在从句中作介词of的宾语，所以此处用关系代词which。故填which。
5. 【2022年天津卷第二次】Guide books are prepared to suit the convenience of the traveler, ________ routes round a city or a site are often suggested.
A. for which B. with which
C. for whom D. with whom
【答案】C
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：旅游指南是为了给游客提供方便的，里面为游客建议了参观一个城市或景点的线路。分析句子成分可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词traveler；结合句意，路线是给游客提供、为了游客而给出的建议，故需要用介词for表示“给……”，先行词为人，故for后用whom。故选C项。
2021年
1.【2021.1 浙江卷】BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool 2 gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.
【答案】that 或 which
【解析】考查关系代词。句意：BMI是全球公认的表示体重是否处于健康状态的测量工具。分析句子结构可知gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.是BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool的定语从句，先行词为tool, 故答案为that/which。
2．【2021年天津卷第一次】William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes ________ we can learn without repeating them.
A．from which B．in which C．with whom D．for whom
【答案】A
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：威廉·哈斯蒂曾经说过，历史会告诉我们过去的错误，我们可以从中学习避免重复犯错。分析句子可知，past mistakes为现行词，_____ we can learn without repeating them.为定语从句，从句中谓语动词can learn可知，要从过去的错误中学习，learn from“从……中学习”，可知应用from which引导定语从句。故选A。
3. 【2021年天津卷第二次】In the spring, a season ________ we are 1earning new rhythms of life，many of us find comfort in the natural world.
A. when B. where C. what D. which
【答案】A
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：春天是我们学习新的生活节奏的季节，许多人在大自然中找到了舒适感。此处a season是先行词，在后面的定语从句中作时间状语，定语从句由关系副词when引导。故选A。
4.【2021.3 天津卷 】At the Chinese art festival, there are different stands artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors.
A.where B.which C. that D. when
【答案】A
【解析】考查定语从句。句意︰在中国艺术节上有不同的展台，在那里艺术家可以展示他们的技巧并教给参观者。分析句子成分结构可知，stands作先行词，空格后的句子为定语从句来修饰stands ，从句中不缺主宾表，故选关系副词，先行词stands在从句中作地点状语，所以应用where。故选：A。
